From c75f5fb55465cadacf83daaed8ef09d62bd3d072 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Fri, 16 Oct 2015 23:36:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 001/176] Update 20151012 How to Setup DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md --- ...up DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md | 27 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151012 How to Setup DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md b/sources/tech/20151012 How to Setup DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md index 8e13fdc8d5..e3e60aa8c2 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151012 How to Setup DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151012 How to Setup DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md @@ -1,29 +1,28 @@ translating by Ezio - -How to Setup DockerUI - a Web Interface for Docker +在浏览器上使用Docker ================================================================================ Docker is getting more popularity day by day. The idea of running a complete Operating System inside a container rather than running inside a virtual machine is an awesome technology. Docker has made lives of millions of system administrators and developers pretty easy for getting their work done in no time. It is an open source technology that provides an open platform to pack, ship, share and run any application as a lightweight container without caring on which operating system we are running on the host. It has no boundaries of Language support, Frameworks or packaging system and can be run anywhere, anytime from a small home computers to high-end servers. Running docker containers and managing them may come a bit difficult and time consuming, so there is a web based application named DockerUI which is make managing and running container pretty simple. DockerUI is highly beneficial to people who are not much aware of linux command lines and want to run containerized applications. DockerUI is an open source web based application best known for its beautiful design and ease simple interface for running and managing docker containers. Here are some easy steps on how we can setup Docker Engine with DockerUI in our linux machine. -### 1. Installing Docker Engine ### +### 1. 安装docker ### First of all, we'll gonna install docker engine in our linux machine. Thanks to its developers, docker is very easy to install in any major linux distribution. To install docker engine, we'll need to run the following command with respect to which distribution we are running. -#### On Ubuntu/Fedora/CentOS/RHEL/Debian #### +#### Ubuntu/Fedora/CentOS/RHEL/Debian #### Docker maintainers have written an awesome script that can be used to install docker engine in Ubuntu 15.04/14.10/14.04, CentOS 6.x/7, Fedora 22, RHEL 7 and Debian 8.x distributions of linux. This script recognizes the distribution of linux installed in our machine, then adds the required repository to the filesystem, updates the local repository index and finally installs docker engine and required dependencies from it. To install docker engine using that script, we'll need to run the following command under root or sudo mode. # curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh -#### On OpenSuse/SUSE Linux Enterprise #### +#### OpenSuse/SUSE Linux 企业版 #### To install docker engine in the machine running OpenSuse 13.1/13.2 or SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12, we'll simply need to execute the zypper command. We'll gonna install docker using zypper command as the latest docker engine is available on the official repository. To do so, we'll run the following command under root/sudo mode. # zypper in docker -#### On ArchLinux #### +#### ArchLinux #### Docker is available in the official repository of Archlinux as well as in the AUR packages maintained by the community. So, we have two options to install docker in archlinux. To install docker using the official arch repository, we'll need to run the following pacman command. @@ -33,7 +32,7 @@ But if we want to install docker from the Archlinux User Repository ie AUR, then # yaourt -S docker-git -### 2. Starting Docker Daemon ### +### 2. 启动 ### After docker is installed, we'll now gonna start our docker daemon so that we can run docker containers and manage them. We'll run the following command to make sure that docker daemon is installed and to start the docker daemon. @@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ After docker is installed, we'll now gonna start our docker daemon so that we ca # systemctl start docker -### 3. Installing DockerUI ### +### 3. 安装DockerUI ### Installing DockerUI is pretty easy than installing docker engine. We just need to pull the dockerui from the Docker Registry Hub and run it inside a container. To do so, we'll simply need to run the following command. @@ -71,31 +70,31 @@ Currently, we cannot pull an image directly from DockerUI so, we'll need to pull The above command will pull an image tagged as ubuntu from the official [Docker Hub][1]. Similarly, we can pull more images that we require and are available in the hub. -### 4. Managing with DockerUI ### +### 4. 管理 ### After we have started the dockerui container, we'll now have fun with it to start, pause, stop, remove and perform many possible activities featured by dockerui with docker containers and images. First of all, we'll need to open the web application using our web browser. To do so, we'll need to point our browser to http://ip-address:9000 or http://mydomain.com:9000 according to the configuration of our system. By default, there is no login authentication needed for the user access but we can configure our web server for adding authentication. To start a container, first we'll need to have images of the required application we want to run a container with. -#### Create a Container #### +#### 创建 #### To create a container, we'll need to go to the section named Images then, we'll need to click on the image id which we want to create a container of. After clicking on the required image id, we'll need to click on Create button then we'll be asked to enter the required properties for our container. And after everything is set and done. We'll need to click on Create button to finally create a container. ![Creating Docker Container](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/creating-docker-container.png) -#### Stop a Container #### +#### 中止 #### To stop a container, we'll need to move towards the Containers page and then select the required container we want to stop. Now, we'll want to click on Stop option which we can see under Actions drop-down menu. ![Managing Container](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/managing-container.png) -#### Pause and Resume #### +#### 暂停与恢复 #### To pause a container, we simply select the required container we want to pause by keeping a check mark on the container and then click the Pause option under Actions . This is will pause the running container and then, we can simply resume the container by selecting Unpause option from the Actions drop down menu. -#### Kill and Remove #### +#### 删除 #### Like we had performed the above tasks, its pretty easy to kill and remove a container or an image. We just need to check/select the required container or image and then select the Kill or Remove button from the application according to our need. -### Conclusion ### +### 结论 ### DockerUI is a beautiful utilization of Docker Remote API to develop an awesome web interface for managing docker containers. The developers have designed and developed this application in pure HTML and JS language. It is currently incomplete and is under heavy development so we don't recommend it for the use in production currently. It makes users pretty easy to manage their containers and images with simple clicks without needing to execute lines of commands to do small jobs. If we want to contribute DockerUI, we can simply visit its [Github Repository][2]. If you have any questions, suggestions, feedback please write them in the comment box below so that we can improve or update our contents. Thank you ! From 21946bb666b15c91d602777e5916647a6b0039d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2015 22:56:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 002/176] PUB:20150823 How learning data structures and algorithms make you a better developer @icybreaker --- ... algorithms make you a better developer.md | 45 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20150823 How learning data structures and algorithms make you a better developer.md (58%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20150823 How learning data structures and algorithms make you a better developer.md b/published/20150823 How learning data structures and algorithms make you a better developer.md similarity index 58% rename from translated/talk/20150823 How learning data structures and algorithms make you a better developer.md rename to published/20150823 How learning data structures and algorithms make you a better developer.md index 6c50ed210a..27973b2f42 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20150823 How learning data structures and algorithms make you a better developer.md +++ b/published/20150823 How learning data structures and algorithms make you a better developer.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -学习数据结构与算法分析如何帮助您成为更优秀的开发人员? +学习数据结构与算法分析如何帮助您成为更优秀的开发人员 ================================================================================ -> "相较于其它方式，我一直热衷于推崇围绕数据设计代码，我想这也是Git能够如此成功的一大原因[…]在我看来，区别程序员优劣的一大标准就在于他是否认为自己设计的代码或数据结构更为重要。" +> "相较于其它方式，我一直热衷于推崇围绕数据设计代码，我想这也是Git能够如此成功的一大原因[…]在我看来，区别程序员优劣的一大标准就在于他是否认为自己设计的代码还是数据结构更为重要。" -- Linus Torvalds --- -> "优秀的数据结构与简陋的代码组合远比倒过来的组合方式更好。" +> "优秀的数据结构与简陋的代码组合远比反之的组合更好。" -- Eric S. Raymond, The Cathedral and The Bazaar 学习数据结构与算法分析会让您成为一名出色的程序员。 -**数据结构与算法分析是一种解决问题的思维模式** 在您的个人知识库中，数据结构与算法分析的相关知识储备越多，您将具备应对并解决越多各类繁杂问题的能力。掌握了这种思维模式，您还将有能力针对新问题提出更多以前想不到的漂亮的解决方案。 +**数据结构与算法分析是一种解决问题的思维模式。** 在您的个人知识库中，数据结构与算法分析的相关知识储备越多，您将越多具备应对并解决各类繁杂问题的能力。掌握了这种思维模式，您还将有能力针对新问题提出更多以前想不到的漂亮的解决方案。 -您将***更深入地***了解,计算机如何完成各项操作。无论您是否是直接使用给定的算法，它都影响着您作出的各种技术决定。从计算机操作系统的内存分配到RDBMS的内在工作机制，以及网络堆栈如何实现将数据从地球的一个角落发送至另一个角落这些大大小小的工作的完成，都离不开基础的数据结构与算法，理解并掌握它将会让您更了解计算机的运作机理。 +您将*更深入地*了解，计算机如何完成各项操作。无论您是否是直接使用给定的算法，它都影响着您作出的各种技术决定。从计算机操作系统的内存分配到RDBMS的内在工作机制，以及网络协议如何实现将数据从地球的一个角落发送至另一个角落，这些大大小小的工作的完成，都离不开基础的数据结构与算法，理解并掌握它将会让您更了解计算机的运作机理。 对算法广泛深入的学习能为您储备解决方案来应对大体系的问题。之前建模困难时遇到的问题如今通常都能融合进经典的数据结构中得到很好地解决。即使是最基础的数据结构，只要对它进行足够深入的钻研，您将会发现在每天的编程任务中都能经常用到这些知识。 @@ -27,15 +27,15 @@ ![](http://www.happybearsoftware.com/assets/posts/how-learning-data-structures-and-algorithms-makes-you-a-better-developer/airport-graph-d2e32b3344b708383e405d67a80c29ea.svg) -从这张画出机场各自之间的距离以及目的地的图中，我们如何才能找到最短距离，比方说从赫尔辛基到伦敦？**Dijkstra算法**是能让我们在最短的时间得到正确答案的适用算法。 +从这张画出机场各自之间的距离以及目的地的图中，我们如何才能找到最短距离，比方说从赫尔辛基到伦敦？**[Dijkstra算法][3]**是能让我们在最短的时间得到正确答案的适用算法。 -在所有可能的解法中，如果您曾经遇到过这类问题，知道可以用Dijkstra算法求解，您大可不必从零开始实现它，只需***知道***该算法能指向固定的代码库帮助您解决相关的实现问题。 +在所有可能的解法中，如果您曾经遇到过这类问题，知道可以用Dijkstra算法求解，您大可不必从零开始实现它，只需***知道***该算法的代码库能帮助您解决相关的实现问题。 -实现了该算法，您将深入理解一项著名的重要图论算法。您会发现实际上该算法太集成化，因此名为A*的扩展包经常会代替该算法使用。这个算法应用广泛，从机器人指引的功能实现到TCP数据包路由，以及GPS寻径问题都能应用到这个算法。 +如果你深入到该算法的实现中，您将深入理解一项著名的重要图论算法。您会发现实际上该算法比较消耗资源，因此名为[A*][4]的扩展经常用于代替该算法。这个算法应用广泛，从机器人寻路的功能实现到TCP数据包路由，以及GPS寻径问题都能应用到这个算法。 ###先后排序问题### -您想要在开放式在线课程平台上(如Udemy或Khan学院)学习某课程，有些课程之间彼此依赖。例如，用户学习牛顿力学机制课程前必须先修微积分课程，课程之间可以有多种依赖关系。用YAML表述举例如下： +您想要在开放式在线课程（MOOC，Massive Open Online Courses）平台上(如Udemy或Khan学院)学习某课程，有些课程之间彼此依赖。例如，用户学习牛顿力学（Newtonian Mechanics）课程前必须先修微积分（Calculus）课程，课程之间可以有多种依赖关系。用YAML表述举例如下： # Mapping from course name to requirements # @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ astrophysics: [radioactivity, calculus] quantumn_mechanics: [atomic_physics, radioactivity, calculus] -鉴于以上这些依赖关系，作为一名用户，我希望系统能帮我列出必修课列表，让我在之后可以选择任意一门课程学习。如果我选择了`微积分`课程，我希望系统能返回以下列表： +鉴于以上这些依赖关系，作为一名用户，我希望系统能帮我列出必修课列表，让我在之后可以选择任意一门课程学习。如果我选择了微积分（calculus）课程，我希望系统能返回以下列表： arithmetic -> algebra -> trigonometry -> calculus @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ - 返回的必修课列表中，每门课都与下一门课存在依赖关系 - 我们不希望列表中有任何重复课程 -这是解决数据间依赖关系的例子，解决该问题的排序算法称作拓扑排序算法(tsort)。它适用于解决上述我们用YAML列出的依赖关系图的情况，以下是在图中显示的相关结果(其中箭头代表`需要先修的课程`): +这是解决数据间依赖关系的例子，解决该问题的排序算法称作拓扑排序算法(tsort，topological sort)。它适用于解决上述我们用YAML列出的依赖关系图的情况，以下是在图中显示的相关结果(其中箭头代表`需要先修的课程`): ![](http://www.happybearsoftware.com/assets/posts/how-learning-data-structures-and-algorithms-makes-you-a-better-developer/course-graph-2f60f42bb0dc95319954ce34c02705a2.svg) @@ -79,16 +79,17 @@ 这符合我们上面描述的需求，用户只需选出`radioactivity`，就能得到在此之前所有必修课程的有序列表。 -在运用该排序算法之前，我们甚至不需要深入了解算法的实现细节。一般来说，选择不同的编程语言在其标准库中都会有相应的算法实现。即使最坏的情况，Unix也会默认安装`tsort`程序，运行`tsort`程序，您就可以实现该算法。 +在运用该排序算法之前，我们甚至不需要深入了解算法的实现细节。一般来说，你可能选择的各种编程语言在其标准库中都会有相应的算法实现。即使最坏的情况，Unix也会默认安装`tsort`程序，运行`man tsort` 来了解该程序。 ###其它拓扑排序适用场合### - - **工具** 使用诸如`make`的工具您可以声明任务之间的依赖关系，这里拓扑排序算法将从底层实现具有依赖关系的任务顺序执行的功能。 - - **有`require`指令的编程语言**,适用于要运行当前文件需先运行另一个文件的情况。这里拓扑排序用于识别文件运行顺序以保证每个文件只加载一次，且满足所有文件间的依赖关系要求。 - - **包含甘特图的项目管理工具**.甘特图能直观列出给定任务的所有依赖关系，在这些依赖关系之上能提供给用户任务完成的预估时间。我不常用到甘特图，但这些绘制甘特图的工具很可能会用到拓扑排序算法。 + - **类似`make`的工具** 可以让您声明任务之间的依赖关系，这里拓扑排序算法将从底层实现具有依赖关系的任务顺序执行的功能。 + - **具有`require`指令的编程语言**适用于要运行当前文件需先运行另一个文件的情况。这里拓扑排序用于识别文件运行顺序以保证每个文件只加载一次，且满足所有文件间的依赖关系要求。 + - **带有甘特图的项目管理工具**。甘特图能直观列出给定任务的所有依赖关系，在这些依赖关系之上能提供给用户任务完成的预估时间。我不常用到甘特图，但这些绘制甘特图的工具很可能会用到拓扑排序算法。 ###霍夫曼编码实现数据压缩### -[霍夫曼编码](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffman_coding)是一种用于无损数据压缩的编码算法。它的工作原理是先分析要压缩的数据，再为每个字符创建一个二进制编码。字符出现的越频繁，编码赋值越小。因此在一个数据集中`e`可能会编码为`111`，而`x`会编码为`10010`。创建了这种编码模式，就可以串联无定界符，也能正确地进行解码。 + +[霍夫曼编码][5]（Huffman coding）是一种用于无损数据压缩的编码算法。它的工作原理是先分析要压缩的数据，再为每个字符创建一个二进制编码。字符出现的越频繁，编码赋值越小。因此在一个数据集中`e`可能会编码为`111`，而`x`会编码为`10010`。创建了这种编码模式，就可以串联无定界符，也能正确地进行解码。 在gzip中使用的DEFLATE算法就结合了霍夫曼编码与LZ77一同用于实现数据压缩功能。gzip应用领域很广，特别适用于文件压缩(以`.gz`为扩展名的文件)以及用于数据传输中的http请求与应答。 @@ -96,10 +97,11 @@ - 您会理解为什么较大的压缩文件会获得较好的整体压缩效果(如压缩的越多，压缩率也越高)。这也是SPDY协议得以推崇的原因之一：在复杂的HTTP请求/响应过程数据有更好的压缩效果。 - 您会了解数据传输过程中如果想要压缩JavaScript/CSS文件，运行压缩软件是完全没有意义的。PNG文件也是类似，因为它们已经使用DEFLATE算法完成了压缩。 - - 如果您试图强行破译加密的信息，您可能会发现由于重复数据压缩质量更好，给定的密文单位bit的数据压缩将帮助您确定相关的[分组密码工作模式](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher_mode_of_operation). + - 如果您试图强行破译加密的信息，您可能会发现由于重复数据压缩质量更好，密文给定位的数据压缩率将帮助您确定相关的[分组密码工作模式][6]（block cipher mode of operation.）。 ###下一步选择学习什么是困难的### -作为一名程序员应当做好持续学习的准备。为成为一名web开发人员，您需要了解标记语言以及Ruby/Python，正则表达式，SQL，JavaScript等高级编程语言，还需要了解HTTP的工作原理，如何运行UNIX终端以及面向对象的编程艺术。您很难有效地预览到未来的职业全景，因此选择下一步要学习哪些知识是困难的。 + +作为一名程序员应当做好持续学习的准备。为了成为一名web开发人员，您需要了解标记语言以及Ruby/Python、正则表达式、SQL、JavaScript等高级编程语言，还需要了解HTTP的工作原理，如何运行UNIX终端以及面向对象的编程艺术。您很难有效地预览到未来的职业全景，因此选择下一步要学习哪些知识是困难的。 我没有快速学习的能力，因此我不得不在时间花费上非常谨慎。我希望尽可能地学习到有持久生命力的技能，即不会在几年内就过时的技术。这意味着我也会犹豫这周是要学习JavaScript框架还是那些新的编程语言。 @@ -118,6 +120,7 @@ via: http://www.happybearsoftware.com/how-learning-data-structures-and-algorithm [a]:http://www.happybearsoftware.com/ [1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffman_coding [2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher_mode_of_operation - - - +[3]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijkstra's_algorithm +[4]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A*_search_algorithm +[5]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffman_coding +[6]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher_mode_of_operation From 34e62f51168581295a032a4ff2538b2bce22e34e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2015 21:45:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 003/176] PUB:20151027 How To Show Desktop In GNOME 3 @geekpi --- .../20151027 How To Show Desktop In GNOME 3.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20151027 How To Show Desktop In GNOME 3.md (86%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20151027 How To Show Desktop In GNOME 3.md b/published/20151027 How To Show Desktop In GNOME 3.md similarity index 86% rename from translated/tech/20151027 How To Show Desktop In GNOME 3.md rename to published/20151027 How To Show Desktop In GNOME 3.md index 2eb373defa..08933c0cb7 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20151027 How To Show Desktop In GNOME 3.md +++ b/published/20151027 How To Show Desktop In GNOME 3.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ ### 在GNOME 3 中添加显示桌面的快捷键 ### -我在本教程的使用的是GNOME 3.18的[Antergos Linux][2]但是这些步骤对于任何GNOME 3版本的Linux发行版都适用。同时也使用了[Numix主题][3]作为默认主题。因此你也许不会看到平常的GNOME图标。但是我相信步骤是一目了然的，很容易就能理解。 +我在本教程的使用的是带有GNOME 3.18的[Antergos Linux][2]，但是这些步骤对于任何GNOME 3版本的Linux发行版都适用。同时，Antergos也使用了[Numix主题][3]作为默认主题。因此你也许不会看到平常的GNOME图标。但是我相信步骤是一目了然的，很容易就能理解。 #### 第一步 #### @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ #### 第四步 #### -在“Hide all normla windows”上面点击一下。你会看到它变成了**New accelerator**。现在无论你按下哪个键，他都会被指定为显示桌面。 +在“Hide all normla windows”上面点击一下。你会看到它变成了**New accelerator**。现在无论你按下哪个键，它都会被指定为显示桌面的快捷键。 如果你不小心按下了错误的组合键，只要按下退格它就会被禁用。再次点击并使用需要的组合键。 @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ #### 第五步 #### -一旦设置了组合键，只要关闭系统设置。没有保存设置因为更改是立即生效的。在本例中，我使用Ctrl+Super+D来与我在Ubuntu Unity中的使用习惯保持一致。 +一旦设置了组合键，只要关闭系统设置。不用保存设置因为更改是立即生效的。在本例中，我使用Ctrl+Super+D来与我在Ubuntu Unity中的使用习惯保持一致。 ![Keyboard shortcut edit in GNOME](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Show-Desktop-GNOME-5.jpeg) @@ -61,4 +61,4 @@ via: http://itsfoss.com/show-desktop-gnome-3/ [a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ [1]:https://www.gnome.org/gnome-3/ [2]:http://itsfoss.com/tag/antergos/ -[3]:http://itsfoss.com/install-numix-ubuntu/ +[3]:https://linux.cn/article-3281-1.html From 9511d3032d96dd2d03daa27f47a6f17f65e9824d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2015 22:34:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 004/176] PUB:20151012 How To Use iPhone In Antergos Linux @geekpi --- ...012 How To Use iPhone In Antergos Linux.md | 24 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20151012 How To Use iPhone In Antergos Linux.md (80%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20151012 How To Use iPhone In Antergos Linux.md b/published/20151012 How To Use iPhone In Antergos Linux.md similarity index 80% rename from translated/tech/20151012 How To Use iPhone In Antergos Linux.md rename to published/20151012 How To Use iPhone In Antergos Linux.md index 2e33e5a536..e9bbca215a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20151012 How To Use iPhone In Antergos Linux.md +++ b/published/20151012 How To Use iPhone In Antergos Linux.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -如何在Antergos Linux中使用iPhone +如何在 Antergos Linux 中使用 iPhone ================================================================================ ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/iPhone-Antergos-Arch-Linux.jpg) -在Arch Linux中使用iPhone遇到麻烦了么？iPhone和Linux从来都没有集成的很好。本教程中，我会向你展示如何在Antergos Linux中使用iPhone，对于同样基于Arch的的Linux发行版如Manjaro也应该同样管用。 +在Arch Linux中使用iPhone遇到麻烦了么？iPhone和Linux从来都没有很好地集成。本教程中，我会向你展示如何在Antergos Linux中使用iPhone，对于同样基于Arch的的Linux发行版如Manjaro也应该同样管用。 -我最近购买了一台全新的iPhone 6S，当我连接到Antergos Linux中要拷贝一些照片时，它完全没有检测到它。我看见iPhone正在被充电并且我已经允许了iPhone“信任这台电脑”，但是还是完全没有检测到。我尝试运行dmseg但是没有关于iPhone或者Apple的信息。有趣的是我已经安装了[libimobiledevice][1]。这个可以可以解决[iPhone在Ubuntu中的挂载问题][2]。 +我最近购买了一台全新的iPhone 6S，当我连接到Antergos Linux中要拷贝一些照片时，它完全没有检测到它。我看见iPhone正在被充电并且我已经允许了iPhone“信任这台电脑”，但是还是完全没有检测到。我尝试运行`dmseg`但是没有关于iPhone或者Apple的信息。有趣的是我当我安装好了[libimobiledevice][1]，这个就可以解决[iPhone在Ubuntu中的挂载问题][2]。 -我会向你展示如何在Antergos中使用运行iOS 9的iPhone 6S。这会有更多的命令行，但是我假设你用的是ArchLinux，并不惧怕使用终端（也不应该惧怕）、 +我会向你展示如何在Antergos中使用运行iOS 9的iPhone 6S。这会有更多的命令行，但是我假设你用的是ArchLinux，并不惧怕使用终端（也不应该惧怕）。 ### 在Arch Linux中挂载iPhone ### -**第一步**：如果已经插入拔下你的iPhone +**第一步**：如果已经插入，请拔下你的iPhone。 -**第二步**：现在，打开终端输入下面的命令来安装必要的包。不要担心如果它们已经安装过了。 +**第二步**：现在，打开终端输入下面的命令来安装必要的包。如果它们已经安装过了也没有关系。 sudo pacman -Sy ifuse usbmuxd libplist libimobiledevice -**第三步**： 这些库和程序安装完成后，重启系统 +**第三步**： 这些库和程序安装完成后，重启系统。 sudo reboot @@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ mkdir ~/iPhone -**第五步**：解锁你的手机并插入，如果询问是否允许，请允许。 +**第五步**：解锁你的手机并插入，如果询问是否信任该计算机，请允许信任。 ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/iPhone-mount-Antergos-Linux-2.jpeg) -**第六步**： 验证这时iPhone已经被机器识别了。 +**第六步**： 看看这时iPhone是否已经被机器识别了。 dmesg | grep -i iphone @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ ifuse ~/iPhone -由于我们在家目录中创建了挂载目录，你不需要root权限就可以在家目录中看见。如果命令成功了，你就不会看见输出。 +由于我们在家目录中创建了挂载目录，你不需要root权限就可以在家目录中看见。如果命令成功了，你就不会看见任何输出。 回到Files看下iPhone是否已经识别。对于我而言，在Antergos中看上去这样： @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ ### 对你有用么？ ### -我知道这并不是非常方便和理想，iPhone应该像其他USB其他usb设备那样但是事情并不总是像人们想的那样。好事是一点小的DIY就能解决这个问题带来了一点成就感（至少对我而言）。我必须要说的是Antergos应该修复这个问题让iPhone可以默认挂载。 +我知道这并不是非常方便和理想，iPhone应该像其他USB设备那样工作，但是事情并不总是像人们想的那样。好的是一点小的DIY就能解决这个问题带来了一点成就感（至少对我而言）。我必须要说的是Antergos应该修复这个问题让iPhone可以默认挂载。 这个技巧对你有用么?如果你有任何问题或者建议，欢迎留下评论。 @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ via: http://itsfoss.com/iphone-antergos-linux/ 作者：[Abhishek][a] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 093c2edef39119ba626e7a8a1a1348d335ff327d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2015 23:13:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 005/176] PUB:Part 4 - Using Shell Scripting to Automate Linux System Maintenance Tasks @ictlyh --- ...Automate Linux System Maintenance Tasks.md | 36 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/RHCE/Part 4 - Using Shell Scripting to Automate Linux System Maintenance Tasks.md (81%) diff --git a/translated/tech/RHCE/Part 4 - Using Shell Scripting to Automate Linux System Maintenance Tasks.md b/published/RHCE/Part 4 - Using Shell Scripting to Automate Linux System Maintenance Tasks.md similarity index 81% rename from translated/tech/RHCE/Part 4 - Using Shell Scripting to Automate Linux System Maintenance Tasks.md rename to published/RHCE/Part 4 - Using Shell Scripting to Automate Linux System Maintenance Tasks.md index 37a3dbe11c..fdf0d29c96 100644 --- a/translated/tech/RHCE/Part 4 - Using Shell Scripting to Automate Linux System Maintenance Tasks.md +++ b/published/RHCE/Part 4 - Using Shell Scripting to Automate Linux System Maintenance Tasks.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -第四部分 - 使用 Shell 脚本自动化 Linux 系统维护任务 +RHCE 系列（四）： 使用 Shell 脚本自动化 Linux 系统维护任务 ================================================================================ -之前我听说高效系统管理员/工程师的其中一个特点是懒惰。一开始看起来很矛盾，但作者接下来解释了其中的原因： +之前我听说高效的系统管理员的一个特点是懒惰。一开始看起来很矛盾，但作者接下来解释了其中的原因： ![自动化 Linux 系统维护任务](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Automate-Linux-System-Maintenance-Tasks.png) -RHCE 系列：第四部分 - 自动化 Linux 系统维护任务 +*RHCE 系列：第四部分 - 自动化 Linux 系统维护任务* -如果一个系统管理员花费大量的时间解决问题以及做重复的工作，你就应该怀疑他这么做是否正确。换句话说，一个高效的系统管理员/工程师应该制定一个计划使得尽量花费少的时间去做重复的工作，以及通过使用该系列中第三部分 [使用 Linux 工具集监视系统活动报告][1] 介绍的工具预见问题。因此，尽管看起来他/她没有做很多的工作，但那是因为 shell 脚本帮助完成了他的/她的大部分任务，这也就是本章我们将要探讨的东西。 +如果一个系统管理员花费大量的时间解决问题以及做重复的工作，你就应该怀疑他这么做是否正确。换句话说，一个高效的系统管理员/工程师应该制定一个计划使得其尽量花费少的时间去做重复的工作，以及通过使用本系列中第三部分 [使用 Linux 工具集监视系统活动报告][1] 介绍的工具来预见问题。因此，尽管看起来他/她没有做很多的工作，但那是因为 shell 脚本帮助完成了他的/她的大部分任务，这也就是本章我们将要探讨的东西。 ### 什么是 shell 脚本？ ### -简单的说，shell 脚本就是一个由 shell 一步一步执行的程序，而 shell 是在 Linux 内核和端用户之间提供接口的另一个程序。 +简单的说，shell 脚本就是一个由 shell 一步一步执行的程序，而 shell 是在 Linux 内核和最终用户之间提供接口的另一个程序。 -默认情况下，RHEL 7 中用户使用的 shell 是 bash（/bin/bash）。如果你想知道详细的信息和历史背景，你可以查看 [维基页面][2]。 +默认情况下，RHEL 7 中用户使用的 shell 是 bash（/bin/bash）。如果你想知道详细的信息和历史背景，你可以查看这个[维基页面][2]。 -关于这个 shell 提供的众多功能的介绍，可以查看 **man 手册**，也可以从 （[Bash 命令][3]）下载 PDF 格式。除此之外，假设你已经熟悉 Linux 命令（否则我强烈建议你首先看一下 **Tecmint.com** 中的文章 [从新手到系统管理员指南][4] ）。现在让我们开始吧。 +关于这个 shell 提供的众多功能的介绍，可以查看 **man 手册**，也可以从 （[Bash 命令][3]）处下载 PDF 格式。除此之外，假设你已经熟悉 Linux 命令（否则我强烈建议你首先看一下 **Tecmint.com** 中的文章 [从新手到系统管理员指南][4] ）。现在让我们开始吧。 ### 写一个脚本显示系统信息 ### @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ RHCE 系列：第四部分 - 自动化 Linux 系统维护任务 #!/bin/bash - # RHCE 系列第四部分事例脚本 + # RHCE 系列第四部分示例脚本 # 该脚本会返回以下这些系统信息： # -主机名称: echo -e "\e[31;43m***** HOSTNAME INFORMATION *****\e[0m" @@ -67,9 +67,9 @@ RHCE 系列：第四部分 - 自动化 Linux 系统维护任务 ![服务器监视 Shell 脚本](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Server-Monitoring-Shell-Script.png) -服务器监视 Shell 脚本 +*服务器监视 Shell 脚本* -该功能用以下命令提供： +颜色功能是由以下命令提供的： echo -e "\e[COLOR1;COLOR2m\e[0m" @@ -79,13 +79,13 @@ RHCE 系列：第四部分 - 自动化 Linux 系统维护任务 你想使其自动化的任务可能因情况而不同。因此，我们不可能在一篇文章中覆盖所有可能的场景，但是我们会介绍使用 shell 脚本可以使其自动化的三种典型任务： -**1)** 更新本地文件数据库， 2) 查找（或者删除）有 777 权限的文件， 以及 3) 文件系统使用超过定义的阀值时发出警告。 +1) 更新本地文件数据库， 2) 查找（或者删除）有 777 权限的文件， 以及 3) 文件系统使用超过定义的阀值时发出警告。 让我们在脚本目录中新建一个名为 `auto_tasks.sh` 的文件并添加以下内容： #!/bin/bash - # 自动化任务事例脚本： + # 自动化任务示例脚本： # -更新本地文件数据库： echo -e "\e[4;32mUPDATING LOCAL FILE DATABASE\e[0m" updatedb @@ -123,16 +123,16 @@ RHCE 系列：第四部分 - 自动化 Linux 系统维护任务 ![查找 777 权限文件的 Shell 脚本](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Shell-Script-to-Find-777-Permissions.png) -查找 777 权限文件的 Shell 脚本 +*查找 777 权限文件的 Shell 脚本* ### 使用 Cron ### -想更进一步提高效率，你不会想只是坐在你的电脑前手动执行这些脚本。相反，你会使用 cron 来调度这些任务周期性地执行，并把结果通过邮件发动给预定义的接收者或者将它们保存到使用 web 浏览器可以查看的文件中。 +想更进一步提高效率，你不会想只是坐在你的电脑前手动执行这些脚本。相反，你会使用 cron 来调度这些任务周期性地执行，并把结果通过邮件发动给预先指定的接收者，或者将它们保存到使用 web 浏览器可以查看的文件中。 下面的脚本（filesystem_usage.sh）会运行有名的 **df -h** 命令，格式化输出到 HTML 表格并保存到 **report.html** 文件中： #!/bin/bash - # Sample script to demonstrate the creation of an HTML report using shell scripting + # 演示使用 shell 脚本创建 HTML 报告的示例脚本 # Web directory WEB_DIR=/var/www/html # A little CSS and table layout to make the report look a little nicer @@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ RHCE 系列：第四部分 - 自动化 Linux 系统维护任务 ![服务器监视报告](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Server-Monitoring-Report.png) -服务器监视报告 +*服务器监视报告* 你可以添加任何你想要的信息到那个报告中。添加下面的 crontab 条目在每天下午的 1：30 运行该脚本： @@ -193,12 +193,12 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/using-shell-script-to-automate-linux-system-maintena 作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a] 译者：[ictlyh](https://github.com/ictlyh) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/gacanepa/ -[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-performance-monitoring-and-file-system-statistics-reports/ +[1]:https://linux.cn/article-6512-1.html [2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_%28Unix_shell%29 [3]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/pdf/bash.pdf [4]:http://www.tecmint.com/60-commands-of-linux-a-guide-from-newbies-to-system-administrator/ From a55c780d32e51e6c1af47766111c942537f37449 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2015 23:26:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 006/176] =?UTF-8?q?=E8=B6=85=E6=9C=9F=E5=9B=9E=E6=94=B6?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @cygmris @H-mudcup @KevinSJ @ZTinoZ @liuaiping @wyangsun @KnightJoker --- ...Open Source Collaborative Editing Tools.md | 1 - ... open source board games to play online.md | 1 - ... Torvalds muses about open-source software.md | 46 ----- .../20150820 Why did you start using Linux.md | 1 - ...ng before CoreOS and the Atomic Project.md | 92 --------- ...e Free Software Foundation--30 years in.md | 149 -------------- ...icrosoft Office in Favor of LibreOffice.md | 30 --- ...rd Is Coming To Ubuntu and Ubuntu Touch.md | 49 ----- ...tu 15.10 Codenamed Wily Werewolf Review.md | 68 ------ ...Installing Ubuntu 15.10 'Wily Werewolf'.md | 194 ------------------ ...w Ubuntu 15.10 Features You Should Know.md | 109 ---------- ...lation Guide for Puppet on Ubuntu 15.04.md | 1 - ...orkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md | 2 - ...31 Linux workstation security checklist.md | 1 - ...-Master Your Math with These Linux Apps.md | 126 ------------ 15 files changed, 870 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20150820 LinuxCon's surprise keynote speaker ​Linus Torvalds muses about open-source software.md delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20150824 LinuxCon exclusive--Mark Shuttleworth says Snappy was born long before CoreOS and the Atomic Project.md delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20150910 The Free Software Foundation--30 years in.md delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20150916 Italy's Ministry of Defense to Drop Microsoft Office in Favor of LibreOffice.md delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20150929 A Slick New Set-Up Wizard Is Coming To Ubuntu and Ubuntu Touch.md delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20151023 Ubuntu 15.10 Codenamed Wily Werewolf Review.md delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20151028 10 Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 15.10 'Wily Werewolf'.md delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20151028 Here are the 9 New Ubuntu 15.10 Features You Should Know.md delete mode 100644 sources/tech/Learn with Linux/Learn with Linux--Master Your Math with These Linux Apps.md diff --git a/sources/share/20150824 Great Open Source Collaborative Editing Tools.md b/sources/share/20150824 Great Open Source Collaborative Editing Tools.md index 4696862569..c4746bc482 100644 --- a/sources/share/20150824 Great Open Source Collaborative Editing Tools.md +++ b/sources/share/20150824 Great Open Source Collaborative Editing Tools.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -cygmris is translating... Great Open Source Collaborative Editing Tools ================================================================================ In a nutshell, collaborative writing is writing done by more than one person. There are benefits and risks of collaborative working. Some of the benefits include a more integrated / co-ordinated approach, better use of existing resources, and a stronger, united voice. For me, the greatest advantage is one of the most transparent. That's when I need to take colleagues' views. Sending files back and forth between colleagues is inefficient, causes unnecessary delays and leaves people (i.e. me) unhappy with the whole notion of collaboration. With good collaborative software, I can share notes, data and files, and use comments to share thoughts in real-time or asynchronously. Working together on documents, images, video, presentations, and tasks is made less of a chore. diff --git a/sources/share/20150901 5 best open source board games to play online.md b/sources/share/20150901 5 best open source board games to play online.md index 5df980d1db..c14fecc697 100644 --- a/sources/share/20150901 5 best open source board games to play online.md +++ b/sources/share/20150901 5 best open source board games to play online.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -Translating by H-mudcup 5 best open source board games to play online ================================================================================ I have always had a fascination with board games, in part because they are a device of social interaction, they challenge the mind and, most importantly, they are great fun to play. In my misspent youth, myself and a group of friends gathered together to escape the horrors of the classroom, and indulge in a little escapism. The time provided an outlet for tension and rivalry. Board games help teach diplomacy, how to make and break alliances, bring families and friends together, and learn valuable lessons. diff --git a/sources/talk/20150820 LinuxCon's surprise keynote speaker ​Linus Torvalds muses about open-source software.md b/sources/talk/20150820 LinuxCon's surprise keynote speaker ​Linus Torvalds muses about open-source software.md deleted file mode 100644 index c045233630..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20150820 LinuxCon's surprise keynote speaker ​Linus Torvalds muses about open-source software.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,46 +0,0 @@ -LinuxCon's surprise keynote speaker ​Linus Torvalds muses about open-source software -================================================================================ -> In a broad-ranging question and answer session, Linus Torvalds, Linux's founder, shared his thoughts on the current state of open source and Linux. - -**SEATTLE** -- [LinuxCon][1] attendees got an early Christmas present when the Wednesday morning "surprise" keynote speaker turned out to be Linux's founder, Linus Torvalds. - -![zemlin-and-torvalds-08192015-1.jpg](http://zdnet2.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/2015/08/19/9951f05a-fedf-4bf4-a4a1-3b4a15458de6/c19c89ded58025eccd090787ba40e803/zemlin-and-torvalds-08192015-1.jpg) - -Jim Zemlin and Linus Torvalds shooting the breeze at LinuxCon in Seattle. -- sjvn - -Jim Zemlin, the Linux Foundation's executive director, opened the question and answer session by quoting from a recent article about Linus, "[Torvalds may be the most influential individual economic force][2] of the past 20 years. ... Torvalds has, in effect, been as instrumental in retooling the production lines of the modern economy as Henry Ford was 100 years earlier." - -Torvalds replied, "I don't think I'm all that powerful, but I'm glad to get all the credit for open source." For someone who's arguably been more influential on technology than Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, or Larry Ellison, Torvalds remains amusingly modest. That's probably one reason [Torvalds, who doesn't suffer fools gladly][3], remains the unchallenged leader of Linux. - -It also helps that he doesn't take himself seriously, except when it comes to code quality. Zemlin reminded him that he was also described in the same article as being "5-feet, ho-hum tall with a paunch, ... his body type and gait resemble that of Tux, the penguin mascot of Linux." Torvald's reply was to grin and say "What is this? A roast?" He added that 5'8" was a perfectly good height. - -More seriously, Zemlin asked Torvalds what he thought about the current excitement over containers. Indeed, at times LinuxCon has felt like DockerCon. Torvalds replied, "I'm glad that the kernel is far removed from containers and other buzzwords. We only care about just the kernel. I'm so focused on the kernel I really don't care. I don't get involved in the politics above the kernel and I'm really happy that I don't know." - -Moving on, Zemlin asked Torvalds what he thought about the demand from the Internet of Things (IoT) for an even smaller Linux kernel. "Everyone has always wished for a smaller kernel," Torvalds said. "But, with all the modules it's still tens of MegaBytes in size. It's shocking that it used to fit into a MB. We'd like it to be mean lean, mean IT machine again." - -But, "Torvalds continued, "It's hard to get rid of unnecessary fat. Things tend to grow. Realistically I don't think we can get down to the sizes we were 20 years ago." - -As for security, the next topic, Torvalds said, "I'm at odds with the security community. They tend to see technology as black and white. If it's not security they don't care at all about it." The truth is "security is bugs. Most of the security issues we've had in the kernel hasn't been that big. Most of them have been really stupid and then some clever person takes advantage of it." - -The bottom line is, "We'll never get rid of bugs so security will never be perfect. We do try to be really careful about code. With user space we have to be very strict." But, "Bugs happen and all you can do is mitigate them. Open source is doing fairly well, but anyone who thinks we'll ever be completely secure is foolish." - -Zemlin concluded by asking Torvalds where he saw Linux ten years from now. Torvalds replied that he doesn't look at it this way. "I'm plodding, pedestrian, I look ahead six months, I don't plan 10 years ahead. I think that's insane." - -Sure, "companies plan ten years, and their plans use open source. Their whole process is very forward thinking. But I'm not worried about 10 years ahead. I look to the next release and the release beyond that." - -For Torvalds, who works at home where "the FedEx guy is no longer surprised to find me in my bathrobe at 2 in the afternoon," looking ahead a few months works just fine. And so do all the businesses -- both technology-based Amazon, Google, Facebook and more mainstream, WalMart, the New York Stock Exchange, and McDonalds -- that live on Linux every day. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.zdnet.com/article/linus-torvalds-muses-about-open-source-software/ - -作者：[Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.zdnet.com/meet-the-team/us/steven-j-vaughan-nichols/ -[1]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/linuxcon-north-america -[2]:http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-06-16/the-creator-of-linux-on-the-future-without-him -[3]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/linus-torvalds-finds-gnome-3-4-to-be-a-total-user-experience-design-failure/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20150820 Why did you start using Linux.md b/sources/talk/20150820 Why did you start using Linux.md index 3ddf90c560..5fb6a8d4fe 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20150820 Why did you start using Linux.md +++ b/sources/talk/20150820 Why did you start using Linux.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -KevinSJ translating Why did you start using Linux? ================================================================================ > In today's open source roundup: What got you started with Linux? Plus: IBM's Linux only Mainframe. And why you should skip Windows 10 and go with Linux diff --git a/sources/talk/20150824 LinuxCon exclusive--Mark Shuttleworth says Snappy was born long before CoreOS and the Atomic Project.md b/sources/talk/20150824 LinuxCon exclusive--Mark Shuttleworth says Snappy was born long before CoreOS and the Atomic Project.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2c45b6064b..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20150824 LinuxCon exclusive--Mark Shuttleworth says Snappy was born long before CoreOS and the Atomic Project.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,92 +0,0 @@ -LinuxCon exclusive: Mark Shuttleworth says Snappy was born long before CoreOS and the Atomic Project -================================================================================ -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/08/mark-100608730-primary.idge.jpg) - -Mark Shuttleworth at LinuxCon Credit: Swapnil Bhartiya - -> Mark Shuttleworth, founder of Canonical and Ubuntu, made a surprise visit at LinuxCon. I sat down with him for a video interview and talked about Ubuntu on IBM’s new LinuxONE systems, Canonical’s plans for containers, open source in the enterprise space and much more. - -### You made a surprise entry during the keynote. What brought you to LinuxCon? ### - -**Mark Shuttleworth**: I am here at LinuxCon to support IBM and Canonical in their announcement of Ubuntu on their new Linux-only super-high-end mainframe LinuxONE. These are the biggest machines in the world, purpose-built to run only Linux. And we will be bringing Ubuntu to them, which is a real privilege for us and is going to be incredible for developers. - -![mark selfie](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/08/mark-selfie-100608731-large.idge.jpg) - -Swapnil Bhartiya - -Mark Shuttleworth and Swapnil Bhartiya, mandatory selfie at LinuxCon - -### Only Red Hat and SUSE were supported on it. Why was Ubuntu missing from the mainframe scene? ### - -**Mark**: Ubuntu has always been about developers. It has been about enabling the free software platform from where it is collaboratively built to be available at no cost to developers in the world, so they are limited only by their imagination—not by money, not by geography. - -There was an incredible story told today about a 12-year-old kid who started out with Ubuntu; there are incredible stories about people building giant businesses with Ubuntu. And for me, being able to empower people, whether they come from one part of the world or another to express their ideas on free software, is what Ubuntu is all about. It's been a journey for us essentially, going to the platforms those developers care about, and just in the last year, we suddenly saw a flood of requests from companies who run mainframes, who are using Ubuntu for their infrastructure—70% of OpenStack deployments are on Ubuntu. Those same people said, “Look, there is the mainframe, and we like to unleash it and think of it as a region in the cloud.” So when IBM started talking to us, saying that they have this project in the works, it felt like a very natural fit: You are going to be able to take your Ubuntu laptop, build code there and ship it straight to every cloud, every virtualization environment, every bare metal in every architecture including the mainframe, and that's going to be beautiful. - -### Will Canonical be offering support for these systems? ### - -**Mark**: Yes. Ubuntu on z Systems is going to be completely supported. We will make long-term commitments to that. The idea is to bring together scale-out-fast cloud-like workloads, which is really born on Ubuntu; 70% of workloads on Amazon and other public clouds run on Ubuntu. Now you can think of running that on a mainframe if that makes sense to you. - -We are going to provide exactly the same platform that we do on the cloud, and we are going to provide that on the mainframe as well. We are also going to expose it to the OpenStack API so you can consume it on a mainframe with exactly the same tools and exactly the same processes that you would consume on a laptop, or OpenStack or public cloud resources. So all of the things that Ubuntu builds to make your life easy as a developer are going to be available across that full range of platforms and systems, and all of that is commercially supported. - -### Canonical is doing a lot of things: It is into enterprise, and it’s in the consumer space with mobile and desktop. So what is the core focus of Canonical now? ### - -**Mark**: The trick for us is to enable the reuse of specifically the same parts [of our technology] in as many useful ways as possible. So if you look at the work that we do at z Systems, it's absolutely defined by the work that we do on the cloud. We want to deliver exactly the same libraries on exactly the same date for the mainframe as we do for public clouds and for x86, ARM and Power servers today. - -We don't allow Ubuntu or our focus to fragment very dramatically because we don't allow different products managers to find Ubuntu in different ways in different environments. We just want to bring that standard experience that developers love to this new environment. - -Similarly if you look at the work we are doing on IoT [Internet of Things], Snappy Ubuntu is the heart of the phone. It’s the phone without the GUI. So the definitions, the tools, the kernels, the mechanisms are shared across those projects. So we are able to multiply the impact of the work. We have an incredible community, and we try to enable the community to do things that they want to do that we can’t do. So that's why we have so many buntus, and it's kind of incredible for me to see what they do with that. - -We also see the community climbing in. We see hundreds of developers working with Snappy for IoT, and we see developers working with Snappy on mobile, for personal computing as convergence becomes real. And, of course, there is the cloud server story: 70% of the world is Ubuntu, so there is a huge audience. We don't have to do all the work that we do; we just have to be open and willing to, kind of, do the core infrastructure and then reuse it as efficiently as possible. - -### Is Snappy a response to Atomic or CoreOS? ### - -**Mark**: Snappy as a project was born four years ago when we started working on the phone, which was long before the CoreOS, long before Atomic. I think the principles of atomicity, transactionality are beautiful, but remember: We needed to build the same things for the phone. And with Snappy, we have the ability to deliver transactional updates to any of these systems—phones, servers and cloud devices. - -Of course, it feels a little different because in order to provide those guarantees, we have to shape the system in such a way that we can guarantee the guarantees. And that's why Snappy is snappy; it's a new thing. It's not based on an old packaging system. Though we will keep both of them: All Snaps for us that Canonical makes, the core snaps that define the OS, are all built from Debian packages. They are two different faces of the same coin for us, and developers will use them as tools. We use the right tools for the job. - -There are couple of key advantages for Snappy over CoreOS and Atomic, and the main one is this: We took the view that we wanted the base idea to be extensible. So with Snappy, the core operating system is tiny. You make all the choices, and you take all the decisions about things you want to bolt on that: you want to bolt on Docker; you want to bolt on Kubernete; you want to bolt on Mesos; you want to bolt on Lattice from Pivotal; you want to bolt on OpenStack. Those are the things you choose to add with Snappy. Whereas with Atomic and CoreOS, it's one blob and you have to do it exactly the way they want you to do it. You have to live with the versions of software and the choices they make. - -Whereas with Snappy, we really preserve this idea of the choices you have got in Ubuntu are now transactionally available on Snappy systems. That makes the core much smaller, and it gives you the choice of different container systems, different container management systems, different cloud infrastructure systems or different apps of every description. I think that's the winning idea. In fullness of time, people will realize that they wanted to make those choices themselves; they just want Canonical to do the work of providing the updates in a really efficient manner. - -### There is so much competition in the container space with Docker, Rocket and many other players. Where will Canonical stand amid this competition? ### - -**Mark**: Canonical is focused on platform tools, and we see things like the Rocket and Docker as things super-useful for developers; we just make sure that those work best on Ubuntu. Docker, for years, ran only Ubuntu because we work very closely with them, and we are glad now that it's available everywhere else. But if you look at the numbers, the vast majority of Docker containers are on Ubuntu. Because we work really hard, as developers, you get the best experience with all of these tools on Ubuntu. We don't want to try and control everything, and it’s great for us to have those guys competing. - -I think in the end people will see that there is really two kinds of containers. 1) There are cases where a container is just like a VM machine. It feels like a whole machine, it runs all processes, all the logs and cron jobs are there. It's like a VM, just that it's much cheaper, much lighter, much faster, and that's LXD. 2) And then there would be process containers, which are like Docker or Rocket; they are there to run a specific application very fast. I think we lead the world in general machine container story, which is our hypervisor LXD, and I think Docker leads the story when it comes to applications containers, process containers. And those two work together really beautifully. - -### Microsoft and Canonical are working together on LXD? Can you tell us about this engagement? ### - -Mark: LXD is two things. First, it's an implementation on top of Canonical's work on the kernel so that you can start to create full machine containers on any host. But it's also a REST API. That’s the transitions from LXC to LXD. We got a daemon there so you can talk to the daemon over the network, if it's listening on the network, and says tell me about the containers on that machine, tell me about the file systems on that machine, the networks on that machine, start or stop the container. - -So LXD becomes a distributed hypervisor effectively. Very interestingly, last week Microsoft announced that they like REST API. It is very clean, very simple, very well engineered, and they are going to implement the same API for Windows machines. It's completely cross-platform, which means you will be able to talk to any machine—Linux or Windows. So it gives you very clean and simple APIs to talk about containers on any host on the network. - -Of course, we have led the work in [OpenStack to bind LXD to Nova][1], which is the control system to compute in OpenStack, so that's how we create a whole cloud with OpenStack API with the individual VMs being actually containers, so much denser, much faster, much lighter, much cheaper. - -### Open Source is becoming a norm in the enterprise segment. What do you think is driving the adoption of open source in the enterprise? ### - -**Mark**: The reason why open source has become so popular in the enterprise is because it enables them to go faster. We are all competing at some level, and if you can't make progress because you have to call up some vendor, you can't dig in and help yourself go faster, then you feel frustrated. And given the choice between frustration and at least the ability to dig into a problem, enterprises over time will always choose to give themselves the ability to dig in and help themselves. So that is why open source is phenomenal. - -I think it goes a bit deeper than that. I think people have started to realize as much as we compete, 99% of what we need to do is shared, and there is something meaningful about contributing to something that is shared. As I have seen Ubuntu go from something that developers love, to something that CIOs love that developers love Ubuntu. As that happens, it's not a one-way ticket. They often want to say how can we help contribute to make this whole thing go faster. - -We have always seen a curve of complexity, and open source has traditionally been higher up on the curve of complexity and therefore considered threatening or difficult or too uncertain for people who are not comfortable with the complexity. What's wonderful to me is that many open source projects have identified that as a blocker for their own future. So in Ubuntu we have made user experience, design and “making it easy” a first-class goal. We have done the same for OpenStack. With Ubuntu tools for OpenStack anybody can build an OpenStack cloud in an hour, and if you want, that cloud can run itself, scale itself, manage itself, can deal with failures. It becomes something you can just fire up and forget, which also makes it really cheap. It also makes it something that's not a distraction, and so by making open source easier and easier, we are broadening its appeal to consumers and into the enterprise and potentially into the government. - -### How open are governments to open source? Can you tell us about the utilization of open source by governments, especially in the U.S.? ### - -**Mark**: I don't track the usage in government, but part of government utilization in the modern era is the realization that how untrustworthy other governments might be. There is a desire for people to be able to say, “Look, I want to review or check and potentially self-build all the things that I depend on.” That's a really important mission. At the end of the day, some people see this as a game where maybe they can get something out of the other guy. I see it as a game where we can make a level playing field, where everybody gets to compete. I have a very strong interest in making sure that Ubuntu is trustworthy, which means the way we build it, the way we run it, the governance around it is such that people can have confidence in it as an independent thing. - -### You are quite vocal about freedom, privacy and other social issues on Google+. How do you see yourself, your company and Ubuntu playing a role in making the world a better place? ### - -**Mark**: The most important thing for us to do is to build confidence in trusted platforms, platforms that are freely available but also trustworthy. At any given time, there will always be people who can make arguments about why they should have access to something. But we know from history that at the end of the day, due process of law, justice, doesn't depend on the abuse of privacy, abuse of infrastructure, the abuse of data. So I am very strongly of the view that in the fullness of time, all of the different major actors will come to the view that their primary interest is in having something that is conceptually trustworthy. This isn't about what America can steal from Germany or what China can learn in Russia. This is about saying we’re all going to be able to trust our infrastructure; that's a generational journey. But I believe Ubuntu can be right at the center of people's thinking about that. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.itworld.com/article/2973116/linux/linuxcon-exclusive-mark-shuttleworth-says-snappy-was-born-long-before-coreos-and-the-atomic-project.html - -作者：[Swapnil Bhartiya][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.itworld.com/author/Swapnil-Bhartiya/ -[1]:https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/HypervisorSupportMatrix \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20150910 The Free Software Foundation--30 years in.md b/sources/talk/20150910 The Free Software Foundation--30 years in.md deleted file mode 100644 index f782b2e876..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20150910 The Free Software Foundation--30 years in.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,149 +0,0 @@ -The Free Software Foundation: 30 years in -================================================================================ -![](http://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/images/life/osdc_general_openfield.png?itok=tcXpYeHi) - -Welcome back, folks, to a new Six Degrees column. As usual, please send your thoughts on this piece to the comment box and your suggestions for future columns to [my inbox][1]. - -Now, I have to be honest with you all, this column went a little differently than I expected. - -A few weeks ago when thinking what to write, I mused over the notion of a piece about the [Free Software Foundation][2] celebrating its 30 year anniversary and how relevant and important its work is in today's computing climate. - -To add some meat I figured I would interview [John Sullivan][3], executive director of the FSF. My plan was typical of many of my pieces: thread together an interesting narrative and quote pieces of the interview to give it color. - -Well, that all went out the window when John sent me a tremendously detailed, thoughtful, and descriptive interview. I decided therefore to present it in full as the main event, and to add some commentary throughout. Thus, this is quite a long column, but I think it paints a fascinating picture of a fascinating organization. I recommend you grab a cup of something delicious and settle in for a solid read. - -### The sands of change ### - -The Free Software Foundation was founded in 1985. To paint a picture of what computing was like back then, the [Amiga 1000][4] was released, C++ was becoming a dominant language, [Aldus PageMaker][5] was announced, and networking was just starting to grow. Oh, and that year [Careless Whisper][6] by Wham! was a major hit. - -Things have changed a lot in 30 years. Back in 1985 the FSF was primarily focused on building free pieces of software that were primarily useful to nerdy computer people. These days we have software, services, social networks, and more to consider. - -I first wanted to get a sense of what John feels are most prominent risks to software freedom today. - -"I think there's widespread agreement on the biggest risks for computer user freedom today, but maybe not on the names for them." - -"The first is what we might as well just call 'tiny computers everywhere.' The free software movement has succeeded to the point where laptops, desktops, and servers can run fully free operating systems doing anything users of proprietary systems can do. There are still a few holes, but they'll be closed. The challenge that remains in this area is to cut through the billion dollar marketing budgets and legal regimes working against us to actually get the systems into users hands." - -"However, we have a serious problem on the set of computers whose primary common trait is that they are very small. Even though a car is not especially small, the computers in it are, so I include that form factor in this category, along with phones, tablets, glasses, watches, and so on. While these computers often have a basis in free software—for example, using the kernel Linux along with other free software like Android or GNU—their primary uses are to run proprietary applications and be shims for services that replace local computing with computing done on a server over which the user has no control. Since these devices serve vital functions, with some being primary means of communication for huge populations, some sitting very close to our bodies and our actual vital functions, some bearing responsibility for our physical safety, it is imperative that they run fully free systems under their users' control. Right now, they don't." - -John feels the risk here is not just the platforms and form factors, but the services integrates into them. - -"The services many of these devices talk to are the second major threat we face. It does us little good booting into a free system if we do our actual work and entertainment on companies' servers running software we have no access to at all. The point of free software is that we can see, modify, and share code. The existence of those freedoms even for nontechnical users provides a shield that prevents companies from controlling us. None of these freedoms exist for users of Facebook or Salesforce or Google Docs. Even more worrisome, we see a trend where people are accepting proprietary restrictions imposed on their local machines in order to have access to certain services. Browsers—including Firefox—are now automatically installing a DRM plugin in order to appease Netflix and other video giants. We need to work harder at developing free software decentralized replacements for media distribution that can actually empower users, artists, and user-artists, and for other services as well. For Facebook we have GNU social, pump.io, Diaspora, Movim, and others. For Salesforce, we have CiviCRM. For Google Docs, we have Etherpad. For media, we have GNU MediaGoblin. But all of these projects need more help, and many services don't have any replacement contenders yet." - -It is interesting that John mentions finding free software equivalents for common applications and services today. The FSF maintains a list of "High Priority Projects" that are designed to fill this gap. Unfortunately the capabilities of these projects varies tremendously and in an age where social media is so prominent, the software is only part of the problem: the real challenge is getting people to use it. - -This all begs the question of where the FSF fit in today's modern computing world. I am a fan of the FSF. I think the work they do is valuable and I contribute financially to support it too. They are an important organization for building an open computing culture, but all organizations need to grow, adjust, and adapt, particularly ones in the technology space. - -I wanted to get a better sense of what the FSF is doing today that it wasn't doing at it's inception. - -"We're speaking to a much larger audience than we were 30 years ago, and to a much broader audience. It's no longer just hackers and developers and researchers that need to know about free software. Everyone using a computer does, and it's quickly becoming the case that everyone uses a computer." - -John went on to provide some examples of these efforts. - -"We're doing coordinated public advocacy campaigns on issues of concern to the free software movement. Earlier in our history, we expressed opinions on these things, and took action on a handful, but in the last ten years we've put more emphasis on formulating and carrying out coherent campaigns. We've made especially significant noise in the area of Digital Restrictions Management (DRM) with Defective by Design, which I believe played a role in getting iTunes music off DRM (now of course, Apple is bringing DRM back with Apple Music). We've made attractive and useful introductory materials for people new to free software, like our [User Liberation animated video][7] and our [Email Self-Defense Guide][8]. - -We're also endorsing hardware that [respects users' freedoms][9]. Hardware distributors whose devices have been certified by the FSF to contain and require only free software can display a logo saying so. Expanding the base of free software users and the free software movement has two parts: convincing people to care, and then making it possible for them to act on that. Through this initiative, we encourage manufacturers and distributors to do the right thing, and we make it easy for users who have started to care about free software to buy what they need without suffering through hours and hours of research. We've certified a home WiFi router, 3D printers, laptops, and USB WiFi adapters, with more on the way. - -We're collecting all of the free software we can find in our [Free Software Directory][10]. We still have a long way to go on this—we're at only about 15,500 packages right now, and we can imagine many improvements to the design and function of the site—but I think this resource has great potential for helping users find the free software they need, especially users who aren't yet using a full GNU/Linux system. With the dangers inherent in downloading random programs off the Internet, there is a definite need for a curated collection like this. It also happens to provide a wealth of machine-readable data of use to researchers. - -We're acting as the fiscal sponsor for several specific free software projects, enabling them to raise funds for development. Most of these projects are part of GNU (which we continue to provide many kinds of infrastructure for), but we also sponsor [Replicant][11], a fully free fork of Android designed to give users the free-est mobile devices currently possible. - -We're helping developers use free software licenses properly, and we're following up on complaints about companies that aren't following the terms of the GPL. We help them fix their mistakes and distribute properly. RMS was in fact doing similar work with the precursors of the GPL very early on, but it's now an ongoing part of our work. - -Most of the specific things the FSF does now it wasn't doing 30 years ago, but the vision is little changed from the original paperwork—we aim to create a world where everything users want to do on any computer can be done using free software; a world where users control their computers and not the other way around." - -### A cult of personality ### - -There is little doubt in anyone's minds about the value the FSF brings. As John just highlighted, its efforts span not just the creation and licensing of free software, but also recognizing, certifying, and advocating a culture of freedom in technology. - -The head of the FSF is the inimitable Richard M. Stallman, commonly referred to as RMS. - -RMS is a curious character. He has demonstrated an unbelievable level of commitment to his ideas, philosophy, and ethical devotion to freedom in software. - -While he is sometimes mocked online for his social awkwardness, be it things said in his speeches, his bizarre travel requirements, or other sometimes cringeworthy moments, RMS's perspectives on software and freedom are generally rock-solid. He takes a remarkably consistent approach to his perspectives and he is clearly a careful thinker about not just his own thoughts but the wider movement he is leading. My only criticism is that I think from time to time he somewhat over-eggs the pudding with the voracity of his words. But hey, given his importance in our world, I would rather take an extra egg than no pudding for anyone. O.K., I get that the whole pudding thing here was strained... - -So RMS is a key part of the FSF, but the organization is also much more than that. There are employees, a board, and many contributors. I was curious to see how much of a role RMS plays these days in the FSF. John shared this with me. - -"RMS is the FSF's President, and does that work without receiving a salary from the FSF. He continues his grueling global speaking schedule, advocating for free software and computer user freedom in dozens of countries each year. In the course of that, he meets with government officials as well as local activists connected with all varieties of social movements. He also raises funds for the FSF and inspires many people to volunteer." - -"In between engagements, he does deep thinking on issues facing the free software movement, and anticipates new challenges. Often this leads to new articles—he wrote a 3-part series for Wired earlier this year about free software and free hardware designs—or new ideas communicated to the FSF's staff as the basis for future projects." - -As we delved into the cult of personality, I wanted to tap John's perspectives on how wide the free software movement has grown. - -I remember being at the [Open Source Think Tank][12] (an event that brings together execs from various open source organizations) and there was a case study where attendees were asked to recommend license choice for a particular project. The vast majority of break-out groups recommended the Apache Software License (APL) over the GNU Public License (GPL). - -This stuck in my mind as since then I have noticed that many companies seem to have opted for open licenses other than the GPL. I was curious to see if John had noticed a trend towards the APL as opposed to the GPL. - -"Has there been? I'm not so sure. I gave a presentation at FOSDEM a few years ago called 'Is Copyleft Being Framed?' that showed some of the problems with the supposed data behind claims of shifts in license adoption. I'll be publishing an article soon on this, but here's some of the major problems: - - -- Free software license choices do not exist in a vacuum. The number of people choosing proprietary software licenses also needs to be considered in order to draw the kinds of conclusions that people want to draw. I find it much more likely that lax permissive license choices (such as the Apache License or 3-clause BSD) are trading off with proprietary license choices, rather than with the GPL. -- License counters often, ironically, don't publish the software they use to collect that data as free software. That means we can't inspect their methods or reproduce their results. Some people are now publishing the code they use, but certainly any that don't should be completely disregarded. Science has rules. -- What counts as a thing with a license? Are we really counting an app under the APL that makes funny noises as 1:1 with GNU Emacs under GPLv3? If not, how do we decide which things to treat as equals? Are we only looking at software that actually works? Are we making sure not to double- and triple- count programs that exist on multiple hosting sites, and what about ports for different OSes? - -The question is interesting to ponder, but every conclusion I've seen so far has been extremely premature in light of the actual data. I'd much rather see a survey of developers asking about why they chose particular licenses for their projects than any more of these attempts to programmatically ascertain the license of programs and then ascribe human intentions on to patterns in that data. - -Copyleft is as vital as it ever was. Permissively licensed software is still free software and on-face a good thing, but it is contingent and needs an accompanying strong social commitment to not incorporate it in proprietary software. If free software's major long-term impact is enabling businesses to more efficiently make products that restrict us, then we have achieved nothing for computer user freedom." - -### Rising to new challenges ### - -30 years is an impressive time for any organization to be around, and particularly one with such important goals that span so many different industries, professions, governments, and cultures. - -As I started to wrap up the interview I wanted to get a better sense of what the FSF's primary function is today, 30 years after the mission started. - -"I think the FSF is in a very interesting position of both being a steady rock and actively pushing the envelope." - -"We have core documents like the [Free Software Definition][13], the [GNU General Public License][14], and the [list we maintain of free and nonfree software licenses][15], which have been keystones in the construction of the world of free software we have today. People place a great deal of trust in us to stay true to the principles outlined in those documents, and to apply them correctly and wisely in our assessments of new products or practices in computing. In this role, we hold the ladder for others to climb. As a 501(c)(3) charity held legally accountable to the public interest, and about 85% funded by individuals, we have the right structure for this." - -"But we also push the envelope. We take on challenges that others say are too hard. I guess that means we also build ladders? Or maybe I should stop with the metaphors." - -While John may not be great with metaphors (like I am one to talk), the FSF is great at setting a mission and demonstrating a devout commitment to it. This mission starts with a belief that free software should be everywhere. - -"We are not satisfied with the idea that you can get a laptop that works with free software except for a few components. We're not satisfied that you can have a tablet that runs a lot of free software, and just uses proprietary software to communicate with networks and to accelerate video and to take pictures and to check in on your flight and to call an Über and to.. Well, we are happy about some such developments for sure, but we are also unhappy about the suggestion that we should be fully content with them. Any proprietary software on a system is both an injustice to the user and inherently a threat to users' security. These almost-free things can be stepping stones on the way to a free world, but only if we keep our feet moving." - -In the early years of the FSF, we actually had to get a free operating system written. This has now been done by GNU and Linux and many collaborators, although there is always more software to write and bugs to fix. So while the FSF does still sponsor free software development in specific areas, there are thankfully many other organizations also doing this." - -A key part of the challenge John is referring to is getting the right hardware into the hands of the right people. - -"What we have been focusing on now are the challenges I highlighted in the first question. We are in desperate need of hardware in several different areas that fully supports free software. We have been talking a lot at the FSF about what we can do to address this, and I expect us to be making some significant moves to both increase our support for some of the projects already out there—as we having been doing to some extent through our Respects Your Freedom certification program—and possibly to launch some projects of our own. The same goes for the network service problem. I think we need to tackle them together, because having full control over the mobile components has great potential for changing how we relate to services, and decentralizing more and more services will in turn shape the mobile components." - -I hope folks will support the FSF as we work to grow and tackle these challenges. Hardware is expensive and difficult, as is making usable, decentralized, federated replacements for network services. We're going to need the resources and creativity of a lot of people. But, 30 years ago, a community rallied around RMS and the concept of copyleft to write an entire operating system. I've spent my last 12 years at the FSF because I believe we can rise to the new challenges in the same way." - -### Final thoughts ### - -In reading John's thoughtful responses to my questions, and in knowing various FSF members, the one sense that resonates for me is the sheer level of passion that is alive and kicking in the FSF. This is not an organization that has got bored or disillusioned with its mission. Its passion and commitment is as voracious as it has ever been. - -While I don't always agree with the FSF and I sometimes think its approach is a little one-dimensional at times, I have been and will continue to be a huge fan and supporter of its work. The FSF represent the ethical heartbeat of much of the free software and open source work that happens across the world. It represents a world view that is pretty hard to the left, but I believe its passion and conviction helps to bring people further to the right a little closer to the left too. - -Sure, RMS can be odd, somewhat hardline, and a little sensational, but he is precisely the kind of leader that is valuable in a movement that encapsulates a mixture of technology, ethics, and culture. We need an RMS in much the same way we need a Torvalds, a Shuttleworth, a Whitehurst, and a Zemlin. These different people bring together mixture of perspectives that ultimately maps to technology that can be adaptable to almost any set of use cases, ethics, and ambitions. - -So, in closing, I want to thank the FSF for its tremendous efforts, and I wish the FSF and its fearless leaders, one Richard M. Stallman and one John Sullivan, another 30 years of fighting the good fight. Go get 'em! - -> This article is part of Jono Bacon's Six Degrees column, where he shares his thoughts and perspectives on culture, communities, and trends in open source. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://opensource.com/business/15/9/free-software-foundation-30-years - -作者：[Jono Bacon][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://opensource.com/users/jonobacon -[1]:Welcome back, folks, to a new Six Degrees column. As usual, please send your thoughts on this piece to the comment box and your suggestions for future columns to my inbox. -[2]:http://www.fsf.org/ -[3]:http://twitter.com/johns_fsf/ -[4]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_1000 -[5]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_PageMaker -[6]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izGwDsrQ1eQ -[7]:http://fsf.org/ -[8]:http://emailselfdefense.fsf.org/ -[9]:http://fsf.org/ryf -[10]:http://directory.fsf.org/ -[11]:http://www.replicant.us/ -[12]:http://www.osthinktank.com/ -[13]:http://www.fsf.org/about/what-is-free-software -[14]:http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html -[15]:http://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.en.html \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20150916 Italy's Ministry of Defense to Drop Microsoft Office in Favor of LibreOffice.md b/sources/talk/20150916 Italy's Ministry of Defense to Drop Microsoft Office in Favor of LibreOffice.md deleted file mode 100644 index f47352ed26..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20150916 Italy's Ministry of Defense to Drop Microsoft Office in Favor of LibreOffice.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,30 +0,0 @@ -Italy's Ministry of Defense to Drop Microsoft Office in Favor of LibreOffice -================================================================================ ->**LibreItalia's Italo Vignoli [reports][1] that the Italian Ministry of Defense is about to migrate to the LibreOffice open-source software for productivity and adopt the Open Document Format (ODF), while moving away from proprietary software products.** - -The movement comes in the form of a [collaboration][1] between Italy's Ministry of Defense and the LibreItalia Association. Sonia Montegiove, President of the LibreItalia Association, and Ruggiero Di Biase, Rear Admiral and General Executive Manager of Automated Information Systems of the Ministry of Defense in Italy signed an agreement for a collaboration to adopt the LibreOffice office suite in all of the Ministry's offices. - -While the LibreItalia non-profit organization promises to help the Italian Ministry of Defense with trainers for their offices across the country, the Ministry will start the implementation of the LibreOffice software on October 2015 with online training courses for their staff. The entire transition process is expected to be completed by the end of year 2016\. An Italian law lets officials find open source software alternatives to well-known commercial software. - -"Under the agreement, the Italian Ministry of Defense will develop educational content for a series of online training courses on LibreOffice, which will be released to the community under Creative Commons, while the partners, LibreItalia, will manage voluntarily the communication and training of trainers in the Ministry," says Italo Vignoli, Honorary President of LibreItalia. - -### The Ministry of Defense will adopt the Open Document Format (ODF) - -The initiative will allow the Italian Ministry of Defense to be independent from proprietary software applications, which are aimed at individual productivity, and adopt open source document format standards like Open Document Format (ODF), which is used by default in the LibreOffice office suite. The project follows similar movements already made by governments of other European countries, including United Kingdom, France, Spain, Germany, and Holland. - -It would appear that numerous other public institutions all over Italy are using open source alternatives, including the Italian Region Emilia Romagna, Galliera Hospital in Genoa, Macerata, Cremona, Trento and Bolzano, Perugia, the municipalities of Bologna, ASL 5 of Veneto, Piacenza and Reggio Emilia, and many others. AGID (Agency for Digital Italy) welcomes this project and hopes that other public institutions will do the same. - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/italy-s-ministry-of-defense-to-drop-microsoft-office-in-favor-of-libreoffice-491850.shtml - -作者：[Marius Nestor][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/marius-nestor -[1]:http://www.libreitalia.it/accordo-di-collaborazione-tra-associazione-libreitalia-onlus-e-difesa-per-ladozione-del-prodotto-libreoffice-quale-pacchetto-di-produttivita-open-source-per-loffice-automation/ -[2]:http://www.libreitalia.it/chi-siamo/ diff --git a/sources/talk/20150929 A Slick New Set-Up Wizard Is Coming To Ubuntu and Ubuntu Touch.md b/sources/talk/20150929 A Slick New Set-Up Wizard Is Coming To Ubuntu and Ubuntu Touch.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2c147fb3e3..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20150929 A Slick New Set-Up Wizard Is Coming To Ubuntu and Ubuntu Touch.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,49 +0,0 @@ -A Slick New Set-Up Wizard Is Coming To Ubuntu and Ubuntu Touch -================================================================================ -> Canonical aims to 'seduce and reassure' those unfamiliar with the OS by making a good first impression - -**The Ubuntu installer is set to undergo a dramatic makeover.** - -Ubuntu will modernise its out-of-the-box experience (OOBE) to be easier and quicker to complete, look more ‘seductive’ to new users, and better present the Ubuntu brand through its design. - -Ubiquity, the current Ubuntu installer, has largely remained unchanged since its [introduction back in 2010][1]. - -### First Impressions Are Everything ### - -Since the first thing most users see when trying Ubuntu for the first time is an installer (or set-up wizard, depending on device) the design team feel it’s “one of the most important categories of software usability”. - -“It essentially says how easy your software is to use, as well as introducing the user into your brand through visual design and tone of voice, which can convey familiarity and trust within your product.” - -Canonical’s new OOBE designs show a striking departure from the current look of the Ubiquity installer used by the Ubuntu desktop, and presents a refined approach to the way mobile users ‘set up’ a new Ubuntu Phone. - -![Old design (left) and the new proposed design](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/desktop-2.jpg) - -Old design (left) and the new proposed design - -Detailing the designs in [new blog post][2], the Canonical Design team say the aim of the revamp is to create a consistent out-of-the-box experience across Ubuntu devices. - -To do this it groups together “common first experiences found on the mobile, tablet and desktop” and unifies the steps and screens between each, something they say moves the OS closer to “achieving a seamless convergent platform.” - -![New Ubuntu installer on desktop/tablet (left) and phone](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Convergence.jpg) - -New Ubuntu installer on desktop/tablet (left) and phone - -Implementation of the new ‘OOBE’ has already begun’ according to Canonical, though as of writing there’s no firm word on when a revamped installer may land on either desktop or phone images. - -With the march to ‘desktop’ convergence now in full swing, and a(nother) stack of design changes set to hit the mobile build in lieu of the first Ubuntu Phone that ‘transforms’ in to a PC, chances are you won’t have to wait too long to try it out. - -**What do you think of the designs? How would you go about improving the Ubuntu set-up experience? Let us know in the comments below.** - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/09/new-look-ubuntu-installer-coming-soon - -作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author -[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2010/09/ubuntu-10-10s-installer-slideshow-oozes-class -[2]:http://design.canonical.com/wp-content/uploads/Convergence.jpg \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20151023 Ubuntu 15.10 Codenamed Wily Werewolf Review.md b/sources/talk/20151023 Ubuntu 15.10 Codenamed Wily Werewolf Review.md deleted file mode 100644 index e232beb30a..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20151023 Ubuntu 15.10 Codenamed Wily Werewolf Review.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,68 +0,0 @@ -Ubuntu 15.10, Codenamed Wily Werewolf, Review -================================================================================ -![](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Ubuntu-15.10-791x445.png) - -The problem we have with reviewing Ubuntu on any occasion, is readers consistently expect to read of a revolutionary new release, every 6 months. If you’re expecting Ubuntu 15.10 to be just that, then you may want to click out of this review right now. It’s important to clarify that this is nothing negative towards 15.10 as a release, but it is a maintenance release and not a release which purports to introduce a great deal of new software. - -With that opening disclaimer out of the way, let’s take a look at what 15.10 does offer. - -### Linux kernel 4.2 ### - -The biggest change you will find with Ubuntu 15.10 is the kernel branch has been upgraded to **Linux 4.2**. - -This is long overdue for Ubuntu. It feels like it has been lagging behind other distributions by sticking with the 3.x branch of Linux for the entirety of the 15.04 cycle. - -If you’re going to be installing Ubuntu 15.10 on new hardware, then you will benefit greatly from the Linux kernel upgrade to 4.x branch as there is loads of updates which directly improve performance on new hardware. Support for AMDGPU kernel DRM is included, which is a boon for owners of recent Radeon graphics cards. The latest iteration of the driver will reside alongside the current Radeon DRM drivers, which was already in the kernel in addition to the usual open-source driver offerings. - -Support for Intel Broxton is also included in Linux 4.2, albeit Ubuntu 15.10 users are probably going to get nothing out of this update, yet it’s still worthy of a mention we think. There are also some erroneous updates for Skylake CPU’s. Finally, there is a host of code updates and fixes for Ext4 filesystems. - -That pretty much rounds out the Linux kernel 4.2 updates. So what else is new? Let’s take a closer look at the software that you may be more familiar with and get more excited about. - -### Software ### - -LibreOffice has been upgraded to 5.0.1.2, a major update for LibreOffice users. Firefox on the version that we tested is sitting at 41.0.2. By the time you read this, it will most-likely be updated again and you may see a newer version be pushed out through the Ubuntu Repositories. - -On the desktop front, a vanilla Ubuntu installation will see you running Unity 7.3.2 while GNOME sits at 3.8. On the KDE end, a Plasma 5 desktop will see you running version 5.4.2. For the alternative desktop-environments, XFCE has been upgraded to the latest revision, 4.12 while the version of MATE includes 1.10. - -### User Experience/Screenshots ### - -![](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/1.png) - -![](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2.png) - -![](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/3.png) - -![](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/4.png) - -![](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/5.png) - -![](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/6.png) - -### Conclusion ### - -Ubuntu 15.10 as a operating system for Review is pretty lackluster. There’s nothing new as such and there’s nothing we can really say that is going to change your opinion from its predecessor, 15.04. Therefore, we recommend you to upgrade either out of habit and according to your regular upgrade schedule rather than out of a specific necessity for a specific feature of this release. Because there is really nothing that could possibly differentiate it from the older, yet still very stable 15.04 release. But if you’re going to stick with 15.04 for a little longer, we do recommend that you look at [upgrading the kernel to the latest 4.2 branch][2]. It is worth it. - -If you really want a reason to upgrade? Linux kernel 4.2 would be our sole reason for taking Ubuntu 15.10 into consideration. - -### Looking Ahead ### - -What we really look forward to is the release of Ubuntu 16.04. We have been promised over and over again for several releases that Mir will be the default display server included in Ubuntu. We still see releases pushed out that rely on X.org. It has resulted in us adopting a “yeah right” attitude as we have become accustomed to the usual delay announcements. - -We are hopeful that Mir Developers can push out a working version in time for the release of 16.04 next year. As precaution though, we urge you to not get too excited because it may very well not happen. - -It remains much the same with Unity 8. It’s most certainly a possibility, but we can’t guarantee that it will be included in 16.04, yet we remain hopeful. - -As we’ve mentioned for this release, there’s nothing really ground-breaking with this release. In fact, it has been much the same story for the last couple of releases of Ubuntu Linux. It is in dire need of a distribution-wide reboot. Developers and Ubuntu users alike are positive that Mir and Unity 8 will be the two primary packages that may just provide the popular, yet ailing, distribution the reboot that it needs. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.unixmen.com/ubuntu-15-10-codenamed-wily-werewolf-review/ - -作者：[Chris Jones][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/chris/ -[1]:http://www.unixmen.com/how-to-install-linux-kernel-4-2-3/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20151028 10 Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 15.10 'Wily Werewolf'.md b/sources/talk/20151028 10 Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 15.10 'Wily Werewolf'.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7ff2c965e7..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20151028 10 Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 15.10 'Wily Werewolf'.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,194 +0,0 @@ -10 Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 15.10 'Wily Werewolf' -================================================================================ -![](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/3527964.jpg?242) - -Yesterday Ubuntu 15.10 was made [available to download][1] with some new features, improvements and updated apps. If you've upgraded to Ubuntu 15.10 then this article is going to show you 10 things/tweaks that you need to do to make your Ubuntu more handy and fruitful. - -### What's New In Ubuntu 15.10? ### - -Ubuntu 15.10 codenamed 'Wily Werewolf' was released yesterday with new features, improvements, fixes and updated apps. Read our complete article to know more stuff added with Ubuntu 15.10. - -### Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 15.10 ### - -Ubuntu 15.10 is shipping with new features that are activated by default, no need to tweak for anyone. But, changes made in the last release of Ubuntu 15.04, were not activated by default and so in Ubuntu 15.10. Other than those changes you need to install useful/must have applications. So first tweak our newly installed Wily Werewolf. - -### 1. Update Ubuntu 15.10 ### - -Before you use the system and any app first check for updates. Updating the system is necessary to keep the OS more stable and secure. Updates also adds new features in the system. Although there won't be larger size of updates after you within some days of release as all the packages are already to their newest versions. - -![update ubuntu 15.10](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/9719789_orig.png) - -#### Tweak Ubuntu 15.10 #### - -One of things to notice is that the tweaks that were presented in the last Ubuntu release are not activated by default. Those are still at your wish, if you want go ahead and activate them. For example, Always Show Menus, Where to show menu, in the window's title bar or in the menu bar. - -### 2. Set Menus Position ### - -By default in Ubuntu 15.10, the menu are set to show in the menu bar which is sometimes uneasy to reach to but you can set the menus to show in the window's title bar. Go to **Settings >> Appearances >> Behavior >> in the window's title bar**. - -![set menu position in window's title bar](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/6711164_orig.png) - -3. Install Unity Tweak Tool - -To tweak system more install Unity Tweak Tool, It has more options than the default system settings. You can change theme, icons, workspaces settings and many more. Check the screenshot below - - -![install unity tweak tool](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/5399532_orig.png?449) - -### 4. Install Firewall To Block Harmful Incoming/Outgoing Connections ### - -![ufw firewall](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/8042619_orig.png?296) - -One of the favorite ways of hackers to get access to individuals' system is to scan for the open ports and attack through them. A firewall protect your system from such attacks by blocking harmful incoming/outgoing connections. - -UFW stands ofr Uncomplicated Firewall. As the name suggests it's the most easy to use firewall you ever used. Just install and switch it on. Configure firewall rules, block particular ports etc. easily. To know all about UFW and how to use all of its features read our following article - - -[Install UFW Firewall In Linux And Secure Computer From Harmful Incoming/Outgoing Connections][2] - -#### Install UFW Firewall #### - - $ sudo apt-get install ufw - Install Graphical Interface - $ sudo apt-get install gufw - -### 5. Install Graphics Drivers ### - -If you're a game lover or you play HD videos or do video editing kind of things then you need to have proprietary drivers installed available for your hardware for better graphics performance. - -To install graphics driver - - -Go to **Settings >> Software & Updates >> Additional Drivers** - -It will search for the latest drivers available for you hardware. - -![install proprietary drivers in ubuntu 15.10](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/1658110_orig.png) - -### 6. Install VLC & Media Codecs For More Media Support ### - -VLC supports most file formats so it's better to use VLC to escape the error while playing audio files. - -Sometimes you play a mp3 and it does not play. To solve this problem, Ubuntu gives an option while you're installing Ubuntu to install all the necessary media codecs. If you checked that then don't worry, if you haven't then do the following - - - $ sudo apt-get install vlc - Install Media Codecs - $ sudo apt-get install ubuntu-restricted-extras - -### 7. Configure Cloud Storage ### - -Cloud storage are very useful to share files across your local devices like, Mobile to PC or Laptops and vice-versa. User can easily install Storages like, Dropbox, Copy, Gdrive (Using Grive) etc. - -#### Dropbox #### - -To install Dropbox, download Dropbox installation client first. - -- [Download Dropbox][3] - -Download Dropbox for your system architecture. To check whether your system is 64-Bit or 32-Bit - -Goto **Settings >> Details** - -Open the downloaded .deb file with Ubuntu Software Center and click install. - -![install dropbox](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/3856198_orig.png) - -When installed search Dropbox in Ubuntu dash and open it. It's just an installation client, so now this will install Dropbox app. Once the download competes you'll have the app asking for your Dropbox credentials. Enter your email id and password and login. All of your cloud files will be synced in your Ubuntu desktop. - -### 8. Enhance Look By Installing Themes ### - -The default two themes are not too much attractive. You can download and install cool themes from our Linux Themes Page. - -[![](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/7726719.jpg)][4] - -[![](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/7763892.jpg)][5] - -[![](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/9618846.jpg)][6] - -[![](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/5625784.jpg)][7] - -- [Download More Themes][8] - -### 9. Install & Configure Email Client ### - -Email clients are very useful because you can check for new emails without opening up web browser. Ubuntu 15.10 comes with Thunderbird email client, one of the most popular email clients, supports multiple email accounts and desktop notifications. - -Thunderbird is simple to configure. Just use your email id and password to login and sync your emails right into your desktop/laptop. - -If you don't want to use Thunderbird then check out our article [Top 4 Open Source Email Clients For Linux][9] - -![install email client in ubuntu 15.10](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/9381369_orig.jpg) - -### 10. Take The Poll ### - -After you have upgraded to Ubuntu 15.10, configure all the necessary or must have apps. Please take the poll to tell us what you like the most in Ubuntu 15.10 'Wily Werewolf'. - -注：投票项目 -What Do You Like The Most In Ubuntu 15.10? - -- Linux Kernel 4.2 -- Unity Improvements -- Steam Controller Support -- Ubuntu Make -- Persistent Network Interface Names -- New Wallpapers -- Other? Please Comment Below - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/10-things-to-do-after-installing-ubuntu-1510-wily-werewolf - -作者：[Mohd Sohail][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://in.linkedin.com/in/mohdsohail -[1]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/linux/ubuntu-1510-wily-werewolf-released-with-new-features-and-improvements-download-now -[2]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/linux/install-ufw-firewall-in-linux-and-secure-computer-from-harmful-incoming-outgoing-connections -[3]:https://db.tt/CbUWY1ca -[4]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/linux-themes/arc-dark-red-cinnamon-install-in-ubuntu-and-derivatives -[5]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/linux-themes/windows-8-gtk3-modern-ui-09-install-in-ubuntu-linux -[6]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/linux-themes/ubuntu-touch-unity-17-install-in-ubuntu-gtk -[7]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/linux-themes/numixdarkred-cinnamon-021-install-in-ubuntulinux-mint -[8]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/linux-themes.html -[9]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/linux/top-5-open-source-email-clients-for-linux -[10]: -[11]: -[12]: -[13]: -[14]: -[15]: -[16]: -[17]: -[18]: -[19]: -[20]: -[21]: -[22]: -[23]: -[24]: -[25]: -[26]: -[27]: -[28]: -[29]: -[30]: -[31]: -[32]: -[33]: -[34]: -[35]: -[36]: -[37]: -[38]: -[39]: -[40]: -[41]: -[42]: -[43]: -[44]: -[45]: -[46]: -[47]: -[48]: -[49]: -[50]: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20151028 Here are the 9 New Ubuntu 15.10 Features You Should Know.md b/sources/talk/20151028 Here are the 9 New Ubuntu 15.10 Features You Should Know.md deleted file mode 100644 index e7a3b76b5d..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20151028 Here are the 9 New Ubuntu 15.10 Features You Should Know.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,109 +0,0 @@ -Here are the 9 New Ubuntu 15.10 Features You Should Know -================================================================================ -The stable edition of Ubuntu 15.10 wily werewolf is just released by canonical few days a ago and it now available to download and install on your computer. Lets take a look at the features that are implemented in the new release of ubuntu 15.10 and see what important packages have been updated. - -Watch – A quick video about “What’s new in Ubuntu 15.10“, thanks to [linuxscoop][1] for making this video. - -注：youtube 视频 - - -Below we are can mention the new features of Ubuntu 15.10 Wily Werewolf - -### Linux kernel 4.2 ### - -![Ubuntu 15.10 - Kernel 4.2](http://ubuntuportal.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Ubuntu-15.10-Kernel-4.2.jpg) - -Ubuntu 15.10 ships with linux kernel 4.2. This introduces lots of changes, like support for the new AMD GPU driver, NCQ TRIM handling, queue spinlocks, F2FS per-file encryption and lots of new and updated drivers. - -### Unity 7.3.2 ### - -![Ubuntu 15.10 - Unity 7.3](http://ubuntuportal.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Ubuntu-15.10-unity-7.3.jpg) - -Unity as the main desktop of ubuntu 15.10 has been updated to version 7.3.2. it comes with bug fixes, polish and small usability improvements. The following we can mention the features of Unity 7.3.2: - -- Allows drag and drop apps from the Dash to the desktop to create shortcuts -- Page up/down keyboard navigation works as scroll in the Dash -- Dash title & BFB tooltip is updated based on your privacy settings -- Session exit buttons now have a click effect -- Fix to prevent ‘shutdown’ of computer when screen is locked -- Active app icons now show unfolded when launcher accordion triggered -- Fix for full screen menubar -- Fixes issues with ‘show desktop’ that caused window decoration for two windows of same app to vanish -- Dash: Non-expandable category headers skipped in keyboard navigation -- Dash: Non-expandable category headers are no longer highlighted on mouse over -- Dash: screenreader and KeyNav fixes -- New setting to control the show-now delay (when pressing Alt key) -- Logic tweak to stop adjacent menu opening when moving from an indicator icon to its menu - -### GNOME 3.16 stack ### - -![Ubuntu 15.10 - GNOME Stack 3.16](http://ubuntuportal.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Ubuntu-15.10-GNOME-Stack-3.16.jpg) - -Another important changes for this release, the most of the packages from the GNOME stack updated to version 3.16.x. This is a good thing since these packages do come with lots of improvements.Unfortunately, the nautilus file manager for Ubuntu 15.10 is still in version 3.14 and Gedit text editor file still dating from 3.10. - -### Introduce GNOME Overlay Scrollbars ### - -![Ubuntu 15.10 - GNOME Overlay Scrollbars](http://ubuntuportal.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Ubuntu-15.10-GNOME-Overlay-Scrollbars.jpg) - -In Ubuntu 15.10, Ubuntu developers have decided to implement the GNOME Overlay scrollbars, it replacement of Unity’s overlay scrollbars for GTK3 applications. That’s no different than before, but it does serve as a stark and regular reminder of how much easier it is to use scrollbars that are always present in a predicable spot and wider than the pinpoint tip of a mouse cursor. - -### Ubuntu Make ### - -![Ubuntu 15.10 - ubuntu-make](http://ubuntuportal.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Ubuntu-15.10-ubuntu-make.jpg) - -Ubuntu Make, a command-line utility that allows you to download the latest version of popular developer tools easier on Ubuntu, now supports even more platforms, frameworks and services, including a full Android development environment. - -### Persistent Network Interface Names ### - -![Ubuntu 15.10 - Persistent Network Interface Names](http://ubuntuportal.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Ubuntu-15.10-Persistent-Network-Interface-Names.jpg) - -Ubuntu developer also introduces stateless persistent network interface names in Ubuntu 15.10. This means that naming the network interfaces like eth0 or eth1 will be a thing of the past and that new more comprehensive names will be used. Also, the names will remain valid even after a restart or if the hardware is removed. - -### Steam Controller Support ### - -![Ubuntu 15.10 - Steam Controller Support](http://ubuntuportal.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Ubuntu-15.10-Steam-Controller-Support.jpg) - -In this release, Ubuntu Developer also add support for the Steam Controller in Ubuntu 15.10. For now, the updated Steam package seems to be available only for Ubuntu 15.10, but it’s possible that the patch will be backported to other supported distributions. This means that Ubuntu 15.10 users will be able to plug the new controller, open Steam, and just play without having to read and apply any kind of advice from tutorials. - -### New Default Wallpaper ### - -![Ubuntu 15.10 - New Wallpaper](http://ubuntuportal.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Ubuntu-15.10-New-Wallpaper.jpg) - -Ubuntu 15.10 bring a new default wallpaper, the wallpaper desaign concept adopted from origami and it called suru. A new set of community sourced wallpapers are also included. - -### Core Applications Updates ### - -![Ubuntu 15.10 - Core Applications](http://ubuntuportal.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Ubuntu-15.10-Core-Applications.jpg) - -Ubuntu 15.10 updates the core applications. among them: - -- Firefox 41 -- Chromium 45 -- LibreOffice 5.0.2 -- Totem (aka ‘Videos’) 3.16 -- Nautilus (aka ‘Files’) 3.14.2 -- Rhythmbox 3.2.1 -- GNOME Terminal 3.16 -- Eye of GNOME 3.16 -- Empathy 3.12.10 -- Shotwell 0.22 - -Download Ubuntu 15.10 Final Release - -The image of Ubuntu 15.10 ready to download and install. it available in 64-bit and 32-bit, the both can download from the official ISO downloads page by hitting the link below - -- [Download Ubuntu 15.10][2] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://ubuntuportal.com/2015/10/ubuntu-15-10.html - -作者：[ncode][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://ubuntuportal.com/author/ncode/ -[1]:https://www.youtube.com/user/linuxscoop -[2]:http://releases.ubuntu.com/15.10/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20150806 Installation Guide for Puppet on Ubuntu 15.04.md b/sources/tech/20150806 Installation Guide for Puppet on Ubuntu 15.04.md index 501cb4a8dc..ae8df117ef 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20150806 Installation Guide for Puppet on Ubuntu 15.04.md +++ b/sources/tech/20150806 Installation Guide for Puppet on Ubuntu 15.04.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -Translating by ZTinoZ Installation Guide for Puppet on Ubuntu 15.04 ================================================================================ Hi everyone, today in this article we'll learn how to install puppet to manage your server infrastructure running ubuntu 15.04. Puppet is an open source software configuration management tool which is developed and maintained by Puppet Labs that allows us to automate the provisioning, configuration and management of a server infrastructure. Whether we're managing just a few servers or thousands of physical and virtual machines to orchestration and reporting, puppet automates tasks that system administrators often do manually which frees up time and mental space so sysadmins can work on improving other aspects of your overall setup. It ensures consistency, reliability and stability of the automated jobs processed. It facilitates closer collaboration between sysadmins and developers, enabling more efficient delivery of cleaner, better-designed code. Puppet is available in two solutions configuration management and data center automation. They are **puppet open source and puppet enterprise**. Puppet open source is a flexible, customizable solution available under the Apache 2.0 license, designed to help system administrators automate the many repetitive tasks they regularly perform. Whereas puppet enterprise edition is a proven commercial solution for diverse enterprise IT environments which lets us get all the benefits of open source puppet, plus puppet apps, commercial-only enhancements, supported modules and integrations, and the assurance of a fully supported platform. Puppet uses SSL certificates to authenticate communication between master and agent nodes. diff --git a/sources/tech/20150831 How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20150831 How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md index bc7ebee015..101e86ecd0 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20150831 How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20150831 How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -Translating by Ping - How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux ================================================================================ In the world of Linux, adoption of [systemd][1] has been a subject of heated controversy, and the debate between its proponents and critics is still going on. As of today, most major Linux distributions have adopted systemd as a default init system. diff --git a/sources/tech/20150831 Linux workstation security checklist.md b/sources/tech/20150831 Linux workstation security checklist.md index 9ef46339d0..155f57d982 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20150831 Linux workstation security checklist.md +++ b/sources/tech/20150831 Linux workstation security checklist.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -wyangsun translating Linux workstation security checklist ================================================================================ This is a set of recommendations used by the Linux Foundation for their systems diff --git a/sources/tech/Learn with Linux/Learn with Linux--Master Your Math with These Linux Apps.md b/sources/tech/Learn with Linux/Learn with Linux--Master Your Math with These Linux Apps.md deleted file mode 100644 index f4625c6c13..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/Learn with Linux/Learn with Linux--Master Your Math with These Linux Apps.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,126 +0,0 @@ -Translated by KnightJoker - -用Linux学习：使用这些Linux应用来征服你的数学 -================================================================================ -![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-featured.png) - -这篇文章是[用Linux学习][1]系列的一部分: - -- [用Linux学习: 学习类型][2] -- [用Linux学习: 物理模拟][3] -- [用Linux学习: 学习音乐][4] -- [用Linux学习: 两个地理应用程序][5] -- [用Linux学习: 用这些Linux应用来征服你的数学][6] - - -Linux提供了大量的教育软件和许多优秀的工具来帮助所有年龄段的学生学习和练习各种各样的话题,常常以交互的方式。与Linux一起学习这一系列的文章则为这些各种各样的教育软件和应用提供了一个介绍。 - -数学是计算机的核心。如果有人用精益求精和纪律来预期一个伟大的操作系统，比如GNU/ Linux，那么这将是数学。如果你在寻求一些数学应用程序，那么你将不会感到失望。Linux提供了很多优秀的工具使得数学看起来和你曾经做过的一样令人畏惧，但实际上他们会简化你使用它的方式。 -### Gnuplot ### - -Gnuplot 是一个适用于不同平台的命令行脚本化和多功能的图形工具。尽管它的名字，并不是GNU操作系统的一部分。也没有免费授权，但它是免费软件（这意味着它受版权保护，但免费使用）。 - -要在Ubuntu系统（或者衍生系统）上安装 `gnuplot`，输入： - sudo apt-get install gnuplot gnuplot-x11 - -进入一个终端窗口。启动该程序，输入： - - gnuplot - -你会看到一个简单的命令行界面： - -![learnmath-gnuplot](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-gnuplot.png) - -在其中您可以直接开始输入函数。绘图命令将绘制一个曲线图。 - -输入内容，例如， - - plot sin(x)/x - -随着`gnuplot的`提示，将会打开一个新的窗口，图像便会在里面呈现。 - -![learnmath-gnuplot-plot1](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-gnuplot-plot1.png) - -你也可以在线这个图设置不同的属性，比如像这样指定“title” - - plot sin(x) title 'Sine Function', tan(x) title 'Tangent' - -![learnmath-gnuplot-plot2](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-gnuplot-plot2.png) - -使用`splot`命令，你可以给的东西更深入一点并且绘制3D图形 - - splot sin(x*y/20) - -![learnmath-gnuplot-plot3](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-gnuplot-plot3.png) - -这个窗口有几个基本的配置选项, - -![learnmath-gnuplot-options](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-gnuplot-options.png) - -但是`gnuplot`的真正力量在于在它的命令行和脚本功能，`gnuplot`广泛完整的文档可在这里找到，并在[Duke大学网站][8]上面看见这个了不起的教程[7]的原始版本。 - -### Maxima ### - -[Maxima][9]是从Macsyma原始资料开发的一个计算机代数系统，根据它的 SourceForge 页面， - -> “Maxima是符号和数值的表达，包括微分，积分，泰勒级数，拉普拉斯变换，常微分方程，线性方程组，多项式，集合，列表，向量，矩阵和张量系统的操纵系统。Maxima通过精确的分数，任意精度的整数和可变精度浮点数产生高精度的计算结果。Maxima可以二维和三维中绘制函数和数据。“ - -你将会获得二进制包用于大多数Ubuntu衍生系统的Maxima以及它的图形界面中，插入所有包，输入： - - sudo apt-get install maxima xmaxima wxmaxima - -在终端窗口中，Maxima是一个没有太多UI的命令行工具，但如果你开始wxmaxima，你会进入一个简单但功能强大的图形用户界面。 - -![learnmath-maxima](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-maxima.png) - -你可以开始输入这个来简单的一个开始。（提示：如果你想计算一个表达式，使用“Shift + Enter”回车后会增加更多的方法） - -Maxima可以用于一些简单的问题，因此也可以作为一个计算器， - -![learnmath-maxima-1and1](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-maxima-1and1.png) - -以及一些更复杂的问题, - -![learnmath-maxima-functions](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-maxima-functions.png) - -它使用`gnuplot`使得绘制简单, - -![learnmath-maxima-plot](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-maxima-plot.png) - -或者绘制一些复杂的图形. - -![learnmath-maxima-plot2](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-maxima-plot2.png) - -（它需要gnuplot-X11的包，来显示它们。） - -除了美化一些图形，Maxima也尽可能用latex格式导出它们，或者通过右键是捷菜单进行一些突出的操作. - -![learnmath-maxima-menu](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-maxima-menu.png) - -然而其主菜单还是提供了大量压倒性的功能，当然Maxima的功能远不止如此，这里也有一个广泛使用的在线文档。 - -### 总结 ### - -数学不是一个简单的学科，这些在Linux上的优秀软件也没有使得数学更加简单，但是这些应用使得使用数学变得更加的简单和工程化。以上两种应用都只是介绍一下Linux的所提供的。如果你是认真从事数学和需要更多的功能与丰富的文档，那你更应该看看这些Mathbuntu项目。 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/learn-linux-maths/ - -作者：[Attila Orosz][a] -译者：[KnightJoker](https://github.com/KnightJoker/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/attilaorosz/ -[1]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/series/learn-with-linux/ -[2]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/learn-to-type-in-linux/ -[3]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/linux-physics-simulation/ -[4]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/linux-learning-music/ -[5]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/linux-geography-apps/ -[6]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/learn-linux-maths/ -[7]:http://www.gnuplot.info/documentation.html -[8]:http://people.duke.edu/~hpgavin/gnuplot.html -[9]:http://maxima.sourceforge.net/ -[10]:http://maxima.sourceforge.net/documentation.html -[11]:http://www.mathbuntu.org/ \ No newline at end of file From 1cab4b9ad92b5908b39b1a9739366e5a9ed719dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 4 Nov 2015 23:37:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 007/176] =?UTF-8?q?=E8=B6=85=E6=9C=9F=E5=9B=9E=E6=94=B6?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @xuanwo --- ...asic Shell Scripting and Linux Filesystem Troubleshooting.md | 2 -- ...S--How to Install and Use vi or vim as a Full Text Editor.md | 2 -- ...tories Setting File Attributes and Finding Files in Linux.md | 2 -- ...ces Formatting Filesystems and Configuring Swap Partition.md | 2 -- ...ount Local and Network Samba and NFS Filesystems in Linux.md | 2 -- ...ions as RAID Devices – Creating & Managing System Backups.md | 2 -- ...Startup Process and Services SysVinit Systemd and Upstart.md | 2 -- ...sions and Attributes and Enabling sudo Access on Accounts.md | 2 -- ...kage Management with Yum RPM Apt Dpkg Aptitude and Zypper.md | 2 -- 9 files changed, 18 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 10 - LFCS--Understanding and Learning Basic Shell Scripting and Linux Filesystem Troubleshooting.md b/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 10 - LFCS--Understanding and Learning Basic Shell Scripting and Linux Filesystem Troubleshooting.md index 5dd1782a98..3ffb1dc54f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 10 - LFCS--Understanding and Learning Basic Shell Scripting and Linux Filesystem Troubleshooting.md +++ b/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 10 - LFCS--Understanding and Learning Basic Shell Scripting and Linux Filesystem Troubleshooting.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -Translating by Xuanwo - Part 10 - LFCS: Understanding & Learning Basic Shell Scripting and Linux Filesystem Troubleshooting ================================================================================ The Linux Foundation launched the LFCS certification (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin), a brand new initiative whose purpose is to allow individuals everywhere (and anywhere) to get certified in basic to intermediate operational support for Linux systems, which includes supporting running systems and services, along with overall monitoring and analysis, plus smart decision-making when it comes to raising issues to upper support teams. diff --git a/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 2 - LFCS--How to Install and Use vi or vim as a Full Text Editor.md b/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 2 - LFCS--How to Install and Use vi or vim as a Full Text Editor.md index 1d069e08ea..7fe8073a77 100644 --- a/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 2 - LFCS--How to Install and Use vi or vim as a Full Text Editor.md +++ b/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 2 - LFCS--How to Install and Use vi or vim as a Full Text Editor.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -Translating by Xuanwo - Part 2 - LFCS: How to Install and Use vi/vim as a Full Text Editor ================================================================================ A couple of months ago, the Linux Foundation launched the LFCS (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin) certification in order to help individuals from all over the world to verify they are capable of doing basic to intermediate system administration tasks on Linux systems: system support, first-hand troubleshooting and maintenance, plus intelligent decision-making to know when it’s time to raise issues to upper support teams. diff --git a/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 3 - LFCS--How to Archive or Compress Files and Directories Setting File Attributes and Finding Files in Linux.md b/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 3 - LFCS--How to Archive or Compress Files and Directories Setting File Attributes and Finding Files in Linux.md index 77fe5cf040..82cc54a5a6 100644 --- a/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 3 - LFCS--How to Archive or Compress Files and Directories Setting File Attributes and Finding Files in Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 3 - LFCS--How to Archive or Compress Files and Directories Setting File Attributes and Finding Files in Linux.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -Translating by Xuanwo - Part 3 - LFCS: How to Archive/Compress Files & Directories, Setting File Attributes and Finding Files in Linux ================================================================================ Recently, the Linux Foundation started the LFCS (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin) certification, a brand new program whose purpose is allowing individuals from all corners of the globe to have access to an exam, which if approved, certifies that the person is knowledgeable in performing basic to intermediate system administration tasks on Linux systems. This includes supporting already running systems and services, along with first-level troubleshooting and analysis, plus the ability to decide when to escalate issues to engineering teams. diff --git a/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 4 - LFCS--Partitioning Storage Devices Formatting Filesystems and Configuring Swap Partition.md b/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 4 - LFCS--Partitioning Storage Devices Formatting Filesystems and Configuring Swap Partition.md index 93e4b2966b..ada637fabb 100644 --- a/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 4 - LFCS--Partitioning Storage Devices Formatting Filesystems and Configuring Swap Partition.md +++ b/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 4 - LFCS--Partitioning Storage Devices Formatting Filesystems and Configuring Swap Partition.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -Translating by Xuanwo - Part 4 - LFCS: Partitioning Storage Devices, Formatting Filesystems and Configuring Swap Partition ================================================================================ Last August, the Linux Foundation launched the LFCS certification (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin), a shiny chance for system administrators to show, through a performance-based exam, that they can perform overall operational support of Linux systems: system support, first-level diagnosing and monitoring, plus issue escalation – if needed – to other support teams. diff --git a/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 5 - LFCS--How to Mount or Unmount Local and Network Samba and NFS Filesystems in Linux.md b/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 5 - LFCS--How to Mount or Unmount Local and Network Samba and NFS Filesystems in Linux.md index 4316e32c16..1544a378bc 100644 --- a/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 5 - LFCS--How to Mount or Unmount Local and Network Samba and NFS Filesystems in Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 5 - LFCS--How to Mount or Unmount Local and Network Samba and NFS Filesystems in Linux.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -Translating by Xuanwo - Part 5 - LFCS: How to Mount/Unmount Local and Network (Samba & NFS) Filesystems in Linux ================================================================================ The Linux Foundation launched the LFCS certification (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin), a brand new program whose purpose is allowing individuals from all corners of the globe to get certified in basic to intermediate system administration tasks for Linux systems, which includes supporting running systems and services, along with overall monitoring and analysis, plus smart decision-making when it comes to raising issues to upper support teams. diff --git a/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 6 - LFCS--Assembling Partitions as RAID Devices – Creating & Managing System Backups.md b/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 6 - LFCS--Assembling Partitions as RAID Devices – Creating & Managing System Backups.md index 901fb7b4f1..fd23db110f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 6 - LFCS--Assembling Partitions as RAID Devices – Creating & Managing System Backups.md +++ b/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 6 - LFCS--Assembling Partitions as RAID Devices – Creating & Managing System Backups.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -Translating by Xuanwo - Part 6 - LFCS: Assembling Partitions as RAID Devices – Creating & Managing System Backups ================================================================================ Recently, the Linux Foundation launched the LFCS (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin) certification, a shiny chance for system administrators everywhere to demonstrate, through a performance-based exam, that they are capable of performing overall operational support on Linux systems: system support, first-level diagnosing and monitoring, plus issue escalation, when required, to other support teams. diff --git a/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 7 - LFCS--Managing System Startup Process and Services SysVinit Systemd and Upstart.md b/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 7 - LFCS--Managing System Startup Process and Services SysVinit Systemd and Upstart.md index 4b7cdf9fe2..abf09ee523 100644 --- a/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 7 - LFCS--Managing System Startup Process and Services SysVinit Systemd and Upstart.md +++ b/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 7 - LFCS--Managing System Startup Process and Services SysVinit Systemd and Upstart.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -Translating by Xuanwo - Part 7 - LFCS: Managing System Startup Process and Services (SysVinit, Systemd and Upstart) ================================================================================ A couple of months ago, the Linux Foundation announced the LFCS (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin) certification, an exciting new program whose aim is allowing individuals from all ends of the world to get certified in performing basic to intermediate system administration tasks on Linux systems. This includes supporting already running systems and services, along with first-hand problem-finding and analysis, plus the ability to decide when to raise issues to engineering teams. diff --git a/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 8 - LFCS--Managing Users and Groups File Permissions and Attributes and Enabling sudo Access on Accounts.md b/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 8 - LFCS--Managing Users and Groups File Permissions and Attributes and Enabling sudo Access on Accounts.md index 50f39ee2d9..2cec4de4ae 100644 --- a/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 8 - LFCS--Managing Users and Groups File Permissions and Attributes and Enabling sudo Access on Accounts.md +++ b/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 8 - LFCS--Managing Users and Groups File Permissions and Attributes and Enabling sudo Access on Accounts.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -Translating by Xuanwo - Part 8 - LFCS: Managing Users & Groups, File Permissions & Attributes and Enabling sudo Access on Accounts ================================================================================ Last August, the Linux Foundation started the LFCS certification (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin), a brand new program whose purpose is to allow individuals everywhere and anywhere take an exam in order to get certified in basic to intermediate operational support for Linux systems, which includes supporting running systems and services, along with overall monitoring and analysis, plus intelligent decision-making to be able to decide when it’s necessary to escalate issues to higher level support teams. diff --git a/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 9 - LFCS--Linux Package Management with Yum RPM Apt Dpkg Aptitude and Zypper.md b/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 9 - LFCS--Linux Package Management with Yum RPM Apt Dpkg Aptitude and Zypper.md index a363a50c09..6d0f65223f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 9 - LFCS--Linux Package Management with Yum RPM Apt Dpkg Aptitude and Zypper.md +++ b/sources/tech/LFCS/Part 9 - LFCS--Linux Package Management with Yum RPM Apt Dpkg Aptitude and Zypper.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -Translating by Xuanwo - Part 9 - LFCS: Linux Package Management with Yum, RPM, Apt, Dpkg, Aptitude and Zypper ================================================================================ Last August, the Linux Foundation announced the LFCS certification (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin), a shiny chance for system administrators everywhere to demonstrate, through a performance-based exam, that they are capable of succeeding at overall operational support for Linux systems. A Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin has the expertise to ensure effective system support, first-level troubleshooting and monitoring, including finally issue escalation, when needed, to engineering support teams. From 88a65c749cbb0662946a9af9b776cfc498381e14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2015 00:10:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 008/176] PUB:06 - The history of Android MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @alim0x 开始校对起来啦~ --- .../06 - The history of Android.md | 40 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/The history of Android/06 - The history of Android.md (61%) diff --git a/translated/talk/The history of Android/06 - The history of Android.md b/published/The history of Android/06 - The history of Android.md similarity index 61% rename from translated/talk/The history of Android/06 - The history of Android.md rename to published/The history of Android/06 - The history of Android.md index 030bb83ca8..363fd85a84 100644 --- a/translated/talk/The history of Android/06 - The history of Android.md +++ b/published/The history of Android/06 - The history of Android.md @@ -1,48 +1,48 @@ -The history of Android +安卓编年史（6） ================================================================================ ![T-Mobile G1](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/t-mobile_g1.jpg) -T-Mobile G1 -T-Mobile供图 + +*T-Mobile G1 [T-Mobile供图]* ### 安卓1.0——谷歌系app和实体硬件的引入 ### -到了2008年10月，安卓1.0已经准备好发布，这个系统在[T-Mobile G1][1]（又以HTC Dream为人周知）上初次登台。G1进入了被iPhone 3G和[Nokia 1680 classic][2]所主宰的市场。（这些手机并列获得了2008年[销量最佳手机][3]称号，各自卖出了350万台。）G1的销量数字已难以获得，但T-Mobile宣称截至2009年4月该设备的销量突破了100万台。无论从哪方面来说这在竞争中都处于落后地位。 +到了2008年10月，安卓1.0已经准备好发布，这个系统在[T-Mobile G1][1]（又以HTC Dream为人周知）上初次登台。G1进入了被iPhone 3G和[Nokia 1680 classic][2]所主宰的市场。（这些手机并列获得了2008年[销量最佳手机][3]称号，各自卖出了350万台。）G1的具体销量数字已难以获得，但T-Mobile宣称截至2009年4月该设备的销量突破了100万台。无论从哪方面来说这在竞争中都处于落后地位。 -G1拥有单核528Mhz的ARM 11处理器，一个Adreno 130的GPU，192MB内存，以及多达256MB的存储空间供给系统以及应用使用。它有一块3.2英寸，320x480分辨率的显示屏，被布置在一个含有实体全键盘的滑动结构之上。所以尽管安卓软件的确走过了很长的一段路，硬件也是的。时至今日，我们可以在厂商的一个手表中得到比这更好的参数：最新的[三星智能手表][4]拥有512MB内存以及1GHz的双核处理器。 +G1拥有单核528Mhz的ARM 11处理器，一个Adreno 130的GPU，192MB内存，以及多达256MB的存储空间提供给系统以及应用使用。它有一块3.2英寸、320x480分辨率的显示屏，被布置在一个含有实体全键盘的滑动结构之上。所以尽管安卓软件的确走过了很长的一段路，硬件也是的。时至今日，我们可以在一个厂商提供手表中得到比这更好的参数：最新的[三星智能手表][4]拥有512MB内存以及1GHz的双核处理器。 -当iPhone有着最少数量的按键的时候，G1确实完全相反的，按键几乎支持每个硬件控制。它有拨通和挂断按钮，home键，后退，以及菜单键，一个相机快门键，音量控制键，一个轨迹球，当然，还有50个键盘按钮。未来安卓设备将会慢慢离开按键多多的界面设计，几乎每部新旗舰都在减少按键的数量。 +当iPhone有着最少数量的按键的时候，G1确实完全相反的，按键几乎支持每个硬件控制。它有拨通和挂断按钮，home键，后退，以及菜单键，一个相机快门键，音量控制键，一个轨迹球，当然，还有50个键盘按键。未来安卓设备将会慢慢离开按键多多的界面设计，几乎每部新旗舰都在减少按键的数量。 但是这是第一次，人们见到了运行在实机上的安卓，而不是跑在一个令人沮丧的慢吞吞的模拟器上。安卓1.0没有iPhone那样顺滑流畅，闪亮耀眼，或拥有那么多的新闻报道。它也不像Windows Mobile 6.5那样才华横溢。但这仍然是个好的开始。 ![安卓1.0和0.9的默认应用列表。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/apps.png) -安卓1.0和0.9的默认应用列表。 -Ron Amadeo供图 -安卓1.0的核心与两个月前发布的beta版本相比看起来并没有什么引人注目的不同，但消费者产品带来了不少应用，包括一套完整的谷歌系应用。日历，电子邮件，Gmail，即时通讯，市场，设置，语音拨号，以及YouTube都是全新登场。那时候，音乐是智能手机上占据主宰地位的媒体类型，其王者是iTunes音乐商店。谷歌没有自家的音乐服务，所以它选择了亚马逊并绑定了亚马逊MP3商店。 +*安卓1.0和0.9的默认应用列表。[Ron Amadeo供图]* -安卓最重要的新增是谷歌商店的首次登场，叫做“安卓市场Beta”。与此同时大部分公司满足于将它们的软件目录称作一些不同的“应用商店”——意思是一个出售应用的商店，并且只出售应用——谷歌明显有着更大的野心。它搭配了一个更为通用的名字，“安卓市场”。这个名字的想法是安卓市场不仅仅拥有应用，还拥有一切你的安卓设备所需要的东西。 +安卓1.0的核心与两个月前发布的beta版本相比看起来并没有什么引人注目的不同，但这个消费产品带来了不少应用，包括一套完整的谷歌系应用。日历，电子邮件，Gmail，即时通讯，市场，设置，语音拨号，以及YouTube都是全新登场。那时候，音乐是智能手机上占据主宰地位的媒体类型，其王者是iTunes音乐商店。谷歌没有自家的音乐服务，所以它选择了亚马逊并绑定了亚马逊MP3商店。 + +安卓最重要的新增内容是首次登场的谷歌商店，叫做“安卓市场Beta”。与此同时大部分公司满足于将它们的软件目录称作各种“应用商店”——意思是一个出售应用的商店，并且只出售应用——谷歌明显有着更大的野心。它搭配了一个更为通用的名字，“安卓市场”。这个名字的想法是安卓市场不仅仅拥有应用，还拥有一切你的安卓设备所需要的东西。 ![第一个安卓市场客户端。截图展示了主页，“我的下载”，一个应用页面，以及一个应用权限页面。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/market.png) -第一个安卓市场客户端。截图展示了主页，“我的下载”，一个应用页面，以及一个应用权限页面。 -[Google][5]供图 -那时候，安卓市场只提供应用和游戏，开发者们甚至还不能为它们收费。苹果的App Store相对与安卓市场有4个月的先发优势，但是谷歌的主要差异化在于安卓的商店几乎是完全开放的。在iPhone上，应用受制于苹果的审查，必须遵循设计和技术指南。潜在的新应用不允许在功能上复制已有应用。在安卓市场，开发者可以自由地做任何想做的，包括开发替代已有的应用。控制的缺失会转变成祝福同时也是诅咒。它允许开发者革新已有的功能，但同时意味着甚至是毫无价值的垃圾应用也被允许进入市场。 +*第一个安卓市场客户端。截图展示了主页，“我的下载”，一个应用页面，以及一个应用权限页面。[[Google][5]供图]* -现在，这个客户端是又一个不再能够和谷歌服务器通讯的应用。幸运的是，它也是在因特网上被[真正记录][6]的为数不多的早期安卓应用之一。主页提供了通向一般区域的连接，像应用，游戏，搜索，以及下载，顶部有横向滚动显示的特色应用图标。搜索结果和“我的下载”页面以滚动列表的方式显示应用，显示应用名，开发者，费用（在那时都是免费的），以及评分。单独的应用页面展示了一个简短的描述，安装数，用户评论和评分，以及最重要的安装按钮。早期的安卓市场不支持图片，开发者唯一能使用的区域是应用描述，还有着500字的限制。这使得类似维护一个更新日志变的十分困难，因为只有描述的位置可以供其使用。 +那时候，安卓市场只提供应用和游戏，开发者们甚至还不能为它们收费。苹果的App Store相对与安卓市场有4个月的先发优势，但是谷歌的主要差异化在于安卓的商店几乎是完全开放的。在iPhone上，应用受制于苹果的审查，必须遵循设计和技术指南。潜在的新应用不允许在功能上复制已有应用。在安卓市场，开发者可以自由地做任何想做的，包括开发替代已有的应用。控制的缺失导致福祸相依。它允许开发者革新已有的功能，但同时意味着甚至是毫无价值的垃圾应用也被允许进入市场。 + +时至今日，这个安卓市场的客户端是又一个不再能够和谷歌服务器通讯的应用。幸运的是，它也是在因特网上被[真正记录][6]的为数不多的早期安卓应用之一。主页提供了通向一般区域的连接，像应用，游戏，搜索，以及下载，顶部有横向滚动显示的特色应用图标。搜索结果和“我的下载”页面以滚动列表的方式显示应用，显示应用名，开发者，费用（在那时都是免费的），以及评分。单独的应用页面展示了一个简短的描述，安装数，用户评论和评分，以及最重要的安装按钮。早期的安卓市场不支持图片，开发者唯一能使用的区域是应用描述，还有着500字的限制。这使得类似维护一个更新日志变的十分困难，因为只有描述的位置可以供其使用。 就在安装之前，安卓市场显示了应用所需要的权限。这是苹果直至2012年之前都避免做的，那年一个iOS应用被发现在用户不知情的情况下[将完整的通讯录上传][7]到云端。权限显示给出了一个完整的应用用到的权限列表，尽管这个版本强迫用户同意应用权限。界面有个“OK”按钮，但是除了后退按钮没有办法取消。 ![Gmail展示收件箱，打开菜单的收件箱。 ](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/gmail1.01.png) -Gmail展示收件箱，打开菜单的收件箱。 -Ron Amadeo供图 -下一个重要的应用也许就是Gmail。大多数基本的功能此时已经准备好了。未读邮件以加粗显示，标签是个有颜色的标记。在收件箱中每封独立邮件显示着主题，发件人，以及一个会话中的回复数。Gmail加星标志也在这里——快速点击即可给邮件加星或取消。一如往常，对于早期版本的安卓，菜单里有收件箱视图应有的所有按钮。但是，一旦打开了一封邮件，界面看起来就更加的现代了，“回复”和“转发”按钮永久固定在了屏幕底部。各个独立回复可以点击它们来展开和收缩。 +*Gmail展示收件箱，打开菜单的收件箱。[Ron Amadeo供图]* + +下一个重要的应用也许就是Gmail。大多数基本的功能此时已经准备好了。未读邮件以加粗显示，标签是个有颜色的标记。在收件箱中每封独立邮件显示着主题，发件人，以及一个会话中的回复数。Gmail加星标志也在这里——快速点击即可给邮件加星或取消。一如往常，对于早期版本的安卓，菜单里有收件箱视图应有的所有按钮。但是，一旦打开了一封邮件，界面看起来就更加的现代了，“回复”和“转发”按钮永久固定在了屏幕底部。单独回复可以点击它们来展开和收缩。 圆角，阴影，以及气泡图标给了整个应用“卡通”的外表，但是这是个好的开始。安卓的功能第一哲学真正从此开始：Gmail支持标签，邮件会话，搜索，以及邮件推送。 ![Gmail在安卓1.0的标签视图，写邮件界面，以及设置。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/gmail3.png) -Gmail在安卓1.0的标签视图，写邮件界面，以及设置。 -Ron Amadeo供图 + +*Gmail在安卓1.0的标签视图，写邮件界面，以及设置。[Ron Amadeo供图]* 但是如果你认为Gmail很丑，电子邮件应用又拉低了下限。它没有分离的收件箱或文件夹视图——所有东西都糊在一个界面。应用呈现给你一个文件夹列表，点击一个文件夹会以内嵌的方式展开内容。未读邮件左侧有条绿色的线指示，这就是电子邮件应用的界面。这个应用支持IMAP和POP3，但是没有Exchange。 @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ Ron Amadeo供图 via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/6/ -译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From b386c0ede7219264f7e45183fc748d0ec6d5bc07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: KS Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2015 10:36:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 009/176] Update 20150831 Linux workstation security checklist.md --- sources/tech/20150831 Linux workstation security checklist.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20150831 Linux workstation security checklist.md b/sources/tech/20150831 Linux workstation security checklist.md index 155f57d982..9ef46339d0 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20150831 Linux workstation security checklist.md +++ b/sources/tech/20150831 Linux workstation security checklist.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +wyangsun translating Linux workstation security checklist ================================================================================ This is a set of recommendations used by the Linux Foundation for their systems From 5e98d836a5b3eb10246a7abdf24b0a46f0fe07ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2015 11:37:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 010/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151104-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md | 88 ++++++ ...tall Pure-FTPd with TLS on FreeBSD 10.2.md | 154 ++++++++++ ...How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md | 236 ++++++++++++++++ ...3.9.1 with JSON Support on Ubuntu 15.04.md | 122 ++++++++ ...fsense Firewall and Basic Configuration.md | 266 ++++++++++++++++++ ...s in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md | 84 ++++++ 6 files changed, 950 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151104 How to Create New File Systems or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Pure-FTPd with TLS on FreeBSD 10.2.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151104 How to Install SQLite 3.9.1 with JSON Support on Ubuntu 15.04.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151104 How to Setup Pfsense Firewall and Basic Configuration.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151104 How to Create New File Systems or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20151104 How to Create New File Systems or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0f7c1d699e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151104 How to Create New File Systems or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +How to Create New File Systems/Partitions in the Terminal on Linux +================================================================================ +![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/03/cfdisk-feature-image.png) + +Partition editing or making new file systems on Linux usually means one thing: installing the Gnome Parted partition editor (GParted). For most Linux users, this is the only way to go about it. Still, what if you could edit these partitions and file systems right in the terminal? You can! Here’s how! + +### Creating a basic Linux partition layout with CFdisk ### + +Here’s how to make a basic Linux partition scheme right from the command line. The first thing to do is open your terminal. Once you’re there, you’ll need to identify what hard drive you’re looking to change. This can easily be figured out with one simple command. + + lsblk + +![cfdisk-lsblk](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/03/cfdisk-lsblk.png) + + +Once you’ve run `lsblk`, you should get a detailed list of each hard drive currently on your system. Look through this generated list, and figure out the denotation to the drive you want to change. In this article I’ll be using `sdb` for the sake of example. + +In your terminal enter this command. It will launch a powerful terminal-based partition editing program. + + sudo cfdisk /dev/sdb + +![cfdisk-empty-layout](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/03/cfdisk-empty-layout.png) + +**Note**: replace `sdb` with whatever `lsblk` told you your hard drive was. + +When this command is entered, you’ll be inside the partition editor and will have total access to the hard drive you wish to modify. + +Since hard drive partitions are different, depending on a user’s needs, this part of the guide will go over **how to set up a split Linux home/root system layout**. + +To start, a root partition will need to be created. This will require a bit of math as the gigabytes on the hard drive need to be divided up. My test drive is 32 GB. + +In CFdisk using the arrow keys on your keyboard, select some free space. Once you’ve found some, use the arrow key to select [ NEW ] and press the Enter key. + +![cfdisk-create-root-partition](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/03/cfdisk-create-root-partition.png) + +The program will ask you to input the partition size. Once you’ve specified the size, press the Enter key. This will be known as the root partition (or /dev/sdb1). + +Next it’s time to create the home partition (/dev/sdb2). Once again, you’ll need to select some free space in CFdisk. Use the arrow key to select the [ NEW ] option, and press the Enter key. Input the size of your home partition, and press the Enter key to create it. + +![cfdisk-create-home-partition](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/03/cfdisk-create-home-partition.png) + +Finally, the swap partition needs to be created. Like the two times before, find some free space, and use the arrow key to select the [ NEW ] option. After that calculate exactly how big your Linux swap partition needs to be. + +**Note**: a swap partition is usually about as big as a computer’s physical RAM. + +![cfdisk-specify-partition-type-swap](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/03/cfdisk-specify-partition-type-swap.png) + +Now that the swap partition has been created, it’s time to specify its type. Highlight it with the up and down arrow keys. After that use the left and right arrow keys to select [ TYPE ]. Find Linux swap in the menu, and press Enter. + +![cfdisk-write-partition-table](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/03/cfdisk-write-partition-table.jpg) + +All of the partition creation is out of the way. All that’s left is to write it to the disk. Using the right arrow key, select the [ WRITE ] option, and press the Enter key. This will write your newly created layout directly to the hard drive. + +### Creating file systems with mkfs ### + +Sometimes you don’t need to make an entire partition layout. Sometimes you just need to make a file system. This can easily be accomplished directly in the terminal with the `mkfs` command. + +![cfdisk-mkfs-list-partitions-lsblk](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/cfdisk-mkfs-list-partitions-lsblk.png) + +To start, figure out what you’re looking to modify. Enter `lsblk` in your terminal to find out. It’ll print out a list, and after that just find the partition or drive you want to make a file system on. + +In this example, I’ll point it towards the first partition of the secondary drive `/dev/sdb1`. It’s also possible to just point mkfs to `/dev/sdb` (to make use of the entire drive). + +![cfdisk-mkfs-make-file-system-ext4](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/cfdisk-mkfs-make-file-system-ext4.png) + +To create the new file system on a specific partition, just enter + + sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 + +into the terminal. It should be noted that `mkfs.ext4` can be changed to whatever file system you want to use. + +### Conclusion ### + +Though editing file systems and partitions is easier using a graphical tool, the terminal is arguably more efficient. It’s much more faster to just load up a terminal, tap a few buttons and be done. With GParted and tools like it, it’s a whole ordeal. I hope that with the help of this tutorial you, too, understand how efficient editing file systems in the terminal can be. + +Do you prefer to use terminal-based programs to edit partitions on Linux? Why or why not? Tell us below! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/create-file-systems-partitions-terminal-linux/ + +作者：[Derrik Diener][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/derrikdiener/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Pure-FTPd with TLS on FreeBSD 10.2.md b/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Pure-FTPd with TLS on FreeBSD 10.2.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3d898340d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Pure-FTPd with TLS on FreeBSD 10.2.md @@ -0,0 +1,154 @@ +How to Install Pure-FTPd with TLS on FreeBSD 10.2 +================================================================================ +FTP or File Transfer Protocol is application layer standard network protocol used to transfer file from the client to the server, after user logged in to the FTP server over the TCP-Network, such as internet. FTP has been round long time ago, much longer then P2P Program, or World Wide Web, and until this day it was a primary method for sharing file with other over the internet and it it remain very popular even today. FTP provide an secure transmission, that protect username, password and encrypt the content with SSL/TLS. + +Pure-FTPd is free FTP Server with strong and focus on the software security. It was great choice for you if you want to provide a fast, secure, lightweight with feature rich FTP Services. Pure-FTPd can be install on variety of Unix-like operating system, include Linux and FreeBSD. Pure-FTPd is created by Frank Dennis in 2001, based on Troll-FTPd, and until now is actively developed by a team led by Dennis. + +In this tutorial we will provide about installation and configuration of "**Pure-FTPd**" with Unix-like operating system FreeBSD 10.2. + +### Step 1 - Update system ### + +The first thing you must do is to install and update the freebsd repository, please connect to your server with SSH and then type command below as sudo/root : + + freebsd-update fetch + freebsd-update install + +### Step 2 - Install Pure-FTPd ### + +You can install Pure-FTPd from the ports method, but in this tutorial we will install from the freebsd repository with "**pkg**" command. So, now let's install : + + pkg install pure-ftpd + +Once installation is finished, please add pure-ftpd to the start at the boot time with sysrc command below : + + sysrc pureftpd_enable=yes + +### Step 3 - Configure Pure-FTPd ### + +Configuration file for Pure-FTPd is located at directory "/usr/local/etc/", please go to the directory and copy the sample configuration for pure-ftpd to "**pure-ftpd.conf**". + + cd /usr/local/etc/ + cp pure-ftpd.conf.sample pure-ftpd.conf + +Now edit the file configuration with nano editor : + + nano -c pure-ftpd.conf + +Note : -c option to show line number on nano. + +Go to line 59 and change the value of "VerboseLog" to "**yes**". This option is allow you as administrator to see the log all command used by the users. + + VerboseLog yes + +And now look at line 126 "PureDB" for virtual-users configuration. Virtual users is a simple mechanism to store a list of users, with their password, name, uid, directory, etc. It's just like /etc/passwd. But it's not /etc/passwd. It's a different file and only for FTP. In this tutorial we will store the list of user to the file "**/usr/local/etc/pureftpd.passwd**" and "**/usr/local/etc/pureftpd.pdb**". Please uncomment that line and change the path for the file to "/usr/local/etc/pureftpd.pdb". + + PureDB /usr/local/etc/pureftpd.pdb + +Next, uncomment on the line 336 "**CreateHomeDir**", this option make you easy to add the virtual users, allow automatically create home directories if they are missing. + + CreateHomeDir yes + +Save and exit. + +Next, start pure-ftpd with service command : + + service pure-ftpd start + +### Step 4 - Adding New Users ### + +At this step FTP server is started without error, but you can not log in to the FTP Server, because the default configuration of pure-ftpd is disabled for anonymous users. We need to create new users with home directory, and then give it the password for login. + +On thing you must do befere you add new user to pure-ftpd virtual-user is to create a system user for this, lets create new system user "**vftp**" and the default group is same as username, with home directory "**/home/vftp/**". + + pw useradd vftp -s /sbin/nologin -w no -d /home/vftp \ + -c "Virtual User Pure-FTPd" -m + +Now you can add the new user for the FTP Server with "**pure-pw**" command. For an example here, we will create new user named "**akari**", so please see command below : + + pure-pw useradd akari -u vftp -g vftp -d /home/vftp/akari + Password: TYPE YOUR PASSWORD + +that command will create user "**akari**" and the data stored at the file "**/usr/local/etc/pureftpd.passwd**", not at /etc/passwd file, so this means is that you can easily create FTP-only accounts without messing up your system accounts. + +Next, you must generate the PureDB user database with this command : + + pure-pw mkdb + +Now restart the pure-ftpd services and try connect with user "akari" : + + service pure-ftpd restart + +Trying to connect with user akari : + + ftp SERVERIP + +![FTP Connect user akari](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/FTP-Connect-user-akari.png) + +**NOTE :** + +If you want to add new user again, you can use "**pure-pw**" command. And if you want to delete the current user, you can use this : + + pure-pw userdel useryouwanttodelete + pure-pw mkdb + +### Step 5 - Add SSL/TLS to Pure-FTPd ### + +Pure-FTPd supports encryption using TLS security mechanisms. To support for TLS/SSL, make sure the OpenSSL library is already installed on your freebsd system. + +Now you must generate new "**self-signed certificate**" on the directory "**/etc/ssl/private**". Before you generate the certificate, please create new directory there called "private". + + cd /etc/ssl/ + mkdir private + cd private/ + +Now generate "self-signed certificate" with openssl command below : + + openssl req -x509 -nodes -newkey rsa:2048 -sha256 -keyout \ + /etc/ssl/private/pure-ftpd.pem \ + -out /etc/ssl/private/pure-ftpd.pem + +FILL ALL WITH YOUR PERSONAL INFO. + +![Generate Certificate pem](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Generate-Certificate-pem.png) + +Next, change the certificate permission : + + chmod 600 /etc/ssl/private/*.pem + +Once the certifcate is generated, Edit the pure-ftpd configuration file : + + nano -c /usr/local/etc/pure-ftpd.conf + +Uncomment on line **423** to enable the TLS : + + TLS 1 + +And line **439** for the certificate file path : + + CertFile /etc/ssl/private/pure-ftpd.pem + +Save and exit, then restart the pure-ftpd services : + + service pure-ftpd restart + +Now let's test the Pure-FTPd that work with TLS/SSL. I'm here use "**FileZilla**" to connect to the FTP Server, and use user "**akari**" that have been created. + +![Pure-FTPd with TLS SUpport](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Pure-FTPd-with-TLS-SUpport.png) + +Pure-FTPd with TLS on FreeBSD 10.2 successfully. + +### Conclusion ### + +FTP or File Transfer Protocol is standart protocol used to transfer file between users and the server. One of the best, lightweight and secure FTP Server Software is Pure-FTPd. It is secure and support for TLS/SSL encryption mechanism. Pure-FTPd is easy to to install and configure, you can manage the user with virtual user support, and it is make you as sysadmin is easy to manage the user if you have a much user ftp server. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/install-pure-ftpd-tls-freebsd-10-2/ + +作者：[Arul][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/arulm/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md b/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6cb66e4f3e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md @@ -0,0 +1,236 @@ +How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7 +================================================================================ +Hi everyone, today Redis is the subject of our article, we are going to install it on CentOS 7. Build sources files, install the binaries, create and install files. After installing its components, we will set its configuration as well as some operating system parameters to make it more reliable and faster. + +![Runnins Redis](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/run-redis-standalone.jpg) + +Redis server + +Redis is an open source multi-platform data store written in ANSI C, that uses datasets directly from memory achieving extremely high performance. It supports various programming languages, including Lua, C, Java, Python, Perl, PHP and many others. It is based on simplicity, about 30k lines of code that do "few" things, but do them well. Despite you work on memory, persistence may exist and it has a fairly reasonable support for high availability and clustering, which does good in keeping your data safe. + +### Building Redis ### + +There is no official RPM package available, we need to build it from sources, in order to do this you will need install Make and GCC. + +Install GNU Compiler Collection and Make with yum if it is not already installed + + yum install gcc make + +Download the tarball from [redis download page][1]. + + curl http://download.redis.io/releases/redis-3.0.4.tar.gz -o redis-3.0.4.tar.gz + +Extract the tarball contents + + tar zxvf redis-3.0.4.tar.gz + +Enter Redis the directory we have extracted + + cd redis-3.0.4 + +Use Make to build the source files + + make + +### Install ### + +Enter on the src directory + + cd src + +Copy Redis server and client to /usr/local/bin + + cp redis-server redis-cli /usr/local/bin + +Its good also to copy sentinel, benchmark and check as well. + + cp redis-sentinel redis-benchmark redis-check-aof redis-check-dump /usr/local/bin + +Make Redis config directory + + mkdir /etc/redis + +Create a working and data directory under /var/lib/redis + + mkdir -p /var/lib/redis/6379 + +#### System parameters #### + +In order to Redis work correctly you need to set some kernel options + +Set the vm.overcommit_memory to 1, which means always, this will avoid data to be truncated, take a look [here][2] for more. + + sysctl -w vm.overcommit_memory=1 + +Change the maximum of backlog connections some value higher than the value on tcp-backlog option of redis.conf, which defaults to 511. You can find more on sysctl based ip networking "tunning" on [kernel.org][3] website. + + sysctl -w net.core.somaxconn=512. + +Disable transparent huge pages support, that is known to cause latency and memory access issues with Redis. + + echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled + +### redis.conf ### + +Redis.conf is the Redis configuration file, however you will see the file named as 6379.conf here, where the number is the same as the network port is listening to. This name is recommended if you are going to run more than one Redis instance. + +Copy sample redis.conf to **/etc/redis/6379.conf**. + + cp redis.conf /etc/redis/6379.conf + +Now edit the file and set at some of its parameters. + + vi /etc/redis/6379.conf + +#### daemonize #### + +Set daemonize to no, systemd need it to be in foreground, otherwise Redis will suddenly die. + + daemonize no + +#### pidfile #### + +Set the pidfile to redis_6379.pid under /var/run. + + pidfile /var/run/redis_6379.pid + +#### port #### + +Change the network port if you are not going to use the default + + port 6379 + +#### loglevel #### + +Set your loglevel. + + loglevel notice + +#### logfile #### + +Set the logfile to /var/log/redis_6379.log + + logfile /var/log/redis_6379.log + +#### dir #### + +Set the directory to /var/lib/redis/6379 + + dir /var/lib/redis/6379 + +### Security ### + +Here are some actions that you can take to enforce the security. + +#### Unix sockets #### + +In many cases, the client application resides on the same machine as the server, so there is no need to listen do network sockets. If this is the case you may want to use unix sockets instead, for this you need to set the **port** option to 0, and then enable unix sockets with the following options. + +Set the path to the socket file + + unixsocket /tmp/redis.sock + +Set restricted permission to the socket file + + unixsocketperm 700 + +Now, to have access with redis-cli you should use the -s flag pointing to the socket file + + redis-cli -s /tmp/redis.sock + +#### requirepass #### + +You may need remote access, if so, you should use a password, that will be required before any operation. + + requirepass "bTFBx1NYYWRMTUEyNHhsCg" + +#### rename-command #### + +Imagine the output of the next command. Yes, it will dump the configuration of the server, so you should deny access to this kind information whenever is possible. + + CONFIG GET * + +To restrict, or even disable this and other commands by using the **rename-command**. You must provide a command name and a replacement. To disable, set the replacement string to "" (blank), this is more secure as it will prevent someone from guessing the command name. + + rename-command FLUSHDB "FLUSHDB_MY_SALT_G0ES_HERE09u09u" + rename-command FLUSHALL "" + rename-command CONFIG "CONFIG_MY_S4LT_GO3S_HERE09u09u" + +![Access Redis through unix with password and command changes](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/redis-security-test.jpg) + +Access through unix sockets with password and command changes + +#### Snapshots #### + +By default Redis will periodically dump its datasets to **dump.rdb** on the data directory we set. You can configure how often the rdb file will be updated by the save command, the first parameter is a timeframe in seconds and the second is a number of changes performed on the data file. + +Every 15 hours if there was at least 1 key change + + save 900 1 + +Every 5 hours if there was at least 10 key changes + + save 300 10 + +Every minute if there was at least 10000 key changes + + save 60 10000 + +The **/var/lib/redis/6379/dump.rdb** file contains a dump of the dataset on memory since last save. Since it creates a temporary file and then replace the original file, there is no problem of corruption and you can always copy it directly without fear. + +### Starting at boot ### + +You may use systemd to add Redis to the system startup + +Copy sample init_script to /etc/init.d, note also the number of the port on the script name + + cp utils/redis_init_script /etc/init.d/redis_6379 + +We are going to use systemd, so create a unit file named redis_6379.service under **/etc/systems/system** + + vi /etc/systemd/system/redis_6379.service + +Put this content, try man systemd.service for details + + [Unit] + Description=Redis on port 6379 + + [Service] + Type=forking + ExecStart=/etc/init.d/redis_6379 start + ExecStop=/etc/init.d/redis_6379 stop + + [Install] + WantedBy=multi-user.target + +Now add the memory overcommit and maximum backlog options we have set before to the **/etc/sysctl.conf** file. + + vm.overcommit_memory = 1 + + net.core.somaxconn=512 + +For the transparent huge pages support there is no sysctl directive, so you can put the command at the end of /etc/rc.local + + echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled + +### Conclusion ### + +That's enough to start, with these settings you will be able to deploy Redis server for many simpler scenarios, however there is many options on redis.conf for more complex environments. On some cases, you may use [replication][4] and [Sentinel][5] to provide high availability, [split the data][6] across servers, create a cluster of servers. Thanks for reading! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/storage/install-redis-server-centos-7/ + +作者：[Carlos Alberto][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/carlosal/ +[1]:http://redis.io/download +[2]:https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/vm/overcommit-accounting +[3]:https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt +[4]:http://redis.io/topics/replication +[5]:http://redis.io/topics/sentinel +[6]:http://redis.io/topics/partitioning \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install SQLite 3.9.1 with JSON Support on Ubuntu 15.04.md b/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install SQLite 3.9.1 with JSON Support on Ubuntu 15.04.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..83fc1c3f30 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install SQLite 3.9.1 with JSON Support on Ubuntu 15.04.md @@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ +How to Install SQLite 3.9.1 with JSON Support on Ubuntu 15.04 +================================================================================ +Hello and welcome to our today's article on SQLite which is the most widely deployed SQL database engine in the world that comes with zero-configuration, that means no setup or administration needed. SQLite is public-domain software package that provides relational database management system, or RDBMS that is used to store user-defined records in large tables. In addition to data storage and management, database engine process complex query commands that combine data from multiple tables to generate reports and data summaries. + +SQLite is very small and light weight that does not require a separate server process or system to operate. It is available on UNIX, Linux, Mac OS-X, Android, iOS and Windows which is being used in various software applications like Opera, Ruby On Rails, Adobe System, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome and Skype. + +### 1) Basic Requirements: ### + +There is are no such complex complex requirements for the installation of SQLite as it mostly comes support all major cross platforms. + +So, let's login to your Ubuntu server with sudo or root credentials using your CLI or Secure Shell. Then update your system so that your operating system is upto date with latest packages. + +In ubuntu, the below command is to be used for system update. + + # apt-get update + +If you are starting to deploy SQLite on on a fresh Ubuntu, then make sure that you have installed some basic system management utilities like wget, make, unzip, gcc. + +To install wget, make and gcc packages on ubuntu, you use the below command, then press "Y" to allow and proceed with installation of these packages. + + # apt-get install wget make gcc + +### 2) Download SQLite ### + +To download the latest package of SQLite, you can refer to their official [SQLite Download Page][1] as shown below. + +![SQLite download](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Selection_014.png) + +You can copy the link of its resource package and download it on ubuntu server using the wget utility command. + + # wget https://www.sqlite.org/2015/sqlite-autoconf-3090100.tar.gz + +![wget SQLite](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/23.png) + +After downloading is complete, extract the package and change your current directory to the extracted SQLite folder by using the below command as shown. + + # tar -zxvf sqlite-autoconf-3090100.tar.gz + +### 3) Installing SQLite ### + +Now we are going to install and configure the SQLite package that we downloaded. So, to compile and install SQLite on ubuntu run the configuration script within the same directory where your have extracted the SQLite package as shown below. + + root@ubuntu-15:~/sqlite-autoconf-3090100# ./configure –prefix=/usr/local + +![SQLite Installation](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/35.png) + +Once the package is configuration is done under the mentioned prefix, then run the below command make command to compile the package. + + root@ubuntu-15:~/sqlite-autoconf-3090100# make + source='sqlite3.c' object='sqlite3.lo' libtool=yes \ + DEPDIR=.deps depmode=none /bin/bash ./depcomp \ + /bin/bash ./libtool --tag=CC --mode=compile gcc -DPACKAGE_NAME=\"sqlite\" -DPACKAGE_TARNAME=\"sqlite\" -DPACKAGE_VERSION=\"3.9.1\" -DPACKAGE_STRING=\"sqlite\ 3.9.1\" -DPACKAGE_BUGREPORT=\"http://www.sqlite.org\" -DPACKAGE_URL=\"\" -DPACKAGE=\"sqlite\" -DVERSION=\"3.9.1\" -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_SYS_TYPES_H=1 -DHAVE_SYS_STAT_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_STRINGS_H=1 -DHAVE_INTTYPES_H=1 -DHAVE_STDINT_H=1 -DHAVE_UNISTD_H=1 -DHAVE_DLFCN_H=1 -DLT_OBJDIR=\".libs/\" -DHAVE_FDATASYNC=1 -DHAVE_USLEEP=1 -DHAVE_LOCALTIME_R=1 -DHAVE_GMTIME_R=1 -DHAVE_DECL_STRERROR_R=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR_R=1 -DHAVE_POSIX_FALLOCATE=1 -I. -D_REENTRANT=1 -DSQLITE_THREADSAFE=1 -DSQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3 -DSQLITE_ENABLE_RTREE -g -O2 -c -o sqlite3.lo sqlite3.c + +After running make command, to complete the installation of SQLite on ubuntu run the 'make install' command as shown below. + + # make install + +![SQLite Make Install](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/44.png) + +### 4) Testing SQLite Installation ### + +To confirm the successful installation of SQLite 3.9, run the below command in your command line interface. + + # sqlite3 + +You will the SQLite verion after running the above command as shown. + +![Testing SQLite Installation](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/53.png) + +### 5) Using SQLite ### + +SQLite is very handy to use. To get the detailed information about its usage, simply run the below command in the SQLite console. + + sqlite> .help + +So here is the list of all its available commands, with their description that you can get help to start using SQLite. + +![SQLite Help](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/62.png) + +Now in this last section , we make use of few SQLite commands to create a new database using the SQLite3 command line interface. + +To to create a new database run the below command. + + # sqlite3 test.db + +To create a table within the new database run the below command. + + sqlite> create table memos(text, priority INTEGER); + +After creating the table, insert some data using the following commands. + + sqlite> insert into memos values('deliver project description', 15); + sqlite> insert into memos values('writing new artilces', 100); + +To view the inserted data from the table , run the below command. + + sqlite> select * from memos; + deliver project description|15 + writing new artilces|100 + +to exit from the sqlite3 type the below command. + + sqlite> .exit + +![Using SQLite3](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/73.png) + +### Conclusion ### + +In this article you learned the installation of latest version of SQLite 3.9.1 which enables the recently JSON1 support in its 3.9.0 version and so on. Its is an amazing library that gets embedded inside the application that makes use of it to keep the resources much efficient and lighter. We hope you find this article much helpful, feel free to get back to us if you find any difficulty. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/ubuntu-how-to/install-sqlite-json-ubuntu-15-04/ + +作者：[Kashif Siddique][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/kashifs/ +[1]:https://www.sqlite.org/download.html \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20151104 How to Setup Pfsense Firewall and Basic Configuration.md b/sources/tech/20151104 How to Setup Pfsense Firewall and Basic Configuration.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..821937390a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151104 How to Setup Pfsense Firewall and Basic Configuration.md @@ -0,0 +1,266 @@ +How to Setup Pfsense Firewall and Basic Configuration +================================================================================ +In this article our focus is Pfsense setup, basic configuration and overview of features available in the security distribution of FreeBSD. In this tutorial we will run network wizard for basic setting of firewall and detailed overview of services. After the [installation process][1] following snapshot shows the IP addresses of WAN/LAN and different options for the management of Pfsense firewall. + +![options](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/options.png) + +After setup , following window appear which shows the url for configuration of Pfsense. + +![URL for gui](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/login_pfsense.png) + +Open above given URL in the browser and login with username **admin** and password **pfsense** + +![login_username_password](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/login_username_password.png) + +After successful login, following wizard appears for the basic setting of Pfsense firewall. However setup wizard option can be bypassed and user can run it from the **System** menu from the web interface. + +Click on the **Next** button to start basic configuration process on Pfsense firewall. + +![wizard_start](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/wizard_start.png) + +Setting hostname, domain and DNS addresses is shown in the following figure. + +![basic_setting_wizard](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/basic_setting_wizard.png) + +Setting time zone is shown in the below given snapshot. + +![time_setting](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/time_setting.png) + +Next window shows setting for the WAN interface. By defaults Pfsense firewall block bogus and private networks. + +![wan setting](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/wan-setting.png) + +Setting LAN IP address which is used to access the Pfsense web interface for further configuration. + +![lan setting](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/lan-setting.png) + +By default password for web interface is "pfsense". Enter new password for admin user on the following window to access the web interface for further configuration. + +![password](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/password.png) + +Click on the "reload" button which is shown below. It applies the setting and redirect firewall user to main dashboard of Pfsense. + +![)reload](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/reload.png + +As shown in the following snapshot, Pfsense dashboard shows system information (such as cpu details, os version, dns detail, memory consumption) and status of ethernet/wireless interfaces etc. + +![dashboard](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/dashboard1.png) + +### Menu detail ### + +PFsense consist of System, interfaces, firewall,services,vpn,status,diagnostics and help menus. + +![all menu](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/all-menu.png) + +### System Menu ### + +Sub menus of **System** is given below. + +![system menu](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/system-menu.png) + +In the **Advanced** sub menu user can perform following operations. + +1. Configuration of web interface +1. Firewall/Nat setting +1. Networking setting +1. System tuneables setting +1. Notification setting + +![advanced-systemmenu](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/advanced-systemmenu.png) + +In the **Cert manager** sub menu, firewall administrator generates certificates for CA and users. + +![cert-manager-systemmenu](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/cert-manager-systemmenu.png) + +In the **Firmware** sub menu, user can update Pfsense firmware manually/automatically. User can take full backup of Pfsense configurations. + +![firmware-systemmenu](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/firmware-systemmenu.png) + +In the **General Setup** sub menu, user can change basic setting such as hostname and domain etc. + +![general setup-systemmenu](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/general-setup-systemmenu.png) + +As menu title indicates, user can enable/disable high availability feature from this sub menu. + +![highavail-systemmenu](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/highavail-systemmenu.png) + +Packages sub menu provides package manager facility in the web interface for Pfsense . + +![packages-system menu](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/packages-systemmenu.png) + +User can perform gateway and route management using **Routing** sub menu. + +![routing-system menu](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/routing-systemmenu.png) + +**Setup Wizard** sub menu opens following window which start basic configuration of Pfsense. + +![wizard_start](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/wizard_start.png) + +Management of user can be done from the **User manager** sub menu. + +![usermanager-system](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/usermanager-system.png) + +### Interfaces Menu ### + +This menu is used for the assignment of interfaces (LAN/WAN), VLAN setting,wireless and GRE configuration etc. + +![Interfaces setting](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/interfaces-setting.png) + +### Firewall Menu ### + +Firewall is the main and core part of Pfsense distribution and it provides following features. + +![firewall-menu](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/firewall-systemmenu.png) + +**Aliases** + +Aliases are defined for real hosts, networks or ports and they can be used to minimize the number of changes. + +![firewall-aliases](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/firewall-aliases.png) + +**NAT (Network Address Translation)** + +NAT binds a specific internal address to a specific external address. Incoming traffic from the Internet to the specified IP will be directed toward the associated internal IP. + +![firewall-nat](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/firewall-nat.png) + +**Firewall Rules** + +Firewall rules control what traffic is allowed to enter an interface on the firewall. After traffic is passed on the interface, it enters an entry in the state table is created. + +![firewall-rules](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/firewall-rules.png) + +**Schedules** + +Firewall rules can be scheduled so that they are only active at certain times of day or on certain specific days or days of the week. + +![firewall-schedules](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/firewall-schedules.png) + +**Traffic Shaper** + +Traffic shaping is the control of computer network traffic in order to optimize performance and lower latency. + +![firewall-traffic shapper](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/firewall-traffic-shapper.png) + +**Virtual IPs** + +Virtual IPs add knowledge of additional IP addresses to the firewall that are different from the firewall's real interface addresses. + +![firewall-virtualipaddresses](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/services-menu.png) + +### Services Menu ### + +Services menu shows services which are provided by the Pfsense distribution along firewall. + +![services-menu](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/services-menu.png) + +New program/software installed for some specific service is also shown in this menu such as snort. By default following services are listed in services menu. + +**Captive portal** + +The captive portal functionality in Pfsense allows securing a network by requiring a username and password entered on a portal page. + +![services-captive portal](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/services-captive-portal.png) + +**DHCP Relay** + +The DHCP Relay daemon will relay DHCP requests between broadcast domains for IPv4 DHCP. + +![services-dhcp relay](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/services-dhcp-relay.png) + +**DHCP Server** + +User can run DHCP service on the firewall for the network devices. + +![services-dhcp server](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/services-dhcp-server.png) + +**DNS Forwarder/Resolver/Dynamic DNS** + +DNS different services can be configured on the Pfsense firewall. + +![services-dynamic dns client](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/services-dynamic-dns-client.png) + +![services-dns resolver](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/services-dns-resolver.png) + +![services-dns forwarder](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/services-dns-forwarder.png) + +**IGMP Proxy** + +User can configure IGMP on the Pfsense firewall from services menu. + +![services igmp](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/services-igmp.png) + +**Load Balancer** + +Load Balancing is one of the important feature which is also supported by the Pfsense firewall. + +![services load balancer](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/services-load-balancer.png) + +**SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)** + +Pfsense supports all versions of snmp for remote management of firewall. + +![services snmp](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/services-snmp.png) + +**Wake on Lan** + +Using this feature packet sent to a workstation on a locally connected network which will power on a workstation. + +![services-wake on lan](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/services-wake-on-lan.png) + +### VPN Menu ### + +It is one of the most important feature of Pfsense. Its supports following types of vpn configuration. + +**VPN IPsec** + +IPsec is a standard for providing security to IP protocols via encryption and/or authentication. + +![vpn-ipsec](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/vpn-ipsec.png) + +**L2TP IPsec** + +L2TP/IPsec is a common VPN type that wraps L2TP, an insecure tunneling protocol, inside a secure channel built using transport mode IPsec. + +![vpn- l2tp](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/vpn-l2tp.png) + +**OpenVPN** + +OpenVPN is an Open Source VPN server and client that is supported on pfSense. + +![vpn openvpn](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/vpn-openvpn.png) + +**Status Menu** + +It shows the status of services provided by Pfsense such as dhcp server, ipsec and load balancer etc. + +![status-menu](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/status-menu.png) + +**Diagnostic Menu** + +This menu helps administrator/user for the rectification of Pfsense issues or problems. + +![diagnosics menu](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/diagnosics-menu.png) + +**Help Menu** + +This menu provides links for different useful resources such as FreeBSD handbook,developer wiki, paid support and pfsense book. + +![help menu](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/help-menu.png) + +### Conclusion ### + +In this article our focus was on the basic configuration and features set of Pfsense distribution. It is based on FreeBSD distribution and widely used due to security and stability features. In our future articles on Pfsense, our focus will be on the basic firewall rules setting, snort (IDS/IPS) and IPSEC VPN configuration. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/firewall/pfsense-setup-basic-configuration/ + +作者：[nido][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/naveeda/ +[1]:http://linoxide.com/firewall/install-pfsense-firewall/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md b/sources/tech/20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8977e0a420 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application +================================================================================ +![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-featured1.jpg) + +Task management is arguably one of the most important and challenging part of professional as well as personal life. Professionally, as you assume more and more responsibility, your performance is directly related to or affected with your ability to manage the tasks you’re assigned. + +If your job involves working on a computer, then you’ll be happy to know that there are various applications available that claim to make task management easy for you. While most of them cater to Windows users, there are many options available on Linux, too. In this article we will discuss one such application: Go For It. + +### Go For It ### + +[Go For It][1] (GFI) is developed by Manuel Kehl, who describes it as a “a simple and stylish productivity app, featuring a to-do list, merged with a timer that keeps your focus on the current task.” The timer feature, specifically, is interesting, as it also makes sure that you take a break from your current task and relax for sometime before proceeding further. + +### Download and Installation ### + +Users of Debian-based systems, like Ubuntu, can easily install the app by running the following commands in terminal: + + sudo add-apt-repository ppa:mank319/go-for-it + sudo apt-get update + sudo apt-get install go-for-it + +Once done, you can execute the application by running the following command: + + go-for-it + +### Usage and Configuration ### + +Here is how the GFI interface looks when you run the app for the very first time: + +![gfi-first-run](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-first-run1.png) + +As you can see, the interface consists of three tabs: To-Do, Timer, and Done. While the To-Do tab contains a list of tasks (the 4 tasks shown in the image above are there by default – you can delete them by clicking on the rectangular box in front of them), the Timer tab contains task timer, while Done contains a list of tasks that you’ve finished successfully. Right at the bottom is a text box where you can enter the task text and click “+” to add it to the list above. + +For example, I added a task named “MTE-research-work” to the list and selected it by clicking on it in the list – see the screenshot below: + +![gfi-task-added](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-task-added1.png) + +Then I selected the Timer tab. Here I could see a 25-minute timer for the active task which was “MTE-reaserch-work.” + +![gfi-active-task-timer](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-active-task-timer.png) + +Of course, you can change the timer value and set to any time you want. I, however, didn’t change the value and clicked the Start button present below to start the task timer. Once 60 seconds were left, GFI issued a notification indicating the same. + +![gfi-first-notification-new](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-first-notification-new.jpg) + +And once the time was up, I was asked to take a break of five minutes. + +![gfi-time-up-notification-new](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-time-up-notification-new.jpg) + +Once those five minutes were over, I could again start the task timer for my task. + +![gfi-break-time-up-new](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-break-time-up-new.jpg) + +When you’re done with your task, you can click the Done button in the Timer tab. The task is then removed from the To-Do tab and listed in the Done tab. + +![gfi-task-done](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-task-done1.png) + +GFI also allows you to tweak some of its settings. For example, the settings window shown below contains options to tweak the default task duration, break duration, and reminder time. + +![gfi-settings](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-settings1.png) + +It’s worth mentioning that GFI stores the to-do lists in the Todo.txt format which simplifies synchronization with mobile devices and makes it possible for you to edit tasks using other frontends – read more about it [here][2]. + +You can also see the GFI app in action in the video below. + +注：youtube 视频 + + +### Conclusion ### + +As you have observed, GFI is an easy to understand and simple to use task management application. Although it doesn’t offer a plethora of features, it does what it claims – the timer integration is especially useful. If you’re looking for a basic, open-source task management tool for Linux, Go For It is worth trying. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/to-do-lists-ubuntu-go-for-it/ + +作者：[Himanshu Arora][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/himanshu/ +[1]:http://manuel-kehl.de/projects/go-for-it/ +[2]:http://todotxt.com/ \ No newline at end of file From 80c70c80b834bd13bcf632bd30b394731cd6cb33 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: struggling <630441839@qq.com> Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2015 12:18:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 011/176] Update 20151104 How to Create New File Systems or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md --- ... New File Systems or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151104 How to Create New File Systems or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20151104 How to Create New File Systems or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md index 0f7c1d699e..2bbe94a773 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151104 How to Create New File Systems or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151104 How to Create New File Systems or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +translation by strugglingyouth How to Create New File Systems/Partitions in the Terminal on Linux ================================================================================ ![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/03/cfdisk-feature-image.png) @@ -85,4 +86,4 @@ via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/create-file-systems-partitions-terminal-linu 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/derrikdiener/ \ No newline at end of file +[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/derrikdiener/ From 8914bee01ce39f6a912ab773cf384fb16bc5a9f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2015 12:56:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 012/176] PUB:Part 5 - How to Manage System Logs (Configure, Rotate and Import Into Database) in RHEL 7 @ictlyh --- ...ate and Import Into Database) in RHEL 7.md | 59 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/RHCE/Part 5 - How to Manage System Logs (Configure, Rotate and Import Into Database) in RHEL 7.md (73%) diff --git a/translated/tech/RHCE/Part 5 - How to Manage System Logs (Configure, Rotate and Import Into Database) in RHEL 7.md b/published/RHCE/Part 5 - How to Manage System Logs (Configure, Rotate and Import Into Database) in RHEL 7.md similarity index 73% rename from translated/tech/RHCE/Part 5 - How to Manage System Logs (Configure, Rotate and Import Into Database) in RHEL 7.md rename to published/RHCE/Part 5 - How to Manage System Logs (Configure, Rotate and Import Into Database) in RHEL 7.md index a37c9610fd..ab4ddd5a32 100644 --- a/translated/tech/RHCE/Part 5 - How to Manage System Logs (Configure, Rotate and Import Into Database) in RHEL 7.md +++ b/published/RHCE/Part 5 - How to Manage System Logs (Configure, Rotate and Import Into Database) in RHEL 7.md @@ -1,26 +1,24 @@ -第五部分 - 如何在 RHEL 7 中管理系统日志（配置、旋转以及导入到数据库） +RHCE 系列（五）：如何在 RHEL 7 中管理系统日志（配置、轮换以及导入到数据库） ================================================================================ -为了确保你的 RHEL 7 系统安全，你需要通过查看日志文件监控系统中发生的所有活动。这样，你就可以检测任何不正常或有潜在破坏的活动并进行系统故障排除或者其它恰当的操作。 +为了确保你的 RHEL 7 系统安全，你需要通过查看日志文件来监控系统中发生的所有活动。这样，你就可以检测到任何不正常或有潜在破坏的活动并进行系统故障排除或者其它恰当的操作。 -![Linux 中使用 Rsyslog 和 Logrotate 旋转日志文件](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Manage-and-Rotate-Linux-Logs-Using-Rsyslog-Logrotate.jpg) +![Linux 中使用 Rsyslog 和 Logrotate 轮换日志文件](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Manage-and-Rotate-Linux-Logs-Using-Rsyslog-Logrotate.jpg) -（译者注：[日志旋转][9]是系统管理中归档每天产生的日志文件的自动化过程） - -RHCE 考试 - 第五部分：使用 Rsyslog 和 Logrotate 管理系统日志 +*RHCE 考试 - 第五部分：使用 Rsyslog 和 Logrotate 管理系统日志* 在 RHEL 7 中，[rsyslogd][1] 守护进程负责系统日志，它从 /etc/rsyslog.conf（该文件指定所有系统日志的默认路径）和 /etc/rsyslog.d 中的所有文件（如果有的话）读取配置信息。 ### Rsyslogd 配置 ### -快速浏览一下 [rsyslog.conf][2] 会是一个好的开端。该文件分为 3 个主要部分：模块（rsyslong 按照模块化设计），全局指令（用于设置 rsyslogd 守护进程的全局属性），以及规则。正如你可能猜想的，最后一个部分指示获取，显示以及在哪里保存什么的日志（也称为选择子），这也是这篇博文关注的重点。 +快速浏览一下 [rsyslog.conf][2] 会是一个好的开端。该文件分为 3 个主要部分：模块（rsyslong 按照模块化设计），全局指令（用于设置 rsyslogd 守护进程的全局属性），以及规则。正如你可能猜想的，最后一个部分指示记录或显示什么以及在哪里保存（也称为选择子（selector）），这也是这篇文章关注的重点。 rsyslog.conf 中典型的一行如下所示： ![Rsyslogd 配置](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Rsyslogd-Configuration.png) -Rsyslogd 配置 +*Rsyslogd 配置* -在上面的图片中，我们可以看到一个选择子包括了一个或多个用分号分隔的设备：优先级（Facility:Priority）对，其中设备描述了消息类型（参考 [RFC 3164 4.1.1 章节][3] 查看 rsyslog 可用的完整设备列表），优先级指示它的严重性，这可能是以下几种之一： +在上面的图片中，我们可以看到一个选择子包括了一个或多个用分号分隔的“设备:优先级”（Facility:Priority）对，其中设备描述了消息类型（参考 [RFC 3164 4.1.1 章节][3]，查看 rsyslog 可用的完整设备列表），优先级指示它的严重性，这可能是以下几种之一： - debug - info @@ -31,7 +29,7 @@ Rsyslogd 配置 - alert - emerg -尽管自身并不是一个优先级，关键字 none 意味着指定设备没有任何优先级。 +尽管 none 并不是一个优先级，不过它意味着指定设备没有任何优先级。 **注意**：给定一个优先级表示该优先级以及之上的消息都应该记录到日志中。因此，上面例子中的行指示 rsyslogd 守护进程记录所有优先级为 info 以及以上（不管是什么设备）的除了属于 mail、authpriv、以及 cron 服务（不考虑来自这些设备的消息）的消息到 /var/log/messages。 @@ -47,7 +45,7 @@ Rsyslogd 配置 #### 创建自定义日志文件 #### -要把所有的守护进程消息记录到 /var/log/tecmint.log，我们需要在 rsyslog.conf 或者 /etc/rsyslog.d 目录中的单独文件（易于管理）添加下面一行： +要把所有的守护进程消息记录到 /var/log/tecmint.log，我们需要在 rsyslog.conf 或者 /etc/rsyslog.d 目录中的单独文件（这样易于管理）添加下面一行： daemon.* /var/log/tecmint.log @@ -55,19 +53,19 @@ Rsyslogd 配置 # systemctl restart rsyslog -在随机重启两个守护进程之前和之后查看自定义日志的内容： +在随便重启两个守护进程之前和之后查看下自定义日志的内容： ![Linux 创建自定义日志文件](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Create-Custom-Log-File.png) -创建自定义日志文件 +*创建自定义日志文件* 作为一个自学练习，我建议你重点关注设备和优先级，添加额外的消息到已有的日志文件或者像上面那样创建一个新的日志文件。 -### 使用 Logrotate 旋转日志 ### +### 使用 Logrotate 轮换日志 ### -为了防止日志文件无限制增长，logrotate 工具用于旋转、压缩、移除或者通过电子邮件发送日志，从而减轻管理会产生大量日志文件系统的困难。 +为了防止日志文件无限制增长，logrotate 工具用于轮换、压缩、移除或者通过电子邮件发送日志，从而减轻管理会产生大量日志文件系统的困难。（译者注：[日志轮换][9]（rotate）是系统管理中归档每天产生的日志文件的自动化过程） -Logrotate 作为一个 cron 作业（/etc/cron.daily/logrotate）每天运行，并从 /etc/logrotate.conf 和 /etc/logrotate.d 中的文件（如果有的话）读取配置信息。 +Logrotate 作为一个 cron 任务（/etc/cron.daily/logrotate）每天运行，并从 /etc/logrotate.conf 和 /etc/logrotate.d 中的文件（如果有的话）读取配置信息。 对于 rsyslog，即使你可以在主文件中为指定服务包含设置，为每个服务创建单独的配置文件能帮助你更好地组织设置。 @@ -75,27 +73,27 @@ Logrotate 作为一个 cron 作业（/etc/cron.daily/logrotate）每天运行， ![Logrotate 配置](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Logrotate-Configuration.png) -Logrotate 配置 +*Logrotate 配置* -在上面的例子中，logrotate 会为 /var/log/wtmp 进行以下操作：尝试每个月旋转一次，但至少文件要大于 1MB，然后用 0664 权限、用户 root、组 utmp 创建一个新的日志文件。下一步只保存一个归档日志，正如旋转指令指定的： +在上面的例子中，logrotate 会为 /var/log/wtmp 进行以下操作：尝试每个月轮换一次，但至少文件要大于 1MB，然后用 0664 权限、用户 root、组 utmp 创建一个新的日志文件。下一步只保存一个归档日志，正如轮换指令指定的： ![每月 Logrotate 日志](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Logrotate-Logs-Monthly.png) -每月 Logrotate 日志 +*每月 Logrotate 日志* 让我们再来看看 /etc/logrotate.d/httpd 中的另一个例子： -![旋转 Apache 日志文件](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Rotate-Apache-Log-Files.png) +![轮换 Apache 日志文件](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Rotate-Apache-Log-Files.png) -旋转 Apache 日志文件 +*轮换 Apache 日志文件* 你可以在 logrotate 的 man 手册（[man logrotate][4] 和 [man logrotate.conf][5]）中阅读更多有关它的设置。为了方便你的阅读，本文还提供了两篇文章的 PDF 格式。 -作为一个系统工程师，很可能由你决定多久按照什么格式保存一次日志，取决于你是否有一个单独的分区/逻辑卷给 /var。否则，你真的要考虑删除旧日志以节省存储空间。另一方面，根据你公司和客户内部的政策，为了以后的安全审核，你可能被迫要保留多个日志。 +作为一个系统工程师，很可能由你决定多久按照什么格式保存一次日志，这取决于你是否有一个单独的分区/逻辑卷给 `/var`。否则，你真的要考虑删除旧日志以节省存储空间。另一方面，根据你公司和客户内部的政策，为了以后的安全审核，你可能必须要保留多个日志。 #### 保存日志到数据库 #### -当然检查日志可能是一个很繁琐的工作（即使有类似 grep 工具和正则表达式的帮助）。因为这个原因，rsyslog 允许我们把它们导出到数据库（OTB 支持的关系数据库管理系统包括 MySQL、MariaDB、PostgreSQL 和 Oracle）。 +当然检查日志可能是一个很繁琐的工作（即使有类似 grep 工具和正则表达式的帮助）。因为这个原因，rsyslog 允许我们把它们导出到数据库（OTB 支持的关系数据库管理系统包括 MySQL、MariaDB、PostgreSQL 和 Oracle 等）。 指南的这部分假设你已经在要管理日志的 RHEL 7 上安装了 MariaDB 服务器和客户端： @@ -104,10 +102,9 @@ Logrotate 配置 然后使用 `mysql_secure_installation` 工具为 root 用户设置密码以及其它安全考量： - ![保证 MySQL 数据库安全](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Secure-MySQL-Database.png) -保证 MySQL 数据库安全 +*保证 MySQL 数据库安全* 注意：如果你不想用 MariaDB root 用户插入日志消息到数据库，你也可以配置用另一个用户账户。如何实现的介绍已经超出了本文的范围，但在 [MariaDB 知识][6] 中有详细解析。为了简单在这篇指南中我们会使用 root 账户。 @@ -117,7 +114,7 @@ Logrotate 配置 ![保存服务器日志到数据库](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Save-Server-Logs-to-Database.png) -保存服务器日志到数据库 +*保存服务器日志到数据库* 最后，添加下面的行到 /etc/rsyslog.conf： @@ -132,18 +129,18 @@ Logrotate 配置 #### 使用 SQL 语法查询日志 #### -现在执行一些会改变日志的操作（例如停止和启动服务），然后登陆到你的 DB 服务器并使用标准的 SQL 命令显示和查询日志： +现在执行一些会改变日志的操作（例如停止和启动服务），然后登录到你的数据库服务器并使用标准的 SQL 命令显示和查询日志： USE Syslog; SELECT ReceivedAt, Message FROM SystemEvents; ![在数据库中查询日志](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Query-Logs-in-Database.png) -在数据库中查询日志 +*在数据库中查询日志* ### 总结 ### -在这篇文章中我们介绍了如何设置系统日志，如果旋转日志以及为了简化查询如何重定向消息到数据库。我们希望这些技巧能对你准备 [RHCE 考试][8] 和日常工作有所帮助。 +在这篇文章中我们介绍了如何设置系统日志，如果轮换日志以及为了简化查询如何重定向消息到数据库。我们希望这些技巧能对你准备 [RHCE 考试][8] 和日常工作有所帮助。 正如往常，非常欢迎你的反馈。用下面的表单和我们联系吧。 @@ -153,7 +150,7 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/manage-linux-system-logs-using-rsyslogd-and-logrotat 作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a] 译者：[ictlyh](http://www.mutouxiaogui.cn/blog/) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 @@ -165,5 +162,5 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/manage-linux-system-logs-using-rsyslogd-and-logrotat [5]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/pdf/logrotate.conf.pdf [6]:https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb/create-user/ [7]:https://github.com/sematext/rsyslog/blob/master/plugins/ommysql/createDB.sql -[8]:http://www.tecmint.com/how-to-setup-and-configure-static-network-routing-in-rhel/ +[8]:https://linux.cn/article-6451-1.html [9]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_rotation \ No newline at end of file From ebbacee464be1b5801e80c9fc37bde7b5e646abc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2015 13:38:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 013/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151105-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ware Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md | 56 +++++ ...b Delivery with these Open Source Tools.md | 195 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 251 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md create mode 100644 sources/share/20151104 Optimize Web Delivery with these Open Source Tools.md diff --git a/sources/news/20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md b/sources/news/20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0e689ede9e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS +================================================================================ +![The USC Will Be Replaced](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/usc1.jpg) + +The USC Will Be Replaced + +**The Ubuntu Software Centre is to be replaced in Ubuntu 16.04 LTS.** + +Users of the Xenial Xerus desktop will find that the familiar (and somewhat cumbersome) Ubuntu Software Centre is no longer available. + +GNOME’s [Software application][1] will – according to current plans – take its place as the default and package management utility on the Unity 7-based desktop. + +![GNOME Software](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/gnome-software.jpg) + +GNOME Software + +New plugins will be created to support the Software Centre’s ratings, reviews and paid app features as a result of the switch. + +The decisions were taken at a recent desktop Sprint held at Canonical HQ in London. + +“We are more confident in our ability to add support for Snaps to GNOME Software Centre (sic) than we are to Ubuntu Software Centre. And so, right now, it looks like we will be replacing [the USC] with GNOME Software Centre”, explains Ubuntu desktop manager Will Cooke at the Ubuntu Online Summit. + +GNOME 3.18 stack will also be included in Ubuntu 16.04, with select app updates to GNOME 3.20 apps taken ‘as and when it makes sense’, adds Will Cooke. + +We recently ran a poll on Twitter asking how you install software on Ubuntu. The results suggest that few of you will mourn the passing of the incumbent Software Centre… + +注：投票项目 +Which of these do you use to install software on #Ubuntu? + +- Software Centre +- Terminal + +### Other Apps Being Dropped in Ubuntu 16.04 ### + +The Ubuntu Software Centre is not the only app set to be given the heave-ho in Xenial Xerus. + +Disc burning utility Brasero and instant messaging app **Empathy** are also to be removed from the default install image. + +Neither app is considered to be under active development, and with the march of laptops lacking optical drives and web and mobile-based chat services, they may also be seen as increasingly obsolete. + +If you do have use for them don’t panic: both Brasero and Empathy will **still be available to install on Ubuntu from the archives**. + +It’s not all removals and replacements as one new desktop app is set be included by default: GNOME Calendar. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/11/the-ubuntu-software-centre-is-being-replace-in-16-04-lts + +作者：[Sam Tran][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://plus.google.com/111008502832304483939?rel=author +[1]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Software \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/share/20151104 Optimize Web Delivery with these Open Source Tools.md b/sources/share/20151104 Optimize Web Delivery with these Open Source Tools.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..aaf8a7292d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/share/20151104 Optimize Web Delivery with these Open Source Tools.md @@ -0,0 +1,195 @@ +Optimize Web Delivery with these Open Source Tools +================================================================================ +Web proxy software forwards HTTP requests without modifying traffic in any way. They can be configured as a transparent proxy with no client-side configuration required. They can also be used as a reverse proxy front-end to websites; here the cache serves an unlimited number of clients for one or some web servers. + +Web proxies are versatile tools. They have a wide variety of uses, from caching web, DNS and other lookups, to speeding up the delivery of a web server / reducing bandwidth consumption. Web proxy software can also harden security by filtering traffic and anonymizing connections, and offer media-range limitations. This software is used by high-profile, high-traffic websites such as The New York Times, The Guardian, and social media and content sites such as Twitter, Facebook, and Wikipedia. + +Web caches have become a vital mechanism for optimising the amount of data that is delivered in a given period of time. Good web caches also help to minimise latency, serving pages as quickly as possible. This helps to prevent the end user from becoming impatient having to wait for content to be delivered. Web caches optimise the data flow between client and server. They also help to converse bandwidth by caching frequently-delivered content. If you need to reduce server load and improve delivery speed of your content, it is definitely worth exploring the benefits offered by web cache software. + +To provide an insight into the quality of software available for Linux, I feature below 5 excellent open source web proxy tools. Some of the them are full-featured; a couple of them have very modest resource needs. + +### Squid ### + +Squid is a high-performance open source proxy caching server and web cache daemon. It supports FTP, Internet Gopher, HTTPS, TLS, and SSL. It handles all requests in a single, non-blocking, I/O-driven process over IPv4 or IPv6. + +Squid consists of a main server program squid, a Domain Name System lookup program dnsserver, some optional programs for rewriting requests and performing authentication, together with some management and client tools. + +Squid offers a rich access control, authorization and logging environment to develop web proxy and content serving applications. + +Features include: + +- Web proxy: + - Caching to reduce access time and bandwidth use + - Keeps meta data and especially hot objects cached in RAM + - Caches DNS lookups + - Supports non-blocking DNS lookups + - Implements negative chacking of failed requests +- Squid caches can be arranged in a hierarchy or mesh for additional bandwidth savings +- Enforce site-usage policies with extensive access controls +- Anonymize connections, such as disabling or changing specific header fields in a client's HTTP request +- Reverse proxy +- Media-range limitations +- Supports SSL +- Support for IPv6 +- Error Page Localization - error pages presented by Squid may now be localized per-request to match the visitors local preferred language +- Connection Pinning (for NTLM Auth Passthrough) - a workaround which permits Web servers to use Microsoft NTLM Authentication instead of HTTP standard authentication through a web proxy +- Quality of Service (QoS) Flow support + - Select a TOS/Diffserv value to mark local hits + - Select a TOS/Diffserv value to mark peer hits + - Selectively mark only sibling or parent requests + - Allows any HTTP response towards clients to have the TOS value of the response coming from the remote server preserved + - Mask certain bits in the TOS received from the remote server, before copying the value to the TOS send towards clients +- SSL Bump (for HTTPS Filtering and Adaptation) - Squid-in-the-middle decryption and encryption of CONNECT tunneled SSL traffic, using configurable client- and server-side certificates +- eCAP Adaptation Module support +- ICAP Bypass and Retry enhancements - ICAP is now extended with full bypass and dynamic chain routing to handle multiple adaptation services. +- ICY streaming protocol support - commonly known as SHOUTcast multimedia streams +- Dynamic SSL Certificate Generation +- Support for the Internet Content Adaptation Protocol (ICAP) +- Full request logging +- Anonymize connections + +- Website: [www.squid-cache.org][1] +- Developer: National Laboratory for Applied Networking Research (NLANR) and Internet volunteers +- License: GNU GPL v2 +- Version Number: 4.0.1 + +### Privoxy ### + +Privoxy (Privacy Enhancing Proxy) is a non-caching Web proxy with advanced filtering capabilities for enhancing privacy, modifying web page data and HTTP headers, controlling access, and removing ads and other obnoxious Internet junk. Privoxy has a flexible configuration and can be customized to suit individual needs and tastes. It supports both stand-alone systems and multi-user networks. + +Privoxy uses the concept of actions in order to manipulate the data stream between the browser and remote sites. + +Features include: + +- Highly configurable - completely personalize your installation +- Ad blocking +- Cookie management +- Supports "Connection: keep-alive". Outgoing connections can be kept alive independently from the client +- Supports IPv6 +- Tagging which allows to change the behaviour based on client and server headers +- Run as an "intercepting" proxy +- Sophisticated actions and filters for manipulating both server and client headers +- Can be chained with other proxies +- Integrated browser-based configuration and control utility. Browser-based tracing of rule and filter effects. Remote toggling +- Web page filtering (text replacements, removes banners based on size, invisible "web-bugs" and HTML annoyances, etc) +- Modularized configuration that allows for standard settings and user settings to reside in separate files, so that installing updated actions files won't overwrite individual user settings +- Support for Perl Compatible Regular Expressions in the configuration files, and a more sophisticated and flexible configuration syntax +- GIF de-animation +- Bypass many click-tracking scripts (avoids script redirection) +- User-customizable HTML templates for most proxy-generated pages (e.g. "blocked" page) +- Auto-detection and re-reading of config file changes +- Most features are controllable on a per-site or per-location basis + +- Website: [www.privoxy.org][2] +- Developer: Fabian Keil (lead developer), David Schmidt, and many other contributors +- License: GNU GPL v2 +- Version Number: 3.4.2 + +### Varnish Cache ### + +Varnish Cache is a web accelerator written with performance and flexibility in mind. It's modern architecture offers significantly better performance. It typically speeds up delivery with a factor of 300 - 1000x, depending on your architecture. Varnish stores web pages in memory so the web servers do not have to create the same web page repeatedly. The web server only recreates a page when it is changed. When content is served from memory this happens a lot faster then anything. + +Additionally Varnish can serve web pages much faster then any application server is capable of - giving the website a significant speed enhancement. + +For a cost-effective configuration, Varnish Cache uses between 1-16GB and a SSD disk. + +Features include: + +- Modern design +- VCL - a very flexible configuration language. The VCL configuration is translated to C, compiled, loaded and executed giving flexibility and speed +- Load balancing using both a round-robin and a random director, both with a per-backend weighting +- DNS, Random, Hashing and Client IP based Directors +- Load balance between multiple backends +- Support for Edge Side Includes including stitching together compressed ESI fragments +- Heavily threaded +- URL rewriting +- Cache multiple vhosts with a single Varnish +- Log data is stored in shared memory +- Basic health-checking of backends +- Graceful handling of "dead" backends +- Administered by a command line interface +- Use In-line C to extend Varnish +- Can be used on the same system as Apache +- Run multiple Varnish on the same system +- Support for HAProxy's PROXY protocol. This is a protocol adds a small header on each incoming TCP connection that describes who the real client is, added by (for example) an SSL terminating process +- Warm and cold VCL states +- Plugin support with Varnish Modules, called VMODs +- Backends defined through VMODs +- Gzip Compression and Decompression +- HTTP Streaming Pass & Fetch +- Saint and Grace mode. Saint Mode allows for unhealthy backends to be blacklisted for a period of time, preventing them from serving traffic when using Varnish as a load balancer. Grace mode allows Varnish to serve an expired version of a page or other asset in cases where Varnish is unable to retrieve a healthy response from the backend +- Experimental support for Persistent Storage, without LRU eviction + +- Website: [www.varnish-cache.org][3] +- Developer: Varnish Software +- License: FreeBSD +- Version Number: 4.1.0 + +### Polipo ### + +Polipo is an open source caching HTTP proxy which has modest resource needs. + +It listens to requests for web pages from your browser and forwards them to web servers, and forwards the servers’ replies to your browser. In the process, it optimises and cleans up the network traffic. It is similar in spirit to WWWOFFLE, but the implementation techniques are more like the ones ones used by Squid. + +Polipo aims at being a compliant HTTP/1.1 proxy. It should work with any web site that complies with either HTTP/1.1 or the older HTTP/1.0. + +Features include: + +- HTTP 1.1, IPv4 & IPv6, traffic filtering and privacy-enhancement +- Uses HTTP/1.1 pipelining if it believes that the remote server supports it, whether the incoming requests are pipelined or come in simultaneously on multiple connections +- Cache the initial segment of an instance if the download has been interrupted, and, if necessary, complete it later using Range requests +- Upgrade client requests to HTTP/1.1 even if they come in as HTTP/1.0, and up- or downgrade server replies to the client's capabilities +- Complete support for IPv6 (except for scoped (link-local) addresses) +- Use as a bridge between the IPv4 and IPv6 Internets +- Content-filtering +- Can use a technique known as Poor Man's Multiplexing to reduce latency +- SOCKS 4 and SOCKS 5 protocol support +- HTTPS proxying +- Behaves as a transparent proxy +- Run Polipo together with Privoxy or tor + +- Website: [www.pps.univ-paris-diderot.fr/~jch/software/polipo/][4] +- Developer: Juliusz Chroboczek, Christopher Davis +- License: MIT License +- Version Number: 1.1.1 + +### Tinyproxy ### + +Tinyproxy is a lightweight open source web proxy daemon. It is designed to be fast and yet small. It is useful for cases such as embedded deployments where a full featured HTTP proxy is required, but the system resources for a larger proxy are unavailable. + +Tinyproxy is very useful in a small network setting, where a larger proxy would either be too resource intensive, or a security risk. One of the key features of Tinyproxy is the buffering connection concept. In effect, Tinyproxy will buffer a high speed response from a server, and then relay it to a client at the highest speed the client will accept. This feature greatly reduces the problems with sluggishness on the net. + +Features: + +- Easy to modify +- Anonymous mode - allows specification of individual HTTP headers that should be allowed through, and which should be blocked +- HTTPS support - Tinyproxy allows forwarding of HTTPS connections without modifying traffic in any way through the CONNECT method +- Remote monitoring - access proxy statistics from afar, letting you know exactly how busy the proxy is +- Load average monitoring - configure software to refuse connections after the server load reaches a certain point +- Access control - configure to only allow connections from certain subnets or IP addresses +- Secure - run without any special privileges, thus minimizing the chance of system compromise +- URL based filtering - allows domain and URL-based black- and whitelisting +- Transparent proxying - configure as a transparent proxy, so that a proxy can be used without any client-side configuration +- Proxy chaining - use an upstream proxy server for outbound connections, instead of direct connections to the target server, creating a so-called proxy chain +- Privacy features - restrict both what data comes to your web browser from the HTTP server (e.g., cookies), and to restrict what data is allowed through from your web browser to the HTTP server (e.g., version information) +- Small footprint - the memory footprint is about 2MB with glibc, and the CPU load increases linearly with the number of simultaneous connections (depending on the speed of the connection). Tinyproxy can be run on an old machine without affecting performance + +- Website: [banu.com/tinyproxy][5] +- Developer: Robert James Kaes and contributors +- License: GNU GPL v2 +- Version Number: 1.8.3 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20151101020309690/WebDelivery.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.squid-cache.org/ +[2]:http://www.privoxy.org/ +[3]:https://www.varnish-cache.org/ +[4]:http://www.pps.univ-paris-diderot.fr/%7Ejch/software/polipo/ +[5]:https://banu.com/tinyproxy/ \ No newline at end of file From 0a6141a53fca25ace39f005b27f0b9ba5171f3a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2015 13:45:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 014/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151105-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98=20?= =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=9F=E7=BF=BB?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...n Source Programmers over Insecure Code.md | 35 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20151105 Linus Torvalds Lambasts Open Source Programmers over Insecure Code.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20151105 Linus Torvalds Lambasts Open Source Programmers over Insecure Code.md b/sources/talk/20151105 Linus Torvalds Lambasts Open Source Programmers over Insecure Code.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1e37549646 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20151105 Linus Torvalds Lambasts Open Source Programmers over Insecure Code.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Linus Torvalds Lambasts Open Source Programmers over Insecure Code +================================================================================ +![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2015/11/linus-torvalds.jpg) + +Linus Torvalds's latest rant underscores the high expectations the Linux developer places on open source programmers—as well the importance of security for Linux kernel code. + +Torvalds is the unofficial "benevolent dictator" of the Linux kernel project. That means he gets to decide which code contributions go into the kernel, and which ones land in the reject pile. + +On Oct. 28, open source coders whose work did not meet Torvalds's expectations faced an [angry rant][1]. "Christ people," Torvalds wrote about the code. "This is just sh*t." + +He went on to call the coders "just incompetent and out to lunch." + +What made Torvalds so angry? He believed the code could have been written more efficiently. It could have been easier for other programmers to understand and would run better through a compiler, the program that translates human-readable code into the binaries that computers understand. + +Torvalds posted his own substitution for the code in question and suggested that the programmers should have written it his way. + +Torvalds has a history of lashing out against people with whom he disagrees. It stretches back to 1991, when he famously [flamed Andrew Tanenbaum][2]—whose Minix operating system he later described as a series of "brain-damages." No doubt this latest criticism of fellow open source coders will go down as another example of Torvalds's confrontational personality. + +But Torvalds may also have been acting strategically during this latest rant. "I want to make it clear to *everybody* that code like this is completely unacceptable," he wrote, suggesting that his goal was to send a message to all Linux programmers, not just vent his anger at particular ones. + +Torvalds also used the incident as an opportunity to highlight the security concerns that arise from poorly written code. Those are issues dear to open source programmers' hearts in an age when enterprises are finally taking software security seriously, and demanding top-notch performance from their code in this regard. Lambasting open source programmers who write insecure code thus helps Linux's image. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/110415/linus-torvalds-lambasts-open-source-programmers-over-inse + +作者：[Christopher Tozzi][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://thevarguy.com/author/christopher-tozzi +[1]:http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/1510.3/02866.html +[2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanenbaum%E2%80%93Torvalds_debate \ No newline at end of file From d4806aa3c4e78459eac092f730b76cc0e5cb93ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2015 14:07:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 015/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151105-3=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...to change default Java version on Linux.md | 52 +++++++++++ ...to find which shell I am using on Linux.md | 91 +++++++++++++++++++ ...o install Ubuntu desktop behind a proxy.md | 61 +++++++++++++ 3 files changed, 204 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to find which shell I am using on Linux.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Ubuntu desktop behind a proxy.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..45eb3b4834 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux +================================================================================ +> **Question**: When I am trying to run a Java program on Linux, I am getting the following error. Looks like the Java program is compiled for a different Java version than the default Java program installed on my Linux. How can I switch the default Java version on Linux? +> +> Exception in thread "main" java.lang.UnsupportedClassVersionError: com/xmodulo/hmon/gui/NetConf : Unsupported major.minor version 51.0 + +When a Java program is compiled, the build environment sets a "target" which is the oldest JRE version the program can support. If you run the Java program on a Linux system which does not meet the lowest JRE version requirement, you will encounter the following error while starting the program. + + Exception in thread "main" java.lang.UnsupportedClassVersionError: com/xmodulo/hmon/gui/NetConf : Unsupported major.minor version 51.0 + +For example, in this case the program is compiled for Java JRE 1.7 but the system only has Java JRE 1.6. + +To solve this problem, you need to change the default Java version you are using to Java JRE 1.7 or higher (assuming that such JRE is already installed). + +First, **check available Java versions** on your Linux system by using update-alternatives command: + + $ sudo update-alternatives --display java + +![](https://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5663/22661333316_81fe1ab7da_c.jpg) + +In this example, there are four different Java versions that are installed: OpenJDK JRE 1.6, Oracle Java JRE 1.6, OpenJDK JRE 1.7 and Oracle Java JRE 1.7. The default Java version is currently set to OpenJDK JRE 1.6. + +If the necessary Java JRE is not installed, you can always install it using [these instructions][1]. + +Now that there are suitable candidates to change to, you can **switch the default Java version** among available Java JREs by running the following command: + + $ sudo update-alternatives --config java + +When prompted, select the Java version you would like to use. In this example, we choose Oracle Java JRE 1.7. + +![](https://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5651/22066181083_b9c4c5b676_c.jpg) + +Now you can verify the default Java version as follows. + + $ java -version + +![](https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/634/22499411280_1d702a4101_c.jpg) + +Finally, if you defined JAVA_HOME environment variable somewhere, update the variable according to the newly set default Java version. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/change-default-java-version-linux.html + +作者：[Dan Nanni][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/author/nanni +[1]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-java-runtime-linux.html \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to find which shell I am using on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to find which shell I am using on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8c127f4d8a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to find which shell I am using on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +Linux FAQs with Answers--How to find which shell I am using on Linux +================================================================================ +> **Question**: I often change between different shells at the command line. Is there a quick and easy way to find out which shell I am currently in? Also how can I find out the version of the shell? + +### Find out Which Shell You are In ### + +There are different ways to tell what shell you are currently in. The easiest way to find that out is by using special shell parameters. + +For one, [a special parameter named "$$"][1] denotes the PID of the current instance of the shell you are running. This parameter is read-only and cannot be modified. So the following command will also show you the name of the shell you are running: + + $ ps -p $$ + +---------- + + PID TTY TIME CMD + 21666 pts/4 00:00:00 bash + +The above command works across all available shells. + +If you are not using csh, another way to find out the current shell is to use an special shell parameter called "$$", which denotes the name of the shell or shell script that is currently running. This is one of the Bash special parameters, but available in other shells as well, such as sh, zsh, tcsh or dash. Using echo command to print out its value will tell you the name of the shell you are currently in. + + $ echo $0 + +---------- + + bash + +Don't be confused with a separate environment variable called $SHELL, which is set to the full path to your default shell. As such, this variable is not necessarily point to the current shell you are using. For example, $SHELL remains the same even if you invoke a different shell within a terminal. + + $ echo $SHELL + +---------- + + /bin/shell + +![](https://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5688/22544087680_4a9c180485_c.jpg) + +Thus to find out the current shell, you should use either $$ or $0, but not $SHELL. + +### Find out the Version of the Shell You are Using ### + +Once you know which shell you are in, you may want to find out what version of the shell it is. For that, type the name of your shell followed by "--version" at the command line. For example: + +**For** bash **shell**: + + $ bash --version + +---------- + + GNU bash, version 4.3.30(1)-release (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu) + Copyright (C) 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later + + This is free software; you are free to change and redistribute it. + There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. + +**For** zsh **shell**: + + $ zsh --version + +---------- + + zsh 5.0.7 (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu) + +**For** tcsh **shell**: + $ tcsh --version + +---------- + + tcsh 6.18.01 (Astron) 2012-02-14 (x86_64-unknown-linux) options wide,nls,dl,al,kan,rh,nd,color,filec + +For some shells, you can also use shell-specific variables (e.g., $BASH_VERSION or $ZSH_VERSION). + + $ echo $BASH_VERSION + +---------- + + 4.3.8(1)-release + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/which-shell-am-i-using.html + +作者：[Dan Nanni][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/author/nanni +[1]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/process-id-pid-shell-script.html \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Ubuntu desktop behind a proxy.md b/sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Ubuntu desktop behind a proxy.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c5cd0b5420 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Ubuntu desktop behind a proxy.md @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Ubuntu desktop behind a proxy +================================================================================ +> **Question**: My computer is connected to a corporate network sitting behind an HTTP proxy. When I try to install Ubuntu desktop on the computer from a CD-ROM drive, the installation hangs and never finishes while trying to retrieve files, which is presumably due to the proxy. However, the problem is that Ubuntu installer never asks me to configure proxy during installation procedure. Then how can I install Ubuntu desktop behind a proxy? + +Unlike Ubuntu server, installation of Ubuntu desktop is pretty much auto-pilot, not leaving much room for customization, such as custom disk partitioning, manual network settings, package selection, etc. While such simple, one-shot installation is considered user-friendly, it leaves much to be desired for those users looking for "advanced installation mode" to customize their Ubuntu desktop installation. + +In addition, one big problem of the default Ubuntu desktop installer is the absense of proxy settings. If your computer is connected behind a proxy, you will notice that Ubuntu installation gets stuck while preparing to download files. + +![](https://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5683/22195372232_cea81a5e45_c.jpg) + +This post describes how to get around the limitation of Ubuntu **installer and install Ubuntu desktop when you are behind a proxy**. + +The basic idea is as follows. Instead of starting with Ubuntu installer directly, boot into live Ubuntu desktop first, configure proxy settings, and finally launch Ubuntu installer manually from live desktop. The following is the step by step procedure. + +After booting from Ubuntu desktop CD/DVD or USB, click on "Try Ubuntu" on the first welcome screen. + +![](https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/586/22195371892_3816ba09c3_c.jpg) + +Once you boot into live Ubuntu desktop, click on Settings icon in the left. + +![](https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/723/22020327738_058610c19d_c.jpg) + +Go to Network menu. + +![](https://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5675/22021212239_ba3901c8bf_c.jpg) + +Configure proxy settings manually. + +![](https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/735/22020025040_59415e0b9a_c.jpg) + +Next, open a terminal. + +![](https://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5642/21587084823_357b5c48cb_c.jpg) + +Enter a root session by typing the following: + + $ sudo su + +Finally, type the following command as the root. + + # ubiquity gtk_ui + +This will launch GUI-based Ubuntu installer as follows. + +![](https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/723/22020025090_cc64848b6c_c.jpg) + +Proceed with the rest of installation. + +![](https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/628/21585344214_447020e9d6_c.jpg) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-ubuntu-desktop-behind-proxy.html + +作者：[Dan Nanni][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/author/nanni \ No newline at end of file From 5b44a5466b2526af99ce2f8741a96b45ef82baa1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: zpl Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2015 17:35:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 016/176] [translating] 20151012 The Brief History Of Aix HP-UX Solaris BSD And LINUX.md --- ...012 The Brief History Of Aix HP-UX Solaris BSD And LINUX.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20151012 The Brief History Of Aix HP-UX Solaris BSD And LINUX.md b/sources/talk/20151012 The Brief History Of Aix HP-UX Solaris BSD And LINUX.md index f45f901b3d..be5c7b9b2e 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20151012 The Brief History Of Aix HP-UX Solaris BSD And LINUX.md +++ b/sources/talk/20151012 The Brief History Of Aix HP-UX Solaris BSD And LINUX.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +zpl1025 translating The Brief History Of Aix, HP-UX, Solaris, BSD, And LINUX ================================================================================ ![](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/linux-712x445.png) @@ -98,4 +99,4 @@ via: http://www.unixmen.com/brief-history-aix-hp-ux-solaris-bsd-linux/ [a]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/pirat9/ [1]:http://www.unixmen.com/ken-thompson-unix-systems-father/ -[2]:http://www.unixmen.com/dennis-m-ritchie-father-c-programming-language/ \ No newline at end of file +[2]:http://www.unixmen.com/dennis-m-ritchie-father-c-programming-language/ From 576ccf0238e14625483f345e7fa599072e1638ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Chang Liu Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2015 09:58:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 017/176] Update 20151027 How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 准备翻译该篇。 --- .../tech/20151027 How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151027 How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20151027 How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux.md index 086c947ea4..4de3e6d002 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151027 How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151027 How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +FSSlc translating + How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux ================================================================================ ![Retro Terminal in Linux](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Retro-Terminal-Linux.jpeg) @@ -71,4 +73,4 @@ via: http://itsfoss.com/cool-retro-term/ [2]:http://itsfoss.com/tag/antergos/ [3]:https://manjaro.github.io/ [4]:https://github.com/Swordfish90/cool-retro-term -[5]:http://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ \ No newline at end of file +[5]:http://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ From 28435bed62c740c89c874ac4e02058975515ea67 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: struggling <630441839@qq.com> Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2015 10:36:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 018/176] Update 20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to find which shell I am using on Linux.md --- ...th Answers--How to find which shell I am using on Linux.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to find which shell I am using on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to find which shell I am using on Linux.md index 8c127f4d8a..b93eb6db06 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to find which shell I am using on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to find which shell I am using on Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ + +translation by strugglingyouth Linux FAQs with Answers--How to find which shell I am using on Linux ================================================================================ > **Question**: I often change between different shells at the command line. Is there a quick and easy way to find out which shell I am currently in? Also how can I find out the version of the shell? @@ -88,4 +90,4 @@ via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/which-shell-am-i-using.html 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/author/nanni -[1]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/process-id-pid-shell-script.html \ No newline at end of file +[1]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/process-id-pid-shell-script.html From 87cf64644b9b44d41ce21b68535f232ce39d9458 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: struggling <630441839@qq.com> Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2015 10:44:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 019/176] Delete 20151104 How to Create New File Systems or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md --- ... or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md | 89 ------------------- 1 file changed, 89 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20151104 How to Create New File Systems or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151104 How to Create New File Systems or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20151104 How to Create New File Systems or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2bbe94a773..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20151104 How to Create New File Systems or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,89 +0,0 @@ -translation by strugglingyouth -How to Create New File Systems/Partitions in the Terminal on Linux -================================================================================ -![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/03/cfdisk-feature-image.png) - -Partition editing or making new file systems on Linux usually means one thing: installing the Gnome Parted partition editor (GParted). For most Linux users, this is the only way to go about it. Still, what if you could edit these partitions and file systems right in the terminal? You can! Here’s how! - -### Creating a basic Linux partition layout with CFdisk ### - -Here’s how to make a basic Linux partition scheme right from the command line. The first thing to do is open your terminal. Once you’re there, you’ll need to identify what hard drive you’re looking to change. This can easily be figured out with one simple command. - - lsblk - -![cfdisk-lsblk](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/03/cfdisk-lsblk.png) - - -Once you’ve run `lsblk`, you should get a detailed list of each hard drive currently on your system. Look through this generated list, and figure out the denotation to the drive you want to change. In this article I’ll be using `sdb` for the sake of example. - -In your terminal enter this command. It will launch a powerful terminal-based partition editing program. - - sudo cfdisk /dev/sdb - -![cfdisk-empty-layout](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/03/cfdisk-empty-layout.png) - -**Note**: replace `sdb` with whatever `lsblk` told you your hard drive was. - -When this command is entered, you’ll be inside the partition editor and will have total access to the hard drive you wish to modify. - -Since hard drive partitions are different, depending on a user’s needs, this part of the guide will go over **how to set up a split Linux home/root system layout**. - -To start, a root partition will need to be created. This will require a bit of math as the gigabytes on the hard drive need to be divided up. My test drive is 32 GB. - -In CFdisk using the arrow keys on your keyboard, select some free space. Once you’ve found some, use the arrow key to select [ NEW ] and press the Enter key. - -![cfdisk-create-root-partition](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/03/cfdisk-create-root-partition.png) - -The program will ask you to input the partition size. Once you’ve specified the size, press the Enter key. This will be known as the root partition (or /dev/sdb1). - -Next it’s time to create the home partition (/dev/sdb2). Once again, you’ll need to select some free space in CFdisk. Use the arrow key to select the [ NEW ] option, and press the Enter key. Input the size of your home partition, and press the Enter key to create it. - -![cfdisk-create-home-partition](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/03/cfdisk-create-home-partition.png) - -Finally, the swap partition needs to be created. Like the two times before, find some free space, and use the arrow key to select the [ NEW ] option. After that calculate exactly how big your Linux swap partition needs to be. - -**Note**: a swap partition is usually about as big as a computer’s physical RAM. - -![cfdisk-specify-partition-type-swap](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/03/cfdisk-specify-partition-type-swap.png) - -Now that the swap partition has been created, it’s time to specify its type. Highlight it with the up and down arrow keys. After that use the left and right arrow keys to select [ TYPE ]. Find Linux swap in the menu, and press Enter. - -![cfdisk-write-partition-table](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/03/cfdisk-write-partition-table.jpg) - -All of the partition creation is out of the way. All that’s left is to write it to the disk. Using the right arrow key, select the [ WRITE ] option, and press the Enter key. This will write your newly created layout directly to the hard drive. - -### Creating file systems with mkfs ### - -Sometimes you don’t need to make an entire partition layout. Sometimes you just need to make a file system. This can easily be accomplished directly in the terminal with the `mkfs` command. - -![cfdisk-mkfs-list-partitions-lsblk](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/cfdisk-mkfs-list-partitions-lsblk.png) - -To start, figure out what you’re looking to modify. Enter `lsblk` in your terminal to find out. It’ll print out a list, and after that just find the partition or drive you want to make a file system on. - -In this example, I’ll point it towards the first partition of the secondary drive `/dev/sdb1`. It’s also possible to just point mkfs to `/dev/sdb` (to make use of the entire drive). - -![cfdisk-mkfs-make-file-system-ext4](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/cfdisk-mkfs-make-file-system-ext4.png) - -To create the new file system on a specific partition, just enter - - sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 - -into the terminal. It should be noted that `mkfs.ext4` can be changed to whatever file system you want to use. - -### Conclusion ### - -Though editing file systems and partitions is easier using a graphical tool, the terminal is arguably more efficient. It’s much more faster to just load up a terminal, tap a few buttons and be done. With GParted and tools like it, it’s a whole ordeal. I hope that with the help of this tutorial you, too, understand how efficient editing file systems in the terminal can be. - -Do you prefer to use terminal-based programs to edit partitions on Linux? Why or why not? Tell us below! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/create-file-systems-partitions-terminal-linux/ - -作者：[Derrik Diener][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/derrikdiener/ From 6a3556c3654861c9d0013a9492ce300b8d6b3ac5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: struggling <630441839@qq.com> Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2015 10:45:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 020/176] Create 20151104 How to Create New File Systems or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md --- ... or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md | 91 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 91 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20151104 How to Create New File Systems or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20151104 How to Create New File Systems or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20151104 How to Create New File Systems or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a7754d9c15 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20151104 How to Create New File Systems or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ + +如何在 Linux 终端下创建新的文件系统/分区 +================================================================================ +![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/03/cfdisk-feature-image.png) + +在 Linux 中创建分区或新的文件系统通常意味着一件事：安装 Gnome Parted 分区编辑器（GParted）。对于大多数 Linux 用户而言，这是唯一的办法。不过，你是否考虑过在终端创建这些分区和文件系统？当然可以！以下就是方法！ + +### 使用 CFdisk 创建一个基本的 Linux 分区 ### + +以下是如何在命令行中创建一个基本的 Linux 分区的正确方案。要做的第一件事就是先打开你的终端。若你已打开，你需要找到你想要创建分区的磁盘。这可以使用一个简单的命令来找到。 + + lsblk + +![cfdisk-lsblk](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/03/cfdisk-lsblk.png) + + +一旦你运行了 `lsblk`，你应该会看到当前系统上每个磁盘的详细列表。看看这个列表，然后找出你想要使用的磁盘。在本文中，我将使用 `sdb` 来进行演示。 + +在终端输入这个命令。它会显示一个功能强大的基于终端的分区编辑程序。 + + sudo cfdisk /dev/sdb + +![cfdisk-empty-layout](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/03/cfdisk-empty-layout.png) + +**注意**: 使用在 `lsblk` 命令输出的你想要使用的磁盘来替换 `sdb`。 + +当输入此命令后，你将进入分区编辑器中，然后访问你想改变的磁盘。 + +Since hard drive partitions are different, depending on a user’s needs, this part of the guide will go over **how to set up a split Linux home/root system layout**. + +由于磁盘分区的不同，这取决于用户的需求，这部分的指南将在 **如何建立一个分布的 Linux home/root 文件分区**。 + +首先，需要创建根分区。这需要根据磁盘的字节数来进行分割。我测试的磁盘是 32 GB。 + +在 CFdisk 中使用键盘上的方向键选择需要分配的空间。你找到后，请使用箭头键选择 [ NEW ]，然后按 Enter 键。 + +![cfdisk-create-root-partition](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/03/cfdisk-create-root-partition.png) + +该程序会要求你输入分区大小。一旦你指定好大小后，按 Enter 键。这将被称为根分区（或 /dev/sdb1）。 + +接下来该创建用户分区（/dev/sdb2）了。你需要在 CFdisk 中再选择一些空闲分区。使用箭头选择 [ NEW ] 选项，然后按 Enter 键。输入你用户分区的大小，然后按 Enter 键来创建它。 + +![cfdisk-create-home-partition](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/03/cfdisk-create-home-partition.png) + +最后，需要创建交换分区。像前两次一样，先找一些空闲分区，并使用箭头选择 [ NEW ] 选项。之后，算下你 Linux 想使用多大的交换分区。 + +**注意**: 交换分区通常和计算机的内存差不多大。 + +![cfdisk-specify-partition-type-swap](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/03/cfdisk-specify-partition-type-swap.png) + +现在，交换分区被创建了，该指定其类型。使用上下箭头来选择它。之后，使用左右箭头选择 [ TYPE ] 。找到 Linux swap 选项，然后按 Enter 键。 + +![cfdisk-write-partition-table](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/03/cfdisk-write-partition-table.jpg) + +所有分区创建后。然后就是将其写入到磁盘。使用右箭头键，选择 [ WRITE ] 选项，然后按 Enter 键。这将直接将新创建的分布写入到磁盘中。 + +### 使用 mkfs 创建文件系统 ### + +有时候，你并不需要一个完整的分区。有时候，你只需要做一个文件系统。这可以在终端直接使用 `mkfs` 命令来实现。 + +![cfdisk-mkfs-list-partitions-lsblk](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/cfdisk-mkfs-list-partitions-lsblk.png) + +首先，找出你要使用的磁盘。在终端输入 `lsblk` 找出来。它会打印出列表，之后只要找到你想制作文件系统的分区或盘符。 + +在这个例子中，我将使用 `/dev/sdb1` 的第一个分区。只对 `/dev/sdb` 使用 mkfs（将会使用整个分区）。 + +![cfdisk-mkfs-make-file-system-ext4](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/cfdisk-mkfs-make-file-system-ext4.png) + +要在一个特定的分区上创建新文件系统，只需输入 + + sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 + +在终端。应当指出的是，`mkfs.ext4` 可以将你指定的任何文件系统改变。 + +### 结论 ### + +虽然使用图形工具编辑文件系统和分区更容易，但终端可以说是更有效的。终端的加载速度更快，点击几个按钮即可。GParted 和其它工具一样，它也是一个完整的工具。我希望在本教程的帮助下，你会明白如何在终端中高效的编辑文件系统。 + +你是否更喜欢使用基于终端的方法在 Linux 上编辑分区？为什么或为什么不？在下面告诉我们！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/create-file-systems-partitions-terminal-linux/ + +作者：[Derrik Diener][a] +译者：[strugglingyouth](https://github.com/strugglingyouth) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/derrikdiener/ From af2a1f5a3d58148b79f539024fc1f0e9c0f9afa9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: struggling <630441839@qq.com> Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2015 10:49:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 021/176] Update 20151104 How to Create New File Systems or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md --- ...e New File Systems or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20151104 How to Create New File Systems or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20151104 How to Create New File Systems or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md index a7754d9c15..2948e8de61 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20151104 How to Create New File Systems or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20151104 How to Create New File Systems or Partitions in the Terminal on Linux.md @@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ Since hard drive partitions are different, depending on a user’s needs, this p ### 使用 mkfs 创建文件系统 ### -有时候，你并不需要一个完整的分区。有时候，你只需要做一个文件系统。这可以在终端直接使用 `mkfs` 命令来实现。 +有时候，你并不需要一个完整的分区，你只想要创建一个文件系统而已。你可以在终端直接使用 `mkfs` 命令来实现。 ![cfdisk-mkfs-list-partitions-lsblk](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/cfdisk-mkfs-list-partitions-lsblk.png) From fb8a91a87f53d250c67e159f5f194ef12ba94e6f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2015 15:25:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 022/176] PUB:07 - The history of Android @alim0x --- .../07 - The history of Android.md | 70 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/The history of Android/07 - The history of Android.md (51%) diff --git a/translated/talk/The history of Android/07 - The history of Android.md b/published/The history of Android/07 - The history of Android.md similarity index 51% rename from translated/talk/The history of Android/07 - The history of Android.md rename to published/The history of Android/07 - The history of Android.md index 583e847d6e..9777963d63 100644 --- a/translated/talk/The history of Android/07 - The history of Android.md +++ b/published/The history of Android/07 - The history of Android.md @@ -1,90 +1,90 @@ -安卓编年史 +安卓编年史（7） ================================================================================ ![电子邮件应用的所有界面。前两张截图展示了标签/收件箱结合的视图，最后一张截图展示了一封邮件。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/email2lol.png) -电子邮件应用的所有界面。前两张截图展示了标签/收件箱结合的视图，最后一张截图展示了一封邮件。 -Ron Amadeo供图 -邮件视图是——令人惊讶的！——白色。安卓的电子邮件应用从历史角度来说算是个打了折扣的Gmail应用，你可以在这里看到紧密的联系。读邮件以及写邮件视图几乎没有任何修改地就从Gmail那里直接取过来使用。 +*电子邮件应用的所有界面。前两张截图展示了标签/收件箱结合的视图，最后一张截图展示了一封邮件。 [Ron Amadeo供图]* + +邮件视图是——令人惊讶的！居然是白色。安卓的电子邮件应用从历史角度来说算是个打了折扣的Gmail应用，你可以在这里看到紧密的联系。读邮件以及写邮件视图几乎没有任何修改地就从Gmail那里直接取过来使用。 ![即时通讯应用。截图展示了服务提供商选择界面，朋友列表，以及一个对话。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/IM2.png) -即时通讯应用。截图展示了服务提供商选择界面，朋友列表，以及一个对话。 -Ron Amadeo供图 -在Google Hangouts之前，甚至是Google Talk之前，就有“IM”——安卓1.0带来的唯一一个即时通讯客户端。令人惊奇的是，它支持多种IM服务：用户可以从AIM，Google Talk，Windows Live Messenger以及Yahoo中挑选。还记得操作系统开发者什么时候关心过互通性吗？ +*即时通讯应用。截图展示了服务提供商选择界面，朋友列表，以及一个对话。[Ron Amadeo供图]* -朋友列表是聊天中带有白色聊天气泡的黑色背景界面。状态用一个带颜色的圆形来指示，右侧的小安卓机器人指示出某人正在使用移动设备。IM应用相比Google Hangouts远比它有沟通性，这真是十分神奇的。绿色代表着某人正在使用设备并且已经登录，黄色代表着他们登录了但处于空闲状态，红色代表他们手动设置状态为忙，不想被打扰，灰色表示离线。现在Hangouts只显示用户是否打开了应用。 +在Google Hangouts之前，甚至是Google Talk之前，就有了“IM”——安卓1.0带来的唯一一个即时通讯客户端。令人惊奇的是，它支持多种IM服务：用户可以从AIM，Google Talk，Windows Live Messenger以及Yahoo中挑选。还记得操作系统开发者什么时候关心过互通性吗？ + +朋友列表是黑色背景界面，如果在聊天中则带有白色聊天气泡。状态用一个带颜色的圆形来指示，右侧的小安卓机器人指示出某人正在使用移动设备。IM应用相比Google Hangouts远比它有沟通性，这真是十分神奇的。绿色代表着某人正在使用设备并且已经登录，黄色代表着他们登录了但处于空闲状态，红色代表他们手动设置状态为忙，不想被打扰，灰色表示离线。现在Hangouts只显示用户是否打开了应用。 聊天对话界面明显基于信息应用，聊天的背景从白色和蓝色被换成了白色和绿色。但是没人更改信息输入框的颜色，所以加上橙色的高亮效果，界面共使用了白色，绿色，蓝色和橙色。 ![安卓1.0上的YouTube。截图展示了主界面，打开菜单的主界面，分类界面，视频播放界面。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/yt5000.png) -安卓1.0上的YouTube。截图展示了主界面，打开菜单的主界面，分类界面，视频播放界面。 -Ron Amadeo供图 -YouTube仅仅以G1的320p屏幕和3G网络速度可能不会有今天这样的移动意识，但谷歌的视频服务在安卓1.0上就被置入发布了。主界面看起来就像是安卓市场调整过的版本，顶部带有一个横向滚动选择部分，下面有垂直滚动分类列表。谷歌的一些分类选择还真是奇怪：“最热门”和“最多观看”有什么区别？ +*安卓1.0上的YouTube。截图展示了主界面，打开菜单的主界面，分类界面，视频播放界面。[Ron Amadeo供图]* -一个谷歌没有意识到YouTube最终能达到多庞大的标志——有一个视频分类是“最近更新”。在今天，每分钟有[100小时时长的视频][1]上传到Youtube上，如果这个分类能正常工作的话，它会是一个快速滚动的视频列表，快到以至于变为一片无法阅读的模糊。 +以G1的320p屏幕和3G网络速度，YouTube可能不会有今天这样的手机上的表现，但谷歌的视频服务在安卓1.0上就被置入发布了。主界面看起来就像是安卓市场调整过的版本，顶部带有一个横向滚动选择部分，下面有垂直滚动分类列表。谷歌的一些分类选择还真是奇怪：“最热门”和“最多观看”有什么区别？ -菜单含有搜索，喜爱，分类，设置。设置（没有图片）是有史以来最简陋的，只有个清除搜索历史的选项。分类都是一样的平淡，仅仅是个黑色的文本列表。 +这是一个谷歌没有意识到YouTube最终能达到多庞大的标志——有一个视频分类是“最近更新”。在今天，每分钟有[100小时时长的视频][1]上传到Youtube上，如果这个分类能正常工作的话，它会是一个快速滚动的视频列表，快到以至于变为一片无法阅读的模糊。 + +菜单含有搜索，喜爱，分类，设置。设置（没有该图片）是有史以来最简陋的，只有个清除搜索历史的选项。分类都是一样的平淡，仅仅是个黑色的文本列表。 最后一张截图展示了视频播放界面，只支持横屏模式。尽管自动隐藏的播放控制有个进度条，但它还是很奇怪地包含了后退和前进按钮。 ![YouTube的视频菜单，描述页面，评论。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/yt3.png) -YouTube的视频菜单，描述页面，评论。 -Ron Amadeo供图 -每个视频的更多选项可以通过点击菜单按钮来打开。在这里你可以把视频标记为喜爱，查看详细信息，以及阅读评论。所有的这些界面，和视频播放一样，是锁定横屏模式的。 +*YouTube的视频菜单，描述页面，评论。[Ron Amadeo供图]* + +每个视频的更多选项可以通过点击菜单按钮来打开。在这里你可以把视频标记为“喜爱”，查看详细信息，以及阅读评论。所有的这些界面，和视频播放一样，是锁定横屏模式的。 然而“共享”不会打开一个对话框，它只是向Gmail邮件中加入了视频的链接。想要把链接通过短信或即时消息发送给别人是不可能的。你可以阅读评论，但是没办法评价他们或发表自己的评论。你同样无法给视频评分或赞。 ![相机应用的拍照界面，菜单，照片浏览模式。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/camera.png) -相机应用的拍照界面，菜单，照片浏览模式。 -Ron Amadeo供图 -在实体机上跑上真正的安卓意味着相机功能可以正常运作，即便那里没什么太多可关注的。左边的黑色方块是相机的界面，原本应该显示取景器图像，但SDK的截图工具没办法捕捉下来。G1有个硬件实体的拍照键（还记得吗？），所以相机没必要有个屏幕上的快门键。相机没有曝光，白平衡，或HDR设置——你可以拍摄照片，仅此而已。 +*相机应用的拍照界面，菜单，照片浏览模式。[Ron Amadeo供图]* + +在实体机上跑真正的安卓意味着相机功能可以正常运作，即便那里没什么太多可关注的。左边的黑色方块是相机的界面，原本应该显示取景器图像，但SDK的截图工具没办法捕捉下来。G1有个硬件实体的拍照键（还记得吗？），所以相机没必要有个屏幕上的快门键。相机没有曝光，白平衡，或HDR设置——你可以拍摄照片，仅此而已。 菜单按钮显示两个选项：跳转到相册应用和带有两个选项的设置界面。第一个设置选项是是否给照片加上地理标记，第二个是在每次拍摄后显示提示菜单，你可以在上面右边看到截图。同样的，你目前还只能拍照——还不支持视频拍摄。 ![日历的月视图，打开菜单的周视图，日视图，以及日程。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/calviews.png) -日历的月视图，打开菜单的周视图，日视图，以及日程。 -Ron Amadeo供图 + +*日历的月视图，打开菜单的周视图，日视图，以及日程。[Ron Amadeo供图]* 就像这个时期的大多数应用一样，日历的主命令界面是菜单。菜单用来切换视图，添加新事件，导航至当天，选择要显示的日程，以及打开设置。菜单扮演着每个单独按钮的入口的作用。 月视图不能显示约会事件的文字。每个日期旁边有个侧边，约会会显示为侧边上的绿色部分，通过位置来表示约会是在一天中的什么时候。周视图同样不能显示预约文字——G1的320×480的显示屏像素还不够密——所以你会在日历中看到一个带有颜色指示条的白块。唯一一个显示文字的是日程和日视图。你可以用滑动来切换日期——左右滑动切换周和日，上下滑动切换月份和日程。 ![设置主界面，无线设置，关于页面的底部。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/settings.png) -设置主界面，无线设置，关于页面的底部。 -Ron Amadeo供图 -安卓1.0最终带来了设置界面。这个界面是个带有文字的黑白界面，粗略地分为各个部分。每个列表项边的下箭头让人误以为点击它会展开折叠的更多东西，但是触摸列表项的任何位置只会加载下一屏幕。所有的界面看起来确实无趣，都差不多一样，但是嘿，这可是设置啊。 +*设置主界面，无线设置，关于页面的底部。[Ron Amadeo供图]* -任何带有开/关状态的选项都使用了卡通风的复选框。安卓1.0最初的复选框真是奇怪——就算是在“未选中”状态时，它们还是有个灰色的勾选标记在里面。安卓把勾选标记当作了灯泡，打开时亮起来，关闭的时候变得黯淡，但这不是复选框的工作方式。然而我们最终还是见到了“关于”页面。安卓1.0运行Linux内核2.6.25版本。 +安卓1.0最终带来了设置界面。这个界面是个带有文字的黑白界面，粗略地分为各个部分。每个列表项边上的下箭头让人误以为点击它会展开折叠的更多东西，但是触摸列表项的任何位置只会加载下一屏幕。所有的界面看起来确实无趣，都差不多一样，但是嘿，这可是设置啊。 + +任何带有开/关状态的选项都使用了卡通风格的复选框。安卓1.0最初的复选框真是奇怪——就算是在“未选中”状态时，它们还是有个灰色的勾选标记在里面。安卓把勾选标记当作了灯泡，打开时亮起来，关闭的时候变得黯淡，但这不是复选框的工作方式。然而我们最终还是见到了“关于”页面。安卓1.0运行Linux内核2.6.25版本。 设置界面意味着我们终于可以打开安全设置并更改锁屏。安卓1.0只有两种风格，安卓0.9那样的灰色方形锁屏，以及需要你在9个点组成的网格中画出图案的图形解锁。像这样的滑动图案相比PIN码更加容易记忆和输入，尽管它没有增加多少安全性。 ![语音拨号，图形锁屏，电池低电量警告，时间设置。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/grabbag.png) -语音拨号，图形锁屏，电池低电量警告，时间设置。 -Ron Amadeo供图 -语音功能和语音拨号一同来到了1.0。这个特性以各种功能实现在AOSP徘徊了一段时间，然而它是一个简单的拨打号码和联系人的语音命令应用。语音拨号是个和谷歌未来的语音产品完全无关的应用，但是，它的工作方式和非智能机上的语音拨号一样。 +*语音拨号，图形锁屏，电池低电量警告，时间设置。[Ron Amadeo供图]* + +语音功能和语音拨号一同来到了1.0。这个特性以各种功能实现在AOSP徘徊了一段时间，然而它是一个简单的拨打号码和联系人的语音命令应用。语音拨号是个和谷歌未来的语音产品完全无关的应用，它的工作方式和非智能机上的语音拨号一样。 关于最后一个值得注意的，当电池电量低于百分之十五的时候会触发低电量弹窗。这是个有趣的图案，它把电源线错误的一端插入手机。谷歌，那可不是（现在依然不是）手机应该有的充电方式。 -安卓1.0是个伟大的开头，但是功能上仍然有许多缺失。实体键盘和大量硬件按钮被强制要求配备，因为不带有十字方向键或轨迹球的安卓设备依然不被允许销售。另外，基本的智能手机功能比如自动旋转依然缺失。内置应用不可能像今天这样通过安卓市场来更新。所有的谷歌系应用和系统交织在一起。如果谷歌想要升级一个单独的应用，需要通过运营商推送整个系统的更新。安卓依然还有许多工作要做。 +安卓1.0是个伟大的开端，但是功能上仍然有许多缺失。强制配备了实体键盘和大量硬件按钮，因为不带有十字方向键或轨迹球的安卓设备依然不被允许销售。另外，基本的智能手机功能比如自动旋转依然缺失。内置应用不可能像今天这样通过安卓市场来更新。所有的谷歌系应用和系统交织在一起。如果谷歌想要升级一个单独的应用，需要通过运营商推送整个系统的更新。安卓依然还有许多工作要做。 ### 安卓1.1——第一个真正的增量更新 ### ![安卓1.1的所有新特性：语音搜索，安卓市场付费应用支持，谷歌纵横，设置中的新“系统更新”选项。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/11.png) -安卓1.1的所有新特性：语音搜索，安卓市场付费应用支持，谷歌纵横，设置中的新“系统更新”选项。 -Ron Amadeo供图 -安卓1.0发布四个半月后，2009年2月，安卓在安卓1.1中得到了它的第一个公开更新。系统方面没有太多变化，谷歌向1.1中添加新东西现如今也都已被关闭。谷歌语音搜索是安卓向云端语音搜索的第一个突击，它在应用抽屉里有自己的图标。尽管这个应用已经不能与谷歌服务器通讯，你可以[在iPhone上][2]看到它以前是怎么工作的。它还没有语音操作，但你可以说出想要搜索的，结果会显示在一个简单的谷歌搜索中。 +*安卓1.1的所有新特性：语音搜索，安卓市场付费应用支持，谷歌纵横，设置中的新“系统更新”选项。[Ron Amadeo供图]* -安卓市场添加了对付费应用的支持，但是就像beta客户端中一样，这个版本的安卓市场不再能够连接Google Play服务器。我们最多能够看到分类界面，你可以在免费应用，付费应用和全部应用中选择。 +安卓1.0发布四个半月后，2009年2月，安卓在安卓1.1中得到了它的第一个公开更新。系统方面没有太多变化，谷歌向1.1中添加的新东西现如今也都已被关闭。谷歌语音搜索是安卓向云端语音搜索的第一个突击，它在应用抽屉里有自己的图标。尽管这个应用已经不能与谷歌服务器通讯，你可以[在iPhone上][2]看到它以前是怎么工作的。它还没有语音操作，但你可以说出想要搜索的，结果会显示在一个简单的谷歌搜索中。 + +安卓市场添加了对付费应用的支持，但是就像beta客户端中一样，这个版本的安卓市场已经不能连接Google Play服务器。我们最多能够看到分类界面，你可以在免费应用、付费应用和全部应用中选择。 地图添加了[谷歌纵横][3]，一个向朋友分享自己位置的方法。纵横在几个月前为了支持Google+而被关闭并且不再能够工作。地图菜单里有个纵横的选项，但点击它现在只会打开一个带载入中圆圈的画面，并永远停留在这里。 -安卓世界的系统更新来得更加迅速——或者至少是一条在运营商和OEM推送之前获得更新的途径——谷歌向“关于手机”界面添加了检查系统更新按钮。 +安卓世界的系统更新来得更加迅速——或者至少是一条在运营商和OEM推送之前获得更新的途径——谷歌也在“关于手机”界面添加了检查系统更新按钮。 ---------- @@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ Ron Amadeo供图 via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/7/ -译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 6a4aa07ed1504c80539173c3f8bedd4b1c1a39d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Chang Liu Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2015 19:26:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 023/176] [Translated]20151227 How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux.md --- ... How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux.md | 76 ------------------- ... How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux.md | 74 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 74 insertions(+), 76 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20151027 How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20151027 How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151027 How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20151027 How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 4de3e6d002..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20151027 How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,76 +0,0 @@ -FSSlc translating - -How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux -================================================================================ -![Retro Terminal in Linux](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Retro-Terminal-Linux.jpeg) - -Nostalgic about the past? Get a slice of the past by **installing retro terminal app** [cool-retro-term][1] which, as the name suggests, is both cool and retro at the same. - -Do you remember the time when there were CRT monitors everywhere and the terminal screen used to flicker? You don’t need to be old to have witnessed it. If you watch movies set in early 90’s, you’ll see plenty of CRT monitors with green/B&W command prompt. It has a geeky aura which makes it cooler. - -If you are tired of terminal appearance and you need something cool and ‘new’, cool-retro-term will give you a vintage terminal appearance to relive the past. You also can change its color, animation kind, and add some effect to it. - -Here are few screenshots of the different looks of cool-retro-term: - -![Retro Terminal](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Retro-Terminal-Linux-1.jpeg) - -![Retro Terminal Linux](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Retro-Terminal-Linux-2.jpeg) - -![Vintage Terminal](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Retro-Terminal-Linux-3.jpeg) - -### Install cool-retro-term in Ubuntu based Linux distributions ### - -To install cool-retro-term in Ubuntu based Linux distributions, such as Linux Mint, elementary OS, Linux Lite etc, use the PPA below: - - sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/apps - sudo apt-get update - sudo apt-get install cool-retro-term - -### Install cool-retro-term in Arch based Linux distributions ### - -Installing cool-retro-term in Arch based Linux distributions such as [Antergos][2] and [Manjaro][3], use the following command: - - sudo pacman -S cool-retro-term - -### Install cool-retro-term from source code ### - -For installing this application from source code, you need to install a number of dependencies first. Some of the know dependencies in Ubuntu based distributions are: - - sudo apt-get install git build-essential qmlscene qt5-qmake qt5-default qtdeclarative5-dev qtdeclarative5-controls-plugin qtdeclarative5-qtquick2-plugin libqt5qml-graphicaleffects qtdeclarative5-dialogs-plugin qtdeclarative5-localstorage-plugin qtdeclarative5-window-plugin - -Known dependencies for other distributions can be found on the [github of cool-retro-term][4]. - -Now use commands below to compile the program: - - git clone https://github.com/Swordfish90/cool-retro-term.git - cd cool-retro-term - qmake && make - -Once the program is compiled, you can run it with this command: - - ./cool-retro-term - -If you like to have this app in program menu for quick access so that you won’t have to run it manually each time with the commands, you can use the command below: - - sudo cp cool-retro-term.desktop /usr/share/applications - -You can learn some more terminal tricks here. Enjoy the vintage terminal in Linux :) - -With inputs from: [Abhishek Prakash][5] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://itsfoss.com/cool-retro-term/ - -作者：[Hossein Heydari][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/hossein/ -[1]:https://github.com/Swordfish90/cool-retro-term -[2]:http://itsfoss.com/tag/antergos/ -[3]:https://manjaro.github.io/ -[4]:https://github.com/Swordfish90/cool-retro-term -[5]:http://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20151027 How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux.md b/translated/tech/20151027 How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b3b7b54b62 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20151027 How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +Linux 下如何安装 Retro Terminal +================================================================================ +![Retro Terminal in Linux](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Retro-Terminal-Linux.jpeg) + +你有怀旧情节？那就试试 **安装 retro terminal 应用** [cool-retro-term][1] 来一瞥过去的时光吧。顾名思义，`cool-retro-term` 是一个兼具酷炫和怀旧的终端。 + +你还记得那段遍地都是 CRT 显示器、终端屏幕闪烁不停的时光吗？现在你并不需要穿越到过去来见证那段时光。假如你观看背景设置在上世纪 90 年代的电影，你就可以看到大量带有绿色或黑底白字的显像管显示器。再加上它们通常带有极客光环，这使得它们看起来更酷。 + +若你已经厌倦了你机器中终端的外表，正寻找某些炫酷且‘新奇’的东西，则 `cool-retro-term` 将会带给你一个复古的终端外表，使你可以重温过去。你也可以改变它的颜色、动画类型并添加一些额外的特效。 + +下面是不同外观下 `cool-retro-term` 的一些截图： + +![Retro Terminal](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Retro-Terminal-Linux-1.jpeg) + +![Retro Terminal Linux](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Retro-Terminal-Linux-2.jpeg) + +![Vintage Terminal](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Retro-Terminal-Linux-3.jpeg) + +### 在基于 Ubuntu 的 Linux 发行版本下安装 cool-retro-term ### + +如果想在基于 Ubuntu 的 Linux 发行版本下安装 cool-retro-term，例如 Linux Mint，elementary OS, Linux Lite 等，可以使用下面的 PPA： + + sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/apps + sudo apt-get update + sudo apt-get install cool-retro-term + +### 在基于 Arch 的 Linux 发行版本下安装 cool-retro-term ### + +若你想在诸如 [Antergos][2] 和 [Manjaro][3] 等基于 Arch 的 Linux 发行版本下安装 cool-retro-term ，则可以使用下面的命令： + + sudo pacman -S cool-retro-term + +### 从源代码安装 cool-retro-term ### + +如果你想从源代码安装这个应用，那么首先你需要安装一些依赖。在基于 Ubuntu 的发行版本中，已知的依赖有： + + sudo apt-get install git build-essential qmlscene qt5-qmake qt5-default qtdeclarative5-dev qtdeclarative5-controls-plugin qtdeclarative5-qtquick2-plugin libqt5qml-graphicaleffects qtdeclarative5-dialogs-plugin qtdeclarative5-localstorage-plugin qtdeclarative5-window-plugin + +对于其他发行版本，已知的依赖可以在 [cool-retro-term 的 github 页面][4] 中找到。 + +现在使用下面的命令来编译这个程序吧： + + git clone https://github.com/Swordfish90/cool-retro-term.git + cd cool-retro-term + qmake && make + +一旦程序编译成功，你就可以使用下面的命令来运行它了： + + ./cool-retro-term + +假如你想使得这个应用可在程序菜单中被快速获取到，以便你不用再每次手动地用命令来启动它，则你可以使用下面的命令： + + sudo cp cool-retro-term.desktop /usr/share/applications + +在这里你可以学到更多的终端技巧。在 Linux 中享受这个复古的终端吧 ：） + +稿件来自： [Abhishek Prakash][5] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://itsfoss.com/cool-retro-term/ + +作者：[Hossein Heydari][a] +译者：[FSSlc](https://github.com/FSSlc) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/hossein/ +[1]:https://github.com/Swordfish90/cool-retro-term +[2]:http://itsfoss.com/tag/antergos/ +[3]:https://manjaro.github.io/ +[4]:https://github.com/Swordfish90/cool-retro-term +[5]:http://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ From f2863ffc1577e33ced2335b4bdd837615715f30d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Chang Liu Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2015 19:35:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 024/176] Update 20150827 The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 准备翻译该篇。 --- .../talk/20150827 The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20150827 The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros.md b/sources/talk/20150827 The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros.md index 04ff47952a..83ead1f75e 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20150827 The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros.md +++ b/sources/talk/20150827 The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +FSSlc Translating + The Strangest, Most Unique Linux Distros ================================================================================ From the most consumer focused distros like Ubuntu, Fedora, Mint or elementary OS to the more obscure, minimal and enterprise focused ones such as Slackware, Arch Linux or RHEL, I thought I've seen them all. Couldn't have been any further from the truth. Linux eco-system is very diverse. There's one for everyone. Let's discuss the weird and wacky world of niche Linux distros that represents the true diversity of open platforms. @@ -64,4 +66,4 @@ via: http://www.techdrivein.com/2015/08/the-strangest-most-unique-linux-distros. [10]:https://nixos.org/ [11]:http://www.gobolinux.org/ [12]:http://hannahmontana.sourceforge.net/ -[13]:http://rlsd2.dimakrasner.com/ \ No newline at end of file +[13]:http://rlsd2.dimakrasner.com/ From 020a91a9305e80fa7e033c327539b7e21579a48d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ictlyh Date: Fri, 6 Nov 2015 22:38:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 025/176] Translated sources/tech/20151020 how to h2 in apache.md --- sources/tech/20151020 how to h2 in apache.md | 376 ------------------ .../tech/20151020 how to h2 in apache.md | 375 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 375 insertions(+), 376 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20151020 how to h2 in apache.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20151020 how to h2 in apache.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151020 how to h2 in apache.md b/sources/tech/20151020 how to h2 in apache.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3618994f8b..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20151020 how to h2 in apache.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,376 +0,0 @@ -ictlyh Translating -how to h2 in apache -================================================================================ -Copyright (C) 2015 greenbytes GmbH - -Support for HTTP/2 is finally being released with Apache httpd 2.4.17! This pages gives advice on how to build/deploy/configure it. The plan is to update this as people find out new things (read: bugs) or give recommendations on what works best for them. - -Ultimately, this will then flow back into the official Apache documentation and this page will only contain a single link to it. But we are not quite there yet... - -### Sources ### - -You can get the Apache release from [here][1]. HTTP/2 support is included in Apache 2.4.17 and upwards. I will not repeat instructions on how to build the server in general. There is excellent material available in several places, for example [here][2]. - -(Any links to experimental packages? Drop me a note on twitter @icing.) - -#### Building with HTTP/2 Support #### - -Should you build from a release, you will need to **configure** first. There are tons of options. The ones specific for HTTP/2 are: - -- **--enable-http2** - - This enables the module 'http2' which does implement the protocol inside the Apache server. - -- **--with-nghttp2=** - - This specifies a non-standard location for the library libnghttp2 which is necessary for the http2 module. If nghttp2 is in a standard place, the configure process will pick it up automatically. - -- **--enable-nghttp2-staticlib-deps** - - Ultra-rarely needed option that you may use to static link the nghttp2 library to the server. On most platforms, this only has an effect when there is no shared nghttp2 library to be found. - -In case you want to build nghttp2 for yourself, you find documentation at [nghttp2.org][3]. The library is also being shipped in the latest Fedora and other distros will follow. - -#### TLS Support #### - -Most people will want to use HTTP/2 with browsers and browser only support it on TLS connections (**https://** urls). You'll need proper configuration for that which I cover below. But foremost what you will need is an TLS library that supports the ALPN extension. - -ALPN is neccessary to negotiate the protocol to use between server and client. If it is not implemented by the TLS lib on your server, the client will only ever talk HTTP/1.1. So, who does link with Apache and support it? - -- **OpenSSL 1.0.2** and onward. -- ??? - -If you get your OpenSSL library from your Linux distro, the version number used there might be different from the official OpenSSL releases. Check with your distro in case of doubt. - -### Configuration ### - -One useful addition to your server is to set a good logging level for the http2 module. Add this: - - # this needs to be somewhere - LoadModule http2_module modules/mod_http2.so - - - LogLevel http2:info - - -When you start your server and look in the error log, you should see one line like: - - [timestamp] [http2:info] [pid XXXXX:tid numbers] - mod_http2 (v1.0.0, nghttp2 1.3.4), initializing... - -#### Protocols #### - -So, assume you have the server built and deployed, the TLS library is bleeding edge (sorry), your server starts, you open your browser and...how do you know it is working? - -If you have not added more to your server config, it probably isn't. - -You need to tell the server where to use the protocol. By default, the HTTP/2 protocol is not enabled anywhere in your server. Because that is the safe route and you might have an existing deployment should continue to work. - -You enable the HTTP/2 protocol with the new **Protocols** directive: - - # for a https server - Protocols h2 http/1.1 - ... - - # for a http server - Protocols h2c http/1.1 - -You can add this for the server in general or for specific **vhosts**. - -#### SSL Parameter #### - -HTTP/2 has some special requirements regarding TLS (SSL). See the chapter about [https:// connections][4] for more information. - -### http:// Connections (h2c) ### - -Although no browser currently supports it, the HTTP/2 protocol also works for http:// urls and mod_h[ttp]2 supports this. The only thing you need to do in order to enable it is the Protocols configuration: - - # for a http server - Protocols h2c http/1.1 - -inside your **httpd.conf**. - -There are several client (and client libraries) that support **h2c**. I'll dicusss some specifics below: - -#### curl #### - -Of course, the command line client for network resources, maintained by Daniel Stenberg. If you have curl on your system, there is an easy way to check its http/2 support: - - sh> curl -V - curl 7.43.0 (x86_64-apple-darwin15.0) libcurl/7.43.0 SecureTransport zlib/1.2.5 - Protocols: dict file ftp ftps gopher http https imap imaps ldap ldaps pop3 pop3s rtsp smb smbs smtp smtps telnet tftp - Features: AsynchDNS IPv6 Largefile GSS-API Kerberos SPNEGO NTLM NTLM_WB SSL libz UnixSockets - -which is no good. There is no 'HTTP2' among the features. You'd want something like this: - - sh> curl -V - url 7.45.0 (x86_64-apple-darwin15.0.0) libcurl/7.45.0 OpenSSL/1.0.2d zlib/1.2.8 nghttp2/1.3.4 - Protocols: dict file ftp ftps gopher http https imap imaps ldap ldaps pop3 pop3s rtsp smb smbs smtp smtps telnet tftp - Features: IPv6 Largefile NTLM NTLM_WB SSL libz TLS-SRP HTTP2 UnixSockets - -If you have a curl with the HTTP2 feature, you may check your server with some simple commands: - - sh> curl -v --http2 http:/// - ... - > Connection: Upgrade, HTTP2-Settings - > Upgrade: h2c - > HTTP2-Settings: AAMAAABkAAQAAP__ - > - < HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols - < Upgrade: h2c - < Connection: Upgrade - * Received 101 - * Using HTTP2, server supports multi-use - * Connection state changed (HTTP/2 confirmed) - ... - - -Congratulations, id you see the line with **...101 Switching...**, it's working! - -There are cases, where the upgrade to HTTP/2 will not happen. When your first request does have content, for example you do a file upload, the Upgrade will not trigger. For a detailed explanation, see the section [h2c restrictions][5]. - -#### nghttp #### - -nghttp2 has its own client and servers that can be build with it. If you have the client on your system, you can verify your installation by simply retrieving a resource: - - sh> nghttp -uv http:/// - [ 0.001] Connected - [ 0.001] HTTP Upgrade request - ... - Connection: Upgrade, HTTP2-Settings - Upgrade: h2c - HTTP2-Settings: AAMAAABkAAQAAP__ - ... - [ 0.005] HTTP Upgrade response - HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols - Upgrade: h2c - Connection: Upgrade - - [ 0.006] HTTP Upgrade success - ... - -which is very similar to the Upgrade dance we see in the **curl** example above. - -There is another way to use **h2c** hidden in the command line arguments: **-u**. This instructs **nghttp** to perform the HTTP/1 Upgrade dance. But what if we leave this out? - - sh> nghttp -v http:/// - [ 0.002] Connected - [ 0.002] send SETTINGS frame - ... - [ 0.002] send HEADERS frame - ; END_STREAM | END_HEADERS | PRIORITY - (padlen=0, dep_stream_id=11, weight=16, exclusive=0) - ; Open new stream - :method: GET - :path: / - :scheme: http - ... - -The connection immediately speaks HTTP/2! This is what the protocol calls the direct mode and it works by some magic 24 bytes that the client sends to the server right away: - - 0x505249202a20485454502f322e300d0a0d0a534d0d0a0d0a - or in ASCII: PRI * HTTP/2.0\r\n\r\nSM\r\n\r\n - -A **h2c** capable server sees this on a new connection and can immediately switch its HTTP/2 processing on. A HTTP/1.1 server will see a funny request, answer it and close the connection. - -Therefore **direct** mode is only good for clients if they can be resonably sure that the server supports this. For example, because a previous Upgrade dance was successful. - -The charme of **direct** is the zero overhead and that it works for all requests, even those that carry a body (see [h2c restrictions][6]). The direct mode is enabled by default on any server that allows the h2c protocol. If you want to disable it, add the configuration directive: - -注：下面这行打删除线 - - H2Direct off - -注：下面这行打删除线 -to your server. - -For the 2.4.17 release, **H2Direct** is enabled by default on cleartext connection. However there are some modules with whom this is incompatible with. Therefore, in the next release, the default will change to **off** and if you want your server to support it, you need to set it to - - H2Direct on - -### https:// Connections (h2) ### - -Once you get mod_h[ttp]2 working for h2c connections, it's time to get the **h2** sibling going, as browsers only do it with **https:** nowadays. - -The HTTP/2 standard imposes some extra requirements on https: (TLS) connections. The ALPN extension has already been mentioned above. An additional requirement is that no cipher from a specified [black list][7] may be used. - -While the current version of **mod_h[ttp]2** does not enforce these ciphers (but some day will), most clients will do so. If you point your browser at a **h2** server with inappropriate ciphers, you will get the obscure warning **INADEQUATE_SECURITY** and the browser will simply refuse to continue. - -An acceptable Apache SSL configuration regarding this is: - - SSLCipherSuite ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-DSS-AES128-GCM-SHA256:kEDH+AESGCM:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:DHE-DSS-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256:DHE-DSS-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:!aNULL:!eNULL:!EXPORT:!DES:!RC4:!3DES:!MD5:!PSK - SSLProtocol All -SSLv2 -SSLv3 - ... - -(Yes, it's that long.) - -There are other SSL configuration parameters that should be tweaked, but do not have to: **SSLSessionCache**, **SSLUseStapling**, etc. but those are covered elsewhere. See the excellent [High Performance Browser Networking][8] by Ilya Grigorik, for example. - -#### curl #### - -Time to fire up a shell and use curl again (see the [h2c section about curl][9] for requirements). Using curl, you may check your server with some simple commands: - - sh> curl -v --http2 https:/// - ... - * ALPN, offering h2 - * ALPN, offering http/1.1 - ... - * ALPN, server accepted to use h2 - ... - - -Congratulations, it's working! If not, the reason might be: - -- Your curl does not support HTTP/2, see [this check][10]. -- Your openssl is old and does not support ALPN. -- Your certificate could not be verified or your cipher configuration is not accepted. Try adding the command line option -k to disable those checks in curl. If that works, review yor SSL configuration and certificate. - -#### nghttp #### - -**nghttp** we discussed already for **h2c**. If you use it for a **https:** connection, you will either see the resource or an error like this: - - sh> nghttp https:/// - [ERROR] HTTP/2 protocol was not selected. (nghttp2 expects h2) - -There are two possiblities for this which you can check by adding -v. Either your get this: - - sh> nghttp -v https:/// - [ 0.034] Connected - [ERROR] HTTP/2 protocol was not selected. (nghttp2 expects h2) - -This means that the TLS library your server uses does not implement ALPN. Getting this installtion correct is sometimes tricky. Use stackoverflow. - -Or you get this: - - sh> nghttp -v https:/// - [ 0.034] Connected - The negotiated protocol: http/1.1 - [ERROR] HTTP/2 protocol was not selected. (nghttp2 expects h2) - -which means ALPN is working, only the h2 protocol was not selected. You need to check that Protocols is set as described above for yourserver. Try setting it in the general section, in case you do not get it working in a vhost at first. - -#### Firefox #### - -Update: Steffen Land from [Apache Lounge][11] pointed me to the [HTTP/2 indicator Add-on for Firefox][12]. Nice if you want to see in how many places you already talk h2 (Hint: Apache Lounge talks h2 for some time now...). - -In Firefox you can to open the Developer Tools and there the Network tab to check for HTTP/2 connections. When you have those open and reload your html page, you see something like the following: - -![](https://icing.github.io/mod_h2/images/firefox-h2.png) - -Among the response headers, you see this strange **X-Firefox-Spdy** entry listing "h2". That is the indication that HTTP/2 is used on this **https:** connection. - -#### Google Chrome #### - -In Google Chrome, you will not see a HTTP/2 indicator in the developer tools. Instead, Chrome uses the special location **chrome://net-internals/#http2** to give information. - -If you have opened a page on your server and look at that net-internals page, you will see something like this: - -![](https://icing.github.io/mod_h2/images/chrome-h2.png) - -If your server is among the ones listed here, it is working. - -#### Microsoft Edge #### - -HTTP/2 is supported in the Windows 10 successor to Internet Explorer: Edge. Here you can also see the protocol used in the Developer Tools in the Network tab: - -![](https://icing.github.io/mod_h2/images/ie-h2.png) - -#### Safari #### - -In Apple's Safari, you open the Developer Tools and there the Network tab. Reload your server page and select the row in the Developer Tools that shows the load. If you enable the right side details view, look at the **Status**. It should show **HTTP/2.0 200** like here: - -![](https://icing.github.io/mod_h2/images/safari-h2.png) - -#### Renegotiations #### - -Renegotiations on a https: connection means that certain TLS parameters are changed on the running connection. In Apache httpd you can change TLS parameters in directory configurations. If a request arrives for a resource in a certain location, configured TLS parameter are compared to the current TLS parameters. If they differ, renegotiation is triggered. - -Most common use cases for this are cipher changes and client certificates. You can require clients to meet authentication only for special locations, or you might enable more secure, but CPU intensive ciphers for specific resources. - -Whatever your good use cases are, renegotiation are a **MUST NOT** in HTTP/2. With 100s of requests ongoing on the same connection, which renegotiation would otherwise occur when? - -The current **mod_h[ttp]2** does not protect you from such configuration. If you have a site which uses TLS renegotiation, DO NOT enable h2 on it! - -Again, we will address that in future releases so that you can enable it safely. - -### Restrictions ### - -#### Non-HTTP Protocols #### - -Modules implementing protocols other than HTTP may be incompatible with **mod_http2**. This will most certainly be the case when this other protocol requires the server to send data first. - -**NNTP** is one example of such a protocol. If you have a **mod_nntp_like_ssl** configured in your server, do not even load mod_http2. Wait for the next release. - -#### h2c Restrictions #### - -There are some restrictions on the **h2c** implementation, you should be aware of: - -#### Deny h2c on virtual host #### - -You cannot deny **h2c direct** on specific virtual hosts. **direct** gets triggered at connection setup when there is not request to be seen yet. Which makes it impossible to foresee which virtual host Apache needs to look at. - -#### Upgrade on request body #### - -The **h2c** Upgrade dance will not work on requests that have a body. Those are PUT and POST requests (form submits and uploads). If you write a client, you may precede those requests with a simple GET or an OPTIONS * to trigger the upgrade. - -The reason is quite technical in nature, but in case you want to know: during Upgrade, the connection is in a half insane state. The request is coming in HTTP/1.1 format and the response is being written in HTTP/2 frames. If the request carries a body, the server needs to read the whole body before it sends a response back. Because the response might need answers from the client for flow control among other things. But if the HTTP/1.1 request is still being sent, the client is unable to talk HTTP/2 yet. - -In order to make behaviour predictable, several server implementors decided to not do an Upgrade in the presence of any request bodies, even small ones. - -#### Upgrade on 302s #### - -The h2c Upgrade dance also does currently not work when there is a general redirect in place. Seems that rewrite happens before the mod_http2 has a chance to act. Certainly not a deal breaker, but might be confusing when you test a site that has it. - -#### h2 Restrictions #### - -There are some restrictions on the h2 implementation you should be aware of: - -#### Connection Reuse #### - -The HTTP/2 protocol allows reuse of TLS connections under certain conditions: if you have a certiface with wildcards or several altSubject names, browsers will reuse any existing connection they might have. Example: - -You have a certificate for **a.example.org** that has as additional name **b.example.org**. You open in your browser the url **https://a.example.org/**, open another tab and load **https://b.example.org/**. - -Before opening a new connection, the browser sees that it still has the one to **a.example.org** open and that the certificate is also valid for **b.example.org**. So, it sends the request for second tab over the connection of the first one. - -This connection reuse is intentional and makes it easier for sites that have invested in sharding for efficiency in HTTP/1 to also benefit from HTTP/2 without much change. - -In Apache **mod_h[ttp]2** this is not fully implemented, yet. When **a.example.org** and **b.example.org** are separate virtual hosts, Apache will not allow such connection reuse and inform the browser with status code **421 Misdirected Request** about it. The browser will understand that it has to open a new connection to **b.example.org**. All will work, however some efficiency gets lost. - -We expect to have the proper checks in place for the next release. - -Münster, 12.10.2015, - -Stefan Eissing, greenbytes GmbH - -Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification, are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright notice and this notice are preserved. This file is offered as-is, without warranty of any kind. See LICENSE for details. - - ----------- - -This project is maintained by [icing][13] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://icing.github.io/mod_h2/howto.html - -作者：[icing][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://github.com/icing -[1]:https://httpd.apache.org/download.cgi -[2]:https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/install.html -[3]:https://nghttp2.org/ -[4]:https://icing.github.io/mod_h2/howto.html#https -[5]:https://icing.github.io/mod_h2/howto.html#h2c-restrictions -[6]:https://icing.github.io/mod_h2/howto.html#h2c-restrictions -[7]:https://httpwg.github.io/specs/rfc7540.html#BadCipherSuites -[8]:http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1230000000545 -[9]:https://icing.github.io/mod_h2/howto.html#curl -[10]:https://icing.github.io/mod_h2/howto.html#curl -[11]:https://www.apachelounge.com/ -[12]:https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/spdy-indicator/ -[13]:https://github.com/icing \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/tech/20151020 how to h2 in apache.md b/translated/tech/20151020 how to h2 in apache.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..32420d5bf4 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20151020 how to h2 in apache.md @@ -0,0 +1,375 @@ +如何在 Apache 中启用 HTTP/2 +================================================================================ +Copyright (C) 2015 greenbytes GmbH + +刚发布的 Apache httpd 2.4.17 终于支持 HTTP/2 了。这个页面给出了一些如何构建/部署/配置的建议。目的是为了大家发现 bugs 时能升级它，或者给一些能更好工作的建议。 + +最后，这会归并回到官方 Apache 文档，这里只会留下一个到那里的链接。暂时我们还没做到。 + +### 源码 ### + +你可以从[这里][1]得到 Apache 发行版。Apache 2.4.17 及其更高版本都支持 HTTP/2。我不会再重复介绍如何构建服务器的指令。在很多地方有很好的指南，例如[这里][2]。 + +（有任何试验的链接？在 Twitter 上告诉我吧 @icing） + +#### 编译支持 HTTP/2 #### + +在你编译发行版之前，你要进行一些**配置**。这里有成千上万的选项。和 HTTP/2 相关的是： + +- **--enable-http2** + + 启用在 Apache 服务器内部实现协议的 ‘http2’ 模块。 + +- **--with-nghttp2=** + + 指定 http2 模块需要的 libnghttp2 模块的非默认位置。如果 nghttp2 是在默认的位置，配置过程会自动采用。 + +- **--enable-nghttp2-staticlib-deps** + + 很少用到的选项，你可能用来静态链接 nghttp2 库到服务器。在大部分平台上，只有在找不到共享 nghttp2 库时才有效。 + +如果你想自己编译 nghttp2，你可以到 [nghttp2.org][3] 查看文档。最新的 Fedora 以及其它发行版已经附带了这个库。 + +#### TLS 支持 #### + +大部分人想在浏览器上使用 HTTP/2， 而浏览器只在 TLS 连接（**https:// 开头的 url）时支持它。你需要一些我下面介绍的配置。但首先你需要的是支持 ALPN 扩展的 TLS 库。 + + +ALPN 用来屏蔽服务器和客户端之间的协议。如果你服务器上 TLS 库还没有实现 ALPN，客户端只能通过 HTTP/1.1 通信。那么，和 Apache 连接的到底是什么？又是什么支持它呢？ + +- **OpenSSL 1.0.2** 即将到来。 +- ??? + +如果你的 OpenSSL 库是 Linux 发行版自带的，这里使用的版本号可能和官方 OpenSSL 发行版的不同。如果不确定的话检查一下你的 Linux 发行版吧。 + +### 配置 ### + +另一个给服务器的好建议是为 http2 模块设置合适的日志等级。添加下面的配置： + + # 某个地方有这样一行 + LoadModule http2_module modules/mod_http2.so + + + LogLevel http2:info + + +当你启动服务器的时候，你可以在错误日志中看来类似的一行： + + [timestamp] [http2:info] [pid XXXXX:tid numbers] + mod_http2 (v1.0.0, nghttp2 1.3.4), initializing... + +#### 协议 #### + +那么，假设你已经编译部署好了服务器， TLS 库也是最新的，你启动了你的服务器，打开了浏览器。。。你怎么知道它在工作呢？ + +如果除此之外你没有添加其它到服务器配置，很可能它没有工作。 + +你需要告诉服务器在哪里使用协议。默认情况下，你的服务器并没有启动 HTTP/2 协议。因为这是安全路由，你可能要有一套部署了才能继续。 + +你用 **Protocols** 命令启用 HTTP/2 协议： + + # for a https server + Protocols h2 http/1.1 + ... + + # for a http server + Protocols h2c http/1.1 + +你可以给一般服务器或者指定的 **vhosts** 添加这个配置。 + +#### SSL 参数 #### + +对于 TLS （SSL），HTTP/2 有一些特殊的要求。阅读 [https:// 连接][4]了解更详细的信息。 + +### http:// 连接 (h2c) ### + +尽管现在还没有浏览器支持 HTTP/2 协议， http:// 这样的 url 也能正常工作， 因为有 mod_h[ttp]2 的支持。启用它你只需要做的一件事是在 **httpd.conf** 配置 Protocols ： + + # for a http server + Protocols h2c http/1.1 + + +这里有一些支持 **h2c** 的客户端（和客户端库）。我会在下面介绍： + +#### curl #### + +Daniel Stenberg 维护的网络资源命令行客户端 curl 当然支持。如果你的系统上有 curl，有一个简单的方法检查它是否支持 http/2： + + sh> curl -V + curl 7.43.0 (x86_64-apple-darwin15.0) libcurl/7.43.0 SecureTransport zlib/1.2.5 + Protocols: dict file ftp ftps gopher http https imap imaps ldap ldaps pop3 pop3s rtsp smb smbs smtp smtps telnet tftp + Features: AsynchDNS IPv6 Largefile GSS-API Kerberos SPNEGO NTLM NTLM_WB SSL libz UnixSockets + +不好了。这些功能中没有 'HTTP2'。你想要的是下面这样： + + sh> curl -V + url 7.45.0 (x86_64-apple-darwin15.0.0) libcurl/7.45.0 OpenSSL/1.0.2d zlib/1.2.8 nghttp2/1.3.4 + Protocols: dict file ftp ftps gopher http https imap imaps ldap ldaps pop3 pop3s rtsp smb smbs smtp smtps telnet tftp + Features: IPv6 Largefile NTLM NTLM_WB SSL libz TLS-SRP HTTP2 UnixSockets + +如果你的 curl 支持 HTTP2 功能，你可以用一些简单的命令检查你的服务器： + + sh> curl -v --http2 http:/// + ... + > Connection: Upgrade, HTTP2-Settings + > Upgrade: h2c + > HTTP2-Settings: AAMAAABkAAQAAP__ + > + < HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols + < Upgrade: h2c + < Connection: Upgrade + * Received 101 + * Using HTTP2, server supports multi-use + * Connection state changed (HTTP/2 confirmed) + ... + + +恭喜，如果看到了有 **...101 Switching...** 的行就表示它正在工作！ + +有一些情况不会发生到 HTTP/2 的 Upgrade 。如果你的第一个请求没有内容，例如你上传一个文件，就不会触发 Upgrade。[h2c 限制][5]部分有详细的解释。 + +#### nghttp #### + +nghttp2 有能一起编译的客户端和服务器。如果你的系统中有客户端，你可以简单地通过获取资源验证你的安装： + + sh> nghttp -uv http:/// + [ 0.001] Connected + [ 0.001] HTTP Upgrade request + ... + Connection: Upgrade, HTTP2-Settings + Upgrade: h2c + HTTP2-Settings: AAMAAABkAAQAAP__ + ... + [ 0.005] HTTP Upgrade response + HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols + Upgrade: h2c + Connection: Upgrade + + [ 0.006] HTTP Upgrade success + ... + + +这和我们上面 **curl** 例子中看到的 Upgrade 输出很相似。 + +在命令行参数中隐藏着一种可以使用 **h2c**：的参数：**-u**。这会指示 **nghttp** 进行 HTTP/1 Upgrade 过程。但如果我们不使用呢？ + + sh> nghttp -v http:/// + [ 0.002] Connected + [ 0.002] send SETTINGS frame + ... + [ 0.002] send HEADERS frame + ; END_STREAM | END_HEADERS | PRIORITY + (padlen=0, dep_stream_id=11, weight=16, exclusive=0) + ; Open new stream + :method: GET + :path: / + :scheme: http + ... + +连接马上显示出了 HTTP/2！这就是协议中所谓的直接模式，当客户端发送一些特殊的 24 字节到服务器时就会发生： + + 0x505249202a20485454502f322e300d0a0d0a534d0d0a0d0a + or in ASCII: PRI * HTTP/2.0\r\n\r\nSM\r\n\r\n + +支持 **h2c** 的服务器在一个新的连接中看到这些信息就会马上切换到 HTTP/2。HTTP/1.1 服务器则认为是一个可笑的请求，响应并关闭连接。 + +因此 **直接** 模式只适合于那些确定服务器支持 HTTP/2 的客户端。例如，前一个 Upgrade 过程是成功的。 + +**直接** 模式的魅力是零开销，它支持所有请求，即使没有 body 部分（查看[h2c 限制][6]）。任何支持 h2c 协议的服务器默认启用了直接模式。如果你想停用它，可以添加下面的配置指令到你的服务器： + +注：下面这行打删除线 + + H2Direct off + +注：下面这行打删除线 + +对于 2.4.17 发行版，默认明文连接时启用 **H2Direct** 。但是有一些模块和这不兼容。因此，在下一发行版中，默认会设置为**off**，如果你希望你的服务器支持它，你需要设置它为： + + H2Direct on + +### https:// 连接 (h2) ### + +一旦你的 mod_h[ttp]2 支持 h2c 连接，就是时候一同启用 **h2**，因为现在的浏览器支持它和 **https:** 一同使用。 + +HTTP/2 标准对 https:（TLS）连接增加了一些额外的要求。上面已经提到了 ALNP 扩展。另外的一个要求是不会使用特定[黑名单][7]中的密码。 + +尽管现在版本的 **mod_h[ttp]2** 不增强这些密码（以后可能会），大部分客户端会这么做。如果你用不切当的密码在浏览器中打开 **h2** 服务器，你会看到模糊警告**INADEQUATE_SECURITY**，浏览器会拒接连接。 + +一个可接受的 Apache SSL 配置类似： + + SSLCipherSuite ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-DSS-AES128-GCM-SHA256:kEDH+AESGCM:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:DHE-DSS-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256:DHE-DSS-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:!aNULL:!eNULL:!EXPORT:!DES:!RC4:!3DES:!MD5:!PSK + SSLProtocol All -SSLv2 -SSLv3 + ... + +（是的，这确实很长。） + +这里还有一些应该调整的 SSL 配置参数，但不是必须：**SSLSessionCache**， **SSLUseStapling** 等，其它地方也有介绍这些。例如 Ilya Grigorik 写的一篇博客 [高性能浏览器网络][8]。 + +#### curl #### + +再次回到 shell 并使用 curl（查看 [curl h2c 章节][9] 了解要求）你也可以通过 curl 用简单的命令检测你的服务器： + + sh> curl -v --http2 https:/// + ... + * ALPN, offering h2 + * ALPN, offering http/1.1 + ... + * ALPN, server accepted to use h2 + ... + + +恭喜你，能正常工作啦！如果还不能，可能原因是： + +- 你的 curl 不支持 HTTP/2。查看[检测][10]。 +- 你的 openssl 版本太低不支持 ALPN。 +- 不能验证你的证书，或者不接受你的密码配置。尝试添加命令行选项 -k 停用 curl 中的检查。如果那能工作，还要重新配置你的 SSL 和证书。 + +#### nghttp #### + +我们已经在 **h2c** 讨论过 **nghttp**。如果你用它来进行 **https:** 连接，你会看到类似下面的信息： + + sh> nghttp https:/// + [ERROR] HTTP/2 protocol was not selected. (nghttp2 expects h2) + +这有两种可能，你可以通过添加 -v 来检查。如果是： + + sh> nghttp -v https:/// + [ 0.034] Connected + [ERROR] HTTP/2 protocol was not selected. (nghttp2 expects h2) + +这意味着你服务器使用的 TLS 库没有实现 ALPN。有时候正确安装有点困难。多看看 Stackoverflow 吧。 + +你看到的也可能是： + + sh> nghttp -v https:/// + [ 0.034] Connected + The negotiated protocol: http/1.1 + [ERROR] HTTP/2 protocol was not selected. (nghttp2 expects h2) + +这表示 ALPN 能正常工作，但并没有用 h2 协议。你需要像上面介绍的那样在服务器上选中那个协议。如果一开始在 vhost 部分选中不能正常工作，试着在通用部分选中它。 + +#### Firefox #### + +Update： [Apache Lounge][11] 的 Steffen Land 告诉我 [Firefox HTTP/2 指示插件][12]。你可以看到有多少地方用到了 h2（提示：Apache Lounge 用 h2 已经有一段时间了。。。） + +你可以在 Firefox 浏览器中打开开发者工具，在那里的网络标签页查看 HTTP/2 连接。当你打开了 HTTP/2 并重新刷新 html 页面时，你会看到类似下面的东西： + +![](https://icing.github.io/mod_h2/images/firefox-h2.png) + +在响应头中，你可以看到奇怪的 **X-Firefox-Spdy** 条目中列出了 “h2”。这表示在这个 **https:** 连接中使用了 HTTP/2。 + +#### Google Chrome #### + +在 Google Chrome 中，你在开发者工具中看不到 HTTP/2 指示器。相反，Chrome 用特殊的地址 **chrome://net-internals/#http2** 给出了相关信息。 + +如果你在服务器中打开了一个页面并在 Chrome 那个页面查看，你可以看到类似下面这样： + +![](https://icing.github.io/mod_h2/images/chrome-h2.png) + +如果你的服务器在上面的列表中，就表示它正在工作。 + +#### Microsoft Edge #### + +Windows 10 中 Internet Explorer 的继任者 Edge 也支持 HTTP/2。你也可以在开发者工具的网络标签页看到 HTTP/2 协议。 + +![](https://icing.github.io/mod_h2/images/ie-h2.png) + +#### Safari #### + +在 Apple 的 Safari 中，打开开发者工具，那里有个网络标签页。重新加载你的服务器页面并在开发者工具中选择显示了加载的行。如果你启用了在右边显示详细试图，看 **状态** 部分。那里显示了 **HTTP/2.0 200**，类似： + +![](https://icing.github.io/mod_h2/images/safari-h2.png) + +#### 重新协商 #### + +https： 连接重新协商是指正在运行的连接中特定的 TLS 参数会发生变化。在 Apache httpd 中，你可以通过目录中的配置文件修改 TLS 参数。如果一个要获取特定位置资源的请求到来，配置的 TLS 参数会和当前的 TLS 参数进行对比。如果它们不相同，就会触发重新协商。 + +这种最常见的情形是密码变化和客户端验证。你可以要求客户访问特定位置时需要通过验证，或者对于特定资源，你可以使用更安全的， CPU 敏感的密码。 + +不管你的想法有多么好，HTTP/2 中都**不可以**发生重新协商。如果有 100 多个请求到同一个地方，什么时候哪个会发生重新协商呢？ + +对于这种配置，现有的 **mod_h[ttp]2** 还不能保证你的安全。如果你有一个站点使用了 TLS 重新协商，别在上面启用 h2！ + +当然，我们会在后面的发行版中解决这个问题然后你就可以安全地启用了。 + +### 限制 ### + +#### 非 HTTP 协议 ### + +实现除 HTTP 之外协议的模块可能和 **mod_http2** 不兼容。这在其它协议要求服务器首先发送数据时无疑会发生。 + +**NNTP** 就是这种协议的一个例子。如果你在服务器中配置了 **mod_nntp_like_ssl**，甚至都不要加载 mod_http2。等待下一个发行版。 + +#### h2c 限制 #### + +**h2c** 的实现还有一些限制，你应该注意： + +#### 在虚拟主机中拒绝 h2c #### + +你不能对指定的虚拟主机拒绝 **h2c 直连**。连接建立而没有看到请求时会触发**直连**，这使得不可能预先知道 Apache 需要查找哪个虚拟主机。 + +#### 升级请求体 #### + +对于有 body 部分的请求，**h2c** 升级不能正常工作。那些是 PUT 和 POST 请求（用于提交和上传）。如果你写了一个客户端，你可能会用一个简单的 GET 去处理请求或者用选项 * 去触发升级。 + +原因从技术层面来看显而易见，但如果你想知道：升级过程中，连接处于半疯状态。请求按照 HTTP/1.1 的格式，而响应使用 HTTP/2。如果请求有一个 body 部分，服务器在发送响应之前需要读取整个 body。因为响应可能需要从客户端处得到应答用于流控制。但如果仍在发送 HTTP/1.1 请求，客户端就还不能处理 HTTP/2 连接。 + +为了使行为可预测，几个服务器实现商决定不要在任何请求体中进行升级，即使 body 很小。 + +#### 升级 302s #### + +有重定向发生时当前 h2c 升级也不能工作。看起来 mod_http2 之前的重写有可能发生。这当然不会导致断路，但你测试这样的站点也许会让你迷惑。 + +#### h2 限制 #### + +这里有一些你应该意识到的 h2 实现限制： + +#### 连接重用 #### + +HTTP/2 协议允许在特定条件下重用 TLS 连接：如果你有带通配符的证书或者多个 AltSubject 名称，浏览器可能会重用现有的连接。例如： + +你有一个 **a.example.org** 的证书，它还有另外一个名称 **b.example.org**。你在浏览器中打开 url **https://a.example.org/**，用另一个标签页加载 **https://b.example.org/**。 + +在重新打开一个新的连接之前，浏览器看到它有一个到 **a.example.org** 的连接并且证书对于 **b.example.org** 也可用。因此，它在第一个连接上面向第二个标签页发送请求。 + +这种连接重用是刻意设计的，它使得致力于 HTTP/1 切分效率的站点能够不需要太多变化就能利用 HTTP/2。 + +Apache **mod_h[ttp]2** 还没有完全实现这点。如果 **a.example.org** 和 **b.example.org** 是不同的虚拟主机， Apache 不会允许这样的连接重用，并会告知浏览器状态码**421 错误请求**。浏览器会意识到它需要重新打开一个到 **b.example.org** 的连接。这仍然能工作，只是会降低一些效率。 + +我们期望下一次的发布中能有切当的检查。 + +Münster, 12.10.2015, + +Stefan Eissing, greenbytes GmbH + +Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification, are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright notice and this notice are preserved. This file is offered as-is, without warranty of any kind. See LICENSE for details. + + +---------- + +该项目由 [icing][13] 维护。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://icing.github.io/mod_h2/howto.html + +作者：[icing][a] +译者：[ictlyh](http://mutouxiaogui.cn/blog/) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://github.com/icing +[1]:https://httpd.apache.org/download.cgi +[2]:https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/install.html +[3]:https://nghttp2.org/ +[4]:https://icing.github.io/mod_h2/howto.html#https +[5]:https://icing.github.io/mod_h2/howto.html#h2c-restrictions +[6]:https://icing.github.io/mod_h2/howto.html#h2c-restrictions +[7]:https://httpwg.github.io/specs/rfc7540.html#BadCipherSuites +[8]:http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1230000000545 +[9]:https://icing.github.io/mod_h2/howto.html#curl +[10]:https://icing.github.io/mod_h2/howto.html#curl +[11]:https://www.apachelounge.com/ +[12]:https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/spdy-indicator/ +[13]:https://github.com/icing \ No newline at end of file From 561971ccf0adf73b037a26f8f43a2c6780b55516 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 7 Nov 2015 00:36:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 026/176] PUB:Learn with Linux--Master Your Math with These Linux Apps MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @KnightJoker 翻译的不错！https://linux.cn/article-6546-1.html --- ...-Master Your Math with These Linux Apps.md | 126 ++++++++++++++++++ ...-Master Your Math with These Linux Apps.md | 126 ------------------ 2 files changed, 126 insertions(+), 126 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/Learn with Linux--Master Your Math with These Linux Apps.md delete mode 100644 translated/tech/Learn with Linux--Master Your Math with These Linux Apps.md diff --git a/published/Learn with Linux--Master Your Math with These Linux Apps.md b/published/Learn with Linux--Master Your Math with These Linux Apps.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7d8c9e1b5c --- /dev/null +++ b/published/Learn with Linux--Master Your Math with These Linux Apps.md @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ +与 Linux 一起学习：使用这些 Linux 应用来征服你的数学学习 +================================================================================ +![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-featured.png) + +这篇文章是[与 Linux 一起学习][1]系列的一部分: + +- [与 Linux 一起学习: 学习类型][2] +- [与 Linux 一起学习: 物理模拟][3] +- [与 Linux 一起学习: 学习音乐][4] +- [与 Linux 一起学习: 两个地理应用程序][5] +- [与 Linux 一起学习: 使用这些 Linux 应用来征服你的数学学习][6] + +Linux 提供了大量的教育软件和许多优秀的工具来帮助各种年龄段和年级的学生学习和练习各种各样的习题，这通常是以交互的方式进行。“与 Linux 一起学习”这一系列的文章则为这些各种各样的教育软件和应用提供了一个介绍。 + +数学是计算机的核心。如果有人预期一个类如 GNU/ Linux 这样的伟大的操作系统精确而严格，那么这就是数学所起到的作用。如果你在寻求一些数学应用程序，那么你将不会感到失望。Linux 提供了很多优秀的工具使得数学看起来和你曾经做过的一样令人畏惧，但实际上他们会简化你使用它的方式。 + +### Gnuplot ### + +Gnuplot 是一个适用于不同平台的命令行脚本化和多功能的图形工具。尽管它的名字中带有“GNU”，但是它并不是 GNU 操作系统的一部分。虽然不是自由授权，但它是免费软件（这意味着它受版权保护，但免费使用）。 + +要在 Ubuntu 系统（或者衍生系统）上安装 `gnuplot`，输入： + + sudo apt-get install gnuplot gnuplot-x11 + +进入一个终端窗口。启动该程序，输入： + + gnuplot + +你会看到一个简单的命令行界面： + +![learnmath-gnuplot](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-gnuplot.png) + +在其中您可以直接输入函数开始。绘图命令将绘制一个曲线图。 + +输入内容，例如， + + plot sin(x)/x + +随着`gnuplot的`提示，将会打开一个新的窗口，图像便会在里面呈现。 + +![learnmath-gnuplot-plot1](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-gnuplot-plot1.png) + +你也可以即时设置设置这个图的不同属性，比如像这样指定“title” + + plot sin(x) title 'Sine Function', tan(x) title 'Tangent' + +![learnmath-gnuplot-plot2](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-gnuplot-plot2.png) + +你可以做的更深入一点，使用`splot`命令绘制3D图形： + + splot sin(x*y/20) + +![learnmath-gnuplot-plot3](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-gnuplot-plot3.png) + +这个图形窗口有几个基本的配置选项， + +![learnmath-gnuplot-options](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-gnuplot-options.png) + +但是`gnuplot`的真正力量在于在它的命令行和脚本功能，`gnuplot`更完整的文档在[Duke大学网站][8]上面[找到][7]，带有这个了不起的教程的原始版本。 + +### Maxima ### + +[Maxima][9]是一个源于 Macsyma 开发的一个计算机代数系统，根据它的 SourceForge 页面所述： + +> “Maxima 是一个操作符号和数值表达式的系统，包括微分，积分，泰勒级数，拉普拉斯变换，常微分方程，线性方程组，多项式，集合，列表，向量，矩阵和张量等。Maxima 通过精确的分数，任意精度的整数和可变精度浮点数产生高精度的计算结果。Maxima 可以以二维和三维的方式绘制函数和数据。“ + +大多数Ubuntu衍生系统都有 Maxima 二进制包以及它的图形界面，要安装这些软件包，输入： + + sudo apt-get install maxima xmaxima wxmaxima + +在终端窗口中，Maxima 是一个没有什么 UI 的命令行工具，但如果你开始 wxmaxima，你会进入一个简单但功能强大的图形用户界面。 + +![learnmath-maxima](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-maxima.png) + +你可以通过简单的输入来开始。（提示：回车会增加更多的行，如果你想计算一个表达式，使用“Shift + Enter”。） + +Maxima 可以用于一些简单的问题，因此也可以作为一个计算器： + +![learnmath-maxima-1and1](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-maxima-1and1.png) + +以及一些更复杂的问题： + +![learnmath-maxima-functions](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-maxima-functions.png) + +它使用`gnuplot`使得绘制简单： + +![learnmath-maxima-plot](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-maxima-plot.png) + +或者绘制一些复杂的图形。 + +![learnmath-maxima-plot2](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-maxima-plot2.png) + +（它需要 gnuplot-X11 的软件包来显示它们。） + +除了将表达式表示为图形，Maxima 也可以用 latex 格式导出它们，或者通过右键快捷菜单进行一些常用操作. + +![learnmath-maxima-menu](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-maxima-menu.png) + +不过其主菜单还是提供了大量重磅功能，当然 Maxima 的功能远不止如此，这里也有一个广泛使用的[在线文档][10]。 + +### 总结 ### + +数学不是一门容易的学科，这些在 Linux 上的优秀软件也没有使得数学更加容易，但是这些应用使得使用数学变得更加的简单和方便。以上两种应用都只是介绍一下 Linux 所提供的。如果你是认真从事数学和需要更多的功能与丰富的文档，那你更应该看看这些 [Mathbuntu][11] 项目。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/learn-linux-maths/ + +作者：[Attila Orosz][a] +译者：[KnightJoker](https://github.com/KnightJoker/KnightJoker) +校对：[wxyD](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/attilaorosz/ +[1]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/series/learn-with-linux/ +[2]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/learn-to-type-in-linux/ +[3]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/linux-physics-simulation/ +[4]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/linux-learning-music/ +[5]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/linux-geography-apps/ +[6]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/learn-linux-maths/ +[7]:http://www.gnuplot.info/documentation.html +[8]:http://people.duke.edu/~hpgavin/gnuplot.html +[9]:http://maxima.sourceforge.net/ +[10]:http://maxima.sourceforge.net/documentation.html +[11]:http://www.mathbuntu.org/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/tech/Learn with Linux--Master Your Math with These Linux Apps.md b/translated/tech/Learn with Linux--Master Your Math with These Linux Apps.md deleted file mode 100644 index f4625c6c13..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/Learn with Linux--Master Your Math with These Linux Apps.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,126 +0,0 @@ -Translated by KnightJoker - -用Linux学习：使用这些Linux应用来征服你的数学 -================================================================================ -![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-featured.png) - -这篇文章是[用Linux学习][1]系列的一部分: - -- [用Linux学习: 学习类型][2] -- [用Linux学习: 物理模拟][3] -- [用Linux学习: 学习音乐][4] -- [用Linux学习: 两个地理应用程序][5] -- [用Linux学习: 用这些Linux应用来征服你的数学][6] - - -Linux提供了大量的教育软件和许多优秀的工具来帮助所有年龄段的学生学习和练习各种各样的话题,常常以交互的方式。与Linux一起学习这一系列的文章则为这些各种各样的教育软件和应用提供了一个介绍。 - -数学是计算机的核心。如果有人用精益求精和纪律来预期一个伟大的操作系统，比如GNU/ Linux，那么这将是数学。如果你在寻求一些数学应用程序，那么你将不会感到失望。Linux提供了很多优秀的工具使得数学看起来和你曾经做过的一样令人畏惧，但实际上他们会简化你使用它的方式。 -### Gnuplot ### - -Gnuplot 是一个适用于不同平台的命令行脚本化和多功能的图形工具。尽管它的名字，并不是GNU操作系统的一部分。也没有免费授权，但它是免费软件（这意味着它受版权保护，但免费使用）。 - -要在Ubuntu系统（或者衍生系统）上安装 `gnuplot`，输入： - sudo apt-get install gnuplot gnuplot-x11 - -进入一个终端窗口。启动该程序，输入： - - gnuplot - -你会看到一个简单的命令行界面： - -![learnmath-gnuplot](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-gnuplot.png) - -在其中您可以直接开始输入函数。绘图命令将绘制一个曲线图。 - -输入内容，例如， - - plot sin(x)/x - -随着`gnuplot的`提示，将会打开一个新的窗口，图像便会在里面呈现。 - -![learnmath-gnuplot-plot1](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-gnuplot-plot1.png) - -你也可以在线这个图设置不同的属性，比如像这样指定“title” - - plot sin(x) title 'Sine Function', tan(x) title 'Tangent' - -![learnmath-gnuplot-plot2](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-gnuplot-plot2.png) - -使用`splot`命令，你可以给的东西更深入一点并且绘制3D图形 - - splot sin(x*y/20) - -![learnmath-gnuplot-plot3](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-gnuplot-plot3.png) - -这个窗口有几个基本的配置选项, - -![learnmath-gnuplot-options](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-gnuplot-options.png) - -但是`gnuplot`的真正力量在于在它的命令行和脚本功能，`gnuplot`广泛完整的文档可在这里找到，并在[Duke大学网站][8]上面看见这个了不起的教程[7]的原始版本。 - -### Maxima ### - -[Maxima][9]是从Macsyma原始资料开发的一个计算机代数系统，根据它的 SourceForge 页面， - -> “Maxima是符号和数值的表达，包括微分，积分，泰勒级数，拉普拉斯变换，常微分方程，线性方程组，多项式，集合，列表，向量，矩阵和张量系统的操纵系统。Maxima通过精确的分数，任意精度的整数和可变精度浮点数产生高精度的计算结果。Maxima可以二维和三维中绘制函数和数据。“ - -你将会获得二进制包用于大多数Ubuntu衍生系统的Maxima以及它的图形界面中，插入所有包，输入： - - sudo apt-get install maxima xmaxima wxmaxima - -在终端窗口中，Maxima是一个没有太多UI的命令行工具，但如果你开始wxmaxima，你会进入一个简单但功能强大的图形用户界面。 - -![learnmath-maxima](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-maxima.png) - -你可以开始输入这个来简单的一个开始。（提示：如果你想计算一个表达式，使用“Shift + Enter”回车后会增加更多的方法） - -Maxima可以用于一些简单的问题，因此也可以作为一个计算器， - -![learnmath-maxima-1and1](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-maxima-1and1.png) - -以及一些更复杂的问题, - -![learnmath-maxima-functions](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-maxima-functions.png) - -它使用`gnuplot`使得绘制简单, - -![learnmath-maxima-plot](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-maxima-plot.png) - -或者绘制一些复杂的图形. - -![learnmath-maxima-plot2](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-maxima-plot2.png) - -（它需要gnuplot-X11的包，来显示它们。） - -除了美化一些图形，Maxima也尽可能用latex格式导出它们，或者通过右键是捷菜单进行一些突出的操作. - -![learnmath-maxima-menu](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/learnmath-maxima-menu.png) - -然而其主菜单还是提供了大量压倒性的功能，当然Maxima的功能远不止如此，这里也有一个广泛使用的在线文档。 - -### 总结 ### - -数学不是一个简单的学科，这些在Linux上的优秀软件也没有使得数学更加简单，但是这些应用使得使用数学变得更加的简单和工程化。以上两种应用都只是介绍一下Linux的所提供的。如果你是认真从事数学和需要更多的功能与丰富的文档，那你更应该看看这些Mathbuntu项目。 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/learn-linux-maths/ - -作者：[Attila Orosz][a] -译者：[KnightJoker](https://github.com/KnightJoker/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/attilaorosz/ -[1]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/series/learn-with-linux/ -[2]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/learn-to-type-in-linux/ -[3]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/linux-physics-simulation/ -[4]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/linux-learning-music/ -[5]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/linux-geography-apps/ -[6]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/learn-linux-maths/ -[7]:http://www.gnuplot.info/documentation.html -[8]:http://people.duke.edu/~hpgavin/gnuplot.html -[9]:http://maxima.sourceforge.net/ -[10]:http://maxima.sourceforge.net/documentation.html -[11]:http://www.mathbuntu.org/ \ No newline at end of file From 2ce52d84d8f1780ca326659601a1a5d334595527 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: struggling <630441839@qq.com> Date: Sat, 7 Nov 2015 00:53:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 027/176] Update 20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Ubuntu desktop behind a proxy.md --- ...th Answers--How to install Ubuntu desktop behind a proxy.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Ubuntu desktop behind a proxy.md b/sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Ubuntu desktop behind a proxy.md index c5cd0b5420..7ceced012d 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Ubuntu desktop behind a proxy.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Ubuntu desktop behind a proxy.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +translation by strugglingyouth Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Ubuntu desktop behind a proxy ================================================================================ > **Question**: My computer is connected to a corporate network sitting behind an HTTP proxy. When I try to install Ubuntu desktop on the computer from a CD-ROM drive, the installation hangs and never finishes while trying to retrieve files, which is presumably due to the proxy. However, the problem is that Ubuntu installer never asks me to configure proxy during installation procedure. Then how can I install Ubuntu desktop behind a proxy? @@ -58,4 +59,4 @@ via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-ubuntu-desktop-behind-proxy.html 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[a]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/author/nanni \ No newline at end of file +[a]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/author/nanni From 05868aa81aa1840e74ba9b05b9e9fd07320e5d87 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: struggling <630441839@qq.com> Date: Sat, 7 Nov 2015 10:16:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 028/176] Delete 20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to find which shell I am using on Linux.md --- ...to find which shell I am using on Linux.md | 93 ------------------- 1 file changed, 93 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to find which shell I am using on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to find which shell I am using on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to find which shell I am using on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index b93eb6db06..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to find which shell I am using on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,93 +0,0 @@ - -translation by strugglingyouth -Linux FAQs with Answers--How to find which shell I am using on Linux -================================================================================ -> **Question**: I often change between different shells at the command line. Is there a quick and easy way to find out which shell I am currently in? Also how can I find out the version of the shell? - -### Find out Which Shell You are In ### - -There are different ways to tell what shell you are currently in. The easiest way to find that out is by using special shell parameters. - -For one, [a special parameter named "$$"][1] denotes the PID of the current instance of the shell you are running. This parameter is read-only and cannot be modified. So the following command will also show you the name of the shell you are running: - - $ ps -p $$ - ----------- - - PID TTY TIME CMD - 21666 pts/4 00:00:00 bash - -The above command works across all available shells. - -If you are not using csh, another way to find out the current shell is to use an special shell parameter called "$$", which denotes the name of the shell or shell script that is currently running. This is one of the Bash special parameters, but available in other shells as well, such as sh, zsh, tcsh or dash. Using echo command to print out its value will tell you the name of the shell you are currently in. - - $ echo $0 - ----------- - - bash - -Don't be confused with a separate environment variable called $SHELL, which is set to the full path to your default shell. As such, this variable is not necessarily point to the current shell you are using. For example, $SHELL remains the same even if you invoke a different shell within a terminal. - - $ echo $SHELL - ----------- - - /bin/shell - -![](https://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5688/22544087680_4a9c180485_c.jpg) - -Thus to find out the current shell, you should use either $$ or $0, but not $SHELL. - -### Find out the Version of the Shell You are Using ### - -Once you know which shell you are in, you may want to find out what version of the shell it is. For that, type the name of your shell followed by "--version" at the command line. For example: - -**For** bash **shell**: - - $ bash --version - ----------- - - GNU bash, version 4.3.30(1)-release (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu) - Copyright (C) 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later - - This is free software; you are free to change and redistribute it. - There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. - -**For** zsh **shell**: - - $ zsh --version - ----------- - - zsh 5.0.7 (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu) - -**For** tcsh **shell**: - $ tcsh --version - ----------- - - tcsh 6.18.01 (Astron) 2012-02-14 (x86_64-unknown-linux) options wide,nls,dl,al,kan,rh,nd,color,filec - -For some shells, you can also use shell-specific variables (e.g., $BASH_VERSION or $ZSH_VERSION). - - $ echo $BASH_VERSION - ----------- - - 4.3.8(1)-release - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/which-shell-am-i-using.html - -作者：[Dan Nanni][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/author/nanni -[1]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/process-id-pid-shell-script.html From 143702f4f115381040098c4d2eb031d45a6dd8b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: struggling <630441839@qq.com> Date: Sat, 7 Nov 2015 10:17:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 029/176] Create 20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to find which shell I am using on Linux.md --- ...to find which shell I am using on Linux.md | 92 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 92 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to find which shell I am using on Linux.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to find which shell I am using on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to find which shell I am using on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..675ef43d94 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to find which shell I am using on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ + +Linux 有问必答 - 如何在 Linux 上找到当前正在使用的 shell +================================================================================ +> **问题**: 我经常在命令行中切换 shell。是否有一个快速简便的方法来找出我当前正在使用的 shell 呢？此外，我怎么能找到当前 shell 的版本？ + +### 找到你当前正在使用的 Shell 版本 ### + +有多种方式可以查看你目前在使用什么 shell，最简单的方法就是通过使用 shell 的特殊参数。 + +其一，[一个名为 "$$" 的特殊参数][1] 表示当前你正在运行的 shell 的 PID。此参数是只读的，不能被修改。所以，下面的命令也将显示你正在运行的 shell 的名字： + + $ ps -p $$ + +---------- + + PID TTY TIME CMD + 21666 pts/4 00:00:00 bash + +上述命令可在所有可用的 shell 中工作。 + +如果你不使用 csh，使用 shell 的特殊参数 “$$” 可以找出当前的 shell，这表示当前正在运行的 shell 或 shell 脚本的名称。这是 Bash 的一个特殊参数，但也可用在其他 shells 中，如 sh, zsh, tcsh or dash。使用 echo 命令也可以查看你目前正在使用的 shell 的名称。 + + $ echo $0 + +---------- + + bash + +不要将 $SHELL 看成是一个单独的环境变量，它被设置为整个路径下的默认 shell。因此，这个变量并不一定指向你当前使用的 shell。例如，即使你在终端中调用不同的 shell，$SHELL 也保持不变。 + + $ echo $SHELL + +---------- + + /bin/shell + +![](https://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5688/22544087680_4a9c180485_c.jpg) + +因此，找出当前的shell，你应该使用 $$ 或 $0，但不是 $ SHELL。 + +### 找出当前 Shell 的版本 ### + +一旦你知道你使用的是哪个 shell，你可能想知道此 shell 的版本。为此，在命令行中输入 shell 并在后面加上 “--version” 参数可以查看版本信息。例如： + +**对于** bash **shell** : + + $ bash --version + +---------- + + GNU bash, version 4.3.30(1)-release (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu) + Copyright (C) 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later + + This is free software; you are free to change and redistribute it. + There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. + +**对于** zsh **shell**: + + $ zsh --version + +---------- + + zsh 5.0.7 (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu) + +**对于** tcsh **shell**: + $ tcsh --version + +---------- + + tcsh 6.18.01 (Astron) 2012-02-14 (x86_64-unknown-linux) options wide,nls,dl,al,kan,rh,nd,color,filec + +对于一些 shells，你还可以使用 shell 特定的变量（例如，$ BASH_VERSION 或 $ ZSH_VERSION）。 + + $ echo $BASH_VERSION + +---------- + + 4.3.8(1)-release + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/which-shell-am-i-using.html + +作者：[Dan Nanni][a] +译者：[strugglingyouth](https://github.com/strugglingyouth) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/author/nanni +[1]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/process-id-pid-shell-script.html From 7be4ae81c338be97fb704230912110581f1368bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Sat, 7 Nov 2015 14:14:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 030/176] translating---geekpi --- ...th Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux.md index 45eb3b4834..4280798d81 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +translating----geekpi + Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux ================================================================================ > **Question**: When I am trying to run a Java program on Linux, I am getting the following error. Looks like the Java program is compiled for a different Java version than the default Java program installed on my Linux. How can I switch the default Java version on Linux? @@ -49,4 +51,4 @@ via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/change-default-java-version-linux.html 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/author/nanni -[1]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-java-runtime-linux.html \ No newline at end of file +[1]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-java-runtime-linux.html From d2a6f538c09074092565abedac7e8dc619c75be2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Sat, 7 Nov 2015 14:32:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 031/176] translated --- ...to change default Java version on Linux.md | 54 ------------------- ...to change default Java version on Linux.md | 53 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 54 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 4280798d81..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,54 +0,0 @@ -translating----geekpi - -Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux -================================================================================ -> **Question**: When I am trying to run a Java program on Linux, I am getting the following error. Looks like the Java program is compiled for a different Java version than the default Java program installed on my Linux. How can I switch the default Java version on Linux? -> -> Exception in thread "main" java.lang.UnsupportedClassVersionError: com/xmodulo/hmon/gui/NetConf : Unsupported major.minor version 51.0 - -When a Java program is compiled, the build environment sets a "target" which is the oldest JRE version the program can support. If you run the Java program on a Linux system which does not meet the lowest JRE version requirement, you will encounter the following error while starting the program. - - Exception in thread "main" java.lang.UnsupportedClassVersionError: com/xmodulo/hmon/gui/NetConf : Unsupported major.minor version 51.0 - -For example, in this case the program is compiled for Java JRE 1.7 but the system only has Java JRE 1.6. - -To solve this problem, you need to change the default Java version you are using to Java JRE 1.7 or higher (assuming that such JRE is already installed). - -First, **check available Java versions** on your Linux system by using update-alternatives command: - - $ sudo update-alternatives --display java - -![](https://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5663/22661333316_81fe1ab7da_c.jpg) - -In this example, there are four different Java versions that are installed: OpenJDK JRE 1.6, Oracle Java JRE 1.6, OpenJDK JRE 1.7 and Oracle Java JRE 1.7. The default Java version is currently set to OpenJDK JRE 1.6. - -If the necessary Java JRE is not installed, you can always install it using [these instructions][1]. - -Now that there are suitable candidates to change to, you can **switch the default Java version** among available Java JREs by running the following command: - - $ sudo update-alternatives --config java - -When prompted, select the Java version you would like to use. In this example, we choose Oracle Java JRE 1.7. - -![](https://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5651/22066181083_b9c4c5b676_c.jpg) - -Now you can verify the default Java version as follows. - - $ java -version - -![](https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/634/22499411280_1d702a4101_c.jpg) - -Finally, if you defined JAVA_HOME environment variable somewhere, update the variable according to the newly set default Java version. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/change-default-java-version-linux.html - -作者：[Dan Nanni][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/author/nanni -[1]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-java-runtime-linux.html diff --git a/translated/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c48274edf0 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +Linux又问必答-- 如何在Linux中改变默认的Java版本 +================================================================================ +> **提问**：当我尝试在Linux中运行一个Java程序时，我遇到了一个错误。看上去像程序编译所使用的Javab版本与我本地的不同。我该如何在Linux上切换默认的Java版本？ + +> +> Exception in thread "main" java.lang.UnsupportedClassVersionError: com/xmodulo/hmon/gui/NetConf : Unsupported major.minor version 51.0 + +当Java程序编译时，编译环境会设置一个“target”变量来设置程序可以运行的最低Java版本。如果你Linux系统上运行的程序不满足最低的JRE版本要求，那么你会在运行的时候遇到下面的错误。 + + Exception in thread "main" java.lang.UnsupportedClassVersionError: com/xmodulo/hmon/gui/NetConf : Unsupported major.minor version 51.0 + +比如，这种情况下程序在Java JRE 1.7下编译，但是系统只有Java JRE 1.6。 + +要解决这个问题，你需要改变默认的Java版本到Java JRE 1.7或者更高（假设JRE已经安装了）。 + +首先，试用下面的update-alternatives命令**检查你系统上可用的Java版本**： + + $ sudo update-alternatives --display java + +![](https://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5663/22661333316_81fe1ab7da_c.jpg) + +本例中，总共安装了4个不同的Java版本：OpenJDK JRE 1.6、Oracle Java JRE 1.6、OpenJDK JRE 1.7 和 Oracle Java JRE 1.7。现在默认的Java版本是OpenJDK JRE 1.6。 + +如果没有安装需要的Java JRE,你可以参考[这些指导][1]来完成安装。 + +现在有可用的候选版本，你可以用下面的命令在可用的Java JRE之间**切换默认的Java版本**： + + $ sudo update-alternatives --config java + +看到提示的时候，选择你想试用的Java版本。本例中，我们选择Oracle Java JRE 1.7。 + +![](https://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5651/22066181083_b9c4c5b676_c.jpg) + +现在用下面的命令验证默认的Java版本。 + + $ java -version + +![](https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/634/22499411280_1d702a4101_c.jpg) + +最后，如果你定义了JAVA_HOME环境变量，根据你设置的Java版本更新变量。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/change-default-java-version-linux.html + +作者：[Dan Nanni][a] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/author/nanni +[1]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-java-runtime-linux.html From d67f79514fde1925559fe60ca452c5d7398faa0a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ictlyh Date: Sat, 7 Nov 2015 18:16:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 032/176] Translating sources/tech/20150831 How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md --- ...to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20150831 How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20150831 How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md index 101e86ecd0..4dfb657163 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20150831 How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20150831 How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +ictlyh Translating How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux ================================================================================ In the world of Linux, adoption of [systemd][1] has been a subject of heated controversy, and the debate between its proponents and critics is still going on. As of today, most major Linux distributions have adopted systemd as a default init system. From 099071366d2455e07d752d8bb08eeecb81df77f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ictlyh Date: Sat, 7 Nov 2015 19:15:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 033/176] Translated sources/tech/20150831 How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md --- ...orkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md | 40 ++++++++++++++++++- 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20150831 How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md (58%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20150831 How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20150831 How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md similarity index 58% rename from sources/tech/20150831 How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md rename to translated/tech/20150831 How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md index 4dfb657163..1a1fe6b35a 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20150831 How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20150831 How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md @@ -1,55 +1,74 @@ -ictlyh Translating +如何在 Linux 中从 NetworkManager 切换为 systemd-network How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux ================================================================================ +在 Linux 世界里， [systemd][1] 的采用一直是激烈争论的主题，它的支持者和反对者之间的战火仍然在燃烧。到了今天，大部分主流 Linux 发行版都已经采用了 systemd 作为默认初始化系统。 In the world of Linux, adoption of [systemd][1] has been a subject of heated controversy, and the debate between its proponents and critics is still going on. As of today, most major Linux distributions have adopted systemd as a default init system. +正如其作者所说，作为一个 “从未完成、从未完善、但一直追随技术进步” 的系统，systemd 已经不只是一个初始化进程，它被设计为一个更广泛的系统以及服务管理平台，这个；平台包括了不断增长的核心系统进程、库和工具的生态系统。 Billed as a "never finished, never complete, but tracking progress of technology" by its author, systemd is not just the init daemon, but is designed as a more broad system and service management platform which encompasses the growing ecosystem of core system daemons, libraries and utilities. +**systemd** 的其中一部分是 **systemd-networkd**，它负责 systemd 生态中的网络配置。使用 systemd-networkd，你可以为网络设备配置基础的 DHCP/静态 IP 网络。它还可以配置虚拟网络功能，例如网桥、隧道和 VLAN。systemd-networkd 目前还不能直接支持无线网络，但你可以使用 wpa_supplicant 服务配置无线适配器，然后用 **systemd-networkd** 挂钩起来。 One of many additions to **systemd** is **systemd-networkd**, which is responsible for network configuration within the systemd ecosystem. Using systemd-networkd, you can configure basic DHCP/static IP networking for network devices. It can also configure virtual networking features such as bridges, tunnels or VLANs. Wireless networking is not directly handled by systemd-networkd, but you can use wpa_supplicant service to configure wireless adapters, and then hook it up with **systemd-networkd**. +在很多 Linux 发行版中，NetworkManager 仍然作为默认的网络配置管理器。和 NetworkManager 相比，**systemd-networkd** 仍处于活跃的开发状态，还缺少一些功能。例如，它还不能像 NetworkManager 那样能在任何时候让你的计算机在多种接口之间保持连接。它还没有为高级脚本提供 ifup/ifdown 钩子函数。但是，systemd-networkd 和其它 systemd 组件（例如用于域名解析的 **resolved**、NTP 的**timesyncd**，用于命名的 udevd）结合的非常好。随着时间增长，**systemd-networkd**只会在 systemd 环境中扮演越来越重要的角色。 On many Linux distributions, NetworkManager has been and is still used as a default network configuration manager. Compared to NetworkManager, **systemd-networkd** is still under active development, and missing features. For example, it does not have NetworkManager's intelligence to keep your computer connected across various interfaces at all times. It does not provide ifup/ifdown hooks for advanced scripting. Yet, systemd-networkd is integrated well with the rest of systemd components (e.g., **resolved** for DNS, **timesyncd** for NTP, udevd for naming), and the role of **systemd-networkd** may only grow over time in the systemd environment. +如果你对 **systemd-networkd** 的进步感到高兴，从 NetworkManager 切换到 systemd-networkd 是值得你考虑的一件事。如果你强烈反对 systemd，对 NetworkManager 或[基础网络服务][2]感到很满意，那也很好。 If you are happy with the way **systemd** is evolving, one thing you can consider is to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd. If you are feverishly against systemd, and perfectly happy with NetworkManager or [basic network service][2], that is totally cool. +但对于那些想尝试 systemd-networkd 的人，可以继续看下去，在这篇指南中学会在 Linux 中怎么从 NetworkManager 切换到 systemd-networkd。 But for those of you who want to try out systemd-networkd, you can read on, and find out in this tutorial how to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux. +### 需求 ### ### Requirement ### +systemd 210 或更高版本提供了 systemd-networkd。因此诸如 Debian 8 "Jessie" (systemd 215)、 Fedora 21 (systemd 217)、 Ubuntu 15.04 (systemd 219) 或更高版本的 Linux 发行版和 systemd-networkd 兼容。 systemd-networkd is available in systemd version 210 and higher. Thus distributions like Debian 8 "Jessie" (systemd 215), Fedora 21 (systemd 217), Ubuntu 15.04 (systemd 219) or later are compatible with systemd-networkd. +对于其它发行版，在开始下一步之前先检查一下你的 systemd 版本。 For other distributions, check the version of your systemd before proceeding. $ systemctl --version +### 从 NetworkManager 切换到 Systemd-networkd ### ### Switch from Network Manager to Systemd-Networkd ### +从 NetworkManager 切换到 systemd-networkd 其实非常简答（反过来也一样）。 It is relatively straightforward to switch from Network Manager to systemd-networkd (and vice versa). +首先，按照下面这样先停用 NetworkManager 服务，然后启用 systemd-networkd。 First, disable Network Manager service, and enable systemd-networkd as follows. $ sudo systemctl disable NetworkManager $ sudo systemctl enable systemd-networkd +你还要启用 **systemd-resolved** 服务，systemd-networkd用它来进行域名解析。该服务还实现了一个缓存式 DNS 服务器。 You also need to enable **systemd-resolved** service, which is used by systemd-networkd for network name resolution. This service implements a caching DNS server. $ sudo systemctl enable systemd-resolved $ sudo systemctl start systemd-resolved +一旦启动，**systemd-resolved** 就会在 /run/systemd 目录下某个地方创建它自己的 resolv.conf。但是，把 DNS 解析信息存放在 /etc/resolv.conf 是更普遍的做法，很多应用程序也会依赖于 /etc/resolv.conf。因此为了兼容性，按照下面的方式创建一个到 /etc/resolv.conf 的符号链接。 Once started, **systemd-resolved** will create its own resolv.conf somewhere under /run/systemd directory. However, it is a common practise to store DNS resolver information in /etc/resolv.conf, and many applications still rely on /etc/resolv.conf. Thus for compatibility reason, create a symlink to /etc/resolv.conf as follows. $ sudo rm /etc/resolv.conf $ sudo ln -s /run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf +### 用 systemd-networkd 配置网络连接 ### ### Configure Network Connections with Systemd-networkd ### +要用 systemd-networkd 配置网络服务，你必须指定带.network 扩展名的配置信息文本文件。这些网络配置文件保存到 /etc/systemd/network 并从这里加载。当有多个文件时，systemd-networkd 会按照词汇顺序一个个加载并处理。 To configure network devices with systemd-networkd, you must specify configuration information in text files with .network extension. These network configuration files are then stored and loaded from /etc/systemd/network. When there are multiple files, systemd-networkd loads and processes them one by one in lexical order. +首先创建 /etc/systemd/network 目录。 Let's start by creating a folder /etc/systemd/network. $ sudo mkdir /etc/systemd/network +#### DHCP 网络 #### #### DHCP Networking #### +首先来配置 DHCP 网络。对于此，先要创建下面的配置文件。文件名可以任意，但记住文件是按照词汇顺序处理的。 Let's configure DHCP networking first. For this, create the following configuration file. The name of a file can be arbitrary, but remember that files are processed in lexical order. $ sudo vi /etc/systemd/network/20-dhcp.network @@ -62,10 +81,13 @@ Let's configure DHCP networking first. For this, create the following configurat [Network] DHCP=yes +正如你上面看到的，每个网络配置文件包括了一个多多个 “sections”，每个 “section”都用 [XXX] 开头。每个 section 包括了一个或多个键值对。[Match] 部分决定这个配置文件配置哪个（些）网络设备。例如，这个文件匹配所有名称以 ens3 开头的网络设备（例如 enp3s0、 enp3s1、 enp3s2 等等）对于匹配的接口，然后启用 [Network] 部分指定的 DHCP 网络配置。 As you can see above, each network configuration file contains one or more "sections" with each section preceded by [XXX] heading. Each section contains one or more key/value pairs. The [Match] section determine which network device(s) are configured by this configuration file. For example, this file matches any network interface whose name starts with ens3 (e.g., enp3s0, enp3s1, enp3s2, etc). For matched interface(s), it then applies DHCP network configuration specified under [Network] section. +### 静态 IP 网络 ### ### Static IP Networking ### +如果你想给网络设备分配一个静态 IP 地址，那就新建下面的配置文件。 If you want to assign a static IP address to a network interface, create the following configuration file. $ sudo vi /etc/systemd/network/10-static-enp3s0.network @@ -80,12 +102,15 @@ If you want to assign a static IP address to a network interface, create the fol Gateway=192.168.10.1 DNS=8.8.8.8 +正如你猜测的， enp3s0 接口地址会被指定为 192.168.10.50/24，默认网关是 192.168.10.1， DNS 服务器是 8.8.8.8。这里微妙的一点是，接口名 enp3s0 事实上也匹配了之前 DHCP 配置中定义的模式规则。但是，根据词汇顺序，文件 "10-static-enp3s0.network" 在 "20-dhcp.network" 之前被处理，对于 enp3s0 接口静态配置比 DHCP 配置有更高的优先级。 As you can guess, the interface enp3s0 will be assigned an address 192.168.10.50/24, a default gateway 192.168.10.1, and a DNS server 8.8.8.8. One subtlety here is that the name of an interface enp3s0, in facts, matches the pattern rule defined in the earlier DHCP configuration as well. However, since the file "10-static-enp3s0.network" is processed before "20-dhcp.network" according to lexical order, the static configuration takes priority over DHCP configuration in case of enp3s0 interface. +一旦你完成了创建配置文件，重启 systemd-networkd 服务或者重启机器。 Once you are done with creating configuration files, restart systemd-networkd service or reboot. $ sudo systemctl restart systemd-networkd +运行以下命令检查服务状态： Check the status of the service by running: $ systemctl status systemd-networkd @@ -93,14 +118,19 @@ Check the status of the service by running: ![](https://farm1.staticflickr.com/719/21010813392_76abe123ed_c.jpg) +### 用 systemd-networkd 配置虚拟网络设备 ### ### Configure Virtual Network Devices with Systemd-networkd ### +**systemd-networkd** 同样允许你配置虚拟网络设备，例如网桥、VLAN、隧道、VXLAN、绑定等。你必须在用 .netdev 作为扩展名的文件中配置这些虚拟设备。 **systemd-networkd** also allows you to configure virtual network devices such as bridges, VLANs, tunnel, VXLAN, bonding, etc. You must configure these virtual devices in files with .netdev extension. +这里我展示了如何配置一个桥接接口。 Here I'll show how to configure a bridge interface. +#### Linux 网桥 #### #### Linux Bridge #### +如果你想创建一个 Linux 网桥(br0) 并把物理接口(eth1) 添加到网桥，你可以新建下面的配置。 If you want to create a Linux bridge (br0) and add a physical interface (eth1) to the bridge, create the following configuration. $ sudo vi /etc/systemd/network/bridge-br0.netdev @@ -111,6 +141,7 @@ If you want to create a Linux bridge (br0) and add a physical interface (eth1) t Name=br0 Kind=bridge +然后按照下面这样用 .network 文件配置网桥接口 br0 和从接口 eth1。 Then configure the bridge interface br0 and the slave interface eth1 using .network files as follows. $ sudo vi /etc/systemd/network/bridge-br0-slave.network @@ -137,16 +168,21 @@ Then configure the bridge interface br0 and the slave interface eth1 using .netw Gateway=192.168.10.1 DNS=8.8.8.8 +最后，重启 systemd-networkd。 Finally, restart systemd-networkd: $ sudo systemctl restart systemd-networkd +你可以用 [brctl 工具][3] 来验证是否创建了网桥 br0。 You can use [brctl tool][3] to verify that a bridge br0 has been created. +### 总结 ### ### Summary ### +当 systemd 誓言成为 Linux 的系统管理器时，有类似 systemd-networkd 的东西来管理网络配置也就不足为奇。但是在现阶段，systemd-networkd 看起来更适合于网络配置相对稳定的服务器环境。对于桌面/笔记本环境，它们有多种临时有线/无线接口，NetworkManager 仍然是比较好的选择。 When systemd promises to be a system manager for Linux, it is no wonder something like systemd-networkd came into being to manage network configurations. At this stage, however, systemd-networkd seems more suitable for a server environment where network configurations are relatively stable. For desktop/laptop environments which involve various transient wired/wireless interfaces, NetworkManager may still be a preferred choice. +对于想进一步了解 systemd-networkd 的人，可以参考官方[man 手册][4]了解完整的支持列表和关键点。 For those who want to check out more on systemd-networkd, refer to the official [man page][4] for a complete list of supported sections and keys. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -154,7 +190,7 @@ For those who want to check out more on systemd-networkd, refer to the official via: http://xmodulo.com/switch-from-networkmanager-to-systemd-networkd.html 作者：[Dan Nanni][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[ictlyh](http://mutouxiaogui.cn/blog) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 645197b3a4f3bced689058f34e3c1d6a80d207df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 7 Nov 2015 19:53:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 034/176] PUB:20151019 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Ubuntu desktop behind a proxy @geekpi --- ...--How to install Ubuntu desktop behind a proxy.md | 12 ++++++------ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20151019 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Ubuntu desktop behind a proxy.md (77%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20151019 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Ubuntu desktop behind a proxy.md b/published/20151019 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Ubuntu desktop behind a proxy.md similarity index 77% rename from translated/tech/20151019 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Ubuntu desktop behind a proxy.md rename to published/20151019 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Ubuntu desktop behind a proxy.md index 6e1a0de7cb..80a79534ca 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20151019 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Ubuntu desktop behind a proxy.md +++ b/published/20151019 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Ubuntu desktop behind a proxy.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -Linux有问必答--如何在代理中安装Ubuntu +Linux有问必答： 当使用代理服务器连接互联网时如何安装 Ubuntu 桌面版 ================================================================================ -> **提问：** 我的电脑连接到的是使用HTTP代理的公司网络。当我想使用CD-ROM安装Ubuntu时，安装在尝试获取文件时被停滞了，可能是由于代理的原因。然而问题是Ubuntu的安装程序从来没有在安装过程中提示我配置代理。我该怎样在代理中安装Ubuntu桌面版？ +> **提问：** 我的电脑连接到的公司网络是使用HTTP代理连上互联网的。当我想使用CD-ROM安装Ubuntu时，安装在尝试获取文件时被停滞了，可能是由于代理的原因。然而问题是Ubuntu的安装程序从来没有在安装过程中提示我配置代理。我该怎样通过代理服务器安装Ubuntu桌面版？ 不像Ubuntu服务器版，Ubuntu桌面版的安装非常自动化，没有留下太多的自定义空间，就像自定义磁盘分区，手动网络设置，包选择等等。虽然这种简单的，一键安装被认为是用户友好的，但却是那些寻找“高级安装模式”来定制自己的Ubuntu桌面安装的用户不希望的。 @@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ Linux有问必答--如何在代理中安装Ubuntu ![](https://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5683/22195372232_cea81a5e45_c.jpg) -这篇文章描述了如何解除Ubuntu安装限制以及**如何在代理中安装Ubuntu桌面**。 +这篇文章描述了如何解除Ubuntu安装限制以及**如何通过代理服务器安装Ubuntu桌面**。 -基本的想打是这样的。首先启动到live Ubuntu桌面中而不是直接启动Ubuntu安装器，配置代理设置并且手动在live Ubuntu中启动Ubuntu安装器。下面是步骤。 +基本的想法是这样的。首先启动到live Ubuntu桌面中而不是直接启动Ubuntu安装器，配置代理设置并且手动在live Ubuntu中启动Ubuntu安装器。下面是步骤。 从Ubuntu桌面版CD/DVD或者USB启动后，在欢迎页面点击“Try Ubuntu”。 @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Linux有问必答--如何在代理中安装Ubuntu ![](https://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5675/22021212239_ba3901c8bf_c.jpg) -手动配置代理 +手动配置代理。 ![](https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/735/22020025040_59415e0b9a_c.jpg) @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-ubuntu-desktop-behind-proxy.html 作者：[Dan Nanni][a] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 65a211f3db955e6c5c42529a27e5fa449847136c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2015 22:59:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 035/176] PUB:Part 6 - Setting Up Samba and Configure FirewallD and SELinux to Allow File Sharing on Linux or Windows Clients @ictlyh --- ...ile Sharing on Linux or Windows Clients.md | 39 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/RHCE/Part 6 - Setting Up Samba and Configure FirewallD and SELinux to Allow File Sharing on Linux or Windows Clients.md (80%) diff --git a/translated/tech/RHCE/Part 6 - Setting Up Samba and Configure FirewallD and SELinux to Allow File Sharing on Linux or Windows Clients.md b/published/RHCE/Part 6 - Setting Up Samba and Configure FirewallD and SELinux to Allow File Sharing on Linux or Windows Clients.md similarity index 80% rename from translated/tech/RHCE/Part 6 - Setting Up Samba and Configure FirewallD and SELinux to Allow File Sharing on Linux or Windows Clients.md rename to published/RHCE/Part 6 - Setting Up Samba and Configure FirewallD and SELinux to Allow File Sharing on Linux or Windows Clients.md index cb8fa59954..a439469b81 100644 --- a/translated/tech/RHCE/Part 6 - Setting Up Samba and Configure FirewallD and SELinux to Allow File Sharing on Linux or Windows Clients.md +++ b/published/RHCE/Part 6 - Setting Up Samba and Configure FirewallD and SELinux to Allow File Sharing on Linux or Windows Clients.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -安装 Samba 并配置 Firewalld 和 SELinux 使得能在 Linux 和 Windows 之间共享文件 - 第六部分 +RHCE 系列（六）：安装 Samba 并配置 Firewalld 和 SELinux 让 Linux 和 Windows 共享文件 ================================================================================ 由于计算机很少作为一个独立的系统工作，作为一个系统管理员或工程师，就应该知道如何在有多种类型的服务器之间搭设和维护网络。 @@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ ![在 Linux 中配置 Samba 进行文件共享](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/setup-samba-file-sharing-on-linux-windows-clients.png) -RHCE 系列第六部分 - 设置 Samba 文件共享 +*RHCE 系列第六部分 - 设置 Samba 文件共享* -如果有人叫你设置文件服务器用于协作或者配置很可能有多种不同类型操作系统和设备的企业环境，这篇文章就能派上用场。 +如果有人让你设置文件服务器用于协作或者配置很可能有多种不同类型操作系统和设备的企业环境，这篇文章就能派上用场。 由于你可以在网上找到很多关于 Samba 和 NFS 背景和技术方面的介绍，在这篇文章以及后续文章中我们就省略了这些部分直接进入到我们的主题。 @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ RHCE 系列第六部分 - 设置 Samba 文件共享 ![测试安装 Samba](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Testing-Setup-for-Samba.png) -测试安装 Samba +*测试安装 Samba* 在 box1 中安装以下软件包： @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ RHCE 系列第六部分 - 设置 Samba 文件共享 ### 步骤二： 设置通过 Samba 进行文件共享 ### -Samba 这么重要的原因之一是它为 SMB/CIFS 客户端（译者注：SMB 是微软和英特尔制定的一种通信协议，CIFS 是其中一个版本，更详细的介绍可以参考[Wiki][6]）提供了文件和打印设备，这使得客户端看起来服务器就是一个 Windows 系统（我必须承认写这篇文章的时候我有一点激动，因为这是我多年前作为一个新手 Linux 系统管理员的第一次设置）。 +Samba 这么重要的原因之一是它为 SMB/CIFS 客户端（LCTT 译注：SMB 是微软和英特尔制定的一种通信协议，CIFS 是其中一个版本，更详细的介绍可以参考 [Wiki][6]）提供了文件和打印设备，这使得服务器在客户端看起来就是一个 Windows 系统（我必须承认写这篇文章的时候我有一点激动，因为这是我多年前作为一个新手 Linux 系统管理员的第一次设置）。 **添加系统用户并设置权限和属性** @@ -91,9 +91,9 @@ Samba 这么重要的原因之一是它为 SMB/CIFS 客户端（译者注：SMB ![测试 Samba 配置](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Test-Samba-Configuration.png) -测试 Samba 配置 +*测试 Samba 配置* -如果你要添加另一个公开的共享目录（意味着没有任何验证），在 /etc/samba/smb.conf 中创建另一章节，在共享目录名称下面复制上面的章节，只需要把 public=no 更改为 public=yes 并去掉有效用户和写列表命令。 +如果你要添加另一个公开的共享目录（意味着不需要任何验证），在 /etc/samba/smb.conf 中创建另一章节，在共享目录名称下面复制上面的章节，只需要把 public=no 更改为 public=yes 并去掉有效用户（valid users）和写列表（write list）命令。 ### 步骤五： 添加 Samba 用户 ### @@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ Samba 这么重要的原因之一是它为 SMB/CIFS 客户端（译者注：SMB # smbpasswd -a user1 # smbpasswd -a user2 -最后，重启 Samda，启用系统启动时自动启动服务，并确保共享目录对网络客户端可用： +最后，重启 Samda，并让系统启动时自动启动该服务，确保共享目录对网络客户端可用： # systemctl start smb # systemctl enable smb @@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ Samba 这么重要的原因之一是它为 SMB/CIFS 客户端（译者注：SMB ![验证 Samba 共享](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Verify-Samba-Share.png) -验证 Samba 共享 +*验证 Samba 共享* 到这里，已经正确安装和配置了 Samba 文件服务器。现在让我们在 RHEL 7 和 Windows 8 客户端中测试该配置。 @@ -120,12 +120,11 @@ Samba 这么重要的原因之一是它为 SMB/CIFS 客户端（译者注：SMB 首先，确保客户端可以访问 Samba 共享： -# smbclient –L 192.168.0.18 -U user2 - + # smbclient –L 192.168.0.18 -U user2 ![在 Linux 上挂载 Samba 共享](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mount-Samba-Share-on-Linux.png) -在 Linux 上挂载 Samba 共享 +*在 Linux 上挂载 Samba 共享* （为 user1 重复上面的命令） @@ -135,11 +134,11 @@ Samba 这么重要的原因之一是它为 SMB/CIFS 客户端（译者注：SMB ![挂载 Samba 网络共享](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mount-Samba-Network-Share.png) -挂载 Samba 网络共享 +*挂载 Samba 网络共享* （其中 /media/samba 是一个已有的目录） -或者在 /etc/fstab 文件中添加下面的条目自动挂载： +或者在 /etc/fstab 文件中添加下面的条目以自动挂载： **fstab** @@ -147,7 +146,7 @@ Samba 这么重要的原因之一是它为 SMB/CIFS 客户端（译者注：SMB //192.168.0.18/finance /media/samba cifs credentials=/media/samba/.smbcredentials,defaults 0 0 -其中隐藏文件 /media/samba/.smbcredentials（它的权限被设置为 600 和 root：root）有两行，指示允许使用共享的账户的用户名和密码： +其中隐藏文件 /media/samba/.smbcredentials（它的权限被设置为 600 和 root:root）有两行内容，指示允许使用共享的账户的用户名和密码： **.smbcredentials** @@ -162,17 +161,17 @@ Samba 这么重要的原因之一是它为 SMB/CIFS 客户端（译者注：SMB ![在 Samba 共享中创建文件](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Create-File-in-Samba-Share.png) -在 Samba 共享中创建文件 +*在 Samba 共享中创建文件* 正如你看到的，用权限 0770 和属主 user1:finance 创建了文件。 ### 步骤七： 在 Windows 上挂载 Samba 共享 ### -要在 Windows 上挂载 Samba 共享，进入 ‘我的计算机’ 并选择 ‘计算机’，‘网络驱动映射’。下一步，为要映射的驱动分配一个字母并用不同的认证检查连接（下面的截图使用我的母语西班牙语）： +要在 Windows 上挂载 Samba 共享，进入 ‘我的计算机’ 并选择 ‘计算机’，‘网络驱动映射’。下一步，为要映射的驱动分配一个驱动器盘符并用不同的认证身份检查是否可以连接（下面的截图使用我的母语西班牙语）： ![在 Windows 中挂载 Samba 共享](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mount-Samba-Share-in-Windows.png) -在 Windows 中挂载 Samba 共享 +*在 Windows 中挂载 Samba 共享* 最后，让我们新建一个文件并检查权限和属性： @@ -188,7 +187,7 @@ Samba 这么重要的原因之一是它为 SMB/CIFS 客户端（译者注：SMB 在这篇文章中我们不仅介绍了如何使用不同操作系统设置 Samba 服务器和两个客户端，也介绍了[如何配置 Firewalld][3] 和 [服务器中的 SELinux][4] 以获取所需的组协作功能。 -最后，同样重要的是，我推荐阅读网上的 [smb.conf man 手册][5] 查看其它可能针对你的情况比本文中介绍的场景更加合适的配置命令。 +最后，同样重要的是，我推荐阅读网上的 [smb.conf man 手册][5] ，查看其它比本文中介绍的场景更加合适你的场景的配置命令。 正如往常，欢迎在下面的评论框中留下你的评论或建议。 @@ -198,7 +197,7 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/setup-samba-file-sharing-for-linux-windows-clients/ 作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a] 译者：[ictlyh](http://www.mutouxiaogui.cn/blog/) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 193bdf135be981f1efe7cab582cb4d61c82e6ce8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 8 Nov 2015 23:32:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 036/176] PUB:20150921 Configure PXE Server In Ubuntu 14.04 @strugglingyouth --- ...21 Configure PXE Server In Ubuntu 14.04.md | 65 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20150921 Configure PXE Server In Ubuntu 14.04.md (70%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20150921 Configure PXE Server In Ubuntu 14.04.md b/published/20150921 Configure PXE Server In Ubuntu 14.04.md similarity index 70% rename from translated/tech/20150921 Configure PXE Server In Ubuntu 14.04.md rename to published/20150921 Configure PXE Server In Ubuntu 14.04.md index eab3fb5224..8689a180ce 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20150921 Configure PXE Server In Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ b/published/20150921 Configure PXE Server In Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ - - 在 Ubuntu 14.04 中配置 PXE 服务器 +在 Ubuntu 14.04 中配置 PXE 服务器 ================================================================================ + ![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/09/pxe-featured.jpg) -PXE（Preboot Execution Environment--预启动执行环境）服务器允许用户从网络中启动 Linux 发行版并且可以同时在数百台 PC 中安装而不需要 Linux ISO 镜像。如果你客户端的计算机没有 CD/DVD 或USB 引导盘，或者如果你想在大型企业中同时安装多台计算机，那么 PXE 服务器可以帮你节省时间和金钱。 +PXE（Preboot Execution Environment--预启动执行环境）服务器允许用户从网络中启动 Linux 发行版并且可以不需要 Linux ISO 镜像就能同时在数百台 PC 中安装。如果你客户端的计算机没有 CD/DVD 或USB 引导盘，或者如果你想在大型企业中同时安装多台计算机，那么 PXE 服务器可以帮你节省时间和金钱。 在这篇文章中，我们将告诉你如何在 Ubuntu 14.04 配置 PXE 服务器。 @@ -11,11 +11,11 @@ PXE（Preboot Execution Environment--预启动执行环境）服务器允许用 开始前，你需要先设置 PXE 服务器使用静态 IP。在你的系统中要使用静态 IP 地址，需要编辑 “/etc/network/interfaces” 文件。 -1. 打开 “/etc/network/interfaces” 文件. +打开 “/etc/network/interfaces” 文件. sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces - 作如下修改: +作如下修改: # 回环网络接口 auto lo @@ -43,23 +43,23 @@ DHCP，TFTP 和 NFS 是 PXE 服务器的重要组成部分。首先，需要更 ### 配置 DHCP 服务: ### -DHCP 代表动态主机配置协议（Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol），并且它主要用于动态分配网络配置参数，如用于接口和服务的 IP 地址。在 PXE 环境中，DHCP 服务器允许客户端请求并自动获得一个 IP 地址来访问网络。 +DHCP 代表动态主机配置协议（Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol），它主要用于动态分配网络配置参数，如用于接口和服务的 IP 地址。在 PXE 环境中，DHCP 服务器允许客户端请求并自动获得一个 IP 地址来访问网络。 -1. 编辑 “/etc/default/dhcp3-server” 文件. +1、编辑 “/etc/default/dhcp3-server” 文件. sudo nano /etc/default/dhcp3-server - 作如下修改: +作如下修改: INTERFACES="eth0" 保存 (Ctrl + o) 并退出 (Ctrl + x) 文件. -2. 编辑 “/etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf” 文件: +2、编辑 “/etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf” 文件: sudo nano /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf - 作如下修改: +作如下修改: default-lease-time 600; max-lease-time 7200; @@ -74,29 +74,29 @@ DHCP 代表动态主机配置协议（Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol）， 保存文件并退出。 -3. 启动 DHCP 服务. +3、启动 DHCP 服务. sudo /etc/init.d/isc-dhcp-server start ### 配置 TFTP 服务器: ### -TFTP 是一种文件传输协议，类似于 FTP。它不用进行用户认证也不能列出目录。TFTP 服务器总是监听网络上的 PXE 客户端。当它检测到网络中有 PXE 客户端请求 PXE 服务器时，它将提供包含引导菜单的网络数据包。 +TFTP 是一种文件传输协议，类似于 FTP，但它不用进行用户认证也不能列出目录。TFTP 服务器总是监听网络上的 PXE 客户端的请求。当它检测到网络中有 PXE 客户端请求 PXE 服务时，它将提供包含引导菜单的网络数据包。 -1. 配置 TFTP 时,需要编辑 “/etc/inetd.conf” 文件. +1、配置 TFTP 时,需要编辑 “/etc/inetd.conf” 文件. sudo nano /etc/inetd.conf - 作如下修改: +作如下修改: tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/sbin/in.tftpd /usr/sbin/in.tftpd -s /var/lib/tftpboot - 保存文件并退出。 +保存文件并退出。 -2. 编辑 “/etc/default/tftpd-hpa” 文件。 +2、编辑 “/etc/default/tftpd-hpa” 文件。 sudo nano /etc/default/tftpd-hpa - 作如下修改: +作如下修改: TFTP_USERNAME="tftp" TFTP_DIRECTORY="/var/lib/tftpboot" @@ -105,14 +105,14 @@ TFTP 是一种文件传输协议，类似于 FTP。它不用进行用户认证 RUN_DAEMON="yes" OPTIONS="-l -s /var/lib/tftpboot" - 保存文件并退出。 +保存文件并退出。 -3. 使用 `xinetd` 让 boot 服务在每次系统开机时自动启动，并启动tftpd服务。 +3、 使用 `xinetd` 让 boot 服务在每次系统开机时自动启动，并启动tftpd服务。 sudo update-inetd --enable BOOT sudo service tftpd-hpa start -4. 检查状态。 +4、检查状态。 sudo netstat -lu @@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ TFTP 是一种文件传输协议，类似于 FTP。它不用进行用户认证 ### 配置 PXE 启动文件 ### -现在，你需要将 PXE 引导文件 “pxelinux.0” 放在 TFTP 根目录下。为 TFTP 创建一个目录，并复制 syslinux 在 “/usr/lib/syslinux/” 下提供的所有引导程序文件到 “/var/lib/tftpboot/” 下，操作如下： +现在，你需要将 PXE 引导文件 “pxelinux.0” 放在 TFTP 根目录下。为 TFTP 创建目录结构，并从 “/usr/lib/syslinux/” 复制 syslinux 提供的所有引导程序文件到 “/var/lib/tftpboot/” 下，操作如下： sudo mkdir /var/lib/tftpboot sudo mkdir /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg @@ -135,13 +135,13 @@ TFTP 是一种文件传输协议，类似于 FTP。它不用进行用户认证 PXE 配置文件定义了 PXE 客户端启动时显示的菜单，它能引导并与 TFTP 服务器关联。默认情况下，当一个 PXE 客户端启动时，它会使用自己的 MAC 地址指定要读取的配置文件，所以我们需要创建一个包含可引导内核列表的默认文件。 -编辑 PXE 服务器配置文件使用可用的安装选项。. +编辑 PXE 服务器配置文件，使用有效的安装选项。 -编辑 “/var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default,” +编辑 “/var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default”： sudo nano /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default - 作如下修改: +作如下修改: DEFAULT vesamenu.c32 TIMEOUT 100 @@ -183,12 +183,12 @@ PXE 配置文件定义了 PXE 客户端启动时显示的菜单，它能引导 ### 为 PXE 服务器添加 Ubuntu 14.04 桌面启动镜像 ### -对于这一步，Ubuntu 内核和 initrd 文件是必需的。要获得这些文件，你需要 Ubuntu 14.04 桌面 ISO 镜像。你可以通过以下命令下载 Ubuntu 14.04 ISO 镜像到 /mnt 目录： +对于这一步需要 Ubuntu 内核和 initrd 文件。要获得这些文件，你需要 Ubuntu 14.04 桌面 ISO 镜像。你可以通过以下命令下载 Ubuntu 14.04 ISO 镜像到 /mnt 目录： sudo cd /mnt sudo wget http://releases.ubuntu.com/14.04/ubuntu-14.04.3-desktop-amd64.iso -**注意**: 下载用的 URL 可能会改变，因为 ISO 镜像会进行更新。如果上面的网址无法访问，看看这个网站，了解最新的下载链接。 +**注意**: 下载用的 URL 可能会改变，因为 ISO 镜像会进行更新。如果上面的网址无法访问，看看[这个网站][4]，了解最新的下载链接。 挂载 ISO 文件，使用以下命令将所有文件复制到 TFTP文件夹中： @@ -199,9 +199,9 @@ PXE 配置文件定义了 PXE 客户端启动时显示的菜单，它能引导 ### 将导出的 ISO 目录配置到 NFS 服务器上 ### -现在，你需要通过 NFS 协议安装源镜像。你还可以使用 HTTP 和 FTP 来安装源镜像。在这里，我已经使用 NFS 导出 ISO 内容。 +现在，你需要通过 NFS 协议来设置“安装源镜像（ Installation Source Mirrors）”。你还可以使用 HTTP 和 FTP 来安装源镜像。在这里，我已经使用 NFS 输出 ISO 内容。 -要配置 NFS 服务器，你需要编辑 “etc/exports” 文件。 +要配置 NFS 服务器，你需要编辑 “/etc/exports” 文件。 sudo nano /etc/exports @@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ PXE 配置文件定义了 PXE 客户端启动时显示的菜单，它能引导 /var/lib/tftpboot/Ubuntu/14.04/amd64 *(ro,async,no_root_squash,no_subtree_check) -保存文件并退出。为使更改生效，启动 NFS 服务。 +保存文件并退出。为使更改生效，输出并启动 NFS 服务。 sudo exportfs -a sudo /etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server start @@ -218,9 +218,9 @@ PXE 配置文件定义了 PXE 客户端启动时显示的菜单，它能引导 ### 配置网络引导 PXE 客户端 ### -PXE 客户端可以被任何具备 PXE 网络引导的系统来启用。现在，你的客户端可以启动并安装 Ubuntu 14.04 桌面，需要在系统的 BIOS 中设置 “Boot From Network” 选项。 +PXE 客户端可以是任何支持 PXE 网络引导的计算机系统。现在，你的客户端只需要在系统的 BIOS 中设置 “从网络引导（Boot From Network）” 选项就可以启动并安装 Ubuntu 14.04 桌面。 -现在你可以去做 - 用网络引导启动你的 PXE 客户端计算机，你现在应该看到一个子菜单，显示了我们创建的 Ubuntu 14.04 桌面。 +现在准备出发吧 - 用网络引导启动你的 PXE 客户端计算机，你现在应该看到一个子菜单，显示了我们创建的 Ubuntu 14.04 桌面的菜单项。 ![pxe](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/09/pxe.png) @@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/configure-pxe-server-ubuntu/ 作者：[Hitesh Jethva][a] 译者：[strugglingyouth](https://github.com/strugglingyouth) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 @@ -249,3 +249,4 @@ via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/configure-pxe-server-ubuntu/ [1]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preboot_Execution_Environment [2]:https://help.ubuntu.com/community/PXEInstallServer [3]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/jhcalderon/3681926417/ +[4]:http://releases.ubuntu.com/14.04/ From 60e3a4642cf32bd5e094536e6481c2e987ce4b1b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: icybreaker Date: Mon, 9 Nov 2015 10:10:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 037/176] icybreaker translating... --- .../20150921 14 tips for teaching open source development.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20150921 14 tips for teaching open source development.md b/sources/talk/20150921 14 tips for teaching open source development.md index b2812d44c8..bf8212da70 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20150921 14 tips for teaching open source development.md +++ b/sources/talk/20150921 14 tips for teaching open source development.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +icybreaker translating... 14 tips for teaching open source development ================================================================================ Academia is an excellent platform for training and preparing the open source developers of tomorrow. In research, we occasionally open source software we write. We do this for two reasons. One, to promote the use of the tools we produce. And two, to learn more about the impact and issues other people face when using them. With this background of writing research software, I was tasked with redesigning the undergraduate software engineering course for second-year students at the University of Bradford. @@ -69,4 +70,4 @@ via: http://opensource.com/education/15/9/teaching-open-source-development-under [a]:http://opensource.com/users/mariamkiran [1]:https://basecamp.com/ -[2]:https://www.mantisbt.org/ \ No newline at end of file +[2]:https://www.mantisbt.org/ From 0838ef70619a3a8799074e15ae8a8f626934af29 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Mon, 9 Nov 2015 15:33:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 038/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151109-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...09 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md | 125 ++++++++++++++ ...Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md | 79 +++++++++ ... How to Set Up AWStats On Ubuntu Server.md | 106 ++++++++++++ ...ations using Gmail SMTP server on Linux.md | 156 ++++++++++++++++++ ...oid On BQ Aquaris Ubuntu Phone In Linux.md | 125 ++++++++++++++ 5 files changed, 591 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/share/20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151109 How to Set Up AWStats On Ubuntu Server.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151109 How to send email notifications using Gmail SMTP server on Linux.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151109 Install Android On BQ Aquaris Ubuntu Phone In Linux.md diff --git a/sources/share/20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md b/sources/share/20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d8f9b908ae --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/share/20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +Open Source Alternatives to LastPass +================================================================================ +LastPass is a cross-platform password management program. For Linux, it is available as a plugin for Firefox, Chrome, and Opera. LastPass Sesame is available for Ubuntu/Debian and Fedora. There is also a version of LastPass compatible with Firefox Portable for installing on a USB key. And with LastPass Pocket for Ubuntu/Debian, Fedora and openSUSE, there's good coverage. While LastPass is a highly rated service, it is proprietary software. And LastPass has recently been absorbed by LogMeIn. If you're looking for an open source alternative, this article is for you. + +We all face information overload. Whether you conduct business online, read for your job, or just read for pleasure, the internet is a vast source of information. Retaining that information on a long-term basis can be difficult. However, it is essential to recall certain items of information immediately. Passwords are one such example. + +As a computer user, you face the dilemma of choosing the same password or a unique password for each service or web site you use. Matters are complicated because some sites place restrictions on the selection of the password. For example, a site may insist on a minimum number of characters, capital letters, numerals, and other characters which make choosing the same password for each site to be impossible. More importantly, there are good security reasons not to duplicate passwords. This inevitably means that individuals will simply have too many passwords to remember. One solution is to keep the passwords in written form. However, this is also highly insecure. + +Instead of trying to remember an endless array of passwords, a popular solution is to use password manager software. In fact, this type of software is an essential tool for the active internet user. It makes it easy to retrieve, manage and secure all of your passwords. Most passwords are encrypted, either by the program or the filesystem. Consequently, the user only has to remember a single password. Password managers encourage users to choose unique, non-intuitive strong passwords for each service. + +To provide an insight into the quality of software available for Linux, I introduce 4 excellent open source alternatives to LastPass. + +### KeePassX ### + +![KeePassX in action](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Utilities/Screenshot-KeePassX.png) + +KeePassX is a multi-platform port of KeePass, an open source and cross-platform password manager. This utility helps you to manage your passwords in a secure way. You can put all your passwords in one database, which is locked with one master key or a key-disk. This lets users only need to remember one single master password or insert the key-disk to unlock the whole database. + +The databases are encrypted using the algorithms AES (alias Rijndael) or Twofish using a 256 bit key. + +Features include: + +- Extensive management- title for each entry for better identification: + - Determine different expiration dates + - Insertion of attachments + - User-defined symbols for groups and entries + - Fast entry duplication + - Sorting entries in groups +- Search function: in specific groups or in the complete database +- Auto-Type, a feature that allows you to e.g. log in to a web page by pressing a single key combination. KeePassX does the rest of the typing for you. Auto-Type reads the title of currently active window on your screen and matches it to the configured database entries +- Database security with access to the KeePassX database being granted either with a password, a key-file (e.g. a CD or a memory-stick) or both +- Automatic generation of secure passwords +- Precaution features, quality indicator for chosen passwords hiding all passwords behind asterisks +- Encryption- either the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) or the Twofish algorithm are used, with encryption of the database in 256 bit sized increments +- Import and export of entries. Import from PwManager (*.pwm) and KWallet (*.xml) files, Export as textfile (*.txt) + +- Website: [www.keepassx.org][1] +- Developer: KeePassX Team +- License: GNU GPL v2 +- Version Number: 0.4.3 + +### Encryptr ### + +![Encryptr in action](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Utilities/Screenshot-Encryptr.png) + +Encryptr is an open source zero-knowledge cloud-based password manager / e-wallet powered by Crypton. Crypton is a JavaScript library that allows developers to write web applications where the server knows nothing of the contents a user is storing. + +Encryptr stores your sensitive data like passwords, credit card data, PINs, or access codes, in the cloud. However, because it was built on the zero-knowledge Crypton framework, Encryptr ensures that only the user has the ability to access or read the confidential information. + +Being cross-platform, it allows users to securely access their confidential data from a single account from the cloud, no matter where they are. + +Features include: + +- Very secure Zero-Knowledge Crypton Framework only ever encrypts or decrypts your data locally on your device +- Simple to use +- Cloud based +- Stores three types of data it stores passwords, credit card numbers and general key/value pairs +- Optional "Notes" field to all entries +- Filtering / searching the entry list +- Local encrypted caching of entries to speed up load time + +- Website: [encryptr.org][2] +- Developer: Tommy Williams +- License: GNU GPL v3 +- Version Number: 1.2.0 + +### RatticDB ### + +![RatticDB in action](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Utilities/Screenshot-RatticDB.png) + +RatticDB is an open source Django based password management service. + +RatticDB is built to be 'Password Lifecycle Management' and not simply a 'Password Storage Engine'. RatticDB aims to help you keep track of what passwords need to be changed and when. It does not include application level encryption. + +Features include: + +- Simple ACL scheme +- Change Queue feature that allows users to see when they need to update passwords for the applications they use +- Ansible configurations +- +- Website: [rattic.org][3] +- Developer: Daniel Hall +- License: GNU GPL v2 +- Version Number: 1.3.1 + +### Seahorse ### + +![Seahorse in action](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Security/Screenshot-Seahorse.png) + +Seahorse is a Gnome front end for GnuPG - the Gnu Privacy Guard program. Its goal is to provide an easy to use Key Management Tool, along with an easy to use interface for encryption operations. + +It is a tool for secure communications and data storage. Data encryption and digital signature creation can easily be performed through a GUI and Key Management operations can easily be carried out through an intuitive interface. + +Additionally, Seahorse includes a Gedit plugin, can handle files using Nautilus, an applet for managing stuff put in the clipboard and an agent for storing private passphrases, as well as a GnuPG and OpenSSH key manager. + +Features include: + +- Encrypt/decrypt/sign files and text +- Manage your keys and keyring +- Synchronize your keys and your keyring with key servers +- Sign keys and publish +- Cache your passphrase so you don't have to keep typing it +- Backup your keys and keyring +- Add an image in any GDK supported format as a OpenGPG photo ID +- Create SSH keys, configure them, cache them +- Internationalization support + +- Website: [www.gnome.org/projects/seahorse][4] +- Developer: Jacob Perkins, Jose Carlos, Garcia Sogo, Jean Schurger, Stef Walter, Adam Schreiber +- License: GNU GPL v2 +- Version Number: 3.18.0 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20151108125950773/LastPassAlternatives.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.keepassx.org/ +[2]:https://encryptr.org/ +[3]:http://rattic.org/ +[4]:http://www.gnome.org/projects/seahorse/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md b/sources/tech/20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..780e783554 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command +================================================================================ +![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/11/pv-featured-1.jpg) + +If you’re a Linux system admin, there’s no doubt that you must be spending most of your work time on the command line – installing and removing packages; monitoring system stats; copying, moving, deleting stuff; debugging problems; and more. There are times when you fire a command, and it takes a while before the operation completes. However, there are also times when the command you executed just hangs, leaving you guessing as to what’s actually happening behind the scenes. + +Usually, Linux commands provide no information related to the progress of the ongoing operation, something that is very important especially when you have limited time. However, that doesn’t mean you’re helpless – there exists a command, dubbed pv, that displays useful progress information related to the ongoing command line operation. In this article we will discuss this command as well as its features through some easy-to-understand examples. + +### PV Command ### + +Developed by Andrew Wood, [PV][1] – which stands for Pipe Viewer – displays information related to the progress of data through a pipeline. The information includes time elapsed, percentage completed (with progress bar), current throughput rate, total data transferred, and ETA. + +> “To use it, insert it in a pipeline between two processes, with the appropriate options. Its standard input will be passed through to its standard output and progress will be shown on standard error,” + +The above explains the command’s man page. + +### Download and Installation ### + +Users of Debian-based systems like Ubuntu can easily install the utility by running the following command in terminal: + + sudo apt-get install pv + +If you’re using any other Linux distro, you can install the command using the package manager installed on your system. Once installed successfully you can use the command line utility in various scenarios (see the following section). It’s worth mentioning that pv version 1.2.0 has been used in all the examples mentioned in this article. + +### Features and Usage ### + +A very common scenario that probably most of us (who work on the command line in Linux) would relate to is copying a movie file from a USB drive to your computer. If you try to complete the aforementioned operation using the cp command, you’ll have to blindly wait until the copying is complete or some error is thrown. + +However, the pv command can be helpful in this case. Here is an example: + + pv /media/himanshu/1AC2-A8E3/fNf.mkv > ./Desktop/fnf.mkv + +And here’s the output: + +![pv-copy](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/pv-copy.png) + +So, as you can see above, the command shows a lot of useful information related to the ongoing operation, including the amount of data that has been transferred, time elapsed, rate of transfer, progress bar, progress in percentage, and the amount of time left. + +The `pv` command provides various display switches. For example, you can use `-p` for displaying percentage, `-t` for timer, `-r` for rate of transfer, `-e` for eta, and -b for byte counter. The good thing is that you won’t have to remember any of them, as all of them are enabled by default. However, should you exclusively require information related to only a particular display switch in the output, you can pass that switch in the pv command. + +There’s also a `-n` display switch that allows the command to display an integer percentage, one per line on standard error, instead of the regular visual progress indicator. The following is an example of this switch in action: + + pv -n /media/himanshu/1AC2-A8E3/fNf.mkv > ./Desktop/fnf.mkv + +![pv-numeric](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/pv-numeric.png) + +This particular display switch is suitable in scenarios where you want to pipe the output into the [dialog][2] command. + +Moving on, there’s also a command line option, `-L`, that lets you modify the data transfer rate of the pv command. For example, I used -L to limit the data transfer rate to 2MB/s. + + pv -L 2m /media/himanshu/1AC2-A8E3/fNf.mkv > ./Desktop/fnf.mkv + +![pv-ratelimit](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/pv-ratelimit.png) + +As can be seen in the screenshot above, the data transfer rate was capped according to my direction. + +Another scenario where `pv` can help is while compressing files. Here is an example of how you can use this command while compressing files using Gzip: + + pv /media/himanshu/1AC2-A8E3/fnf.mkv | gzip > ./Desktop/fnf.log.gz + +![pv-gzip](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/pv-gzip.png) + +### Conclusion ### + +As you have observed, pv is a useful little utility that could help you save your precious time in case a command line operation isn’t behaving as expected. Plus, the information it displays can also be used in shell scripts. I’d strongly recommend this command; it’s worth giving a try. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/monitor-progress-linux-command-line-operation/ + +作者：[Himanshu Arora][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/himanshu/ +[1]:http://linux.die.net/man/1/pv +[2]:http://linux.die.net/man/1/dialog \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20151109 How to Set Up AWStats On Ubuntu Server.md b/sources/tech/20151109 How to Set Up AWStats On Ubuntu Server.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..dae3c3af4f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151109 How to Set Up AWStats On Ubuntu Server.md @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +How to Set Up AWStats On Ubuntu Server +================================================================================ +![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/Apache_awstats_featured.jpg) + +AWStats is an open-source Web analytics reporting tool that generates advanced web, streaming, FTP or mail server statistics graphically. This log analyser works as a CGI or from command line and shows you all the possible information your log contains in a few graphical web pages. It uses a partial information file to be able to process large log files often and quickly. It supports most web server log file formats including Apache, IIS and many other web server log formats. + +This article will help you to install and configure AWStats on Ubuntu. + +### Install AWStats Package ### + +By default, AWStats package is available in the Ubuntu repository. + +You can install it by running: + + sudo apt-get install awstats + +Next you will need to enable the CGI module in Apache. + +You can do this by running: + + sudo a2enmod cgi + +Now, restart Apache to reflect the changes. + + sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart + +### Configure AWStats ### + +You need to create a configuration file for each domain or website you wish to view statistics for. In this example we will create a configuration file for “test.com“. + +You can do this by duplicating the AWStats default configuration file to one with your domain name. + + sudo cp /etc/awstats/awstats.conf /etc/awstats/awstats.test.com.conf + +Now, you need to make some changes in the config file: + + sudo nano /etc/awstats/awstats.test.com.conf + +Update the settings shown below: + + # Change to Apache log file, by default it's /var/log/apache2/access.log + LogFile="/var/log/apache2/access.log" + + # Change to the website domain name + SiteDomain="test.com" + HostAliases="www.test.com localhost 127.0.0.1" + + # When this parameter is set to 1, AWStats adds a button on report page to allow to "update" statistics from a web browser + AllowToUpdateStatsFromBrowser=1 + +Save and close the file. + +After these changes, you need to build your initial statistics which will be generated from the current logs on your server. You can do this using: + + sudo /usr/lib/cgi-bin/awstats.pl -config=test.com -update + +The output will look something like this: + +![awtstats](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/awtstats.png) + +### Configure Apache For AWStats ### + +Next, you need to configure Apache2 to show these stats. Now copy the content of the “cgi-bin” folder to the default document root directory of your Apache installation. By default, this is in the “/usr/lib/cgi-bin” folder. + +You can do this by running: + + sudo cp -r /usr/lib/cgi-bin /var/www/html/ + sudo chown www-data:www-data /var/www/html/cgi-bin/ + sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www/html/cgi-bin/ + +### Test AWStats ### + +Now you can access your AWStats by visiting the url “http://your-server-ip/cgi-bin/awstats.pl?config=test.com.” +It will show you a results page like this: + +![awstats_page](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/awstats_page.jpg) + +### Set Up Cron to Update Logs ### + +It is recommended to schedule a cron job to regularly update the AWStats database using newly created log entries, so the stats get updated on a regular basis. This will also save your time. + +To do this you need to edit the “/etc/crontab” file: + + sudo nano /etc/crontab + +Add the following line that tells AWStats to update every ten minutes. + + */10 * * * * root /usr/lib/cgi-bin/awstats.pl -config=test.com -update + +Save and close the file. + +### Conclusion ### + +AWStats is a very useful tool that can give you an overview of what is happening on your website and assist with site analysis. It is very easy to install and configure. Feel free to comment below if you have any questions. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/set-up-awstats-ubuntu/ + +作者：[Hitesh Jethva][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/hiteshjethva/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20151109 How to send email notifications using Gmail SMTP server on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20151109 How to send email notifications using Gmail SMTP server on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5ffcb5aea8 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151109 How to send email notifications using Gmail SMTP server on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,156 @@ +How to send email notifications using Gmail SMTP server on Linux +================================================================================ +Suppose you want to configure a Linux app to send out email messages from your server or desktop. The email messages can be part of email newsletters, status updates (e.g., [Cachet][1]), monitoring alerts (e.g., [Monit][2]), disk events (e.g., [RAID mdadm][3]), and so on. While you can set up your [own outgoing mail server][4] to deliver messages, you can alternatively rely on a freely available public SMTP server as a maintenance-free option. + +One of the most reliable **free SMTP servers** is from Google's Gmail service. All you have to do to send email notifications within your app is to add Gmail's SMTP server address and your credentials to the app, and you are good to go. + +One catch with using Gmail's SMTP server is that there are various restrictions in place, mainly to combat spammers and email marketers who often abuse the server. For example, you can send messages to no more than 100 addresses at once, and no more than 500 recipients per day. Also, if you don't want to be flagged as a spammer, you cannot send a large number of undeliverable messages. When any of these limitations is reached, your Gmail account will temporarily be locked out for a day. In short, Gmail's SMTP server is perfectly fine for your personal use, but not meant for commercial bulk emails. + +With that being said, let me demonstrate **how to use Gmail's SMTP server in Linux environment**. + +### Google Gmail SMTP Server Setting ### + +If you want to send emails from your app using Gmail's SMTP server, remember the following details. + +- **Outgoing mail server (SMTP server)**: smtp.gmail.com +- **Use authentication**: yes +- **Use secure connection**: yes +- **Username**: your Gmail account ID (e.g., "alice" if your email is alice@gmail.com) +- **Password**: your Gmail password +- **Port**: 587 + +Exact configuration syntax may vary depending on apps. In the rest of this tutorial, I will show you several useful examples of using Gmail SMTP server in Linux. + +### Send Emails from the Command Line ### + +As the first example, let's try the most basic email functionality: send an email from the command line using Gmail SMTP server. For this, I am going to use a command-line email client called mutt. + +First, install mutt: + +For Debian-based system: + + $ sudo apt-get install mutt + +For Red Hat based system: + + $ sudo yum install mutt + +Create a mutt configuration file (~/.muttrc) and specify in the file Gmail SMTP server information as follows. Replace with your own Gmail ID. Note that this configuration is for sending emails only (not receiving emails). + + $ vi ~/.muttrc + +---------- + + set from = "@gmail.com" + set realname = "Dan Nanni" + set smtp_url = "smtp://@smtp.gmail.com:587/" + set smtp_pass = "" + +Now you are ready to send out an email using mutt: + + $ echo "This is an email body." | mutt -s "This is an email subject" alice@yahoo.com + +To attach a file in an email, use "-a" option: + + $ echo "This is an email body." | mutt -s "This is an email subject" alice@yahoo.com -a ~/test_attachment.jpg + +![](https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/770/22239850784_5fb0988075_c.jpg) + +Using Gmail SMTP server means that the emails appear as sent from your Gmail account. In other words, a recepient will see your Gmail address as the sender's address. If you want to use your domain as the email sender, you need to use Gmail SMTP relay service instead. + +### Send Email Notification When a Server is Rebooted ### + +If you are running a [virtual private server (VPS)][5] for some critical website, one recommendation is to monitor VPS reboot activities. As a more practical example, let's consider how to set up email notifications for every reboot event on your VPS. Here I assume you are using systemd on your VPS, and show you how to create a custom systemd boot-time service for automatic email notifications. + +First create the following script reboot_notify.sh which takes care of email notifications. + + $ sudo vi /usr/local/bin/reboot_notify.sh + +---------- + + #!/bin/sh + + echo "`hostname` was rebooted on `date`" | mutt -F /etc/muttrc -s "Notification on `hostname`" alice@yahoo.com + +---------- + + $ sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/reboot_notify.sh + +In the script, I use "-F" option to specify the location of system-wide mutt configuration file. So don't forget to create /etc/muttrc file and populate Gmail SMTP information as described earlier. + +Now let's create a custom systemd service as follows. + + $ sudo mkdir -p /usr/local/lib/systemd/system + $ sudo vi /usr/local/lib/systemd/system/reboot-task.service + +---------- + + [Unit] + Description=Send a notification email when the server gets rebooted + DefaultDependencies=no + Before=reboot.target + + [Service] + Type=oneshot + ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/reboot_notify.sh + + [Install] + WantedBy=reboot.target + +Once the service file is created, enable and start the service. + + $ sudo systemctl enable reboot-task + $ sudo systemctl start reboot-task + +From now on, you will be receiving a notification email every time the VPS gets rebooted. + +![](https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/608/22241452923_2ace9cde2e_c.jpg) + +### Send Email Notification from Server Usage Monitoring ### + +As a final example, let me present a real-world application called [Monit][6], which is a pretty useful server monitoring application. It comes with comprehensive [VPS][7] monitoring capabilities (e.g., CPU, memory, processes, file system), as well as email notification functions. + +If you want to receive email notifications for any event on your VPS (e.g., server overload) generated by Monit, you can add the following SMTP information to Monit configuration file. + + set mailserver smtp.gmail.com port 587 + username "" password "" + using tlsv12 + + set mail-format { + from: @gmail.com + subject: $SERVICE $EVENT at $DATE on $HOST + message: Monit $ACTION $SERVICE $EVENT at $DATE on $HOST : $DESCRIPTION. + + Yours sincerely, + Monit + } + + # the person who will receive notification emails + set alert alice@yahoo.com + +Here is the example email notification sent by Monit for excessive CPU load. + +![](https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/566/22873764251_8fe66bfd16_c.jpg) + +### Conclusion ### + +As you can imagine, there will be so many different ways to take advantage of free SMTP servers like Gmail. But once again, remember that the free SMTP server is not meant for commercial usage, but only for your own personal project. If you are using Gmail SMTP server inside any app, feel free to share your use case. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/send-email-notifications-gmail-smtp-server-linux.html + +作者：[Dan Nanni][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/nanni +[1]:http://xmodulo.com/setup-system-status-page.html +[2]:http://xmodulo.com/server-monitoring-system-monit.html +[3]:http://xmodulo.com/create-software-raid1-array-mdadm-linux.html +[4]:http://xmodulo.com/mail-server-ubuntu-debian.html +[5]:http://xmodulo.com/go/digitalocean +[6]:http://xmodulo.com/server-monitoring-system-monit.html +[7]:http://xmodulo.com/go/digitalocean \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20151109 Install Android On BQ Aquaris Ubuntu Phone In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20151109 Install Android On BQ Aquaris Ubuntu Phone In Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bbd7f7580f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151109 Install Android On BQ Aquaris Ubuntu Phone In Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +Install Android On BQ Aquaris Ubuntu Phone In Linux +================================================================================ +![How to install Android on Ubuntu Phone](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Install-Android-on-Ubuntu-Phone.jpg) + +If you happen to own the first Ubuntu phone and want to **replace Ubuntu with Android on the bq Aquaris e4.5**, this post is going to help you. + +There can be plenty of reasons why you might want to remove Ubuntu and use the mainstream Android OS. One of the foremost reason is that the OS itself is at an early stage and intend to target developers and enthusiasts. Whatever may be your reason, installing Android on bq Aquaris is a piece of cake, thanks to the tools provided by bq. + +Let’s see what to do we need to install Android on bq Aquaris. + +### Prerequisite ### + +- Working Internet connection to download Android factory image and install tools for flashing Android +- USB data cable +- A system running Linux + +This tutorial is performed using Ubuntu 15.10. But the steps should be applicable to most other Linux distributions. + +### Replace Ubuntu with Android in bq Aquaris e4.5 ### + +#### Step 1: Download Android firmware #### + +First step is to download the Android image for bq Aquaris e4.5. Good thing is that it is available from the bq’s support website. You can download the firmware, around 650 MB in size, from the link below: + +- [Download Android for bq Aquaris e4.5][1] + +Yes, you would get OTA updates with it. At present the firmware version is 2.0.1 which is based on Android Lolipop. Over time, there could be a new firmware based on Marshmallow and then the above link could be outdated. + +I suggest to check the [bq support page and download][2] the latest firmware from there. + +Once downloaded, extract it. In the extracted directory, look for **MT6582_Android_scatter.txt** file. We shall be using it later. + +#### Step 2: Download flash tool #### + +bq has provided its own flash tool, Herramienta MTK Flash Tool, for easier installation of Android or Ubuntu on the device. You can download the tool from the link below: + +- [Download MTK Flash Tool][3] + +Since the flash tool might be upgraded in future, you can always get the latest version of flash tool from the [bq support page][4]. + +Once downloaded extract the downloaded file. You should see an executable file named **flash_tool** in it. We shall be using it later. + +#### Step 3: Remove conflicting packages (optional) #### + +If you are using recent version of Ubuntu or Ubuntu based Linux distributions, you may encounter “BROM ERROR : S_UNDEFINED_ERROR (1001)” later in this tutorial. + +To avoid this error, you’ll have to uninstall conflicting package. Use the commands below: + + sudo apt-get remove modemmanager + +Restart udev service with the command below: + + sudo service udev restart + +Just to check for any possible side effects on kernel module cdc_acm, run the command below: + + lsmod | grep cdc_acm + +If the output of the above command is an empty list, you’ll have to reinstall this kernel module: + + sudo modprobe cdc_acm + +#### Step 4: Prepare to flash Android #### + +Go to the downloaded and extracted flash tool directory (in step 2). Use command line for this purpose because you’ll have to use the root privileges here. + +Presuming that you saved it in the Downloads directory, use the command below to go to this directory (in case you do not know how to navigate between directories in command line). + + cd ~/Downloads/SP_Flash* + +After that use the command below to run the flash tool as root: + + sudo ./flash_tool + +You’ll see a window popped as the one below. Don’t bother about Download Agent field, it will be automatically filled. Just focus on Scatter-loading field. + +![Replace Ubuntu with Android](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Install-Android-bq-aquaris-Ubuntu-1.jpeg) + +Remember we talked about **MT6582_Android_scatter.txt** in step 1? This text file is in the extracted directory of the Andriod firmware you downloaded in step 1. Click on Scatter-loading (in the above picture) and point to MT6582_Android_scatter.txt file. + +When you do that, you’ll see several green lines like the one below: + +![Install-Android-bq-aquaris-Ubuntu-2](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Install-Android-bq-aquaris-Ubuntu-2.jpeg) + +#### Step 5: Flashing Android #### + +We are almost ready. Switch off your phone and connect it to your computer via a USB cable. + +Select Firmware Upgrade from the dropdown and after that click on the big download button. + +![flash Android with Ubuntu](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Install-Android-bq-aquaris-Ubuntu.jpeg) + +If everything is correct, you should see a flash status in the bottom of the tool: + +![Replace Ubuntu with Android](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Install-Android-bq-aquaris-Ubuntu-3.jpeg) + +When the procedure is successfully completed, you’ll see a notification like this: + +![Successfully flashed Android on bq qauaris Ubuntu Phone](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Install-Android-bq-aquaris-Ubuntu-4.jpeg) + +Unplug your phone and power it on. You should see a white screen with AQUARIS written in the middle and at bottom, “powered by Android” would be displayed. It might take upto 10 minutes before you could configure and start using Android. + +Note: If something goes wrong in the process, Press power, volume up, volume down button together and boot in to fast boot mode. Turn off again and connect the cable again. Repeat the process of firmware upgrade. It should work. + +### Conclusion ### + +Thanks to the tools provided, it becomes easier to **flash Android on bq Ubuntu Phone**. Of course, you can use the same steps to replace Android with Ubuntu. All you need is to download Ubuntu firmware instead of Android. + +I hope this tutorial helped you to replace Ubuntu with Android on your bq phone. If you have questions or suggestions, feel free to ask in the comment section below. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://itsfoss.com/install-android-ubuntu-phone/ + +作者：[Abhishek][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[1]:https://storage.googleapis.com/otas/2014/Smartphones/Aquaris_E4.5_L/2.0.1_20150623-1900_bq-FW.zip +[2]:http://www.bq.com/gb/support/aquaris-e4-5 +[3]:https://storage.googleapis.com/otas/2014/Smartphones/Aquaris_E4.5/Ubuntu/Web%20version/Web%20version/SP_Flash_Tool_exe_linux_v5.1424.00.zip +[4]:http://www.bq.com/gb/support/aquaris-e4-5-ubuntu-edition \ No newline at end of file From 089d3638f1e990e22ac5f453422d3759aba3c6f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Mon, 9 Nov 2015 15:54:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 039/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151109-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...How to Configure Tripwire IDS on Debian.md | 379 ++++++++++++++++++ ...ll GitLab on Ubuntu or Fedora or Debian.md | 177 ++++++++ 2 files changed, 556 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151109 How to Configure Tripwire IDS on Debian.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151109 How to Install GitLab on Ubuntu or Fedora or Debian.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151109 How to Configure Tripwire IDS on Debian.md b/sources/tech/20151109 How to Configure Tripwire IDS on Debian.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e430c74e41 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151109 How to Configure Tripwire IDS on Debian.md @@ -0,0 +1,379 @@ +How to Configure Tripwire IDS on Debian +================================================================================ +This article is about Tripwire installation and configuration on Debian OS. It is a host based Intrusion detection system (IDS) for Linux environment. Prime function of tripwire IDS is to detect and report any unauthorized change (files and directories ) on linux system. After tripwire installation, baseline database created first, tripwire monitors and detects changes such as new file addition/creation, file modification and user who changed it etc. If the changes are legitimate, you can accept the changes to update tripwire database. + +### Installation and Configuration ### + +Tripwire installation on Debian VM is shown below. + + # apt-get install tripwire + +![installation](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/installation.png) + +During installation, tripwire prompt for following configuration. + +#### Site key Creation #### + +Tripwire required a site passphrase to secure the tw.cfg tripwire configuration file and tw.pol tripwire policy file. Tripewire encrypte both files using given passphrase. Site passphrase is must even for a single instance tripwire. + +![site key1](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/site-key1.png) + +#### Local Key passphrase #### + +Local passphrase is needed for the protection of tripwire database and report files . Local key used by the tripwire to avoid unauthorized modification of tripwire baseline database. + +![local key1](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/local-key1.png) + +#### Tripwire configuration path #### + +Tripwire configuration saved in the /etc/tripwire/twcfg.txt file. It is used to generate encrypted configuration file tw.cfg. + +![configuration file](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/configuration-file.png) + +**Tripwire Policy path** + +Tripwire saves policies in /etc/tripwire/twpol.txt file . It is used for the generation of encrypted policy file tw.pol used by the tripwire. + +![tripwire policy](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/tripwire-policy.png) + +Final installation of tripwire is shown in the following snapshot. + +![installed tripewire1](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/installed-tripewire1.png) + +#### Tripwire Configuration file (twcfg.txt) #### + +Tripwire configuration file (twcfg.txt) details is given below. Paths of encrypted policy file (tw.pol), site key (site.key) and local key (hostname-local.key) etc are given below. + + ROOT =/usr/sbin + + POLFILE =/etc/tripwire/tw.pol + + DBFILE =/var/lib/tripwire/$(HOSTNAME).twd + + REPORTFILE =/var/lib/tripwire/report/$(HOSTNAME)-$(DATE).twr + + SITEKEYFILE =/etc/tripwire/site.key + + LOCALKEYFILE =/etc/tripwire/$(HOSTNAME)-local.key + + EDITOR =/usr/bin/editor + + LATEPROMPTING =false + + LOOSEDIRECTORYCHECKING =false + + MAILNOVIOLATIONS =true + + EMAILREPORTLEVEL =3 + + REPORTLEVEL =3 + + SYSLOGREPORTING =true + + MAILMETHOD =SMTP + + SMTPHOST =localhost + + SMTPPORT =25 + + TEMPDIRECTORY =/tmp + +#### Tripwire Policy Configuration #### + +Configure tripwire configuration before generation of baseline database. It is necessary to disable few policies such as /dev , /proc ,/root/mail etc. Detailed policy file twpol.txt is given below. + + @@section GLOBAL + TWBIN = /usr/sbin; + TWETC = /etc/tripwire; + TWVAR = /var/lib/tripwire; + + # + # File System Definitions + # + @@section FS + + # + # First, some variables to make configuration easier + # + SEC_CRIT = $(IgnoreNone)-SHa ; # Critical files that cannot change + + SEC_BIN = $(ReadOnly) ; # Binaries that should not change + + SEC_CONFIG = $(Dynamic) ; # Config files that are changed + # infrequently but accessed + # often + + SEC_LOG = $(Growing) ; # Files that grow, but that + # should never change ownership + + SEC_INVARIANT = +tpug ; # Directories that should never + # change permission or ownership + + SIG_LOW = 33 ; # Non-critical files that are of + # minimal security impact + + SIG_MED = 66 ; # Non-critical files that are of + # significant security impact + + SIG_HI = 100 ; # Critical files that are + # significant points of + # vulnerability + + # + # Tripwire Binaries + # + ( + rulename = "Tripwire Binaries", + severity = $(SIG_HI) + ) + { + $(TWBIN)/siggen -> $(SEC_BIN) ; + $(TWBIN)/tripwire -> $(SEC_BIN) ; + $(TWBIN)/twadmin -> $(SEC_BIN) ; + $(TWBIN)/twprint -> $(SEC_BIN) ; + } + { + /boot -> $(SEC_CRIT) ; + /lib/modules -> $(SEC_CRIT) ; + } + + ( + rulename = "Boot Scripts", + severity = $(SIG_HI) + ) + { + /etc/init.d -> $(SEC_BIN) ; + #/etc/rc.boot -> $(SEC_BIN) ; + /etc/rcS.d -> $(SEC_BIN) ; + /etc/rc0.d -> $(SEC_BIN) ; + /etc/rc1.d -> $(SEC_BIN) ; + /etc/rc2.d -> $(SEC_BIN) ; + /etc/rc3.d -> $(SEC_BIN) ; + /etc/rc4.d -> $(SEC_BIN) ; + /etc/rc5.d -> $(SEC_BIN) ; + /etc/rc6.d -> $(SEC_BIN) ; + } + + ( + rulename = "Root file-system executables", + severity = $(SIG_HI) + ) + { + /bin -> $(SEC_BIN) ; + /sbin -> $(SEC_BIN) ; + } + + # + # Critical Libraries + # + ( + rulename = "Root file-system libraries", + severity = $(SIG_HI) + ) + { + /lib -> $(SEC_BIN) ; + } + + # + # Login and Privilege Raising Programs + # + ( + rulename = "Security Control", + severity = $(SIG_MED) + ) + { + /etc/passwd -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; + /etc/shadow -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; + } + { + #/var/lock -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; + #/var/run -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; # daemon PIDs + /var/log -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; + } + + # These files change the behavior of the root account + ( + rulename = "Root config files", + severity = 100 + ) + { + /root -> $(SEC_CRIT) ; # Catch all additions to /root + #/root/mail -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; + #/root/Mail -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; + /root/.xsession-errors -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; + #/root/.xauth -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; + #/root/.tcshrc -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; + #/root/.sawfish -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; + #/root/.pinerc -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; + #/root/.mc -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; + #/root/.gnome_private -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; + #/root/.gnome-desktop -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; + #/root/.gnome -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; + #/root/.esd_auth -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; + # /root/.elm -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; + #/root/.cshrc -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; + #/root/.bashrc -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; + #/root/.bash_profile -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; + # /root/.bash_logout -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; + #/root/.bash_history -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; + #/root/.amandahosts -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; + #/root/.addressbook.lu -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; + #/root/.addressbook -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; + #/root/.Xresources -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; + #/root/.Xauthority -> $(SEC_CONFIG) -i ; # Changes Inode number on login + /root/.ICEauthority -> $(SEC_CONFIG) ; + } + + # + # Critical devices + # + ( + rulename = "Devices & Kernel information", + severity = $(SIG_HI), + ) + { + #/dev -> $(Device) ; + #/proc -> $(Device) ; + } + +#### Tripwire Report #### + +**tripwire –check** command checks the twpol.txt file and based on this file generates tripwire report which is shown below. If this is any error in the twpol.txt file, tripwire does not generate report. + +![tripwire report](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/tripwire-report.png) + +**Report in text form** + + root@VMdebian:/home/labadmin# tripwire --check + + Parsing policy file: /etc/tripwire/tw.pol + + *** Processing Unix File System *** + + Performing integrity check... + + Wrote report file: /var/lib/tripwire/report/VMdebian-20151024-122322.twr + + Open Source Tripwire(R) 2.4.2.2 Integrity Check Report + + Report generated by: root + + Report created on: Sat Oct 24 12:23:22 2015 + + Database last updated on: Never + + Report Summary: + + ========================================================= + + Host name: VMdebian + + Host IP address: 127.0.1.1 + + Host ID: None + + Policy file used: /etc/tripwire/tw.pol + + Configuration file used: /etc/tripwire/tw.cfg + + Database file used: /var/lib/tripwire/VMdebian.twd + + Command line used: tripwire --check + + ========================================================= + + Rule Summary: + + ========================================================= + + ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + Section: Unix File System + + ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + Rule Name Severity Level Added Removed Modified + + --------- -------------- ----- ------- -------- + + Other binaries 66 0 0 0 + + Tripwire Binaries 100 0 0 0 + + Other libraries 66 0 0 0 + + Root file-system executables 100 0 0 0 + + Tripwire Data Files 100 0 0 0 + + System boot changes 100 0 0 0 + + (/var/log) + + Root file-system libraries 100 0 0 0 + + (/lib) + + Critical system boot files 100 0 0 0 + + Other configuration files 66 0 0 0 + + (/etc) + + Boot Scripts 100 0 0 0 + + Security Control 66 0 0 0 + + Root config files 100 0 0 0 + + Invariant Directories 66 0 0 0 + + Total objects scanned: 25943 + + Total violations found: 0 + + =========================Object Summary:================================ + + ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + # Section: Unix File System + + ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + No violations. + + ===========================Error Report:===================================== + + No Errors + + ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + *** End of report *** + + Open Source Tripwire 2.4 Portions copyright 2000 Tripwire, Inc. Tripwire is a registered + + trademark of Tripwire, Inc. This software comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; + + for details use --version. This is free software which may be redistributed + + or modified only under certain conditions; see COPYING for details. + + All rights reserved. + + Integrity check complete. + +### Conclusion ### + +In this article, we learned installation and basic configuration of open source IDS tool Tripwire. First it generates baseline database and detects any change (file/folder) by comparing it with already generated baseline. However, tripwire is not live monitoring IDS. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/security/configure-tripwire-ids-debian/ + +作者：[nido][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/naveeda/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20151109 How to Install GitLab on Ubuntu or Fedora or Debian.md b/sources/tech/20151109 How to Install GitLab on Ubuntu or Fedora or Debian.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..424e201b2c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151109 How to Install GitLab on Ubuntu or Fedora or Debian.md @@ -0,0 +1,177 @@ +How to Install GitLab on Ubuntu / Fedora / Debian +================================================================================ +Distributed version control was never easy before git. Git is a free and open source software that is designed to handle everything from small to very large projects with ease and speed. Git was first developed by Linus Torvalds who was also the founder of well-known Linux Kernel. [GitLab][1] is an awesome development in the field of git and distributed version control system. It is a web based Git repository managing application which includes features like code reviews,wikis, issue tracking and much more. Creating, reviewing and deploying codes is very easy, managed and fast with GitLab. It can be hosted in our own server though it also provides free repository hosting in its official server which is similar to Github. GitLab has two different editions, Community Edition and Enterprise Edition. Community Edition is a complete free and open source software licensed under MIT License whereas Enterprise Edition is under a proprietary license, and contains features that are not present in the CE version. Here are some easy steps on how we can install GitLab Community Edition on our machine running Ubuntu, Fedora and Debian as operating system. + +### 1. Installing Pre-requisties ### + +First of all, we'll install the required dependencies by GitLab Community Edition. We'll install curl in order to download our required files, openssh-server in order to ssh into our machine, ca-certificates to add CA Certifications and postfix as an MTA (Mail Transfer Agent). + +Note: To install GitLab CE, we need to have a linux machine with at least 2 GB RAM and 2 Cores CPU. + +#### On Ubuntu 14 .04/Debian 8.x #### + +As these packages are available on the official repository of box Ubuntu 14.04 and Debian 8.x, we'll simply install it using apt-get package manager. To do so, we'll need to execute the following command in a terminal or console. + + # apt-get install curl openssh-server ca-certificates postfix + +![install dependencies gitlab ubuntu debian](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/install-dependencies-gitlab-ubuntu-debian.png) + +#### On Fedora 22 #### + +In Fedora 22, the default package manager is dnf as yum has been depreciated. So, we'll simply run the following dnf command in order to install those required packages. + + # dnf install curl openssh-server postfix + +![install dependencies gitlab fedora](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/install-dependencies-gitlab-fedora.png) + +### 2. Starting and Enabling Services ### + +Now, we'll start the services of sshd and postfix using our default init system. And we'll also enable them to start automatically in every system boot. + +#### On Ubuntu 14.04 #### + +As SysVinit is installed as init system in Ubuntu 14.04, we'll use services command to start sshd and postfix daemon. + + # service sshd start + # service postfix start + +Now, in order to make them start automatically in every boot, we'll need to run the following update-rc.d command. + + # update-rc.d sshd enable + # update-rc.d postfix enable + +#### On Fedora 22/Debian 8.x #### + +As Fedora 22 and Debian 8.x is shipped with Systemd instead of SysVinit as default init system, we'll simply run the following command to start the sshd and postfix services. + + # systemctl start sshd postfix + +Now, in order to make them start automatically in every boot, we'll need to run the following systemctl command. + + # systemctl enable sshd postfix + + Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/sshd.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service. + Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/postfix.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/postfix.service. + +### 3. Downloading GitLab ### + +We'll now download the binary installation files from the official GitLab CE Repository using curl. First, we'll need to navigate to the repository in order to get the download link of the required file. To do so, we'll need to run the following command in our linux machine running the respective operating system. + +#### On Ubuntu 14.04 #### + +As Ubuntu and Debian uses the same debian format file, we'll gonna search the required version of GitLab under [https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce?filter=debs][2] and click on the link of the required release with ubuntu/trusty tag as we are running Ubuntu 14.04. A new page will appear in which we can see the Download button, we'll gonna right click it, get the link of the file and then download it using curl as shown bellow. + + # curl https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce/packages/ubuntu/trusty/gitlab-ce_8.1.2-ce.0_amd64.deb + +![Downloading Gitlab Ubuntu](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/downloading-gitlab-ubuntu.png) + +#### On Debian 8.x #### + +Like Ubuntu, we'll gonna search the required version of it under [https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce?filter=debs][3] and click on the link of the requried release with debian/jessie tag as we are running Debian 8.x. Then, a new page will appear in which we'll right click on the Download button and get the file's download link. We'll next download it using curl as shown below. + + # curl https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce/packages/debian/jessie/gitlab-ce_8.1.2-ce.0_amd64.deb/download + +![Downloading Gitlab Debian](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/downloading-gitlab-debian.png) + +#### On Fedora 22 #### + +As Fedora uses the rpm file for packages, we'll gonna search the required version of GitLab under [https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce?filter=rpms][4] and click on the link of the required release, here as we are running Fedora 22, we'll select the release with el/7 tag. A new page will appear in which we can see the Download button, we'll gonna right click it, get the link of the file and then download it using curl as shown bellow. + + # curl https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce/packages/el/7/gitlab-ce-8.1.2-ce.0.el7.x86_64.rpm/download + +![Downloading Gitlab Fedora](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/downloading-gitlab-fedora.png) + +### 4. Installing GitLab ### + +After our repository source is added in our linux machine, we'll now go for the installation of GitLab Community Edition using the default package manger of the respective distribution of linux. + +#### On Ubuntu 14.04/Debian 8.x #### + +To install GitLab CE in machine running Ubuntu 14.04 or Debian 8.x linux distribution which has apt-get package manager, we'll simply run the following command. + + # dpkg -i gitlab-ce_8.1.2-ce.0_amd64.deb + +![Installing Gitlab Ubuntu Debian](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/installing-gitlab-ubuntu-debian.png) + +#### On Fedora 22 #### + +We can execute the following dnf command to install it in our Fedora 22 box. + + # dnf install gitlab-ce-8.1.2-ce.0.el7.x86_64.rpm + +![Installing Gitlab Fedora](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/installing-gitlab-fedora.png) + +### 5. Configuring and Starting GitLab ### + +Next, as GitLab CE has been successfully installed in our linux system. We'll now go ahead for configuring and starting it. To do so, we'll need to run the following command which is same in Ubuntu, Debian and Fedora distributions. + + # gitlab-ctl reconfigure + +![Reconfiguring Gitlab](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/reconfiguring-gitlab.png) + +### 6. Allowing Firewall ### + +If we have firewall program enabled for security in our linux box, we'll need to allow port 80 which is the default port of GitLab CE in order to make the web interface accessible across the network. Firewalld and iptables are most widely used firewall programs in linux distributions. In order to do so, we'll need to run the following commands. +On Iptables + +Iptables are installed and used in Ubuntu 14.04 by default. So, we'll need to run the following iptables commands to open port 80 in it. + + # iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT + + # /etc/init.d/iptables save + +#### On Firewalld #### + +As Fedora 22 and Debian 8.x has systemd installed by default, it contains firewalld running as firewall program. In order to open the port 80 (http service) on firewalld, we'll need to execute the below commands. + + # firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http + + success + + # firewall-cmd --reload + + success + +### 7. Accessing GitLab Web Interface ### + +Finally, we'll now go for accessing the web interface of GitLab CE. To do so, we'll need to point our web browser to the GitLab server with http://ip-address/ or http://domain.com/ according to our configuration. After we have pointed successfully, we'll see the following screen. + +![Gitlab Login Screen](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/gitlab-login-screen.png) + +Now, in order to login to the panel, we'll need to click on Login button which will ask us an username and a password. We'll now enter the default username and password ie **root** and **5iveL!fe** respectively. After logging into the dashboard, we'll be asked to compulsorily enter the new password for our GitLab root user. + +![Setting New Password Gitlab](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/setting-new-password-gitlab.png) + +### 8. Creating Repository ### + +After we have successfully changed the password and logged in to our dashboard, we'll now create a new repository for our new project. To do so, we'll need to go under Projects and click on **NEW PROJECT** green button. + +![Creating New Projects](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/creating-new-projects.png) + +Then, we'll be asked to enter the required information and settings for our repository as shown below. We can even import our project from many git repository providers and repositories. + +![Creating New Project](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/configuring-git-project.png) + +After thats done, we'll be able to access our Git repository using any Git client including the basic git command line. We can see every activities done in the repository with other functions like creating a milestone, managing issues, merge requests, managing members, labels and Wiki for our projects. + +![Gitlab Menu](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/gitlab-menu.png) + +### Conclusion ### + +GitLab is an awesome open source web application for managing our git repository. It has a beautiful, responsive interface with plenty of cool features. It is packed with many cool features like managing groups, deploying keys, Continuous Integration, viewing logs, broadcast messages, hooks, system OAuth applications, templates and more. It has the ability to integrate tons of tools such as Slack, Hipchat, LDAP, JIRA, Jenkins, many types of hooks and a complete API. It has the minimum requirement of 2 GB RAM and 2 Cores CPU to run smoothly up to 500 users but also can be scaled to multiple active servers. If you have any questions, suggestions, feedback please write them in the comment box below so that we can improve or update our contents. Thank you ! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/install-gitlab-on-ubuntu-fedora-debian/ + +作者：[Arun Pyasi][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/arunp/ +[1]:https://about.gitlab.com/ +[2]:https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce?filter=debs +[3]:https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce?filter=debs +[4]:https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce?filter=rpms \ No newline at end of file From af92e8e72798a86689e928ff29e4095036fe80cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: sevenot Date: Mon, 9 Nov 2015 16:40:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 040/176] sevenot translating --- ...51012 Curious about Linux Try Linux Desktop on the Cloud.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/share/20151012 Curious about Linux Try Linux Desktop on the Cloud.md b/sources/share/20151012 Curious about Linux Try Linux Desktop on the Cloud.md index 286d6ba816..6ac2f2a9eb 100644 --- a/sources/share/20151012 Curious about Linux Try Linux Desktop on the Cloud.md +++ b/sources/share/20151012 Curious about Linux Try Linux Desktop on the Cloud.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +sevenot translating Curious about Linux? Try Linux Desktop on the Cloud ================================================================================ Linux maintains a very small market share as a desktop operating system. Current surveys estimate its share to be a mere 2%; contrast that with the various strains (no pun intended) of Windows which total nearly 90% of the desktop market. For Linux to challenge Microsoft's monopoly on the desktop, there needs to be a simple way of learning about this different operating system. And it would be naive to believe a typical Windows user is going to buy a second machine, tinker with partitioning a hard disk to set up a multi-boot system, or just jump ship to Linux without an easy way back. @@ -41,4 +42,4 @@ via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20151003095334682/LinuxCloud.html 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[1]:https://www.labxnow.org/labxweb/ \ No newline at end of file +[1]:https://www.labxnow.org/labxweb/ From c1d1eccc4d50dc40eccd5d4b3d863b9faf5b8bf3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: struggling <630441839@qq.com> Date: Mon, 9 Nov 2015 17:07:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 041/176] Update 20151109 How to Set Up AWStats On Ubuntu Server.md --- .../tech/20151109 How to Set Up AWStats On Ubuntu Server.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151109 How to Set Up AWStats On Ubuntu Server.md b/sources/tech/20151109 How to Set Up AWStats On Ubuntu Server.md index dae3c3af4f..00db229c5e 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151109 How to Set Up AWStats On Ubuntu Server.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151109 How to Set Up AWStats On Ubuntu Server.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +translation by strugglingyouth How to Set Up AWStats On Ubuntu Server ================================================================================ ![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/Apache_awstats_featured.jpg) @@ -103,4 +104,4 @@ via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/set-up-awstats-ubuntu/ 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/hiteshjethva/ \ No newline at end of file +[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/hiteshjethva/ From f619f1c4b1330a6009da8ce46819779e738d466b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: struggling <630441839@qq.com> Date: Tue, 10 Nov 2015 10:16:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 042/176] Update 20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md --- ...51104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md b/sources/news/20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md index 0e689ede9e..1c7b1614d0 100644 --- a/sources/news/20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md +++ b/sources/news/20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +translation by strugglingyouth Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS ================================================================================ ![The USC Will Be Replaced](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/usc1.jpg) @@ -53,4 +54,4 @@ via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/11/the-ubuntu-software-centre-is-being-repl 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]:https://plus.google.com/111008502832304483939?rel=author -[1]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Software \ No newline at end of file +[1]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Software From e72c1631a42b081923959f56ad8ce4d039dfd125 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: struggling <630441839@qq.com> Date: Tue, 10 Nov 2015 11:24:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 043/176] Delete 20151109 How to Set Up AWStats On Ubuntu Server.md --- ... How to Set Up AWStats On Ubuntu Server.md | 107 ------------------ 1 file changed, 107 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20151109 How to Set Up AWStats On Ubuntu Server.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151109 How to Set Up AWStats On Ubuntu Server.md b/sources/tech/20151109 How to Set Up AWStats On Ubuntu Server.md deleted file mode 100644 index 00db229c5e..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20151109 How to Set Up AWStats On Ubuntu Server.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,107 +0,0 @@ -translation by strugglingyouth -How to Set Up AWStats On Ubuntu Server -================================================================================ -![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/Apache_awstats_featured.jpg) - -AWStats is an open-source Web analytics reporting tool that generates advanced web, streaming, FTP or mail server statistics graphically. This log analyser works as a CGI or from command line and shows you all the possible information your log contains in a few graphical web pages. It uses a partial information file to be able to process large log files often and quickly. It supports most web server log file formats including Apache, IIS and many other web server log formats. - -This article will help you to install and configure AWStats on Ubuntu. - -### Install AWStats Package ### - -By default, AWStats package is available in the Ubuntu repository. - -You can install it by running: - - sudo apt-get install awstats - -Next you will need to enable the CGI module in Apache. - -You can do this by running: - - sudo a2enmod cgi - -Now, restart Apache to reflect the changes. - - sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart - -### Configure AWStats ### - -You need to create a configuration file for each domain or website you wish to view statistics for. In this example we will create a configuration file for “test.com“. - -You can do this by duplicating the AWStats default configuration file to one with your domain name. - - sudo cp /etc/awstats/awstats.conf /etc/awstats/awstats.test.com.conf - -Now, you need to make some changes in the config file: - - sudo nano /etc/awstats/awstats.test.com.conf - -Update the settings shown below: - - # Change to Apache log file, by default it's /var/log/apache2/access.log - LogFile="/var/log/apache2/access.log" - - # Change to the website domain name - SiteDomain="test.com" - HostAliases="www.test.com localhost 127.0.0.1" - - # When this parameter is set to 1, AWStats adds a button on report page to allow to "update" statistics from a web browser - AllowToUpdateStatsFromBrowser=1 - -Save and close the file. - -After these changes, you need to build your initial statistics which will be generated from the current logs on your server. You can do this using: - - sudo /usr/lib/cgi-bin/awstats.pl -config=test.com -update - -The output will look something like this: - -![awtstats](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/awtstats.png) - -### Configure Apache For AWStats ### - -Next, you need to configure Apache2 to show these stats. Now copy the content of the “cgi-bin” folder to the default document root directory of your Apache installation. By default, this is in the “/usr/lib/cgi-bin” folder. - -You can do this by running: - - sudo cp -r /usr/lib/cgi-bin /var/www/html/ - sudo chown www-data:www-data /var/www/html/cgi-bin/ - sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www/html/cgi-bin/ - -### Test AWStats ### - -Now you can access your AWStats by visiting the url “http://your-server-ip/cgi-bin/awstats.pl?config=test.com.” -It will show you a results page like this: - -![awstats_page](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/awstats_page.jpg) - -### Set Up Cron to Update Logs ### - -It is recommended to schedule a cron job to regularly update the AWStats database using newly created log entries, so the stats get updated on a regular basis. This will also save your time. - -To do this you need to edit the “/etc/crontab” file: - - sudo nano /etc/crontab - -Add the following line that tells AWStats to update every ten minutes. - - */10 * * * * root /usr/lib/cgi-bin/awstats.pl -config=test.com -update - -Save and close the file. - -### Conclusion ### - -AWStats is a very useful tool that can give you an overview of what is happening on your website and assist with site analysis. It is very easy to install and configure. Feel free to comment below if you have any questions. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/set-up-awstats-ubuntu/ - -作者：[Hitesh Jethva][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/hiteshjethva/ From 5f6739f77b0eb6d969dd4802dadd029c82621242 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: struggling <630441839@qq.com> Date: Tue, 10 Nov 2015 11:25:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 044/176] Create 20151109 How to Set Up AWStats On Ubuntu Server.md --- ... How to Set Up AWStats On Ubuntu Server.md | 108 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 108 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20151109 How to Set Up AWStats On Ubuntu Server.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20151109 How to Set Up AWStats On Ubuntu Server.md b/translated/tech/20151109 How to Set Up AWStats On Ubuntu Server.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..11bfdde3ab --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20151109 How to Set Up AWStats On Ubuntu Server.md @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ + +如何在 Ubuntu 服务器中配置 AWStats +================================================================================ +![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/Apache_awstats_featured.jpg) + + +AWStats 是一个开源的网站分析报告工具，自带网络,流媒体，FTP 或邮件服务器统计图。此日志分析器以 CGI 或命令行方式进行工作，并在网页中以图表的形式尽可能的显示你日志中所有的信息。它采用的是部分信息文件，以便能够频繁并快速处理大量的日志文件。它支持绝大多数 Web 服务器日志文件格式，包括 Apache，IIS 等。 + +本文将帮助你在 Ubuntu 上安装配置 AWStats。 + +### 安装 AWStats 包 ### + +默认情况下，AWStats 的包在 Ubuntu 仓库中。 + +可以通过运行下面的命令来安装： + + sudo apt-get install awstats + +接下来，你需要启用 Apache 的 CGI 模块。 + +运行以下命令来启动： + + sudo a2enmod cgi + +现在，重新启动 Apache 以使改变生效。 + + sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart + +### 配置 AWStats ### + +你需要为你想要查看统计的每个域或网站创建一个配置文件。在这个例子中，我们将为 “test.com” 创建一个配置文件。 + +要完成此步，你可以通过复制 AWStats 的默认配置文件来配置你要统计的域。 + + sudo cp /etc/awstats/awstats.conf /etc/awstats/awstats.test.com.conf + +现在，你需要在配置文件中做一些修改： + + sudo nano /etc/awstats/awstats.test.com.conf + +像下面这样修改下: + + # Change to Apache log file, by default it's /var/log/apache2/access.log + LogFile="/var/log/apache2/access.log" + + # Change to the website domain name + SiteDomain="test.com" + HostAliases="www.test.com localhost 127.0.0.1" + + # When this parameter is set to 1, AWStats adds a button on report page to allow to "update" statistics from a web browser + AllowToUpdateStatsFromBrowser=1 + +保存并关闭文件。 + +修改配置文件后，你需要用服务器的当前日志建立初步统计。你可以这样做： + + sudo /usr/lib/cgi-bin/awstats.pl -config=test.com -update + +输出会是这个样子: + +![awtstats](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/awtstats.png) + +### 为 Apache 配置 AWStats ### + +接下来，你需要配置 Apache2 来显示统计数据。现在你需要将 “cgi-bin” 文件夹中的内容复制到 Apache 默认根目录下。默认它是在 “/usr/lib/cgi-bin”。 + +运行以下命令来完成此步: + + sudo cp -r /usr/lib/cgi-bin /var/www/html/ + sudo chown www-data:www-data /var/www/html/cgi-bin/ + sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www/html/cgi-bin/ + +### 测试 AWStats ### + +现在，您可以通过访问 url “http://your-server-ip/cgi-bin/awstats.pl?config=test.com.” 来查看 AWStats 的页面。 +它的页面像下面这样： + +![awstats_page](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/awstats_page.jpg) + +### 设置定时任务来更新日志 ### + +建议你创建一个定时任务，使用新创建的日志条目定期更新 AWStats 的数据库，然后统计会定期更新。这也将节省你的时间。 + +要做到这一点，你需要编辑 “/etc/crontab” 文件: + + sudo nano /etc/crontab + +添加下面那一行来让 AWStats 每十分钟更新一次。 + + */10 * * * * root /usr/lib/cgi-bin/awstats.pl -config=test.com -update + +保存并关闭文件。 + +### 结论 ### + +AWStats 是一个非常有用的工具，可以让你对网站的状况了如指掌，并能协助你分析网站。它非常容易安装和配置。如果你有任何疑问，请在下面发表评论。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/set-up-awstats-ubuntu/ + +作者：[Hitesh Jethva][a] +译者：[strugglingyouth](https://github.com/strugglingyouth) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/hiteshjethva/ From 1bab3fad63a9bc48749145925370160391071d93 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Chang Liu Date: Tue, 10 Nov 2015 12:20:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 045/176] [Translated]20150827 The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros.md --- ...The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros.md | 69 ------------------- ...The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros.md | 66 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 66 insertions(+), 69 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20150827 The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20150827 The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20150827 The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros.md b/sources/talk/20150827 The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros.md deleted file mode 100644 index 83ead1f75e..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20150827 The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,69 +0,0 @@ -FSSlc Translating - -The Strangest, Most Unique Linux Distros -================================================================================ -From the most consumer focused distros like Ubuntu, Fedora, Mint or elementary OS to the more obscure, minimal and enterprise focused ones such as Slackware, Arch Linux or RHEL, I thought I've seen them all. Couldn't have been any further from the truth. Linux eco-system is very diverse. There's one for everyone. Let's discuss the weird and wacky world of niche Linux distros that represents the true diversity of open platforms. - -![strangest linux distros](http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--cSL2-6rIgA/VcwNc5hFebI/AAAAAAAAJzk/AgB55mVtJVQ/s1600/Puppy-Linux.png) - -**Puppy Linux**: An operating system which is about 1/10th the size of an average DVD quality movie rip, that's Puppy Linux for you. The OS is just 100 MB in size! And it can run from RAM making it unusually fast even in older PCs. You can even remove the boot medium after the operating system has started! Can it get any better than that? System requirements are bare minimum, most hardware are automatically detected, and it comes loaded with software catering to your basic needs. [Experience Puppy Linux][1]. - -![suicide linux](http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dfeehRIQKpo/VdMgRVQqIJI/AAAAAAAAJz0/TmBs-n2K9J8/s1600/suicide-linux.jpg) - -**Suicide Linux**: Did the name scare you? Well it should. 'Any time - any time - you type any remotely incorrect command, the interpreter creatively resolves it into rm -rf / and wipes your hard drive'. Simple as that. I really want to know the ones who are confident enough to risk their production machines with [Suicide Linux][2]. **Warning: DO NOT try this on production machines!** The whole thing is available in a neat [DEB package][3] if you're interested. - -![top 10 strangest linux distros](http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Q0hlEMCD9-o/VdMieAiXY1I/AAAAAAAAJ0M/iS_ZjVaZAk8/s1600/papyros.png) - -**PapyrOS**: "Strange" in a good way. PapyrOS is trying to adapt the material design language of Android into their brand new Linux distribution. Though the project is in early stages, it already looks very promising. The project page says the OS is 80% complete and one can expect the first Alpha release anytime soon. We did a small write up on [PapyrOS][4] when it was announced and by the looks of it, PapyrOS might even become a trend-setter of sorts. Follow the project on [Google+][5] and contribute via [BountySource][6] if you're interested. - -![10 most unique linux distros](http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8aOtnTp3Yxk/VdMo_KWs4sI/AAAAAAAAJ0o/3NTqhaw60jM/s1600/qubes-linux.png) - -**Qubes OS**: Qubes is an open-source operating system designed to provide strong security using a Security by Compartmentalization approach. The assumption is that there can be no perfect, bug-free desktop environment. And by implementing a 'Security by Isolation' approach, [Qubes Linux][7] intends to remedy that. Qubes is based on Xen, the X Window System, and Linux, and can run most Linux applications and supports most Linux drivers. Qubes was selected as a finalist of Access Innovation Prize 2014 for Endpoint Security Solution. - -![top10 linux distros](http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2Sqvb_lilC0/VdMq_ceoXnI/AAAAAAAAJ00/kot20ugVJFk/s1600/ubuntu-satanic.jpg) - -**Ubuntu Satanic Edition**: Ubuntu SE is a Linux distribution based on Ubuntu. "It brings together the best of free software and free metal music" in one comprehensive package consisting of themes, wallpapers, and even some heavy-metal music sourced from talented new artists. Though the project doesn't look actively developed anymore, Ubuntu Satanic Edition is strange in every sense of that word. [Ubuntu SE (Slightly NSFW)][8]. - -![10 strange linux distros](http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZtIVjGMqdx0/VdMv136Pz1I/AAAAAAAAJ1E/-q34j-TXyUY/s1600/tiny-core-linux.png) - -**Tiny Core Linux**: Puppy Linux not small enough? Try this. Tiny Core Linux is a 12 MB graphical Linux desktop! Yep, you read it right. One major caveat: It is not a complete desktop nor is all hardware completely supported. It represents only the core needed to boot into a very minimal X desktop typically with wired internet access. There is even a version without the GUI called Micro Core Linux which is just 9MB in size. [Tiny Core Linux][9] folks. - -![top 10 unique and special linux distros](http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-idmCvIxtxeo/VdcqcggBk1I/AAAAAAAAJ1U/DTQCkiLqlLk/s1600/nixos.png) - -**NixOS**: A very experienced-user focused Linux distribution with a unique approach to package and configuration management. In other distributions, actions such as upgrades can be dangerous. Upgrading a package can cause other packages to break, upgrading an entire system is much less reliable than reinstalling from scratch. And top of all that you can't safely test what the results of a configuration change will be, there's no "Undo" so to speak. In NixOS, the entire operating system is built by the Nix package manager from a description in a purely functional build language. This means that building a new configuration cannot overwrite previous configurations. Most of the other features follow this pattern. Nix stores all packages in isolation from each other. [More about NixOS][10]. - -![strangest linux distros](http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-rOYfBXg-UiU/VddCF7w_xuI/AAAAAAAAJ1w/Nf11bOheOwM/s1600/gobolinux.jpg) - -**GoboLinux**: This is another very unique Linux distro. What makes GoboLinux so different from the rest is its unique re-arrangement of the filesystem. It has its own subdirectory tree, where all of its files and programs are stored. GoboLinux does not have a package database because the filesystem is its database. In some ways, this sort of arrangement is similar to that seen in OS X. [Get GoboLinux][11]. - -![strangest linux distros](http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3P22pYfih6Y/VdcucPOv4LI/AAAAAAAAJ1g/PszZDbe83sQ/s1600/hannah-montana-linux.jpg) - -**Hannah Montana Linux**: Here is a Linux distro based on Kubuntu with a Hannah Montana themed boot screen, KDM, icon set, ksplash, plasma, color scheme, and wallpapers (I'm so sorry). [Link][12]. Project not active anymore. - -**RLSD Linux**: An extremely minimalistic, small, lightweight and security-hardened, text-based operating system built on Linux. "It's a unique distribution that provides a selection of console applications and home-grown security features which might appeal to hackers," developers claim. [RLSD Linux][13]. - -Did we miss anything even stranger? Let us know. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.techdrivein.com/2015/08/the-strangest-most-unique-linux-distros.html - -作者：Manuel Jose -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://puppylinux.org/main/Overview%20and%20Getting%20Started.htm -[2]:http://qntm.org/suicide -[3]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/suicide-linux/files/ -[4]:http://www.techdrivein.com/2015/02/papyros-material-design-linux-coming-soon.html -[5]:https://plus.google.com/communities/109966288908859324845/stream/3262a3d3-0797-4344-bbe0-56c3adaacb69 -[6]:https://www.bountysource.com/teams/papyros -[7]:https://www.qubes-os.org/ -[8]:http://ubuntusatanic.org/ -[9]:http://tinycorelinux.net/ -[10]:https://nixos.org/ -[11]:http://www.gobolinux.org/ -[12]:http://hannahmontana.sourceforge.net/ -[13]:http://rlsd2.dimakrasner.com/ diff --git a/translated/talk/20150827 The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros.md b/translated/talk/20150827 The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..14cee08661 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20150827 The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros.md @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +那些奇特的 Linux 发行版本 +================================================================================ +从大多数消费者所关注的诸如 Ubuntu，Fedora，Mint 或 elementary OS 到更加晦涩、轻量级和企业级的诸如 Slackware，Arch Linux 或 RHEL，这些发行版本我都已经见识过了。除了这些，难道没有其他别的了吗？其实 Linux 的生态系统是非常多样化的，对每个人来说，总有一款适合你。下面就让我们讨论一些稀奇古怪的小众 Linux 发行版本吧，它们代表着开源平台真正的多样性。 + +![strangest linux distros](http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--cSL2-6rIgA/VcwNc5hFebI/AAAAAAAAJzk/AgB55mVtJVQ/s1600/Puppy-Linux.png) + +**Puppy Linux**： 它是一个仅有一个普通 DVD 光盘容纳十分之一大小的操作系统，这就是 Puppy Linux。整个操作系统仅有 100MB 大小！并且它还可以在内存中运行，这使得它运行极快，甚至是在老式的 PC 机上。 在操作系统启动后，你甚至可以移除安装介质！还有什么比这个更好的吗？ 系统所需的资源极小，大多数的硬件都会被自动检测到，并且它预装了能够满足你基本需求的软件。[在这里体验 Puppy Linux 吧][1]. + +![suicide linux](http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dfeehRIQKpo/VdMgRVQqIJI/AAAAAAAAJz0/TmBs-n2K9J8/s1600/suicide-linux.jpg) + +**Suicide Linux(自杀 Linux)**： 这个名字吓到你了吗？我想应该是。 ‘任何时候 -注意是任何时候-一旦你输入不正确的命令，解释器都会创造性地将它重定向为 `rm -rf /` 命令，然后擦除你的硬盘’。它就是这么简单。我真的很想知道那些自信到将[Suicide Linux][2] 安装到生产机上的家伙。 **警告：不要在生产机上尝试这个！** 假如你感兴趣的话，现在可以通过一个简洁的[DEB 包][3]来获取到它。 + +![top 10 strangest linux distros](http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Q0hlEMCD9-o/VdMieAiXY1I/AAAAAAAAJ0M/iS_ZjVaZAk8/s1600/papyros.png) + +**PapyrOS**： 它在好的方面上 “奇怪”。PapyrOS 正尝试着将 Android 的 material design 设计语言应用到新品牌的 Linux 发行版本上。尽管这个项目还处于早期阶段，看起来它已经很有前景。该项目的网页上说该系统已经完成了 80%，随后人们可以期待它的第一个 Alpha 发行版本。在该项目被宣告提出时，我们做了[PapyrOS][4]的小幅报道，从它的外观上看，它甚至可能会引领潮流。假如你感兴趣的话，可在[Google+][5]上关注该项目并可通过[BountySource][6]来贡献出你的力量。 + +![10 most unique linux distros](http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8aOtnTp3Yxk/VdMo_KWs4sI/AAAAAAAAJ0o/3NTqhaw60jM/s1600/qubes-linux.png) + +**Qubes OS**： Qubes 是一个开源的操作系统，通过使用安全划分的方法，被设计用来提供强大的安全性。其前提假设是不存在完美的没有 bug 的桌面环境。并通过实现一个‘安全隔离’ 的方法，[Qubes Linux][7]尝试去弥补那些 bug。Qubes 基于 Xen，X 视窗系统和 Linux，并可运行大多数的 Linux 应用，支持大多数的 Linux 驱动。Qubes 入选了 Access Innovation Prize 2014 for Endpoint Security Solution 决赛名单。 + +![top10 linux distros](http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2Sqvb_lilC0/VdMq_ceoXnI/AAAAAAAAJ00/kot20ugVJFk/s1600/ubuntu-satanic.jpg) + +**Ubuntu Satanic Edition**： Ubuntu SE 是一个基于 Ubuntu 的发行版本。通过一个含有主题、壁纸甚至来源于某些天才新晋艺术家的重金属音乐的综合软件包，“它同时带来了最好的自由软件和免费的金属音乐” 。尽管这个项目看起来不再被活跃地发展了， Ubuntu Satanic Edition 甚至在其名字上都显得奇异。 [Ubuntu SE (Slightly NSFW)][8]。 + +![10 strange linux distros](http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZtIVjGMqdx0/VdMv136Pz1I/AAAAAAAAJ1E/-q34j-TXyUY/s1600/tiny-core-linux.png) + +**Tiny Core Linux**： Puppy Linux 还不够小？试试这个吧。 Tiny Core Linux 是一个 12MB 大小的图形化 Linux 桌面！是的，你没有读错。一个主要的补充说明：它不是一个完整的桌面，也并不完全支持所有的硬件。它只含有能够启动进入一个非常小巧的 X 桌面，支持有线网络连接的核心部件。它甚至还有一个名为 Micro Core Linux 的没有 GUI 的版本，仅有 9MB 大小。[Tiny Core Linux][9]。 + +![top 10 unique and special linux distros](http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-idmCvIxtxeo/VdcqcggBk1I/AAAAAAAAJ1U/DTQCkiLqlLk/s1600/nixos.png) + +**NixOS**： 它是一个非常关注经验用户的 Linux 发行版本，有着独特的方式来打包和配置管理。在其他的发行版本中，诸如升级的操作可能是非常危险的。升级一个软件包可能会引起其他包无法使用，相比于从头安装一个系统，升级整个系统则显得不是那么可信。在那些你不能安全地测试由一个配置的改变所带来的结果的更改之上，它们通常没有“重来”这个选项。在 NixOS 中，整个系统由 Nix 包管理器按照一个纯功能性的构建语言的描述来构建。这意味着一个新的配置不会重写先前的配置。大多数其他的特色功能也遵循着这个模式。Nix 相互分离地存储所有的软件包。有关 NixOS 的更多内容请看[这里][10]。 + +![strangest linux distros](http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-rOYfBXg-UiU/VddCF7w_xuI/AAAAAAAAJ1w/Nf11bOheOwM/s1600/gobolinux.jpg) + +**GoboLinux**： 这是另一个非常奇特的 Linux 发行版本。它与其他系统如此不同的原因是它有着独特的重管理文件系统。它有着自己独特的子目录树，其中存储着所有的文件和程序。GoboLinux 没有专门的包数据库，因为其文件系统就是它的数据库。在某些方面，这类管理有些类似于 OS X 上所看到的功能。 + +![strangest linux distros](http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3P22pYfih6Y/VdcucPOv4LI/AAAAAAAAJ1g/PszZDbe83sQ/s1600/hannah-montana-linux.jpg) + +**Hannah Montana Linux**： 它是一个基于 Kubuntu 的 Linux 发行版本，它有着 Hannah Montana 主题的开机启动界面、KDM(KDE Display Manager)、图标集、ksplash、plasma、颜色主题和壁纸(请抱歉)。[这是它的链接][12]。这个项目现在不再活跃了。 + +**RLSD Linux**： 它是一个极其精简、小巧、轻量和安全加固的，建立在 Linux 内核上的基于文本的操作系统。开发者称 “它是一个独特的发行版本，提供一系列的控制台应用和本地化的安全特性，对黑客或许有吸引力。” [RLSD Linux][13]. + +我们还错过了某些更加奇特的发行版本吗？请让我们知晓吧。 +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.techdrivein.com/2015/08/the-strangest-most-unique-linux-distros.html + +作者：Manuel Jose +译者：[FSSlc](https://github.com/FSSlc) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://puppylinux.org/main/Overview%20and%20Getting%20Started.htm +[2]:http://qntm.org/suicide +[3]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/suicide-linux/files/ +[4]:http://www.techdrivein.com/2015/02/papyros-material-design-linux-coming-soon.html +[5]:https://plus.google.com/communities/109966288908859324845/stream/3262a3d3-0797-4344-bbe0-56c3adaacb69 +[6]:https://www.bountysource.com/teams/papyros +[7]:https://www.qubes-os.org/ +[8]:http://ubuntusatanic.org/ +[9]:http://tinycorelinux.net/ +[10]:https://nixos.org/ +[11]:http://www.gobolinux.org/ +[12]:http://hannahmontana.sourceforge.net/ +[13]:http://rlsd2.dimakrasner.com/ \ No newline at end of file From 4c219db036d4f0263372a19aa7115486af7f3688 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Stdio A Date: Tue, 10 Nov 2015 14:14:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 046/176] Translating /sources/share/20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass --- .../share/20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/share/20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md b/sources/share/20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md index d8f9b908ae..d6d6f1a11e 100644 --- a/sources/share/20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md +++ b/sources/share/20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Translating by StdioA + Open Source Alternatives to LastPass ================================================================================ LastPass is a cross-platform password management program. For Linux, it is available as a plugin for Firefox, Chrome, and Opera. LastPass Sesame is available for Ubuntu/Debian and Fedora. There is also a version of LastPass compatible with Firefox Portable for installing on a USB key. And with LastPass Pocket for Ubuntu/Debian, Fedora and openSUSE, there's good coverage. While LastPass is a highly rated service, it is proprietary software. And LastPass has recently been absorbed by LogMeIn. If you're looking for an open source alternative, this article is for you. @@ -122,4 +124,4 @@ via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20151108125950773/LastPassAlternatives.ht [1]:http://www.keepassx.org/ [2]:https://encryptr.org/ [3]:http://rattic.org/ -[4]:http://www.gnome.org/projects/seahorse/ \ No newline at end of file +[4]:http://www.gnome.org/projects/seahorse/ From 0a0c567aa520aaae91eb320245ba15fdf973ced6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Stdio A Date: Tue, 10 Nov 2015 16:23:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 047/176] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit deleted: ../../sources/share/20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md new file: 20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md --- ...09 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md | 127 ------------------ ...09 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md | 123 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 123 insertions(+), 127 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/share/20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md create mode 100644 translated/share/20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md diff --git a/sources/share/20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md b/sources/share/20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md deleted file mode 100644 index d6d6f1a11e..0000000000 --- a/sources/share/20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,127 +0,0 @@ -Translating by StdioA - -Open Source Alternatives to LastPass -================================================================================ -LastPass is a cross-platform password management program. For Linux, it is available as a plugin for Firefox, Chrome, and Opera. LastPass Sesame is available for Ubuntu/Debian and Fedora. There is also a version of LastPass compatible with Firefox Portable for installing on a USB key. And with LastPass Pocket for Ubuntu/Debian, Fedora and openSUSE, there's good coverage. While LastPass is a highly rated service, it is proprietary software. And LastPass has recently been absorbed by LogMeIn. If you're looking for an open source alternative, this article is for you. - -We all face information overload. Whether you conduct business online, read for your job, or just read for pleasure, the internet is a vast source of information. Retaining that information on a long-term basis can be difficult. However, it is essential to recall certain items of information immediately. Passwords are one such example. - -As a computer user, you face the dilemma of choosing the same password or a unique password for each service or web site you use. Matters are complicated because some sites place restrictions on the selection of the password. For example, a site may insist on a minimum number of characters, capital letters, numerals, and other characters which make choosing the same password for each site to be impossible. More importantly, there are good security reasons not to duplicate passwords. This inevitably means that individuals will simply have too many passwords to remember. One solution is to keep the passwords in written form. However, this is also highly insecure. - -Instead of trying to remember an endless array of passwords, a popular solution is to use password manager software. In fact, this type of software is an essential tool for the active internet user. It makes it easy to retrieve, manage and secure all of your passwords. Most passwords are encrypted, either by the program or the filesystem. Consequently, the user only has to remember a single password. Password managers encourage users to choose unique, non-intuitive strong passwords for each service. - -To provide an insight into the quality of software available for Linux, I introduce 4 excellent open source alternatives to LastPass. - -### KeePassX ### - -![KeePassX in action](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Utilities/Screenshot-KeePassX.png) - -KeePassX is a multi-platform port of KeePass, an open source and cross-platform password manager. This utility helps you to manage your passwords in a secure way. You can put all your passwords in one database, which is locked with one master key or a key-disk. This lets users only need to remember one single master password or insert the key-disk to unlock the whole database. - -The databases are encrypted using the algorithms AES (alias Rijndael) or Twofish using a 256 bit key. - -Features include: - -- Extensive management- title for each entry for better identification: - - Determine different expiration dates - - Insertion of attachments - - User-defined symbols for groups and entries - - Fast entry duplication - - Sorting entries in groups -- Search function: in specific groups or in the complete database -- Auto-Type, a feature that allows you to e.g. log in to a web page by pressing a single key combination. KeePassX does the rest of the typing for you. Auto-Type reads the title of currently active window on your screen and matches it to the configured database entries -- Database security with access to the KeePassX database being granted either with a password, a key-file (e.g. a CD or a memory-stick) or both -- Automatic generation of secure passwords -- Precaution features, quality indicator for chosen passwords hiding all passwords behind asterisks -- Encryption- either the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) or the Twofish algorithm are used, with encryption of the database in 256 bit sized increments -- Import and export of entries. Import from PwManager (*.pwm) and KWallet (*.xml) files, Export as textfile (*.txt) - -- Website: [www.keepassx.org][1] -- Developer: KeePassX Team -- License: GNU GPL v2 -- Version Number: 0.4.3 - -### Encryptr ### - -![Encryptr in action](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Utilities/Screenshot-Encryptr.png) - -Encryptr is an open source zero-knowledge cloud-based password manager / e-wallet powered by Crypton. Crypton is a JavaScript library that allows developers to write web applications where the server knows nothing of the contents a user is storing. - -Encryptr stores your sensitive data like passwords, credit card data, PINs, or access codes, in the cloud. However, because it was built on the zero-knowledge Crypton framework, Encryptr ensures that only the user has the ability to access or read the confidential information. - -Being cross-platform, it allows users to securely access their confidential data from a single account from the cloud, no matter where they are. - -Features include: - -- Very secure Zero-Knowledge Crypton Framework only ever encrypts or decrypts your data locally on your device -- Simple to use -- Cloud based -- Stores three types of data it stores passwords, credit card numbers and general key/value pairs -- Optional "Notes" field to all entries -- Filtering / searching the entry list -- Local encrypted caching of entries to speed up load time - -- Website: [encryptr.org][2] -- Developer: Tommy Williams -- License: GNU GPL v3 -- Version Number: 1.2.0 - -### RatticDB ### - -![RatticDB in action](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Utilities/Screenshot-RatticDB.png) - -RatticDB is an open source Django based password management service. - -RatticDB is built to be 'Password Lifecycle Management' and not simply a 'Password Storage Engine'. RatticDB aims to help you keep track of what passwords need to be changed and when. It does not include application level encryption. - -Features include: - -- Simple ACL scheme -- Change Queue feature that allows users to see when they need to update passwords for the applications they use -- Ansible configurations -- -- Website: [rattic.org][3] -- Developer: Daniel Hall -- License: GNU GPL v2 -- Version Number: 1.3.1 - -### Seahorse ### - -![Seahorse in action](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Security/Screenshot-Seahorse.png) - -Seahorse is a Gnome front end for GnuPG - the Gnu Privacy Guard program. Its goal is to provide an easy to use Key Management Tool, along with an easy to use interface for encryption operations. - -It is a tool for secure communications and data storage. Data encryption and digital signature creation can easily be performed through a GUI and Key Management operations can easily be carried out through an intuitive interface. - -Additionally, Seahorse includes a Gedit plugin, can handle files using Nautilus, an applet for managing stuff put in the clipboard and an agent for storing private passphrases, as well as a GnuPG and OpenSSH key manager. - -Features include: - -- Encrypt/decrypt/sign files and text -- Manage your keys and keyring -- Synchronize your keys and your keyring with key servers -- Sign keys and publish -- Cache your passphrase so you don't have to keep typing it -- Backup your keys and keyring -- Add an image in any GDK supported format as a OpenGPG photo ID -- Create SSH keys, configure them, cache them -- Internationalization support - -- Website: [www.gnome.org/projects/seahorse][4] -- Developer: Jacob Perkins, Jose Carlos, Garcia Sogo, Jean Schurger, Stef Walter, Adam Schreiber -- License: GNU GPL v2 -- Version Number: 3.18.0 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20151108125950773/LastPassAlternatives.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.keepassx.org/ -[2]:https://encryptr.org/ -[3]:http://rattic.org/ -[4]:http://www.gnome.org/projects/seahorse/ diff --git a/translated/share/20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md b/translated/share/20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0b29dd3f5c --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/share/20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ +LastPass的开源替代品 +================================================================================ +LastPass是一个跨平台的密码管理程序。在Linux平台中，它可作为Firefox, Chrome和Opera浏览器的插件使用。LastPass Sesame支持Ubuntu/Debian与Fedora系统。此外，LastPass还有安装在Firefox Portable的便携版，可将其安装在USB设备上。再加上适用于Ubuntu/Debian, Fedora和openSUSE的LastPass Pocket, 其具有良好的跨平台覆盖性。虽然LastPass备受好评，但它是一个专有软件。此外，LastPass最近被LogMeIn收购。如果你在找一个开源的替代品，这篇文章可能会对你有所帮助。 + +我们正面临着信息大爆炸。无论你是要在线经营生意，找工作，还是只为了休闲来进行阅读，互联网都是一个广大的信息源。在这种情况下，长期保留信息是很困难的。然而，及时地获取某些特定信息非常重要。密码就是这样的一个例子。 + +作为一个电脑用户，你可能会面临在不同服务或网站使用相同或不同密码的困境。这个事情非常复杂，因为有些网站会限制你对密码的选择。比如，一个网站可能会限制密码的最小位数，大写字母，数字或者特殊字符，这使得在所有网站使用统一密码变得不可能。更重要的是，不在不同网站中使用同一密码有安全方面的原因。这样就不可避免地意味着人们经常会有很多密码要记。一个解决方案是将所有的密码写下来。然而，这种做法也极度的不安全。 + +为了解决需要记忆无穷多串密码的问题，目前比较流行的解决方案是使用密码管理软件。事实上，这类软件对于活跃的互联网用户来说极为实用。它使得你获取、管理和安全保存所有密码变得极为容易，而大多数密码都是被软件或文件系统加密过的。因此，用户只需要记住一个简单的密码就可以获取到其它所有密码。密码管理软件鼓励用户对于不同服务去采用独一无二的，非直观的强密码。 + +为了让大家更深入地了解Linux软件的质量，我将介绍4款优秀的、可替代LastPass的开源软件。 + +### KeePassX ### + +![KeePassX软件截图](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Utilities/Screenshot-KeePassX.png) + +KeePassX提供KeePass的多平台接口，是一款开源、跨平台的密码管理软件。这款软件可以帮助你以安全的方式保管密码。你可以将所有密码保存在一个数据库中，而这个数据库被一个主密码或密码盘来保管。 + +密码数据库使用AES(即Rijndael)或者TwoFish算法进行加密，密钥长度为256位。 + +该软件功能包括： + +- 多重管理模式 - 使每条密码更容易被识别 + - 可设置密码过期时间 + - 可插入附件 + - 可为不同分组或密码自定义标志 + - 在分组中对密码排序 +- 搜索函数：可在特定分组或整个数据库中搜索 +- Auto-Type: 这个功能允许你在登录网站时只需要按下几个键。KeePassX可以帮助你输入剩下的密码。Auto-Type通过读取当前窗口的标题，对密码数据库进行搜索来获取相应的密码 +- 数据库安全性强，用户可通过密码或一个密钥文件（可存储在CD或U盘中）访问数据库 +- 自动生成安全的密码 +- 具有预防措施，获取选中的密码并检查其安全性 +- 加密 - 用256位密钥，通过AES(高级加密标准)或TwoFish算法加密数据库 +- 密码可以导入或导出。可从PwManager文件(*.pwm)或KWallet文件(*.xml)中导入密码，可导出为文本(*.txt)格式。 + +- 软件官网：[www.keepassx.org][1] +- 开发者：KeepassX Team +- 软件许可证：GNU GPL V2 +- 版本号：0.4.3 + +### Encryptr ### + +![Encryptr软件截图](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Utilities/Screenshot-Encryptr.png) + +Encryptr是一个开源的、零知晓的、基于云端的密码管理/电子钱包软件，以Crypton为基础开发。Crypton是一个Javascript库，允许开发者利用其开发应用，上传文件至服务器，而服务器无法知道用户所存储的文件内容。 + +Encryptr可将你的敏感信息，比如密码、信用卡数据、PIN码、或认证码存储在云端。然而，由于它基于零知晓的Cypton框架开发，Encryptr可保证只有用户才拥有访问或读取秘密信息的权限。 + +由于其跨平台的特性，Encryptr允许用户随时随地、安全地通过一个账户从云端获取机密信息。 + +软件特性包括： + +- 使用极安全、零知晓的Crypton框架，软件只在本地加密/解密数据 +- 易于使用 +- 基于云端 +- 可存储三种类型的数据：密码、信用卡账号以及通用的键值对 +- 可对每条密码设置“备注”项 +- 对本地密码进行缓存加密，以节省上传时间 + +- 软件官网: [encryptr.org][2] +- 开发者: Tommy Williams +- 软件许可证: GNU GPL v3 +- 版本号: 1.2.0 + +### RatticDB ### + +![RatticDB软件截图](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Utilities/Screenshot-RatticDB.png) + +RatticDB是一个开源的、基于Django的密码管理服务。 + +RatticDB被设计为一个“密码生命周期管理工具”而不是单单一个“密码存储工具”。RatticDB致力于及时提醒用户哪些密码在何时需要更改。它不提供应用层面的密码加密。 + +软件特性包括： + +- 简洁的ACL设计 +- 可改变队列功能，可让用户知晓何时需要更改某应用的密码 +- Ansible配置 + +- 软件官网: [rattic.org][3] +- 开发者: Daniel Hall +- 软件许可证: GNU GPL v2 +- 版本号: 1.3.1 + +### Seahorse ### + +![Seahorse软件截图](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Security/Screenshot-Seahorse.png) + +Seahorse是一个于Gnome前端运行的GnuPG - GNU隐私保护软件。它的目标是提供一个易于使用密钥管理工具，一并提供一个易于使用的界面来控制加密操作。 + +Seahorse是一个工具，用来提供安全沟通和数据存储服务。数据加密和数字密钥生成操作可以轻易通过GUI来演示，密钥管理操作也可以轻易通过直观的界面来进行。 + +此外，Seahorse包含一个Gedit插件，可以使用鹦鹉螺文件管理器管理文件，一个管理剪贴板中事物的小程序，一个存储私密密码的代理，还有一个GnuPG和OpenSSH的密钥管理工具。 + +软件特性包括： + +- 对文本进行加密/解密/签名 +- 管理密钥及密钥环 +- 将密钥及密钥环于密钥服务器同步 +- 密码签名及发布 +- 将密码缓存起来，无需多次重复键入 +- 对密钥及密钥环进行备份 +- 可添加一个GDK支持格式的图片作为OpenGPG图片ID +- 生成SSH密钥，对其进行验证及储存 +- 多语言支持 + +- 软件官网: [www.gnome.org/projects/seahorse][4] +- 开发者: Jacob Perkins, Jose Carlos, Garcia Sogo, Jean Schurger, Stef Walter, Adam Schreiber +- 软件许可证: GNU GPL v2 +- 版本号: 3.18.0 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20151108125950773/LastPassAlternatives.html + +译者：[StdioA](https://github.com/StdioA) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.keepassx.org/ +[2]:https://encryptr.org/ +[3]:http://rattic.org/ +[4]:http://www.gnome.org/projects/seahorse/ From c3fa58bb184ba0d4494d91849e730c8beff6b93a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chenj zhang <1134386961@qq.com> Date: Tue, 10 Nov 2015 17:51:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 048/176] Update 20151109 How to Configure Tripwire IDS on Debian.md --- .../tech/20151109 How to Configure Tripwire IDS on Debian.md | 5 +++-- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151109 How to Configure Tripwire IDS on Debian.md b/sources/tech/20151109 How to Configure Tripwire IDS on Debian.md index e430c74e41..11e7dbad60 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151109 How to Configure Tripwire IDS on Debian.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151109 How to Configure Tripwire IDS on Debian.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +正在翻译：zky001 How to Configure Tripwire IDS on Debian ================================================================================ This article is about Tripwire installation and configuration on Debian OS. It is a host based Intrusion detection system (IDS) for Linux environment. Prime function of tripwire IDS is to detect and report any unauthorized change (files and directories ) on linux system. After tripwire installation, baseline database created first, tripwire monitors and detects changes such as new file addition/creation, file modification and user who changed it etc. If the changes are legitimate, you can accept the changes to update tripwire database. @@ -371,9 +372,9 @@ In this article, we learned installation and basic configuration of open source via: http://linoxide.com/security/configure-tripwire-ids-debian/ 作者：[nido][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[译者zky001](https://github.com/zky001) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/naveeda/ \ No newline at end of file +[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/naveeda/ From 433a6c5e5f5865be8a0aa3e98494255e22223e7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Frank Zhang Date: Tue, 10 Nov 2015 20:49:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 049/176] [translated] 20151012 The Brief History Of Aix HP-UX Solaris BSD And LINUX.md --- ...tory Of Aix HP-UX Solaris BSD And LINUX.md | 102 ------------------ ...tory Of Aix HP-UX Solaris BSD And LINUX.md | 101 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 101 insertions(+), 102 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20151012 The Brief History Of Aix HP-UX Solaris BSD And LINUX.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20151012 The Brief History Of Aix HP-UX Solaris BSD And LINUX.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20151012 The Brief History Of Aix HP-UX Solaris BSD And LINUX.md b/sources/talk/20151012 The Brief History Of Aix HP-UX Solaris BSD And LINUX.md deleted file mode 100644 index be5c7b9b2e..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20151012 The Brief History Of Aix HP-UX Solaris BSD And LINUX.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,102 +0,0 @@ -zpl1025 translating -The Brief History Of Aix, HP-UX, Solaris, BSD, And LINUX -================================================================================ -![](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/linux-712x445.png) - -Always remember that when doors close on you, other doors open. [Ken Thompson][1] and [Dennis Richie][2] are a great example for such saying. They were two of the best information technology specialists in the **20th** century as they created the **UNIX** system which is considered one the most influential and inspirational software that ever written. - -### The UNIX systems beginning at Bell Labs ### - -**UNIX** which was originally called **UNICS** (**UN**iplexed **I**nformation and **C**omputing **S**ervice) has a great family and was never born by itself. The grandfather of UNIX was **CTSS** (**C**ompatible **T**ime **S**haring **S**ystem) and the father was the **Multics** (**MULT**iplexed **I**nformation and **C**omputing **S**ervice) project which supports interactive timesharing for mainframe computers by huge communities of users. - -UNIX was born at **Bell Labs** in **1969** by **Ken Thompson** and later **Dennis Richie**. These two great researchers and scientists worked on a collaborative project with **General Electric** and the **Massachusetts Institute of Technology** to create an interactive timesharing system called the Multics. - -Multics was created to combine timesharing with other technological advances, allowing the users to phone the computer from remote terminals, then edit documents, read e-mail, run calculations, and so on. - -Over the next five years, AT&T corporate invested millions of dollars in the Multics project. They purchased mainframe computer called GE-645 and they dedicated to the effort of the top researchers at Bell Labs such as Ken Thompson, Stuart Feldman, Dennis Ritchie, M. Douglas McIlroy, Joseph F. Ossanna, and Robert Morris. The project was too ambitious, but it fell troublingly behind the schedule. And at the end, AT&T leaders decided to leave the project. - -Bell Labs managers decided to stop any further work on operating systems which made many researchers frustrated and upset. But thanks to Thompson, Richie, and some researchers who ignored their bosses’ instructions and continued working with love on their labs, UNIX was created as one the greatest operating systems of all times. - -UNIX started its life on a PDP-7 minicomputer which was a testing machine for Thompson’s ideas about the operating systems design and a platform for Thompsons and Richie’s game simulation that was called Space and Travel. - -> “What we wanted to preserve was not just a good environment in which to do programming, but a system around which a fellowship could form. We knew from experience that the essence of communal computing, as supplied by remote-access, time-shared machines, is not just to type programs into a terminal instead of a keypunch, but to encourage close communication”. Dennis Richie Said. - -UNIX was so close to be the first system under which the programmer could directly sit down at a machine and start composing programs on the fly, explore possibilities and also test while composing. All through UNIX lifetime, it has had a growing more capabilities pattern by attracting skilled volunteer effort from different programmers impatient with the other operating systems limitations. - -UNIX has received its first funding for a PDP-11/20 in 1970, the UNIX operating system was then officially named and could run on the PDP-11/20. The first real job from UNIX was in 1971, it was to support word processing for the patent department at Bell Labs. - -### The C revolution on UNIX systems ### - -Dennis Richie invented a higher level programming language called “**C**” in **1972**, later he decided with Ken Thompson to rewrite the UNIX in “C” to give the system more portability options. They wrote and debugged almost 100,000 code lines that year. The migration to the “C” language resulted in highly portable software that require only a relatively small machine-dependent code to be then replaced when porting UNIX to another computing platform. - -The UNIX was first formally presented to the outside world in 1973 on Operating Systems Principles, where Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson delivered a paper, then AT&T released Version 5 of the UNIX system and licensed it to the educational institutions, and then in 1975 they licensed Version 6 of UNIX to companies for the first time with a cost **$20.000**. The most widely used version of UNIX was Version 7 in 1980 where anybody could purchase a license but it was very restrictive terms in this license. The license included the source code, the machine dependents kernel which was written in PDP-11 assembly language. At all, versions of UNIX systems were determined by its user manuals editions. - -### The AIX System ### - -In **1983**, **Microsoft** had a plan to make a **Xenix** MS-DOS’s multiuser successor, and they created Xenix-based Altos 586 with **512 KB** RAM and **10 MB** hard drive by this year with cost $8,000. By 1984, 100,000 UNIX installations around the world for the System V Release 2. In 1986, 4.3BSD was released that included internet name server and the **AIX system** was announced by **IBM** with Installation base over 250,000. AIX is based on Unix System V, this system has BSD roots and is a hybrid of both. - -AIX was the first operating system that introduced a **journaled file system (JFS)** and an integrated Logical Volume Manager (LVM). IBM ported AIX to its RS/6000 platform by 1989. The Version 5L was a breakthrough release that was introduced in 2001 to provide Linux affinity and logical partitioning with the Power4 servers. - -AIX introduced virtualization by 2004 in AIX 5.3 with Advanced Power Virtualization (APV) which offered Symmetric multi-threading, micro-partitioning, and shared processor pools. - -In 2007, IBM started to enhance its virtualization product, by coinciding with the AIX 6.1 release and the architecture of Power6. They also rebranded Advanced Power Virtualization to PowerVM. - -The enhancements included form of workload partitioning that was called WPARs, that are similar to Solaris zones/Containers, but with much better functionality. - -### The HP-UX System ### - -The **Hewlett-Packard’s UNIX (HP-UX)** was based originally on System V release 3. The system initially ran exclusively on the PA-RISC HP 9000 platform. The Version 1 of HP-UX was released in 1984. - -The Version 9, introduced SAM, its character-based graphical user interface (GUI), from which one can administrate the system. The Version 10, was introduced in 1995, and brought some changes in the layout of the system file and directory structure, which made it similar to AT&T SVR4. - -The Version 11 was introduced in 1997. It was HP’s first release to support 64-bit addressing. But in 2000, this release was rebranded to 11i, as HP introduced operating environments and bundled groups of layered applications for specific Information Technology purposes. - -In 2001, The Version 11.20 was introduced with support for Itanium systems. The HP-UX was the first UNIX that used ACLs (Access Control Lists) for file permissions and it was also one of the first that introduced built-in support for Logical Volume Manager. - -Nowadays, HP-UX uses Veritas as primary file system due to partnership between Veritas and HP. - -The HP-UX is up to release 11iv3, update 4. - -### The Solaris System ### - -The Sun’s UNIX version, **Solaris**, was the successor of **SunOS**, which was founded in 1992. SunOS was originally based on the BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) flavor of UNIX but SunOS versions 5.0 and later were based on Unix System V Release 4 which was rebranded as Solaris. - -SunOS version 1.0 was introduced with support for Sun-1 and Sun-2 systems in 1983. Version 2.0 was introduced later in 1985. In 1987, Sun and AT&T announced that they would collaborate on a project to merge System V and BSD into only one release, based on SVR4. - -The Solaris 2.4 was first Sparc/x86 release by Sun. The last release of the SunOS was version 4.1.4 announced in November 1994. The Solaris 7 was the first 64-bit Ultra Sparc release and it added native support for file system metadata logging. - -Solaris 9 was introduced in 2002, with support for Linux capabilities and Solaris Volume Manager. Then, Solaris 10 was introduced in 2005, and has number of innovations, such as support for its Solaris Containers, new ZFS file system, and Logical Domains. - -The Solaris system is presently up to version 10 as the latest update was released in 2008. - -### Linux ### - -By 1991 there were growing requirements for a free commercial alternative. Therefore **Linus Torvalds** set out to create new free operating system kernel that eventually became **Linux**. Linux started with a small number of “C” files and under a license which prohibited commercial distribution. Linux is a UNIX-like system and is different than UNIX. - -Version 3.18 was introduced in 2015 under a GNU Public License. IBM said that more than 18 million lines of code are Open Source and available to developers. - -The GNU Public License becomes the most widely available free software license which you can find nowadays. In accordance with the Open Source principles, this license permits individuals and organizations the freedom to distribute, run, share by copying, study, and also modify the code of the software. - -### UNIX vs. Linux: Technical Overview ### - -- Linux can encourage more diversity, and Linux developers come from wider range of backgrounds with different experiences and opinions. -- Linux can run on wider range of platforms and also types of architecture than UNIX. -- Developers of UNIX commercial editions have a specific target platform and audience in mind for their operating system. -- **Linux is more secure than UNIX** as it is less affected by virus threats or malware attacks. Linux has had about 60-100 viruses to date, but at the same time none of them are currently spreading. On the other hand, UNIX has had 85-120 viruses but some of them are still spreading. -- With commands of UNIX, tools and elements are rarely changed, and even some interfaces and command lines arguments still remain in later versions of UNIX. -- Some Linux development projects get funded on a voluntary basis such as Debian. The other projects maintain a community version of commercial Linux distributions such as SUSE with openSUSE and Red Hat with Fedora. -- Traditional UNIX is about scale up, but on the other hand Linux is about scale out. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.unixmen.com/brief-history-aix-hp-ux-solaris-bsd-linux/ - -作者：[M.el Khamlichi][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/pirat9/ -[1]:http://www.unixmen.com/ken-thompson-unix-systems-father/ -[2]:http://www.unixmen.com/dennis-m-ritchie-father-c-programming-language/ diff --git a/translated/talk/20151012 The Brief History Of Aix HP-UX Solaris BSD And LINUX.md b/translated/talk/20151012 The Brief History Of Aix HP-UX Solaris BSD And LINUX.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1ee2151703 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20151012 The Brief History Of Aix HP-UX Solaris BSD And LINUX.md @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +Aix, HP-UX, Solaris, BSD, 和 LINUX 简史 +================================================================================ +![](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/linux-712x445.png) + +有句话说，当一扇门在你面前关上的时候，另一扇门就会打开。[Ken Thompson][1] 和 [Dennis Richie][2] 两个人就是最好的例子。他们俩是 **20世纪** 最优秀的信息技术专家，因为他们创造了 **UNIX**，最具影响力和创新性的软件之一。 + +### UNIX 系统诞生于贝尔实验室 ### + +**UNIX** 最开始的名字是 **UNICS** (**UN**iplexed **I**nformation and **C**omputing **S**ervice)，它有一个大家庭，并不是从石头里蹦出来的。UNIX的祖父是 **CTSS** (**C**ompatible **T**ime **S**haring **S**ystem)，它的父亲是 **Multics** (**MULT**iplexed **I**nformation and **C**omputing **S**ervice)，这个系统能支持大量用户通过交互式分时使用大型机。 + +UNIX 诞生于 **1969** 年，由 **Ken Thompson** 以及后来加入的 **Dennis Richie** 共同完成。这两位优秀的研究员和科学家一起在一个**通用电子**和**麻省理工学院**的合作项目里工作，项目目标是开发一个叫 Multics 的交互式分时系统。 + +Multics 的目标是整合分时共享以及当时其他先进技术，允许用户在远程终端通过电话登录到主机，然后可以编辑文档，阅读电子邮件，运行计算器，等等。 + +在之后的五年里，AT&T 公司为 Multics 项目投入了数百万美元。他们购买了 GE-645 大型机，聚集了贝尔实验室的顶级研究人员，例如 Ken Thompson, Stuart Feldman, Dennis Ritchie, M. Douglas McIlroy, Joseph F. Ossanna, 以及 Robert Morris。但是项目目标太过激进，进度严重滞后。最后，AT&T 高层决定放弃这个项目。 + +贝尔实验室的管理层决定停止这个让许多研究人员无比纠结的操作系统上的所有遗留工作。不过要感谢 Thompson，Richie 和一些其他研究员，他们把老板的命令丢到一边，并继续在实验室里满怀热心地忘我工作，最终孵化出前无古人后无来者的 UNIX。 + +UNIX 的第一声啼哭是在一台 PDP-7 微型机上，它是 Thompson 测试自己在操作系统设计上的点子的机器，也是 Thompson 和 Richie 一起玩 Space and Travel 游戏的模拟器。 + +> “我们想要的不仅是一个优秀的编程环境，而是能围绕这个系统形成团体。按我们自己的经验，通过远程访问和分时共享主机实现的公共计算，本质上不只是用终端输入程序代替打孔机而已，而是鼓励密切沟通。”Dennis Richie 说。 + +UNIX 是第一个靠近理想的系统，在这里程序员可以坐在机器前自由摆弄程序，探索各种可能性并随手测试。在 UNIX 整个生命周期里，因为大量因为其他操作系统限制而投身过来的高手做出的无私贡献，它的功能模型一直保持上升趋势。 + +UNIX 在 1970 年因为 PDP-11/20 获得了首次资金注入，之后正式更名为 UNIX 并支持在 PDP-11/20 上运行。UNIX 带来的第一次收获是在 1971 年，贝尔实验室的专利部门配备来做文字处理。 + +### UNIX 上的 C 语言革命 ### + +Dennis Richie 在 1972 年发明了一种叫 “**C**” 的高级编程语言，之后他和 Ken Thompson 决定用 “C” 重写 UNIX 系统，来支持更好的移植性。他们在那一年里编写和调试了差不多 100,000 行代码。在使用了 “C” 语言后，系统可移植性非常好，只需要修改一小部分机器相关的代码就可以将 UNIX 移植到其他计算机平台上。 + +UNIX 第一次公开露面是在 1973 年 Dennis Ritchie 和 Ken Thompson 在操作系统原理上发表的一篇论文，然后 AT&T 发布了 UNIX 系统第 5 版，并授权给教育机构使用，然后在 1976 年第一次以 **$20.000** 的价格授权企业使用 UNIX 第 6 版。应用最广泛的是 1980 年发布的 UNIX 第 7 版，任何人都可以购买，只是授权条款非常有限。授权内容包括源代码，以及用 PDP-11 汇编语言写的及其相关内核。各种版本 UNIX 系统完全由它的用户手册确定。 + +### AIX 系统 ### + +在 **1983** 年，**Microsoft** 计划开发 **Xenix** 作为 MS-DOS 的多用户版继任者，他们在那一年花了 $8,000 搭建了一台拥有 **512 KB** 内存以及 **10 MB**硬盘并运行 Xenix 的 Altos 586。而到 1984 年为止，全世界已经安装了超过 100,000 份 UNIX System V 第二版。在 1986 年发布了包含因特网域名服务的 4.3BSD，而且 **IBM** 宣布 **AIX 系统**的安装数已经超过 250,000。AIX 基于 Unix System V 开发，这套系统拥有 BSD 风格的根文件系统，是两者的结合。 + +AIX 第一次引入了 **日志文件系统 (JFS)** 以及集成逻辑卷管理器 (LVM)。IBM 在 1989 年将 AIX 移植到自己的 RS/6000 平台。2001 年发布的 5L 版是一个突破性的版本，提供了 Linux 友好性以及支持 Power4 服务器的逻辑分区。 + +在 2004 年发布的 AIX 5.3 引入了支持 Advanced Power Virtualization (APV) 的虚拟化技术，支持对称多线程，微分区，以及可分享的处理器池。 + +在 2007 年，IBM 同时发布 AIX 6.1 和 Power6 架构，开始加强自己的虚拟化产品。他们还将 Advanced Power Virtualization 重新包装成 PowerVM。 + +这次改进包括被称为 WPARs 的负载分区形式，类似于 Solaris 的 zones/Containers，但是功能更强。 + +### HP-UX 系统 ### + +**惠普 UNIX (HP-UX)** 源于 System V 第 3 版。这套系统一开始只支持 PA-RISC HP 9000 平台。HP-UX 第 1 版发布于 1984 年。 + +HP-UX 第 9 版引入了 SAM，一个基于角色的图形用户界面 (GUI)，用户可以用来管理整个系统。在 1995 年发布的第 10 版，调整了系统文件分布以及目录结构，变得有点类似 AT&T SVR4。 + +第 11 版发布于 1997 年。这是 HP 第一个支持 64 位寻址的版本。不过在 2000 年重新发布成 11i，因为 HP 为特定的信息技术目的，引入了操作环境和分级应用的捆绑组。 + +在 2001 年发布的 11.20 版宣称支持 Itanium 系统。HP-UX 是第一个使用 ACLs（访问控制列表）管理文件权限的 UNIX 系统，也是首先支持内建逻辑卷管理器的系统之一。 + +如今，HP-UX 因为 HP 和 Veritas 的合作关系使用了 Veritas 作为主文件系统。 + +HP-UX 目前最新的版是 11iv3, update 4。 + +### Solaris 系统 ### + +Sun 的 UNIX 版本是 **Solaris**，用来接替 1992 年创建的 **SunOS**。SunOS 一开始基于 BSD（伯克利软件发行版）风格的 UNIX，但是 SunOS 5.0 版以及之后的版本都是基于重新包装成 Solaris 的 Unix System V 第 4 版。 + +SunOS 1.0 版于 1983 年发布，用于支持 Sun-1 和 Sun-2 平台。随后在 1985 年发布了 2.0 版。在 1987 年，Sun 和 AT&T 宣布合作一个项目以 SVR4 为基础将 System V 和 BSD 合并成一个版本。 + +Solaris 2.4 是 Sun 发布的第一个 Sparc/x86 版本。1994 年 11 月份发布的 SunOS 4.1.4 版是最后一个版本。Solaris 7 是首个 64 位 Ultra Sparc 版本，加入了对文件系统元数据记录的原生支持。 + +Solaris 9 发布于 2002 年，支持 Linux 特性以及 Solaris 卷管理器。之后，2005 年发布了 Solaris 10，带来许多创新，比如支持 Solaris Containers，新的 ZFS 文件系统，以及逻辑域。 + +目前 Solaris 最新的版本是 第 10 版，最后的更新发布于 2008 年。 + +### Linux ### + +到了 1991 年，用来替代商业操作系统的免费系统的需求日渐高涨。因此 **Linus Torvalds** 开始构建一个免费操作系统，最终成为 **Linux**。Linux 最开始只有一些 “C” 文件，并且使用了阻止商业发行的授权。Linux 是一个类 UNIX 系统但又不尽相同。 + +2015 年 发布了基于 GNU Public License 授权的 3.18 版。IBM 声称有超过 1800 万行开源代码开放给开发者。 + +如今 GNU Public License 是应用最广泛的免费软件授权方式。根据开源软件原则，这份授权允许个人和企业自由分发，运行，通过拷贝共享，学习，以及修改软件源码。 + +### UNIX vs. Linux: 技术概要 ### + +- Linux 鼓励多样性，Linux 的开发人员有更宽广的背景，有更多不同经验和意见。 +- Linux 比 UNIX 支持更多的平台和架构。 +- UNIX 商业版本的开发人员会为他们的操作系统考虑特定目标平台以及用户。 +- **Linux 比 UNIX 有更好的安全性**，更少受病毒或恶意软件攻击。Linux 上大约有 60-100 种病毒，但是没有任何一种还在传播。另一方面，UNIX 上大约有 85-120 种病毒，但是其中有一些还在传播中。 +- 通过 UNIX 命令，系统上的工具和元素很少改变，甚至很多接口和命令行参数在后续 UNIX 版本中一直沿用。 +- 有些 Linux 开发项目以自愿为基础进行资助，比如 Debian。其他项目会维护一个和商业 Linux 的社区版，比如 SUSE 的 openSUSE 以及红帽的 Fedora。 +- 传统 UNIX 是扩大规模，而另一方面 Linux 是扩大范围。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/brief-history-aix-hp-ux-solaris-bsd-linux/ + +作者：[M.el Khamlichi][a] +译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/pirat9/ +[1]:http://www.unixmen.com/ken-thompson-unix-systems-father/ +[2]:http://www.unixmen.com/dennis-m-ritchie-father-c-programming-language/ From 06a230c4314245c1af79bef584103358c7145c35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Wenxuan Zhao Date: Tue, 10 Nov 2015 14:51:36 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 050/176] Let's Encrypt news, wait for approval --- translated/news/LetsEncrypt.md | 112 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 112 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/news/LetsEncrypt.md diff --git a/translated/news/LetsEncrypt.md b/translated/news/LetsEncrypt.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c1c4a40ea0 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/LetsEncrypt.md @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +# SSL/TLS 加密新纪元 - Let's Encrypt + +根据 Let's Encrypt 官方博客消息，Let's Encrypt 服务将在下周（11 月 16 日）正式对外开放。 + +Let's Encrypt 项目是由互联网安全研究小组（ISRG，Internet Security Research Group）主导并开发的一个新型数字证书认证机构（CA，Certificate Authority）。该项目旨在开发一个自由且开放的自动化 CA 套件，并向公众提供相关的证书免费签发服务以降低安全通讯的财务、技术和教育成本。在过去的一年中，互联网安全研究小组拟定了 [ACME 协议草案][1]，并首次实现了使用该协议的应用套件：服务端 [Boulder][2] 和客户端 [letsencrypt][3]。 + +至于为什么 Let's Encrypt 让我们如此激动，以及 HTTPS 协议如何保护我们的通讯请参考[浅谈 HTTPS 和 SSL/TLS 协议的背景与基础][4]。 + +## ACME 协议 + +Let's Encrypt 的诞生离不开 ACME（Automated Certificate Management Environment，自动证书管理环境）协议的拟定。 + +说到 ACME 协议，我们不得不提一下传统 CA 的认证方式。Let's Encrypt 服务所签发的证书为域名认证证书（DV，Domain-validated Certificate），签发这类证书需要域名所有者完成以下至少一种挑战（Challenge）以证明自己对域名的所有权： + +* 验证申请人对域名的 Whois 信息中邮箱的控制权； +* 验证申请人对域名的常见管理员邮箱（如以 `admin@`、`postmaster@` 开头的邮箱等）的控制权； +* 在 DNS 的 TXT 记录中发布一条 CA 提供的字符串； +* 在包含域名的网址中特定路径发布一条 CA 提供的字符串。 + +不难发现，其中最容易实现自动化的一种操作必然为最后一条，ACME 协议中的 [Simple HTTP][5] 认证即是用一种类似的方法对从未签发过任何证书的域名进行认证。该协议要求在访问 `http://域名/.well-known/acme-challenge/指定字符串` 时返回特定的字符串。 + +然而实现该协议的客户端 [letsencrypt][3] 做了更多——它不仅可以通过 ACME 协议配合服务端 [Boulder][2] 的域名进行独立（standalone）的认证工作，同时还可以自动配置常见的服务器软件（目前支持 Nginx 和 Apache）以完成认证。 + +## Let's Encrypt 免费证书签发服务 + +对于大多数网站管理员来讲，想要对自己的 Web 服务器进行加密需要一笔不小的支出进行证书签发并且难以配置。根据早些年 SSL Labs 公布的 [2010 年互联网 SSL 调查报告（PDF）][6] 指出超过半数的 Web 服务器没能正确使用 Web 服务器证书，主要的问题有证书不被浏览器信任、证书和域名不匹配、证书过期、证书信任链没有正确配置、使用已知有缺陷的协议和算法等。而且证书过期后的续签和泄漏后的吊销仍需进行繁琐的人工操作。 + +幸运的是 Let's Encrypt 免费证书签发服务在经历了漫长的开发和测试之后终于来临，在 Let's Encrypt 官方 CA 被广泛信任之前，IdenTrust 的根证书对 Let's Encrypt 的二级 CA 进行了交叉签名使得大部分浏览器已经信任 Let's Encrypt 签发的证书。 + +## 使用 letsencrypt + +由于当前 Let's Encrypt 官方的证书签发服务还未公开，你只能尝试开发版本。这个版本会签发一个 CA 标识为 `happy hacker fake CA` 的测试证书，注意这个证书不受信任。 + +要获取开发版本请直接 `$ git clone https://github.com/letsencrypt/letsencrypt`。 + +以下的[使用方法][7]摘自 Let's Encrypt 官方网站。 + +### 签发证书 + +`letsencrypt` 工具可以协助你处理证书请求和验证工作。 + +#### 自动配置 Web 服务器 + +下面的操作将会自动帮你将新证书配置到 Nginx 和 Apache 中。 + +``` +$ letsencrypt run +``` + +#### 独立签发证书 + +下面的操作将会将新证书置于当前目录下。 + +``` +$ letsencrypt -d example.com auth +``` + +### 续签证书 + +默认情况下 `letsencrypt` 工具将协助你跟踪当前证书的有效期限并在需要时自动帮你续签。如果需要手动续签，执行下面的操作。 + +``` +$ letsencrypt renew --cert-path example-cert.pem +``` + +### 吊销证书 + +列出当前托管的证书菜单以吊销。 + +``` +$ letsencrypt revoke +``` + +你也可以吊销某一个证书或者属于某个私钥的所有证书。 + +``` +$ letsencrypt revoke --cert-path example-cert.pem +``` + +``` +$ letsencrypt revoke --key-path example-key.pem +``` + +## Docker 化 letsencrypt + +如果你不想让 letsencrypt 自动配置你的 Web 服务器的话，使用 Docker 跑一份独立的版本将是一个不错的选择。你所要做的只是在装有 Docker 的系统中执行： + +``` +$ sudo docker run -it --rm -p 443:443 -p 80:80 --name letsencrypt \ + -v "/etc/letsencrypt:/etc/letsencrypt" \ + -v "/var/lib/letsencrypt:/var/lib/letsencrypt" \ + quay.io/letsencrypt/letsencrypt:latest auth +``` + +你就可以快速的为自己的 Web 服务器签发一个免费而且受信任的 DV 证书啦！ + +## Let's Encrypt 的注意事项 + +* Let's Encrypt 当前发行的 DV 证书仅能验证域名的所有权，并不能验证其所有者身份； +* Let's Encrypt 不像其他 CA 那样对安全事故有保险赔付； +* Let's Encrypt 目前不提共 Wildcard 证书； +* Let's Encrypt 的有效时间仅为 90 天，逾期需要续签（可自动续签）。 + +对于 Let's Encrypt 的介绍就到这里，让我们一起目睹这场互联网的安全革命吧。 + +[1]: https://github.com/letsencrypt/acme-spec +[2]: https://github.com/letsencrypt/boulder +[3]: https://github.com/letsencrypt/letsencrypt +[4]: https://linux.cn/article-5175-1.html +[5]: https://letsencrypt.github.io/acme-spec/#simple-http +[6]: https://community.qualys.com/servlet/JiveServlet/download/38-1636/Qualys_SSL_Labs-State_of_SSL_2010-v1.6.pdf +[7]: https://letsencrypt.org/howitworks/ From e59796bef0724a643f8f34886aeb9903e1191e6f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Frank Zhang Date: Wed, 11 Nov 2015 11:20:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 051/176] [translating] 20151109 Install Android On BQ Aquaris Ubuntu Phone In Linux.md --- ...1109 Install Android On BQ Aquaris Ubuntu Phone In Linux.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151109 Install Android On BQ Aquaris Ubuntu Phone In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20151109 Install Android On BQ Aquaris Ubuntu Phone In Linux.md index bbd7f7580f..864068eb91 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151109 Install Android On BQ Aquaris Ubuntu Phone In Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151109 Install Android On BQ Aquaris Ubuntu Phone In Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +zpl1025 Install Android On BQ Aquaris Ubuntu Phone In Linux ================================================================================ ![How to install Android on Ubuntu Phone](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Install-Android-on-Ubuntu-Phone.jpg) @@ -122,4 +123,4 @@ via: http://itsfoss.com/install-android-ubuntu-phone/ [1]:https://storage.googleapis.com/otas/2014/Smartphones/Aquaris_E4.5_L/2.0.1_20150623-1900_bq-FW.zip [2]:http://www.bq.com/gb/support/aquaris-e4-5 [3]:https://storage.googleapis.com/otas/2014/Smartphones/Aquaris_E4.5/Ubuntu/Web%20version/Web%20version/SP_Flash_Tool_exe_linux_v5.1424.00.zip -[4]:http://www.bq.com/gb/support/aquaris-e4-5-ubuntu-edition \ No newline at end of file +[4]:http://www.bq.com/gb/support/aquaris-e4-5-ubuntu-edition From e5ef1c15d1c30037743c58a9e6d1fb476f7ead98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: struggling <630441839@qq.com> Date: Wed, 11 Nov 2015 16:32:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 052/176] Delete 20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md --- ...ware Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md | 57 ------------------- 1 file changed, 57 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md diff --git a/sources/news/20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md b/sources/news/20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md deleted file mode 100644 index 1c7b1614d0..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,57 +0,0 @@ -translation by strugglingyouth -Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS -================================================================================ -![The USC Will Be Replaced](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/usc1.jpg) - -The USC Will Be Replaced - -**The Ubuntu Software Centre is to be replaced in Ubuntu 16.04 LTS.** - -Users of the Xenial Xerus desktop will find that the familiar (and somewhat cumbersome) Ubuntu Software Centre is no longer available. - -GNOME’s [Software application][1] will – according to current plans – take its place as the default and package management utility on the Unity 7-based desktop. - -![GNOME Software](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/gnome-software.jpg) - -GNOME Software - -New plugins will be created to support the Software Centre’s ratings, reviews and paid app features as a result of the switch. - -The decisions were taken at a recent desktop Sprint held at Canonical HQ in London. - -“We are more confident in our ability to add support for Snaps to GNOME Software Centre (sic) than we are to Ubuntu Software Centre. And so, right now, it looks like we will be replacing [the USC] with GNOME Software Centre”, explains Ubuntu desktop manager Will Cooke at the Ubuntu Online Summit. - -GNOME 3.18 stack will also be included in Ubuntu 16.04, with select app updates to GNOME 3.20 apps taken ‘as and when it makes sense’, adds Will Cooke. - -We recently ran a poll on Twitter asking how you install software on Ubuntu. The results suggest that few of you will mourn the passing of the incumbent Software Centre… - -注：投票项目 -Which of these do you use to install software on #Ubuntu? - -- Software Centre -- Terminal - -### Other Apps Being Dropped in Ubuntu 16.04 ### - -The Ubuntu Software Centre is not the only app set to be given the heave-ho in Xenial Xerus. - -Disc burning utility Brasero and instant messaging app **Empathy** are also to be removed from the default install image. - -Neither app is considered to be under active development, and with the march of laptops lacking optical drives and web and mobile-based chat services, they may also be seen as increasingly obsolete. - -If you do have use for them don’t panic: both Brasero and Empathy will **still be available to install on Ubuntu from the archives**. - -It’s not all removals and replacements as one new desktop app is set be included by default: GNOME Calendar. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/11/the-ubuntu-software-centre-is-being-replace-in-16-04-lts - -作者：[Sam Tran][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://plus.google.com/111008502832304483939?rel=author -[1]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Software From 5578d631e8de687bd33c67365e04baa8beb95c66 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: struggling <630441839@qq.com> Date: Wed, 11 Nov 2015 16:34:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 053/176] Create 20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md --- ...ware Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md | 58 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 58 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/news/20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md diff --git a/translated/news/20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md b/translated/news/20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f0bcfff3aa --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ + +Ubuntu 软件中心将在 16.04 LTS 中被替换 +================================================================================ +![The USC Will Be Replaced](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/usc1.jpg) + +USC 将被替换 + +**Ubuntu 软件中心将在 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 中被替换。** + +Xenial Xerus 桌面用户会发现，这个熟悉的（并有些繁琐的）Ubuntu 软件中心将不再可用。 + +GNOME 的 [软件应用][1] - 按照目前的计划 - 在基于 Unity 7 的桌面中，它将作为默认的包管理工具。 + +![GNOME Software](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/gnome-software.jpg) + +GNOME 软件 + +这次变化的结果是，新开发的插件，将支持软件中心的评级，评论和应用程序付费的功能。 + +该决定是最近在伦敦标准总部举行的一次桌面峰会中被采用的。 + +“我们更相信我们添加 Snaps 到 GNOME 软件中心（sic）比到 Ubuntu 软件中心支持的能力。所以，现在看起来我们将使用 GNOME 软件中心来取代 [the USC]”，Cooke 在 Ubuntu 在线峰会解释了 Ubuntu 桌面管理器。 + +GNOME 3.18 架构与也将出现在 Ubuntu 16.04 中，将其中一些应用程序更新到 GNOME 3.20 采用的架构下 ‘这么做也是有道理的’，库克补充说。 + +我们最近在 Twitter 上做了一项民意调查，询问如何在 Ubuntu 上安装软件。结果表明，只有少数人对现在的软件中心表示不满... + +注：投票项目 + +你使用什么方式在 Ubuntu 上安装软件？ + +- 软件中心 +- 终端 + +### 在 Ubuntu 16.04 其他应用程序也将会减少 ### + +Ubuntu 软件中心并不是唯一一个在 Xenial Xerus 中被丢弃的。 + +光盘刻录工具 Brasero 和即时通讯工具 **Empathy** 也将从默认镜像中删除。 + +虽然应用程序在不断的发展，但赶不上光驱以及网络和移动聊天服务，它们也会被看作是越来越过时的。 + +如果你还在使用它们请不要惊慌：Brasero 和 Empathy 将 **仍然可以使用存档在 Ubuntu 上安装**。 + +它不是完全被替换成为一个新的桌面应用程序，它还包括默认的：GNOME 日历。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/11/the-ubuntu-software-centre-is-being-replace-in-16-04-lts + +作者：[Sam Tran][a] +译者：[strugglingyouth](https://github.com/strugglingyouth) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://plus.google.com/111008502832304483939?rel=author +[1]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Software From 508e06024463e17e66e400b02493e700267be5af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 12 Nov 2015 21:51:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 054/176] PUB:LetsEncrypt @vizv --- {translated/news => published}/LetsEncrypt.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/news => published}/LetsEncrypt.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/news/LetsEncrypt.md b/published/LetsEncrypt.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/news/LetsEncrypt.md rename to published/LetsEncrypt.md From 32519b1b036a2f53548e5846441de859e58daebc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 12 Nov 2015 22:12:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 055/176] PUB:20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS @strugglingyouth --- ...ware Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md | 53 +++++++++++++++++ ...ware Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md | 58 ------------------- 2 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md delete mode 100644 translated/news/20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md diff --git a/published/20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md b/published/20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b8b10719bf --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +Ubuntu 软件中心将在 16.04 LTS 中被替换 +================================================================================ +![The USC Will Be Replaced](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/usc1.jpg) + +*Ubuntu 软件中心将在 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 中被替换。* + +Ubuntu Xenial Xerus 桌面用户将会发现，这个熟悉的（并有些繁琐的）Ubuntu 软件中心将不再可用。 + +按照目前的计划，GNOME 的 [软件应用（Software application）][1] 将作为基于 Unity 7 的桌面的默认包管理工具。 + +![GNOME Software](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/gnome-software.jpg) + +*GNOME 软件应用* + +作为这次变化的一个结果是，会新开发插件来支持软件中心的评级、评论和应用程序付费的功能。 + +该决定是在伦敦的 Canonical 总部最近举行的一次桌面峰会中通过的。 + +“相对于 Ubuntu 软件中心，我们认为我们在 GNOME 软件中心（sic）添加 Snaps 支持上能做的更好。所以，现在看起来我们将使用 GNOME 软件中心来取代 [Ubuntu 软件中心]”，Ubuntu 桌面经理 Will Cooke 在 Ubuntu 在线峰会解释说。 + +GNOME 3.18 架构与也将出现在 Ubuntu 16.04 中，其中一些应用程序将更新到 GNOME 3.20 ， ‘这么做也是有道理的’，Will Cooke 补充说。 + +我们最近在 Twitter 上做了一项民意调查，询问如何在 Ubuntu 上安装软件。结果表明，只有少数人怀念现在的软件中心... + +你使用什么方式在 Ubuntu 上安装软件？ + +- 软件中心 +- 终端 + +### 在 Ubuntu 16.04 其他应用程序也将会减少 ### + +Ubuntu 软件中心并不是唯一一个在 Xenial Xerus 中被丢弃的。 + +光盘刻录工具 Brasero 和即时通讯工具 **Empathy** 也将从默认镜像中删除。 + +虽然这些应用程序还在不断的开发，但随着笔记本减少了光驱以及基于移动网络的聊天服务，它们看起来越来越过时了。 + +如果你还在使用它们请不要惊慌：Brasero 和 Empathy 将 **仍然可以通过存档在 Ubuntu 上安装**。 + +也并不全是丢弃和替换，默认还包括了一个新的桌面应用程序：GNOME 日历。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/11/the-ubuntu-software-centre-is-being-replace-in-16-04-lts + +作者：[Sam Tran][a] +译者：[strugglingyouth](https://github.com/strugglingyouth) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://plus.google.com/111008502832304483939?rel=author +[1]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Software diff --git a/translated/news/20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md b/translated/news/20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md deleted file mode 100644 index f0bcfff3aa..0000000000 --- a/translated/news/20151104 Ubuntu Software Centre To Be Replaced in 16.04 LTS.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,58 +0,0 @@ - -Ubuntu 软件中心将在 16.04 LTS 中被替换 -================================================================================ -![The USC Will Be Replaced](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/usc1.jpg) - -USC 将被替换 - -**Ubuntu 软件中心将在 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 中被替换。** - -Xenial Xerus 桌面用户会发现，这个熟悉的（并有些繁琐的）Ubuntu 软件中心将不再可用。 - -GNOME 的 [软件应用][1] - 按照目前的计划 - 在基于 Unity 7 的桌面中，它将作为默认的包管理工具。 - -![GNOME Software](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/gnome-software.jpg) - -GNOME 软件 - -这次变化的结果是，新开发的插件，将支持软件中心的评级，评论和应用程序付费的功能。 - -该决定是最近在伦敦标准总部举行的一次桌面峰会中被采用的。 - -“我们更相信我们添加 Snaps 到 GNOME 软件中心（sic）比到 Ubuntu 软件中心支持的能力。所以，现在看起来我们将使用 GNOME 软件中心来取代 [the USC]”，Cooke 在 Ubuntu 在线峰会解释了 Ubuntu 桌面管理器。 - -GNOME 3.18 架构与也将出现在 Ubuntu 16.04 中，将其中一些应用程序更新到 GNOME 3.20 采用的架构下 ‘这么做也是有道理的’，库克补充说。 - -我们最近在 Twitter 上做了一项民意调查，询问如何在 Ubuntu 上安装软件。结果表明，只有少数人对现在的软件中心表示不满... - -注：投票项目 - -你使用什么方式在 Ubuntu 上安装软件？ - -- 软件中心 -- 终端 - -### 在 Ubuntu 16.04 其他应用程序也将会减少 ### - -Ubuntu 软件中心并不是唯一一个在 Xenial Xerus 中被丢弃的。 - -光盘刻录工具 Brasero 和即时通讯工具 **Empathy** 也将从默认镜像中删除。 - -虽然应用程序在不断的发展，但赶不上光驱以及网络和移动聊天服务，它们也会被看作是越来越过时的。 - -如果你还在使用它们请不要惊慌：Brasero 和 Empathy 将 **仍然可以使用存档在 Ubuntu 上安装**。 - -它不是完全被替换成为一个新的桌面应用程序，它还包括默认的：GNOME 日历。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/11/the-ubuntu-software-centre-is-being-replace-in-16-04-lts - -作者：[Sam Tran][a] -译者：[strugglingyouth](https://github.com/strugglingyouth) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://plus.google.com/111008502832304483939?rel=author -[1]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Software From 23a7282af4cae220e7771758e0f2c0c58b1e3059 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 12 Nov 2015 23:21:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 056/176] PUB:20150827 The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @FSSlc 翻译的不错！ --- ...The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros.md | 88 +++++++++++++++++++ ...The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros.md | 66 -------------- 2 files changed, 88 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20150827 The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros.md delete mode 100644 translated/talk/20150827 The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros.md diff --git a/published/20150827 The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros.md b/published/20150827 The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a7dff335a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20150827 The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros.md @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +那些奇特的 Linux 发行版本 +================================================================================ +从大多数消费者所关注的诸如 Ubuntu，Fedora，Mint 或 elementary OS 到更加复杂、轻量级和企业级的诸如 Slackware，Arch Linux 或 RHEL，这些发行版本我都已经见识过了。除了这些，难道没有其他别的了吗？其实 Linux 的生态系统是非常多样化的，对每个人来说，总有一款适合你。下面就让我们讨论一些稀奇古怪的小众 Linux 发行版本吧，它们代表着开源平台真正的多样性。 + +### Puppy Linux + +![strangest linux distros](http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--cSL2-6rIgA/VcwNc5hFebI/AAAAAAAAJzk/AgB55mVtJVQ/s1600/Puppy-Linux.png) + +它是一个仅有一个普通 DVD 光盘容量十分之一大小的操作系统，这就是 Puppy Linux。整个操作系统仅有 100MB 大小！并且它还可以从内存中运行，这使得它运行极快，即便是在老式的 PC 机上。 在操作系统启动后，你甚至可以移除启动介质！还有什么比这个更好的吗？ 系统所需的资源极小，大多数的硬件都会被自动检测到，并且它预装了能够满足你基本需求的软件。[在这里体验 Puppy Linux 吧][1]. + +### Suicide Linux(自杀 Linux) + +![suicide linux](http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dfeehRIQKpo/VdMgRVQqIJI/AAAAAAAAJz0/TmBs-n2K9J8/s1600/suicide-linux.jpg) + +这个名字吓到你了吗？我想应该是。 ‘任何时候 -注意是任何时候-一旦你远程输入不正确的命令，解释器都会创造性地将它重定向为 `rm -rf /` 命令，然后擦除你的硬盘’。它就是这么简单。我真的很想知道谁自信到将[Suicide Linux][2] 安装到生产机上。 **警告：千万不要在生产机上尝试这个！** 假如你感兴趣的话，现在可以通过一个简洁的[DEB 包][3]来获取到它。 + +### PapyrOS + +![top 10 strangest linux distros](http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Q0hlEMCD9-o/VdMieAiXY1I/AAAAAAAAJ0M/iS_ZjVaZAk8/s1600/papyros.png) + +它的 “奇怪”是好的方面。PapyrOS 正尝试着将 Android 的 material design 设计语言引入到新的 Linux 发行版本上。尽管这个项目还处于早期阶段，看起来它已经很有前景。该项目的网页上说该系统已经完成了 80%，随后人们可以期待它的第一个 Alpha 发行版本。在该项目被宣告提出时，我们做了 [PapyrOS][4] 的小幅报道，从它的外观上看，它甚至可能会引领潮流。假如你感兴趣的话，可在 [Google+][5] 上关注该项目并可通过 [BountySource][6] 来贡献出你的力量。 + +### Qubes OS + +![10 most unique linux distros](http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8aOtnTp3Yxk/VdMo_KWs4sI/AAAAAAAAJ0o/3NTqhaw60jM/s1600/qubes-linux.png) + +Qubes 是一个开源的操作系统，其设计通过使用[安全分级（Security by Compartmentalization）][14]的方法，来提供强安全性。其前提假设是不存在完美的没有 bug 的桌面环境。并通过实现一个‘安全隔离（Security by Isolation）’ 的方法，[Qubes Linux][7]试图去解决这些问题。Qubes 基于 Xen、X 视窗系统和 Linux，并可运行大多数的 Linux 应用，支持大多数的 Linux 驱动。Qubes 入选了 Access Innovation Prize 2014 for Endpoint Security Solution 决赛名单。 + +### Ubuntu Satanic Edition + +![top10 linux distros](http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2Sqvb_lilC0/VdMq_ceoXnI/AAAAAAAAJ00/kot20ugVJFk/s1600/ubuntu-satanic.jpg) + +Ubuntu SE 是一个基于 Ubuntu 的发行版本。通过一个含有主题、壁纸甚至来源于某些天才新晋艺术家的重金属音乐的综合软件包，“它同时带来了最好的自由软件和免费的金属音乐” 。尽管这个项目看起来不再积极开发了， Ubuntu Satanic Edition 甚至在其名字上都显得奇异。 [Ubuntu SE (Slightly NSFW)][8]。 + +### Tiny Core Linux + +![10 strange linux distros](http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZtIVjGMqdx0/VdMv136Pz1I/AAAAAAAAJ1E/-q34j-TXyUY/s1600/tiny-core-linux.png) + +Puppy Linux 还不够小？试试这个吧。 Tiny Core Linux 是一个 12MB 大小的图形化 Linux 桌面！是的，你没有看错。一个主要的补充说明：它不是一个完整的桌面，也并不完全支持所有的硬件。它只含有能够启动进入一个非常小巧的 X 桌面，支持有线网络连接的核心部件。它甚至还有一个名为 Micro Core Linux 的没有 GUI 的版本，仅有 9MB 大小。[Tiny Core Linux][9]。 + +### NixOS + +![top 10 unique and special linux distros](http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-idmCvIxtxeo/VdcqcggBk1I/AAAAAAAAJ1U/DTQCkiLqlLk/s1600/nixos.png) + +它是一个资深用户所关注的 Linux 发行版本，有着独特的打包和配置管理方式。在其他的发行版本中，诸如升级的操作可能是非常危险的。升级一个软件包可能会引起其他包无法使用，而升级整个系统感觉还不如重新安装一个。在那些你不能安全地测试由一个配置的改变所带来的结果的更改之上，它们通常没有“重来”这个选项。在 NixOS 中，整个系统由 Nix 包管理器按照一个纯功能性的构建语言的描述来构建。这意味着构建一个新的配置并不会重写先前的配置。大多数其他的特色功能也遵循着这个模式。Nix 相互隔离地存储所有的软件包。有关 NixOS 的更多内容请看[这里][10]。 + +### GoboLinux + +![strangest linux distros](http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-rOYfBXg-UiU/VddCF7w_xuI/AAAAAAAAJ1w/Nf11bOheOwM/s1600/gobolinux.jpg) + +这是另一个非常奇特的 Linux 发行版本。它与其他系统如此不同的原因是它有着独特的重新整理的文件系统。它有着自己独特的子目录树，其中存储着所有的文件和程序。GoboLinux 没有专门的包数据库，因为其文件系统就是它的数据库。在某些方面，这类重整有些类似于 OS X 上所看到的功能。 + +### Hannah Montana Linux + +![strangest linux distros](http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3P22pYfih6Y/VdcucPOv4LI/AAAAAAAAJ1g/PszZDbe83sQ/s1600/hannah-montana-linux.jpg) + +它是一个基于 Kubuntu 的 Linux 发行版本，它有着汉娜·蒙塔娜（ Hannah Montana） 主题的开机启动界面、KDM(KDE Display Manager)、图标集、ksplash、plasma、颜色主题和壁纸(I'm so sorry)。[这是它的链接][12]。这个项目现在不再活跃了。 + +### RLSD Linux + +它是一个极其精简、小巧、轻量和安全可靠的，基于 Linux 文本的操作系统。开发者称 “它是一个独特的发行版本，提供一系列的控制台应用和自带的安全特性，对黑客或许有吸引力。” [RLSD Linux][13]. + +我们还错过了某些更加奇特的发行版本吗？请让我们知晓吧。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.techdrivein.com/2015/08/the-strangest-most-unique-linux-distros.html + +作者：Manuel Jose +译者：[FSSlc](https://github.com/FSSlc) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://puppylinux.org/main/Overview%20and%20Getting%20Started.htm +[2]:http://qntm.org/suicide +[3]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/suicide-linux/files/ +[4]:http://www.techdrivein.com/2015/02/papyros-material-design-linux-coming-soon.html +[5]:https://plus.google.com/communities/109966288908859324845/stream/3262a3d3-0797-4344-bbe0-56c3adaacb69 +[6]:https://www.bountysource.com/teams/papyros +[7]:https://www.qubes-os.org/ +[8]:http://ubuntusatanic.org/ +[9]:http://tinycorelinux.net/ +[10]:https://nixos.org/ +[11]:http://www.gobolinux.org/ +[12]:http://hannahmontana.sourceforge.net/ +[13]:http://rlsd2.dimakrasner.com/ +[14]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compartmentalization_(information_security) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/talk/20150827 The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros.md b/translated/talk/20150827 The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros.md deleted file mode 100644 index 14cee08661..0000000000 --- a/translated/talk/20150827 The Strangest Most Unique Linux Distros.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,66 +0,0 @@ -那些奇特的 Linux 发行版本 -================================================================================ -从大多数消费者所关注的诸如 Ubuntu，Fedora，Mint 或 elementary OS 到更加晦涩、轻量级和企业级的诸如 Slackware，Arch Linux 或 RHEL，这些发行版本我都已经见识过了。除了这些，难道没有其他别的了吗？其实 Linux 的生态系统是非常多样化的，对每个人来说，总有一款适合你。下面就让我们讨论一些稀奇古怪的小众 Linux 发行版本吧，它们代表着开源平台真正的多样性。 - -![strangest linux distros](http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--cSL2-6rIgA/VcwNc5hFebI/AAAAAAAAJzk/AgB55mVtJVQ/s1600/Puppy-Linux.png) - -**Puppy Linux**： 它是一个仅有一个普通 DVD 光盘容纳十分之一大小的操作系统，这就是 Puppy Linux。整个操作系统仅有 100MB 大小！并且它还可以在内存中运行，这使得它运行极快，甚至是在老式的 PC 机上。 在操作系统启动后，你甚至可以移除安装介质！还有什么比这个更好的吗？ 系统所需的资源极小，大多数的硬件都会被自动检测到，并且它预装了能够满足你基本需求的软件。[在这里体验 Puppy Linux 吧][1]. - -![suicide linux](http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dfeehRIQKpo/VdMgRVQqIJI/AAAAAAAAJz0/TmBs-n2K9J8/s1600/suicide-linux.jpg) - -**Suicide Linux(自杀 Linux)**： 这个名字吓到你了吗？我想应该是。 ‘任何时候 -注意是任何时候-一旦你输入不正确的命令，解释器都会创造性地将它重定向为 `rm -rf /` 命令，然后擦除你的硬盘’。它就是这么简单。我真的很想知道那些自信到将[Suicide Linux][2] 安装到生产机上的家伙。 **警告：不要在生产机上尝试这个！** 假如你感兴趣的话，现在可以通过一个简洁的[DEB 包][3]来获取到它。 - -![top 10 strangest linux distros](http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Q0hlEMCD9-o/VdMieAiXY1I/AAAAAAAAJ0M/iS_ZjVaZAk8/s1600/papyros.png) - -**PapyrOS**： 它在好的方面上 “奇怪”。PapyrOS 正尝试着将 Android 的 material design 设计语言应用到新品牌的 Linux 发行版本上。尽管这个项目还处于早期阶段，看起来它已经很有前景。该项目的网页上说该系统已经完成了 80%，随后人们可以期待它的第一个 Alpha 发行版本。在该项目被宣告提出时，我们做了[PapyrOS][4]的小幅报道，从它的外观上看，它甚至可能会引领潮流。假如你感兴趣的话，可在[Google+][5]上关注该项目并可通过[BountySource][6]来贡献出你的力量。 - -![10 most unique linux distros](http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8aOtnTp3Yxk/VdMo_KWs4sI/AAAAAAAAJ0o/3NTqhaw60jM/s1600/qubes-linux.png) - -**Qubes OS**： Qubes 是一个开源的操作系统，通过使用安全划分的方法，被设计用来提供强大的安全性。其前提假设是不存在完美的没有 bug 的桌面环境。并通过实现一个‘安全隔离’ 的方法，[Qubes Linux][7]尝试去弥补那些 bug。Qubes 基于 Xen，X 视窗系统和 Linux，并可运行大多数的 Linux 应用，支持大多数的 Linux 驱动。Qubes 入选了 Access Innovation Prize 2014 for Endpoint Security Solution 决赛名单。 - -![top10 linux distros](http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2Sqvb_lilC0/VdMq_ceoXnI/AAAAAAAAJ00/kot20ugVJFk/s1600/ubuntu-satanic.jpg) - -**Ubuntu Satanic Edition**： Ubuntu SE 是一个基于 Ubuntu 的发行版本。通过一个含有主题、壁纸甚至来源于某些天才新晋艺术家的重金属音乐的综合软件包，“它同时带来了最好的自由软件和免费的金属音乐” 。尽管这个项目看起来不再被活跃地发展了， Ubuntu Satanic Edition 甚至在其名字上都显得奇异。 [Ubuntu SE (Slightly NSFW)][8]。 - -![10 strange linux distros](http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZtIVjGMqdx0/VdMv136Pz1I/AAAAAAAAJ1E/-q34j-TXyUY/s1600/tiny-core-linux.png) - -**Tiny Core Linux**： Puppy Linux 还不够小？试试这个吧。 Tiny Core Linux 是一个 12MB 大小的图形化 Linux 桌面！是的，你没有读错。一个主要的补充说明：它不是一个完整的桌面，也并不完全支持所有的硬件。它只含有能够启动进入一个非常小巧的 X 桌面，支持有线网络连接的核心部件。它甚至还有一个名为 Micro Core Linux 的没有 GUI 的版本，仅有 9MB 大小。[Tiny Core Linux][9]。 - -![top 10 unique and special linux distros](http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-idmCvIxtxeo/VdcqcggBk1I/AAAAAAAAJ1U/DTQCkiLqlLk/s1600/nixos.png) - -**NixOS**： 它是一个非常关注经验用户的 Linux 发行版本，有着独特的方式来打包和配置管理。在其他的发行版本中，诸如升级的操作可能是非常危险的。升级一个软件包可能会引起其他包无法使用，相比于从头安装一个系统，升级整个系统则显得不是那么可信。在那些你不能安全地测试由一个配置的改变所带来的结果的更改之上，它们通常没有“重来”这个选项。在 NixOS 中，整个系统由 Nix 包管理器按照一个纯功能性的构建语言的描述来构建。这意味着一个新的配置不会重写先前的配置。大多数其他的特色功能也遵循着这个模式。Nix 相互分离地存储所有的软件包。有关 NixOS 的更多内容请看[这里][10]。 - -![strangest linux distros](http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-rOYfBXg-UiU/VddCF7w_xuI/AAAAAAAAJ1w/Nf11bOheOwM/s1600/gobolinux.jpg) - -**GoboLinux**： 这是另一个非常奇特的 Linux 发行版本。它与其他系统如此不同的原因是它有着独特的重管理文件系统。它有着自己独特的子目录树，其中存储着所有的文件和程序。GoboLinux 没有专门的包数据库，因为其文件系统就是它的数据库。在某些方面，这类管理有些类似于 OS X 上所看到的功能。 - -![strangest linux distros](http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3P22pYfih6Y/VdcucPOv4LI/AAAAAAAAJ1g/PszZDbe83sQ/s1600/hannah-montana-linux.jpg) - -**Hannah Montana Linux**： 它是一个基于 Kubuntu 的 Linux 发行版本，它有着 Hannah Montana 主题的开机启动界面、KDM(KDE Display Manager)、图标集、ksplash、plasma、颜色主题和壁纸(请抱歉)。[这是它的链接][12]。这个项目现在不再活跃了。 - -**RLSD Linux**： 它是一个极其精简、小巧、轻量和安全加固的，建立在 Linux 内核上的基于文本的操作系统。开发者称 “它是一个独特的发行版本，提供一系列的控制台应用和本地化的安全特性，对黑客或许有吸引力。” [RLSD Linux][13]. - -我们还错过了某些更加奇特的发行版本吗？请让我们知晓吧。 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.techdrivein.com/2015/08/the-strangest-most-unique-linux-distros.html - -作者：Manuel Jose -译者：[FSSlc](https://github.com/FSSlc) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://puppylinux.org/main/Overview%20and%20Getting%20Started.htm -[2]:http://qntm.org/suicide -[3]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/suicide-linux/files/ -[4]:http://www.techdrivein.com/2015/02/papyros-material-design-linux-coming-soon.html -[5]:https://plus.google.com/communities/109966288908859324845/stream/3262a3d3-0797-4344-bbe0-56c3adaacb69 -[6]:https://www.bountysource.com/teams/papyros -[7]:https://www.qubes-os.org/ -[8]:http://ubuntusatanic.org/ -[9]:http://tinycorelinux.net/ -[10]:https://nixos.org/ -[11]:http://www.gobolinux.org/ -[12]:http://hannahmontana.sourceforge.net/ -[13]:http://rlsd2.dimakrasner.com/ \ No newline at end of file From 5553a91a85281aef8c83d681765902adffe4da0a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: struggling <630441839@qq.com> Date: Fri, 13 Nov 2015 21:22:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 057/176] Delete 20151022 9 Tips for Improving WordPress Performance.md --- ...ips for Improving WordPress Performance.md | 513 ------------------ 1 file changed, 513 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20151022 9 Tips for Improving WordPress Performance.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151022 9 Tips for Improving WordPress Performance.md b/sources/tech/20151022 9 Tips for Improving WordPress Performance.md deleted file mode 100644 index 8aab6b8f49..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20151022 9 Tips for Improving WordPress Performance.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,513 +0,0 @@ -struggling 翻译中... -9 Tips for Improving WordPress Performance -================================================================================ -WordPress is the single largest platform for website creation and web application delivery worldwide. About [a quarter][1] of all sites are now built on open-source WordPress software, including sites for eBay, Mozilla, RackSpace, TechCrunch, CNN, MTV, the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal. - -WordPress.com, the most popular site for user-created blogs, also runs on WordPress open source software. [NGINX powers WordPress.com][2]. Among WordPress customers, many sites start on WordPress.com and then move to hosted WordPress open-source software; more and more of these sites use NGINX software as well. - -WordPress’ appeal is its simplicity, both for end users and for implementation. However, the architecture of a WordPress site presents problems when usage ramps upward – and several steps, including caching and combining WordPress and NGINX, can solve these problems. - -In this blog post, we provide nine performance tips to help overcome typical WordPress performance challenges: - -- [Cache static resources][3] -- [Cache dynamic files][4] -- [Move to NGINX][5] -- [Add permalink support to NGINX][6] -- [Configure NGINX for FastCGI][7] -- [Configure NGINX for W3_Total_Cache][8] -- [Configure NGINX for WP-Super-Cache][9] -- [Add security precautions to your NGINX configuration][10] -- [Configure NGINX to support WordPress Multisite][11] - -### WordPress Performance on LAMP Sites ### - -Most WordPress sites are run on a traditional LAMP software stack: the Linux OS, Apache web server software, MySQL database software – often on a separate database server – and the PHP programming language. Each of these is a very well-known, widely used, open source tool. Most people in the WordPress world “speak” LAMP, so it’s easy to get help and support. - -When a user visits a WordPress site, a browser running the Linux/Apache combination creates six to eight connections per user. As the user moves around the site, PHP assembles each page on the fly, grabbing resources from the MySQL database to answer requests. - -LAMP stacks work well for anywhere from a few to, perhaps, hundreds of simultaneous users. However, sudden increases in traffic are common online and – usually – a good thing. - -But when a LAMP-stack site gets busy, with the number of simultaneous users climbing into the many hundreds or thousands, it can develop serious bottlenecks. Two main causes of bottlenecks are: - -1. The Apache web server – Apache consumes substantial resources for each and every connection. If Apache accepts too many simultaneous connections, memory can be exhausted and performance slows because data has to be paged back and forth to disk. If connections are limited to protect response time, new connections have to wait, which also leads to a poor user experience. -1. The PHP/MySQL interaction – Together, an application server running PHP and a MySQL database server can serve a maximum number of requests per second. When the number of requests exceeds the maximum, users have to wait. Exceeding the maximum by a relatively small amount can cause a large slowdown in responsiveness for all users. Exceeding it by two or more times can cause significant performance problems. - -The performance bottlenecks in a LAMP site are particularly resistant to the usual instinctive response, which is to upgrade to more powerful hardware – more CPUs, more disk space, and so on. Incremental increases in hardware performance can’t keep up with the exponential increases in demand for system resources that Apache and the PHP/MySQL combination experience when they get overloaded. - -The leading alternative to a LAMP stack is a LEMP stack – Linux, NGINX, MySQL, and PHP. (In the LEMP acronym, the E stands for the sound at the start of “engine-x.”) We describe a LEMP stack in [Tip 3][12]. - -### Tip 1. Cache Static Resources ### - -Static resources are unchanging files such as CSS files, JavaScript files, and image files. These files often make up half or more of the data on a web page. The remainder of the page is dynamically generated content like comments in a forum, a performance dashboard, or personalized content (think Amazon.com product recommendations). - -Caching static resources has two big benefits: - -- Faster delivery to the user – The user gets the static file from their browser cache or a caching server closer to them on the Internet. These are sometimes big files, so reducing latency for them helps a lot. -- Reduced load on the application server – Every file that’s retrieved from a cache is one less request the web server has to process. The more you cache, the more you avoid thrashing because resources have run out. - -To support browser caching, set the correct HTTP headers for static files. Look into the HTTP Cache-Control header, specifically the max-age setting, the Expires header, and Entity tags. You can find a good introduction [here][13]. - -When local caching is enabled and a user requests a previously accessed file, the browser first checks whether the file is in the cache. If so, it asks the web server if the file has changed. If the file hasn’t changed, the web server can respond immediately with code 304 (Not Modified) meaning that the file is unchanged, instead of returning code 200 OK and then retrieving and delivering the changed file. - -To support caching beyond the browser, consider the Tips below, and consider a content delivery network (CDN).CDNs are a popular and powerful tool for caching, but we don’t describe them in detail here. Consider a CDN after you implement the other techniques mentioned here. Also, CDNs may be less useful as you transition your site from HTTP/1.x to the new HTTP/2 standard; investigate and test as needed to find the right answer for your site. - -If you move to NGINX Plus or the open source NGINX software as part of your software stack, as suggested in [Tip 3][14], then configure NGINX to cache static resources. Use the following configuration, replacing www.example.com with the URL of your web server. - - server { - # substitute your web server's URL for www.example.com - server_name www.example.com; - root /var/www/example.com/htdocs; - index index.php; - - access_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.access.log; - error_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.error.log; - - location / { - try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$args; - } - - location ~ \.php$ { - try_files $uri =404; - include fastcgi_params; - # substitute the socket, or address and port, of your WordPress server - fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock; - #fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; - } - - location ~* .(ogg|ogv|svg|svgz|eot|otf|woff|mp4|ttf|css|rss|atom|js|jpg|jpeg|gif|png|ico|zip|tgz|gz|rar|bz2|doc|xls|exe|ppt|tar|mid|midi|wav|bmp|rtf)$ { - expires max; - log_not_found off; - access_log off; - } - } - -### Tip 2. Cache Dynamic Files ### - -WordPress generates web pages dynamically, meaning that it generates a given web page every time it is requested (even if the result is the same as the time before). This means that users always get the freshest content. - -Think of a user visiting a blog post that has comments enabled at the bottom of the post. You want the user to see all comments – even a comment that just came in a moment ago. Dynamic content makes this happen. - -But now let’s say that the blog post is getting ten or twenty requests per second. The application server might start to thrash under the pressure of trying to regenerate the page so often, causing big delays. The goal of delivering the latest content to new visitors becomes relevant only in theory, because they’re have to wait so long to get the page in the first place. - -To prevent page delivery from slowing down due to increasing load, cache the dynamic file. This makes the file less dynamic, but makes the whole system more responsive. - -To enable caching in WordPress, use one of several popular plug-ins – described below. A WordPress caching plug-in asks for a fresh page, then caches it for a brief period of time – perhaps just a few seconds. So, if the site is getting several requests a second, most users get their copy of the page from the cache. This helps the retrieval time for all users: - -- Most users get a cached copy of the page. The application server does no work at all. -- Users who do get a fresh copy get it fast. The application server only has to generate a fresh page every so often. When the server does generate a fresh page (for the first user to come along after the cached page expires), it does this much faster because it’s not overloaded with requests. - -You can cache dynamic files for WordPress running on a LAMP stack or on a [LEMP stack][15] (described in [Tip 3][16]). There are several caching plug-ins you can use with WordPress. Here are the most popular caching plug-ins and caching techniques, listed from the simplest to the most powerful: - -- [Hyper-Cache][17] and [Quick-Cache][18] – These two plug-ins create a single PHP file for each WordPress page or post. This supports some dynamic functionality while bypassing much WordPress core processing and the database connection, creating a faster user experience. They don’t bypass all PHP processing, so they don’t give the same performance boost as the following options. They also don’t require changes to the NGINX configuration. -- [WP Super Cache][19] – The most popular caching plug-in for WordPress. It has many settings, which are presented through an easy-to-use interface, shown below. We show a sample NGINX configuration in [Tip 7][20]. -- [W3 Total Cache][21] – This is the second most popular cache plug-in for WordPress. It has even more option settings than WP Super Cache, making it a powerful but somewhat complex option. For a sample NGINX configuration, see [Tip 6][22]. -- [FastCGI][23] – CGI stands for Common Gateway Interface, a language-neutral way to request and receive files on the Internet. FastCGI is not a plug-in but a way to interact with a cache. FastCGI can be used in Apache as well as in NGINX, where it’s the most popular dynamic caching approach; we describe how to configure NGINX to use it in [Tip 5][24]. - -The documentation for these plug-ins and techniques explains how to configure them in a typical LAMP stack. Configuration options include database and object caching; minification for HTML, CSS, and JavaScript files; and integration options for popular CDNs. For NGINX configuration, see the Tips referenced in the list. - -**Note**: Caches do not work for users who are logged into WordPress, because their view of WordPress pages is personalized. (For most sites, only a small minority of users are likely to be logged in.) Also, most caches do not show a cached page to users who have recently left a comment, as that user will want to see their comment appear when they refresh the page. To cache the non-personalized content of a page, you can use a technique called [fragment caching][25], if it’s important to overall performance. - -### Tip 3. Move to NGINX ### - -As mentioned above, Apache can cause performance problems when the number of simultaneous users rises above a certain point – perhaps hundreds of simultaneous users. Apache allocates substantial resources to each connection, and therefore tends to run out of memory. Apache can be configured to limit connections to avoid exhausting memory, but that means, when the limit is exceeded, new connection requests have to wait. - -In addition, Apache loads another copy of the mod_php module into memory for every connection, even if it’s only serving static files (images, CSS, JavaScript, etc.). This consumes even more resources for each connection and limits the capacity of the server further. - -To start solving these problems, move from a LAMP stack to a LEMP stack – replace Apache with (e)NGINX. NGINX handles many thousands of simultaneous connections in a fixed memory footprint, so you don’t have to experience thrashing, nor limit simultaneous connections to a small number. - -NGINX also deals with static files better, with built-in, easily tuned [caching][26] controls. The load on the application server is reduced, and your site can serve far more traffic with a faster, more enjoyable experience for your users. - -You can use NGINX on all the web servers in your deployment, or you can put an NGINX server “in front” of Apache as a reverse proxy – the NGINX server receives client requests, serves static files, and sends PHP requests to Apache, which processes them. - -For dynamically generated pages – the core use case for WordPress experience – choose a caching tool, as described in [Tip 2][27]. In the Tips below, you can find NGINX configuration suggestions for FastCGI, W3_Total_Cache, and WP-Super-Cache. (Hyper-Cache and Quick-Cache don’t require changes to NGINX configuration.) - -**Tip.** Caches are typically saved to disk, but you can use [tmpfs][28] to store the cache in memory and increase performance. - -Setting up NGINX for WordPress is easy. Just follow these four steps, which are described in further detail in the indicated Tips: - -1. Add permalink support – Add permalink support to NGINX. This eliminates dependence on the **.htaccess** configuration file, which is Apache-specific. See [Tip 4][29]. -1. Configure for caching – Choose a caching tool and implement it. Choices include FastCGI cache, W3 Total Cache, WP Super Cache, Hyper Cache, and Quick Cache. See Tips [5][30], [6][31], and [7][32]. -1. Implement security precautions – Adopt best practices for WordPress security on NGINX. See [Tip 8][33]. -1. Configure WordPress Multisite – If you use WordPress Multisite, configure NGINX for a subdirectory, subdomain, or multiple-domain architecture. See [Tip 9][34]. - -### Tip 4. Add Permalink Support to NGINX ### - -Many WordPress sites depend on **.htaccess** files, which are required for several WordPress features, including permalink support, plug-ins, and file caching. NGINX does not support **.htaccess** files. Fortunately, you can use NGINX’s simple, yet comprehensive, configuration language to achieve most of the same functionality. - -You can enable [Permalinks][35] in WordPress with NGINX by including the following location block in your main [server][36] block. (This location block is also included in other code samples below.) - -The **try_files** directive tells NGINX to check whether the requested URL exists as a file ( **$uri**) or directory (**$uri/**) in the document root, **/var/www/example.com/htdocs**. If not, NGINX does a redirect to **/index.php**, passing the query string arguments as parameters. - - server { - server_name example.com www.example.com; - root /var/www/example.com/htdocs; - index index.php; - - access_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.access.log; - error_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.error.log; - - location / { - try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$args; - } - } - -### Tip 5. Configure NGINX for FastCGI ### - -NGINX can cache responses from FastCGI applications like PHP. This method offers the best performance. - -For NGINX open source, compile in the third-party module [ngx_cache_purge][37], which provides cache purging capability, and use the configuration code below. NGINX Plus includes its own implementation of this code. - -When using FastCGI, we recommend you install the [Nginx Helper plug-in][38] and use a configuration such as the one below, especially the use of **fastcgi_cache_key** and the location block including **fastcgi_cache_purge**. The plug-in automatically purges your cache when a page or a post is published or modified, a new comment is published, or the cache is manually purged from the WordPress Admin Dashboard. - -The Nginx Helper plug-in can also add a short HTML snippet to the bottom of your pages, confirming the cache is working and displaying some statistics. (You can also confirm the cache is functioning properly using the [$upstream_cache_status][39] variable.) - -fastcgi_cache_path /var/run/nginx-cache levels=1:2 - keys_zone=WORDPRESS:100m inactive=60m; -fastcgi_cache_key "$scheme$request_method$host$request_uri"; - - server { - server_name example.com www.example.com; - root /var/www/example.com/htdocs; - index index.php; - - access_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.access.log; - error_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.error.log; - - set $skip_cache 0; - - # POST requests and urls with a query string should always go to PHP - if ($request_method = POST) { - set $skip_cache 1; - } - - if ($query_string != "") { - set $skip_cache 1; - } - - # Don't cache uris containing the following segments - if ($request_uri ~* "/wp-admin/|/xmlrpc.php|wp-.*.php|/feed/|index.php - |sitemap(_index)?.xml") { - set $skip_cache 1; - } - - # Don't use the cache for logged in users or recent commenters - if ($http_cookie ~* "comment_author|wordpress_[a-f0-9]+|wp-postpass - |wordpress_no_cache|wordpress_logged_in") { - set $skip_cache 1; - } - - location / { - try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$args; - } - - location ~ \.php$ { - try_files $uri /index.php; - include fastcgi_params; - fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock; - fastcgi_cache_bypass $skip_cache; - fastcgi_no_cache $skip_cache; - fastcgi_cache WORDPRESS; - fastcgi_cache_valid 60m; - } - - location ~ /purge(/.*) { - fastcgi_cache_purge WORDPRESS "$scheme$request_method$host$1"; - } - - location ~* ^.+\.(ogg|ogv|svg|svgz|eot|otf|woff|mp4|ttf|css|rss|atom|js|jpg|jpeg|gif|png - |ico|zip|tgz|gz|rar|bz2|doc|xls|exe|ppt|tar|mid|midi|wav|bmp|rtf)$ { - - access_log off; - log_not_found off; - expires max; - } - - location = /robots.txt { - access_log off; - log_not_found off; - } - - location ~ /\. { - deny all; - access_log off; - log_not_found off; - } - } - -### Tip 6. Configure NGINX for W3_Total_Cache ### - -[W3 Total Cache][40], by Frederick Townes of [W3-Edge][41], is a WordPress caching framework that supports NGINX. It’s an alternative to FastCGI cache with a wide range of option settings. - -The caching plug-in offers a variety of caching configurations and also includes options for database and object caching, minification of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, as well as options to integrate with popular CDNs. - -The plug-in handles NGINX configuration by writing to an NGINX configuration file located in the root directory of your domain. - - server { - server_name example.com www.example.com; - - root /var/www/example.com/htdocs; - index index.php; - access_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.access.log; - error_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.error.log; - - include /path/to/wordpress/installation/nginx.conf; - - location / { - try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$args; - } - - location ~ \.php$ { - try_files $uri =404; - include fastcgi_params; - fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock; - } - } - -### Tip 7. Configure NGINX for WP Super Cache ### - -[WP Super Cache][42] by Donncha O Caoimh, a WordPress developer at [Automattic][43], is a WordPress caching engine that turns dynamic WordPress pages into static HTML files that NGINX can serve very quickly. It was one of the first caching plug-ins for WordPress and has a smaller, more focused range of options than others. - -NGINX configurations for WP-Super-Cache can vary depending on your preference. One possible configuration follows. - -In the configuration below, the location block with supercache named in it is the WP Super Cache-specific part, and is needed for the configuration to work. The rest of the code is made up of WordPress rules for not caching users who are logged into WordPress, not caching POST requests, and setting expires headers for static assets, plus standard PHP implementation; these parts can be customized to fit your needs. - - server { - server_name example.com www.example.com; - root /var/www/example.com/htdocs; - index index.php; - - access_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.access.log; - error_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.error.log debug; - - set $cache_uri $request_uri; - - # POST requests and urls with a query string should always go to PHP - if ($request_method = POST) { - set $cache_uri 'null cache'; - } - if ($query_string != "") { - set $cache_uri 'null cache'; - } - - # Don't cache uris containing the following segments - if ($request_uri ~* "(/wp-admin/|/xmlrpc.php|/wp-(app|cron|login|register|mail).php - |wp-.*.php|/feed/|index.php|wp-comments-popup.php - |wp-links-opml.php|wp-locations.php |sitemap(_index)?.xml - |[a-z0-9_-]+-sitemap([0-9]+)?.xml)") { - - set $cache_uri 'null cache'; - } - - # Don't use the cache for logged-in users or recent commenters - if ($http_cookie ~* "comment_author|wordpress_[a-f0-9]+ - |wp-postpass|wordpress_logged_in") { - set $cache_uri 'null cache'; - } - - # Use cached or actual file if it exists, otherwise pass request to WordPress - location / { - try_files /wp-content/cache/supercache/$http_host/$cache_uri/index.html - $uri $uri/ /index.php; - } - - location = /favicon.ico { - log_not_found off; - access_log off; - } - - location = /robots.txt { - log_not_found off - access_log off; - } - - location ~ .php$ { - try_files $uri /index.php; - include fastcgi_params; - fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock; - #fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; - } - - # Cache static files for as long as possible - location ~*.(ogg|ogv|svg|svgz|eot|otf|woff|mp4|ttf|css - |rss|atom|js|jpg|jpeg|gif|png|ico|zip|tgz|gz|rar|bz2 - |doc|xls|exe|ppt|tar|mid|midi|wav|bmp|rtf)$ { - expires max; - log_not_found off; - access_log off; - } - } - -### Tip 8. Add Security Precautions to Your NGINX Configuration ### - -To protect against attacks, you can control access to key resources and limit the ability of bots to overload the login utility. - -Allow only specific IP addresses to access the WordPress Dashboard. - - # Restrict access to WordPress Dashboard - location /wp-admin { - deny 192.192.9.9; - allow 192.192.1.0/24; - allow 10.1.1.0/16; - deny all; - } - -Only allow uploading of specific types of files to prevent programs with malicious intent from being uploaded and running. - - # Deny access to uploads which aren’t images, videos, music, etc. - location ~* ^/wp-content/uploads/.*.(html|htm|shtml|php|js|swf)$ { - deny all; - } - -Deny access to **wp-config.php**, the WordPress configuration file. Another way to deny access is to move the file one directory level above the domain root. - - # Deny public access to wp-config.php - location ~* wp-config.php { - deny all; - } - -Rate limit **wp-login.php** to block against brute force attacks. - - # Deny access to wp-login.php - location = /wp-login.php { - limit_req zone=one burst=1 nodelay; - fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock; - #fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; - } - -### Tip 9. Use NGINX with WordPress Multisite ### - -WordPress Multisite, as its name implies, is a version of WordPress software that allows you to manage two or more sites from a single WordPress instance. The [WordPress.com][44] service, which hosts thousands of user blogs, is run from WordPress Multisite. - -You can run separate sites from either subdirectories of a single domain or from separate subdomains. - -Use this code block to add support for a subdirectory structure. - - # Add support for subdirectory structure in WordPress Multisite - if (!-e $request_filename) { - rewrite /wp-admin$ $scheme://$host$uri/ permanent; - rewrite ^(/[^/]+)?(/wp-.*) $2 last; - rewrite ^(/[^/]+)?(/.*\.php) $2 last; - } - -Use this code block instead of the code block above to add support for a subdirectory structure, substituting your own subdirectory names. - - # Add support for subdomains - server_name example.com *.example.com; - -Older versions of WordPress Multisite (3.4 and earlier) use readfile() to serve static content. However, readfile() is PHP code, which causes a significant performance hit when it executes. We can use NGINX to bypass this unnecessary PHP processing. The code snippets below are separated by separator lines (==============). - - # Avoid PHP readfile() for /blogs.dir/structure in the subdirectory path. - location ^~ /blogs.dir { - internal; - alias /var/www/example.com/htdocs/wp-content/blogs.dir; - access_log off; - log_not_found off; - expires max; - } - - ============================================================ - - # Avoid php readfile() for /files/structure in the subdirectory path - location ~ ^(/[^/]+/)?files/(?.+) { - try_files /wp-content/blogs.dir/$blogid/files/$rt_file /wp-includes/ms-files.php?file=$rt_file; - access_log off; - log_not_found off; - expires max; - } - - ============================================================ - - # WPMU files structure for the subdomain path - location ~ ^/files/(.*)$ { - try_files /wp-includes/ms-files.php?file=$1 =404; - access_log off; - log_not_found off; - expires max; - } - - ============================================================ - - # Map blog ID to specific directory - map $http_host $blogid { - default 0; - example.com 1; - site1.example.com 2; - site1.com 2; - } - -### Conclusion ### - -Scalability is a challenge for more and more site developers as they achieve success with their WordPress sites. (And for new sites that want to head WordPress performance problems off at the pass.) Adding WordPress caching, and combining WordPress and NGINX, are solid answers. - -NGINX is not only useful with WordPress sites. NGINX is the [leading web server][45] among the busiest 1,000, 10,000, and 100,000 sites in the world. - -For more on NGINX performance, see our recent blog post, [10 Tips for 10x Application Performance][46]. - -NGINX software comes in two versions: - -- NGINX open source software – Like WordPress, this is software you download, configure, and compile yourself. -- NGINX Plus – NGINX Plus includes a pre-built reference version of the software, as well as service and technical support. - -To get started, go to [nginx.org][47] for the open source software or check out [NGINX Plus][48]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/ - -作者：[Floyd Smith][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/author/floyd/ -[1]:http://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/content_management/all -[2]:https://www.nginx.com/press/choosing-nginx-growth-wordpresscom/ -[3]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#cache-static -[4]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#cache-dynamic -[5]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#adopt-nginx -[6]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#permalink -[7]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#fastcgi -[8]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#w3-total-cache -[9]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#wp-super-cache -[10]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#security -[11]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#multisite -[12]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#adopt-nginx -[13]:http://www.mobify.com/blog/beginners-guide-to-http-cache-headers/ -[14]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#adopt-nginx -[15]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#lamp -[16]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#adopt-nginx -[17]:https://wordpress.org/plugins/hyper-cache/ -[18]:https://wordpress.org/plugins/quick-cache/ -[19]:https://wordpress.org/plugins/wp-super-cache/ -[20]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#wp-super-cache -[21]:https://wordpress.org/plugins/w3-total-cache/ -[22]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#w3-total-cache -[23]:http://www.fastcgi.com/ -[24]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#fastcgi -[25]:https://css-tricks.com/wordpress-fragment-caching-revisited/ -[26]:https://www.nginx.com/resources/admin-guide/content-caching/ -[27]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#cache-dynamic -[28]:https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/tmpfs.txt -[29]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#permalink -[30]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#fastcgi -[31]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#w3-total-cache -[32]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#wp-super-cache -[33]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#security -[34]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#multisite -[35]:http://codex.wordpress.org/Using_Permalinks -[36]:http://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_core_module.html#server -[37]:https://github.com/FRiCKLE/ngx_cache_purge -[38]:https://wordpress.org/plugins/nginx-helper/ -[39]:http://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_upstream_module.html#variables -[40]:https://wordpress.org/plugins/w3-total-cache/ -[41]:http://www.w3-edge.com/ -[42]:https://wordpress.org/plugins/wp-super-cache/ -[43]:http://automattic.com/ -[44]:https://wordpress.com/ -[45]:http://w3techs.com/technologies/cross/web_server/ranking -[46]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/10-tips-for-10x-application-performance/ -[47]:http://www.nginx.org/en -[48]:https://www.nginx.com/products/ -[49]: -[50]: \ No newline at end of file From 1f9f1f0b08d19d01a1fbf13bf4d3ddd2ec0900e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: struggling <630441839@qq.com> Date: Fri, 13 Nov 2015 21:23:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 058/176] Create 20151022 9 Tips for Improving WordPress Performance.md --- ...ips for Improving WordPress Performance.md | 520 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 520 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20151022 9 Tips for Improving WordPress Performance.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20151022 9 Tips for Improving WordPress Performance.md b/translated/tech/20151022 9 Tips for Improving WordPress Performance.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9c105df42a --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20151022 9 Tips for Improving WordPress Performance.md @@ -0,0 +1,520 @@ + +提高 WordPress 性能的9个技巧 +================================================================================ + +关于建站和 web 应用程序交付，WordPress 是全球最大的一个平台。全球大约 [四分之一][1] 的站点现在正在使用开源 WordPress 软件，包括 eBay, Mozilla, RackSpace, TechCrunch, CNN, MTV,纽约时报，华尔街日报。 + +WordPress.com，对于用户创建博客平台是最流行的，其也运行在WordPress 开源软件上。[NGINX powers WordPress.com][2]。许多 WordPress 用户刚开始在 WordPress.com 上建站，然后移动到搭载着 WordPress 开源软件的托管主机上;其中大多数站点都使用 NGINX 软件。 + +WordPress 的吸引力是它的简单性，无论是安装启动或者对于终端用户的使用。然而，当使用量不断增长时，WordPress 站点的体系结构也存在一定的问题 - 这里几个方法，包括使用缓存以及组合 WordPress 和 NGINX，可以解决这些问题。 + +在这篇博客中，我们提供了9个技巧来进行优化，以帮助你解决 WordPress 中一些常见的性能问题： + +- [缓存静态资源][3] +- [缓存动态文件][4] +- [使用 NGINX][5] +- [添加支持 NGINX 的链接][6] +- [为 NGINX 配置 FastCGI][7] +- [为 NGINX 配置 W3_Total_Cache][8] +- [为 NGINX 配置 WP-Super-Cache][9] +- [为 NGINX 配置安全防范措施][10] +- [配置 NGINX 支持 WordPress 多站点][11] + +### 在 LAMP 架构下 WordPress 的性能 ### + +大多数 WordPress 站点都运行在传统的 LAMP 架构下：Linux 操作系统，Apache Web 服务器软件，MySQL 数据库软件 - 通常是一个单独的数据库服务器 - 和 PHP 编程语言。这些都是非常著名的，广泛应用的开源工具。大多数人都将 WordPress “称为” LAMP，并且很容易寻求帮助和支持。 + +当用户访问 WordPress 站点时，浏览器为每个用户创建六到八个连接来运行 Linux/Apache 的组合。当用户请求连接时，每个页面的 PHP 文件开始飞速的从 MySQL 数据库争夺资源来响应请求。 + +LAMP 对于数百个并发用户依然能照常工作。然而，流量突然增加是常见的并且 - 通常是 - 一件好事。 + +但是，当 LAMP 站点变得繁忙时，当同时在线的用户达到数千个时，它的瓶颈就会被暴露出来。瓶颈存在主要是两个原因： + +1. Apache Web 服务器 - Apache 为每一个连接需要消耗大量资源。如果 Apache 接受了太多的并发连接，内存可能会耗尽，性能急剧降低，因为数据必须使用磁盘进行交换。如果以限制连接数来提高响应时间，新的连接必须等待，这也导致了用户体验变得很差。 + +1. PHP/MySQL 的交互 - 总之，一个运行 PHP 和 MySQL 数据库服务器的应用服务器上每秒的请求量不能超过最大限制。当请求的数量超过最大连接数时，用户必须等待。超过最大连接数时也会增加所有用户的响应时间。超过其两倍以上时会出现明显的性能问题。 + + LAMP 架构的网站一般都会出现性能瓶颈，这时就需要升级硬件了 - 加 CPU，扩大磁盘空间等等。当 Apache 和 PHP/MySQL 的架构负载运行后，在硬件上不断的提升无法保证对系统资源指数增长的需求。 + +最先取代 LAMP 架构的是 LEMP 架构 – Linux, NGINX, MySQL, 和 PHP。 (这是 LEMP 的缩写，E 代表着 “engine-x.” 的发音。) 我们在 [技巧 3][12] 中会描述 LEMP 架构。 + +### 技巧 1. 缓存静态资源 ### + +静态资源是指不变的文件，像 CSS，JavaScript 和图片。这些文件往往在网页的数据中占半数以上。页面的其余部分是动态生成的，像在论坛中评论，仪表盘的性能，或个性化的内容（可以看看Amazon.com 产品）。 + +缓存静态资源有两大好处： + +- 更快的交付给用户 - 用户从他们浏览器的缓存或者从互联网上离他们最近的缓存服务器获取静态文件。有时候文件较大，因此减少等待时间对他们来说帮助很大。 + +- 减少应用服务器的负载 - 从缓存中检索到的每个文件会让 web 服务器少处理一个请求。你的缓存越多，用户等待的时间越短。 + +要让浏览器缓存文件，需要早在静态文件中设置正确的 HTTP 首部。当看到 HTTP Cache-Control 首部时，特别设置了 max-age，Expires 首部，以及 Entity 标记。[这里][13] 有详细的介绍。 + +当启用本地缓存然后用户请求以前访问过的文件时，浏览器首先检查该文件是否在缓存中。如果在，它会询问 Web 服务器该文件是否改变过。如果该文件没有改变，Web 服务器将立即响应一个304状态码（未改变），这意味着该文件没有改变，而不是返回状态码200 OK，然后继续检索并发送已改变的文件。 + +为了支持浏览器以外的缓存，可以考虑下面的方法，内容分发网络（CDN）。CDN 是一​​种流行且​​强大的缓存工具，但我们在这里不详细描述它。可以想一下 CDN 背后的支撑技术的实现。此外，当你的站点从 HTTP/1.x 过渡到 HTTP/2 协议时，CDN 的用处可能不太大;根据需要调查和测试，找到你网站需要的正确方法。 + +如果你转向 NGINX Plus 或开源的 NGINX 软件作为架构的一部分，建议你考虑 [技巧 3][14]，然后配置 NGINX 缓存静态资源。使用下面的配置，用你 Web 服务器的 URL 替换 www.example.com。 + + server { + # substitute your web server's URL for www.example.com + server_name www.example.com; + root /var/www/example.com/htdocs; + index index.php; + + access_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.access.log; + error_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.error.log; + + location / { + try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$args; + } + + location ~ \.php$ { + try_files $uri =404; + include fastcgi_params; + # 使用你 WordPress 服务器的套接字，地址和端口来替换 + fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock; + #fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; + } + + location ~* .(ogg|ogv|svg|svgz|eot|otf|woff|mp4|ttf|css|rss|atom|js|jpg|jpeg|gif|png|ico|zip|tgz|gz|rar|bz2|doc|xls|exe|ppt|tar|mid|midi|wav|bmp|rtf)$ { + expires max; + log_not_found off; + access_log off; + } + } + +### 技巧 2. 缓存动态文件 ### + +WordPress 是动态生成的网页，这意味着每次请求时它都要生成一个给定的网页（即使和前一次的结果相同）。这意味着用户随时获得的是最新内容。 + +想一下，当用户访问一个帖子时，并在文章底部有用户的评论时。你希望用户能够看到所有的评论 - 即使评论刚刚发布。动态内容就是处理这种情况的。 + +但现在，当帖子每秒出现十几二十几个请求时。应用服务器可能每秒需要频繁生成页面导致其压力过大，造成延误。为了给用户提供最新的内容，每个访问理论上都是新的请求，因此他们也不得不在首页等待。 + +为了防止页面由于负载过大变得缓慢，需要缓存动态文件。这需要减少文件的动态内容来提高整个系统的响应速度。 + +要在 WordPress 中启用缓存中，需要使用一些流行的插件 - 如下所述。WordPress 的缓存插件需要刷新页面，然后将其缓存短暂时间 - 也许只有几秒钟。因此，如果该网站每秒中只有几个请求，那大多数用户获得的页面都是缓存的副本。这也有助于提高所有用户的检索时间： + +- 大多数用户获得页面的缓存副本。应用服务器没有做任何工作。 +- 用户很快会得到一个新的副本。应用服务器只需每隔一段时间刷新页面。当服务器产生一个新的页面（对于第一个用户访问后，缓存页过期），它这样做要快得多，因为它的请求不会超载。 + +你可以缓存运行在 LAMP 架构或者 [LEMP 架构][15] 上 WordPress 的动态文件（在 [技巧 3][16] 中说明了）。有几个缓存插件，你可以在 WordPress 中使用。这里有最流行的缓存插件和缓存技术，从最简单到最强大的： + +- [Hyper-Cache][17] 和 [Quick-Cache][18] – 这两个插件为每个 WordPress 页面创建单个 PHP 文件。它支持的一些动态函数会绕过多个 WordPress 与数据库的连接核心处理，创建一个更快的用户体验。他们不会绕过所有的 PHP 处理，所以使用以下选项他们不能给出相同的性能提升。他们也不需要修改 NGINX 的配置。 + +- [WP Super Cache][19] – 最流行的 WordPress 缓存插件。它有许多功能，它的界面非常简洁，如下图所示。我们展示了 NGINX 一个简单的配置实例在 [技巧 7][20] 中。 + +- [W3 Total Cache][21] – 这是第二大最受欢迎的 WordPress 缓存插件。它比 WP Super Cache 的功能更强大，但它有些配置选项比较复杂。一个 NGINX 的简单配置，请看 [技巧 6][22]。 + +- [FastCGI][23] – CGI 代表通用网关接口，在因特网上发送请求和接收文件。它不是一个插件只是一种能直接使用缓存的方法。FastCGI 可以被用在 Apache 和 Nginx 上，它也是最流行的动态缓存方法；我们在 [技巧 5][24] 中描述了如何配置 NGINX 来使用它。 + +这些插件的技术文档解释了如何在 LAMP 架构中配置它们。配置选项包括数据库和对象缓存；也包括使用 HTML，CSS 和 JavaScript 来构建 CDN 集成环境。对于 NGINX 的配置，请看列表中的提示技巧。 + +**注意**：WordPress 不能缓存用户的登录信息，因为它们的 WordPress 页面都是不同的。（对于大多数网站来说，只有一小部分用户可能会登录），大多数缓存不会对刚刚评论过的用户显示缓存页面，只有当用户刷新页面时才会看到他们的评论。若要缓存页面的非个性化内容，如果它对整体性能来说很重要，可以使用一种称为 [fragment caching][25] 的技术。 + +### 技巧 3. 使用 NGINX ### + +如上所述，当并发用户数超过某一值时 Apache 会导致性能问题 – 可能数百个用户同时使用。Apache 对于每一个连接会消耗大量的资源，因而容易耗尽内存。Apache 可以配置连接数的值来避免耗尽内存，但是这意味着，超过限制时，新的连接请求必须等待。 + +此外，Apache 使用 mod_php 模块将每一个连接加载到内存中，即使只有静态文件（图片，CSS，JavaScript 等）。这使得每个连接消耗更多的资源，从而限制了服务器的性能。 + +开始解决这些问题吧，从 LAMP 架构迁到 LEMP 架构 – 使用 NGINX 取代 Apache 。NGINX 仅消耗很少量的内存就能处理成千上万的并发连接数，所以你不必经历颠簸，也不必限制并发连接数。 + +NGINX 处理静态文件的性能也较好，它有内置的，简单的 [缓存][26] 控制策略。减少应用服务器的负载，你的网站的访问速度会更快，用户体验更好。 + +你可以在部署的所有 Web 服务器上使用 NGINX，或者你可以把一个 NGINX 服务器作为 Apache 的“前端”来进行反向代理 - NGINX 服务器接收客户端请求，将请求的静态文件直接返回，将 PHP 请求转发到 Apache 上进行处理。 + +对于动态页面的生成 - WordPress 核心体验 - 选择一个缓存工具，如 [技巧 2][27] 中描述的。在下面的技巧中，你可以看到 FastCGI，W3_Total_Cache 和 WP-Super-Cache 在 NGINX 上的配置示例。 （Hyper-Cache 和 Quick-Cache 不需要改变 NGINX 的配置。） + +**技巧** 缓存通常会被保存到磁盘上，但你可以用 [tmpfs][28] 将缓存放在内存中来提高性能。 + +为 WordPress 配置 NGINX 很容易。按照这四个步骤，其详细的描述在指定的技巧中： + +1.添加永久的支持 - 添加对 NGINX 的永久支持。此步消除了对 **.htaccess** 配置文件的依赖，这是 Apache 特有的。参见 [技巧 4][29] +2.配置缓存 - 选择一个缓存工具并安装好它。可选择的有 FastCGI cache，W3 Total Cache, WP Super Cache, Hyper Cache, 和 Quick Cache。请看技巧 [5][30], [6][31], 和 [7][32]. +3.落实安全防范措施 - 在 NGINX 上采用对 WordPress 最佳安全的做法。参见 [技巧 8][33]。 +4.配置 WordPress 多站点 - 如果你使用 WordPress 多站点，在 NGINX 下配置子目录，子域，或多个域的结构。见 [技巧9][34]。 + +### 技巧 4. 添加支持 NGINX 的链接 ### + +许多 WordPress 网站依靠 **.htaccess** 文件，此文件依赖 WordPress 的多个功能，包括永久支持，插件和文件缓存。NGINX 不支持 **.htaccess** 文件。幸运的是，你可以使用 NGINX 的简单而全面的配置文件来实现大部分相同的功能。 + +你可以在使用 NGINX 的 WordPress 中通过在主 [server][36] 块下添加下面的 location 块中启用 [永久链接][35]。（此 location 块在其他代码示例中也会被包括）。 + +**try_files** 指令告诉 NGINX 检查请求的 URL 在根目录下是作为文件(**$uri**)还是目录(**$uri/**)，**/var/www/example.com/htdocs**。如果都不是，NGINX 将重定向到 **/index.php**，通过查询字符串参数判断是否作为参数。 + + server { + server_name example.com www.example.com; + root /var/www/example.com/htdocs; + index index.php; + + access_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.access.log; + error_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.error.log; + + location / { + try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$args; + } + } + +### 技巧 5. 在 NGINX 中配置 FastCGI ### + +NGINX 可以从 FastCGI 应用程序中缓存响应，如 PHP 响应。此方法可提供最佳的性能。 + +对于开源的 NGINX，第三方模块 [ngx_cache_purge][37] 提供了缓存清除能力，需要手动编译，配置代码如下所示。NGINX Plus 已经包含了此代码的实现。 + +当使用 FastCGI 时，我们建议你安装 [NGINX 辅助插件][38] 并使用下面的配置文件，尤其是要使用 **fastcgi_cache_key** 并且 location 块下要包括 **fastcgi_cache_purge**。当页面被发布或有改变时，甚至有新评论被发布时，该插件会自动清除你的缓存，你也可以从 WordPress 管理控制台手动清除。 + +NGINX 的辅助插件还可以添加一个简短的 HTML 代码到你网页的底部，确认缓存是否正常并显示一些统计工作。（你也可以使用 [$upstream_cache_status][39] 确认缓存功能是否正常。） + +fastcgi_cache_path /var/run/nginx-cache levels=1:2 + keys_zone=WORDPRESS:100m inactive=60m; +fastcgi_cache_key "$scheme$request_method$host$request_uri"; + + server { + server_name example.com www.example.com; + root /var/www/example.com/htdocs; + index index.php; + + access_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.access.log; + error_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.error.log; + + set $skip_cache 0; + + # POST 请求和查询网址的字符串应该交给 PHP + if ($request_method = POST) { + set $skip_cache 1; + } + + if ($query_string != "") { + set $skip_cache 1; + } + + #以下 uris 中包含的部分不缓存 + if ($request_uri ~* "/wp-admin/|/xmlrpc.php|wp-.*.php|/feed/|index.php + |sitemap(_index)?.xml") { + set $skip_cache 1; + } + + #用户不能使用缓存登录或缓存最近的评论 + if ($http_cookie ~* "comment_author|wordpress_[a-f0-9]+|wp-postpass + |wordpress_no_cache|wordpress_logged_in") { + set $skip_cache 1; + } + + location / { + try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$args; + } + + location ~ \.php$ { + try_files $uri /index.php; + include fastcgi_params; + fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock; + fastcgi_cache_bypass $skip_cache; + fastcgi_no_cache $skip_cache; + fastcgi_cache WORDPRESS; + fastcgi_cache_valid 60m; + } + + location ~ /purge(/.*) { + fastcgi_cache_purge WORDPRESS "$scheme$request_method$host$1"; + } + + location ~* ^.+\.(ogg|ogv|svg|svgz|eot|otf|woff|mp4|ttf|css|rss|atom|js|jpg|jpeg|gif|png + |ico|zip|tgz|gz|rar|bz2|doc|xls|exe|ppt|tar|mid|midi|wav|bmp|rtf)$ { + + access_log off; + log_not_found off; + expires max; + } + + location = /robots.txt { + access_log off; + log_not_found off; + } + + location ~ /\. { + deny all; + access_log off; + log_not_found off; + } + } + +### 技巧 6. 为 NGINX 配置 W3_Total_Cache ### + +[W3 Total Cache][40], 是 Frederick Townes 的 [W3-Edge][41] 下的, 是一个支持 NGINX 的 WordPress 缓存框架。其有众多选项配置，可以替代 FastCGI 缓存。 + +缓存插件提供了各种缓存配置，还包括数据库和对象的缓存，对 HTML，CSS 和 JavaScript，可选择性的与流行的 CDN 整合。 + +使用插件时，需要将其配置信息写入位于你的域的根目录的 NGINX 配置文件中。 + + server { + server_name example.com www.example.com; + + root /var/www/example.com/htdocs; + index index.php; + access_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.access.log; + error_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.error.log; + + include /path/to/wordpress/installation/nginx.conf; + + location / { + try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$args; + } + + location ~ \.php$ { + try_files $uri =404; + include fastcgi_params; + fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock; + } + } + +### 技巧 7. 为 NGINX 配置 WP Super Cache ### + +[WP Super Cache][42] 是由 Donncha O Caoimh 完成的, [Automattic][43] 上的一个 WordPress 开发者, 这是一个 WordPress 缓存引擎，它可以将 WordPress 的动态页面转变成静态 HTML 文件，以使 NGINX 可以很快的提供服务。它是第一个 WordPress 缓存插件，和其他的相比，它更专注于某一特定的领域。 + +配置 NGINX 使用 WP Super Cache 可以根据你的喜好而进行不同的配置。以下是一个示例配置。 + +在下面的配置中，location 块中使用了名为 WP Super Cache 的超级缓存中部分配置来工作。代码的其余部分是根据 WordPress 的规则不缓存用户登录信息，不缓存 POST 请求，并对静态资源设置过期首部，再加上标准的 PHP 实现;这部分可以进行定制，来满足你的需求。 + + + server { + server_name example.com www.example.com; + root /var/www/example.com/htdocs; + index index.php; + + access_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.access.log; + error_log /var/log/nginx/example.com.error.log debug; + + set $cache_uri $request_uri; + + # POST 请求和查询网址的字符串应该交给 PHP + if ($request_method = POST) { + set $cache_uri 'null cache'; + } + if ($query_string != "") { + set $cache_uri 'null cache'; + } + + #以下 uris 中包含的部分不缓存 + if ($request_uri ~* "(/wp-admin/|/xmlrpc.php|/wp-(app|cron|login|register|mail).php + |wp-.*.php|/feed/|index.php|wp-comments-popup.php + |wp-links-opml.php|wp-locations.php |sitemap(_index)?.xml + |[a-z0-9_-]+-sitemap([0-9]+)?.xml)") { + + set $cache_uri 'null cache'; + } + + #用户不能使用缓存登录或缓存最近的评论 + if ($http_cookie ~* "comment_author|wordpress_[a-f0-9]+ + |wp-postpass|wordpress_logged_in") { + set $cache_uri 'null cache'; + } + + #当请求的文件存在时使用缓存，否则将请求转发给WordPress + location / { + try_files /wp-content/cache/supercache/$http_host/$cache_uri/index.html + $uri $uri/ /index.php; + } + + location = /favicon.ico { + log_not_found off; + access_log off; + } + + location = /robots.txt { + log_not_found off + access_log off; + } + + location ~ .php$ { + try_files $uri /index.php; + include fastcgi_params; + fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock; + #fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; + } + + # 尽可能的缓存静态文件 + location ~*.(ogg|ogv|svg|svgz|eot|otf|woff|mp4|ttf|css + |rss|atom|js|jpg|jpeg|gif|png|ico|zip|tgz|gz|rar|bz2 + |doc|xls|exe|ppt|tar|mid|midi|wav|bmp|rtf)$ { + expires max; + log_not_found off; + access_log off; + } + } + +### 技巧 8. 为 NGINX 配置安全防范措施 ### + +为了防止攻击，可以控制对关键资源的访问以及当机器超载时进行登录限制。 + +只允许特定的 IP 地址访问 WordPress 的仪表盘。 + + #对访问 WordPress 的仪表盘进行限制 + location /wp-admin { + deny 192.192.9.9; + allow 192.192.1.0/24; + allow 10.1.1.0/16; + deny all; + } + +只允许上传特定类型的文件，以防止恶意代码被上传和运行。 + + #当上传的不是图像，视频，音乐等时，拒绝访问。 + location ~* ^/wp-content/uploads/.*.(html|htm|shtml|php|js|swf)$ { + deny all; + } + +拒绝其他人访问 WordPress 的配置文件 **wp-config.php**。拒绝其他人访问的另一种方法是将该文件的一个目录移到域的根目录下。 + + # 拒绝其他人访问 wp-config.php + location ~* wp-config.php { + deny all; + } + +对 **wp-login.php** 进行限速来防止暴力攻击。 + + # 拒绝访问 wp-login.php + location = /wp-login.php { + limit_req zone=one burst=1 nodelay; + fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock; + #fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; + } + +### 技巧 9. 配置 NGINX 支持 WordPress 多站点 ### + +WordPress 多站点，顾名思义，使用同一个版本的 WordPress 从单个实例中允许你管理两个或多个网站。[WordPress.com][44] 运行的就是 WordPress 多站点，其主机为成千上万的用户提供博客服务。 + +你可以从单个域的任何子目录或从不同的子域来运行独立的网站。 + +使用此代码块添加对子目录的支持。 + + # 在 WordPress 中添加支持子目录结构的多站点 + if (!-e $request_filename) { + rewrite /wp-admin$ $scheme://$host$uri/ permanent; + rewrite ^(/[^/]+)?(/wp-.*) $2 last; + rewrite ^(/[^/]+)?(/.*\.php) $2 last; + } + +使用此代码块来替换上面的代码块以添加对子目录结构的支持，子目录名自定义。 + + # 添加支持子域名 + server_name example.com *.example.com; + +旧版本（3.4以前）的 WordPress 多站点使用 readfile() 来提供静态内容。然而，readfile() 是 PHP 代码，它会导致在执行时性能会显著降低。我们可以用 NGINX 来绕过这个非必要的 PHP 处理。该代码片段在下面被（==============）线分割出来了。 + + # 避免 PHP readfile() 在 /blogs.dir/structure 子目录中 + location ^~ /blogs.dir { + internal; + alias /var/www/example.com/htdocs/wp-content/blogs.dir; + access_log off; + log_not_found off; + expires max; + } + + ============================================================ + + # 避免 PHP readfile() 在 /files/structure 子目录中 + location ~ ^(/[^/]+/)?files/(?.+) { + try_files /wp-content/blogs.dir/$blogid/files/$rt_file /wp-includes/ms-files.php?file=$rt_file; + access_log off; + log_not_found off; + expires max; + } + + ============================================================ + + # WPMU 文件结构的子域路径 + location ~ ^/files/(.*)$ { + try_files /wp-includes/ms-files.php?file=$1 =404; + access_log off; + log_not_found off; + expires max; + } + + ============================================================ + + # 地图博客 ID 在特定的目录下 + map $http_host $blogid { + default 0; + example.com 1; + site1.example.com 2; + site1.com 2; + } + +### 结论 ### + +可扩展性对许多站点的开发者来说是一项挑战，因为这会让他们在 WordPress 站点中取得成功。（对于那些想要跨越 WordPress 性能问题的新站点。）为 WordPress 添加缓存，并将 WordPress 和 NGINX 结合，是不错的答案。 + +NGINX 不仅对 WordPress 网站是有用的。世界上排名前 1000，10,000和100,000网站中 NGINX 也是作为 [领先的 web 服务器][45] 被使用。 + +欲了解更多有关 NGINX 的性能，请看我们最近的博客，[关于 10x 应用程序的 10 个技巧][46]。 + +NGINX 软件有两个版本： + +- NGINX 开源的软件 - 像 WordPress 一样，此软件你可以自行下载，配置和编译。 +- NGINX Plus - NGINX Plus 包括一个预构建的参考版本的软件，以及服务和技术支持。 + +想要开始，先到 [nginx.org][47] 下载开源软件并了解下 [NGINX Plus][48]。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/ + +作者：[Floyd Smith][a] +译者：[strugglingyouth](https://github.com/strugglingyouth) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/author/floyd/ +[1]:http://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/content_management/all +[2]:https://www.nginx.com/press/choosing-nginx-growth-wordpresscom/ +[3]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#cache-static +[4]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#cache-dynamic +[5]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#adopt-nginx +[6]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#permalink +[7]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#fastcgi +[8]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#w3-total-cache +[9]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#wp-super-cache +[10]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#security +[11]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#multisite +[12]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#adopt-nginx +[13]:http://www.mobify.com/blog/beginners-guide-to-http-cache-headers/ +[14]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#adopt-nginx +[15]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#lamp +[16]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#adopt-nginx +[17]:https://wordpress.org/plugins/hyper-cache/ +[18]:https://wordpress.org/plugins/quick-cache/ +[19]:https://wordpress.org/plugins/wp-super-cache/ +[20]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#wp-super-cache +[21]:https://wordpress.org/plugins/w3-total-cache/ +[22]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#w3-total-cache +[23]:http://www.fastcgi.com/ +[24]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#fastcgi +[25]:https://css-tricks.com/wordpress-fragment-caching-revisited/ +[26]:https://www.nginx.com/resources/admin-guide/content-caching/ +[27]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#cache-dynamic +[28]:https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/tmpfs.txt +[29]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#permalink +[30]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#fastcgi +[31]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#w3-total-cache +[32]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#wp-super-cache +[33]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#security +[34]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/9-tips-for-improving-wordpress-performance-with-nginx/#multisite +[35]:http://codex.wordpress.org/Using_Permalinks +[36]:http://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_core_module.html#server +[37]:https://github.com/FRiCKLE/ngx_cache_purge +[38]:https://wordpress.org/plugins/nginx-helper/ +[39]:http://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_upstream_module.html#variables +[40]:https://wordpress.org/plugins/w3-total-cache/ +[41]:http://www.w3-edge.com/ +[42]:https://wordpress.org/plugins/wp-super-cache/ +[43]:http://automattic.com/ +[44]:https://wordpress.com/ +[45]:http://w3techs.com/technologies/cross/web_server/ranking +[46]:https://www.nginx.com/blog/10-tips-for-10x-application-performance/ +[47]:http://www.nginx.org/en +[48]:https://www.nginx.com/products/ +[49]: +[50]: From e1d0e4a8cea07e8cfc2e2afa5390c4809b3c32c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Felix Yan Date: Sat, 14 Nov 2015 11:23:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 059/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151114-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Continuous Integration Service in Linux.md | 317 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 317 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151114 How to Setup Drone - a Continuous Integration Service in Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151114 How to Setup Drone - a Continuous Integration Service in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20151114 How to Setup Drone - a Continuous Integration Service in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bfcf1e3ae3 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151114 How to Setup Drone - a Continuous Integration Service in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,317 @@ +How to Setup Drone - a Continuous Integration Service in Linux +============================================================== + +Are you tired of cloning, building, testing, and deploying codes time and again? If yes, switch to continuous integration. Continuous Integration aka CI is practice in software engineering of making frequent commits to the code base, building, testing and deploying as we go. CI helps to quickly integrate new codes into the existing code base. If this process is made automated, then this will speed up the development process as it reduces the time taken for the developer to build and test things manually. [Drone][1] is a free and open source project which provides an awesome environment of continuous integration service and is released under Apache License Version 2.0. It integrates with many repository providers like Github, Bitbucket and Google Code and has the ability to pull codes from the repositories enabling us to build the source code written in number of languages including PHP, Node, Ruby, Go, Dart, Python, C/C++, JAVA and more. It is made such a powerful platform cause it uses containers and docker technology for every build making users a complete control over their build environment with guaranteed isolation. + +### 1. Installing Docker ### + +First of all, we'll gonna install Docker as its the most vital element for the complete workflow of Drone. Drone does a proper utilization of docker for the purpose of building and testing application. This container technology speeds up the development of the applications. To install docker, we'll need to run the following commands with respective the distribution of linux. In this tutorial, we'll cover the steps with Ubuntu 14.04 and CentOS 7 linux distributions. + +#### On Ubuntu #### + +To install Docker in Ubuntu, we can simply run the following commands in a terminal or console. + + # apt-get update + # apt-get install docker.io + +After the installation is done, we'll restart our docker engine using service command. + + # service docker restart + +Then, we'll make docker start automatically in every system boot. + + # update-rc.d docker defaults + + Adding system startup for /etc/init.d/docker ... + /etc/rc0.d/K20docker -> ../init.d/docker + /etc/rc1.d/K20docker -> ../init.d/docker + /etc/rc6.d/K20docker -> ../init.d/docker + /etc/rc2.d/S20docker -> ../init.d/docker + /etc/rc3.d/S20docker -> ../init.d/docker + /etc/rc4.d/S20docker -> ../init.d/docker + /etc/rc5.d/S20docker -> ../init.d/docker + +#### On CentOS #### + +First, we'll gonna update every packages installed in our centos machine. We can do that by running the following command. + + # sudo yum update + +To install docker in centos, we can simply run the following commands. + + # curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh + +After our docker engine is installed in our centos machine, we'll simply start it by running the following systemd command as systemd is the default init system in centos 7. + + # systemctl start docker + +Then, we'll enable docker to start automatically in every system startup. + + # systemctl enable docker + + ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/docker.service' '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/docker.service' + +### 2. Installing SQlite Driver ### + +It uses SQlite3 database server for storing its data and information by default. It will automatically create a database file named drone.sqlite under /var/lib/drone/ which will handle database schema setup and migration. To setup SQlite3 drivers, we'll need to follow the below steps. + +#### On Ubuntu 14.04 #### + +As SQlite3 is available on the default respository of Ubuntu 14.04, we'll simply install it by running the following apt command. + + # apt-get install libsqlite3-dev + +#### On CentOS 7 #### + +To install it on CentOS 7 machine, we'll need to run the following yum command. + + # yum install sqlite-devel + +### 3. Installing Drone ### + +Finally, after we have installed those dependencies successfully, we'll now go further towards the installation of drone in our machine. In this step, we'll simply download the binary package of it from the official download link of the respective binary formats and then install them using the default package manager. + +#### On Ubuntu #### + +We'll use wget to download the debian package of drone for ubuntu from the [official Debian file download link][2]. Here is the command to download the required debian package of drone. + + # wget downloads.drone.io/master/drone.deb + + Resolving downloads.drone.io (downloads.drone.io)... 54.231.48.98 + Connecting to downloads.drone.io (downloads.drone.io)|54.231.48.98|:80... connected. + HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK + Length: 7722384 (7.4M) [application/x-debian-package] + Saving to: 'drone.deb' + 100%[======================================>] 7,722,384 1.38MB/s in 17s + 2015-11-06 14:09:28 (456 KB/s) - 'drone.deb' saved [7722384/7722384] + +After its downloaded, we'll gonna install it with dpkg package manager. + + # dpkg -i drone.deb + + Selecting previously unselected package drone. + (Reading database ... 28077 files and directories currently installed.) + Preparing to unpack drone.deb ... + Unpacking drone (0.3.0-alpha-1442513246) ... + Setting up drone (0.3.0-alpha-1442513246) ... + Your system ubuntu 14: using upstart to control Drone + drone start/running, process 9512 + +#### On CentOS #### + +In the machine running CentOS, we'll download the RPM package from the [official download link for RPM][3] using wget command as shown below. + + # wget downloads.drone.io/master/drone.rpm + + --2015-11-06 11:06:45-- http://downloads.drone.io/master/drone.rpm + Resolving downloads.drone.io (downloads.drone.io)... 54.231.114.18 + Connecting to downloads.drone.io (downloads.drone.io)|54.231.114.18|:80... connected. + HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK + Length: 7763311 (7.4M) [application/x-redhat-package-manager] + Saving to: ‘drone.rpm’ + 100%[======================================>] 7,763,311 1.18MB/s in 20s + 2015-11-06 11:07:06 (374 KB/s) - ‘drone.rpm’ saved [7763311/7763311] + +Then, we'll install the download rpm package using yum package manager. + + # yum localinstall drone.rpm + +### 4. Configuring Port ### + +After the installation is completed, we'll gonna configure drone to make it workable. The configuration of drone is inside **/etc/drone/drone.toml** file. By default, drone web interface is exposed under port 80 which is the default port of http, if we wanna change it, we can change it by replacing the value under server block as shown below. + + [server] + port=":80" + +### 5. Integrating Github ### + +In order to run Drone we must setup at least one integration points between GitHub, GitHub Enterprise, Gitlab, Gogs, Bitbucket. In this tutorial, we'll only integrate github but if we wanna integrate other we can do that from the configuration file. In order to integrate github, we'll need to create a new application in our [github settings][4]. + +![Registering App Github](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/registering-app-github.png) + +To create, we'll need to click on Register a New Application then fill out the form as shown in the following image. + +![Registering OAuth app github](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/registering-OAuth-app-github.png) + +We should make sure that **Authorization callback URL** looks like http://drone.linoxide.com/api/auth/github.com under the configuration of the application. Then, we'll click on Register application. After done, we'll note the Client ID and Client Secret key as we'll need to configure it in our drone configuration. + +![Client ID and Secret Token](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/client-id-secret-token.png) + +After thats done, we'll need to edit our drone configuration using a text editor by running the following command. + + # nano /etc/drone/drone.toml + +Then, we'll find the [github] section and append the section with the above noted configuration as shown below. + + [github] + client="3dd44b969709c518603c" + secret="4ee261abdb431bdc5e96b19cc3c498403853632a" + # orgs=[] + # open=false + +![Configuring Github Drone](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/configuring-github-drone-e1446835124465.png) + +### 6. Configuring SMTP server ### + +If we wanna enable drone to send notifications via emails, then we'll need to specify the SMTP configuration of our SMTP server. If we already have an SMTP server, we can use its configuration but as we don't have an SMTP server, we'll need to install an MTA ie Postfix and then specify the SMTP configuration in the drone configuration. + +#### On Ubuntu #### + +We can install postfix in ubuntu by running the following apt command. + + # apt-get install postfix + +#### On CentOS #### + +We can install postfix in CentOS by running the following yum command. + + # yum install postfix + +After installing, we'll need to edit the configuration of our postfix configuration using a text editor. + + # nano /etc/postfix/main.cf + +Then, we'll need to replace the value of myhostname parameter to our FQDN ie drone.linoxide.com . + + myhostname = drone.linoxide.com + +Now, we'll gonna finally configure the SMTP section of our drone configuration file. + + # nano /etc/drone/drone.toml + +Then, we'll find the [stmp] section and then we'll need to append the setting as follows. + + [smtp] + host = "drone.linoxide.com" + port = "587" + from = "root@drone.linoxide.com" + user = "root" + pass = "password" + +![Configuring SMTP Drone](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/configuring-smtp-drone.png) + +Note: Here, **user** and **pass** parameters are strongly recommended to be changed according to one's user configuration. + +### 7. Configuring Worker ### + +As we know that drone utilizes docker for its building and testing task, we'll need to configure docker as the worker for our drone. To do so, we'll need to edit the [worker] section in the drone configuration file. + + # nano /etc/drone/drone.toml + +Then, we'll uncomment the following lines and append as shown below. + + [worker] + nodes=[ + "unix:///var/run/docker.sock", + "unix:///var/run/docker.sock" + ] + +Here, we have set only 2 node which means the above configuration is capable of executing only 2 build at a time. In order to increase concurrency, we can increase the number of nodes. + + [worker] + nodes=[ + "unix:///var/run/docker.sock", + "unix:///var/run/docker.sock", + "unix:///var/run/docker.sock", + "unix:///var/run/docker.sock" + ] + +Here, in the above configuration, drone is configured to process four builds at a time, using the local docker daemon. + +### 8. Restarting Drone ### + +Finally, after everything is done regarding the installation and configuration, we'll now start our drone server in our linux machine. + +#### On Ubuntu #### + +To start drone in our Ubuntu 14.04 machine, we'll simply run service command as the default init system of Ubuntu 14.04 is SysVinit. + + # service drone restart + +To make drone start automatically in every boot of the system, we'll run the following command. + + # update-rc.d drone defaults + +#### On CentOS #### + +To start drone in CentOS machine, we'll simply run systemd command as CentOS 7 is shipped with systemd as init system. + + # systemctl restart drone + +Then, we'll enable drone to start automatically in every system boot. + + # systemctl enable drone + +### 9. Allowing Firewalls ### + +As we know drone utilizes port 80 by default and we haven't changed the port, we'll gonna configure our firewall programs to allow port 80 (http) and be accessible from other machines in the network. + +#### On Ubuntu 14.04 #### + +Iptables is a popular firewall program which is installed in the ubuntu distributions by default. We'll make iptables to expose port 80 so that we can make our Drone web interface accessible in the network. + + # iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT + # /etc/init.d/iptables save + +#### On CentOS 7 #### + +As CentOS 7 has systemd installed by default, it contains firewalld running as firewall problem. In order to open the port 80 (http service) on firewalld, we'll need to execute the following commands. + + # firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http + + success + + # firewall-cmd --reload + + success + +### 10. Accessing Web Interface ### + +Now, we'll gonna open the web interface of drone using our favourite web browser. To do so, we'll need to point our web browser to our machine running drone in it. As the default port of drone is 80 and we have also set 80 in this tutorial, we'll simply point our browser to http://ip-address/ or http://drone.linoxide.com according to our configuration. After we have done that correctly, we'll see the first page of it having options to login into our dashboard. + +![Login Github Drone](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/login-github-drone-e1446834688394.png) + +As we have configured Github in the above step, we'll simply select github and we'll go through the app authentication process and after its done, we'll be forwarded to our Dashboard. + +![Drone Dashboard](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/drone-dashboard.png) + +Here, it will synchronize all our github repository and will ask us to activate the repo which we want to build with drone. + +![Activate Repository](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/activate-repository-e1446835574595.png) + +After its activated, it will ask us to add a new file named .drone.yml in our repository and define the build process and configuration in that file like which image to fetch and which command/script to run while compiling, etc. + +We'll need to configure our .drone.yml as shown below. + + image: python + script: + - python helloworld.py + - echo "Build has been completed." + +After its done, we'll be able to build our application using the configuration YAML file .drone.yml in our drone appliation. All the commits made into the repository is synced in realtime. It automatically syncs the commit and changes made to the repository. Once the commit is made in the repository, build is automatically started in our drone application. + +![Building Application Drone](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/building-application-drone.png) + +After the build is completed, we'll be able to see the output of the build with the output console. + +![Build Success Drone](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/build-success-drone.png) + +### Conclusion ### + +In this article, we learned to completely setup a workable Continuous Intergration platform with Drone. If we want, we can even get started with the services provided by the official Drone.io project. We can start with free service or paid service according to our requirements. It has changed the world of Continuous integration with its beautiful web interface and powerful bunches of features. It has the ability to integrate with many third party applications and deployment platforms. If you have any questions, suggestions, feedback please write them in the comment box below so that we can improve or update our contents. Thank you ! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/setup-drone-continuous-integration-linux/ + +作者：[Arun Pyasi][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/arunp/ +[1]:https://drone.io/ +[2]:http://downloads.drone.io/master/drone.deb +[3]:http://downloads.drone.io/master/drone.rpm +[4]:https://github.com/settings/developers From 3c77befcc04b875045ce042fd3cd24f676387771 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Sat, 14 Nov 2015 12:20:30 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 060/176] Update 20151012 How to Setup DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md --- ...up DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md | 28 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151012 How to Setup DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md b/sources/tech/20151012 How to Setup DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md index e3e60aa8c2..c6ab5ec073 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151012 How to Setup DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151012 How to Setup DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md @@ -2,65 +2,65 @@ translating by Ezio 在浏览器上使用Docker ================================================================================ -Docker is getting more popularity day by day. The idea of running a complete Operating System inside a container rather than running inside a virtual machine is an awesome technology. Docker has made lives of millions of system administrators and developers pretty easy for getting their work done in no time. It is an open source technology that provides an open platform to pack, ship, share and run any application as a lightweight container without caring on which operating system we are running on the host. It has no boundaries of Language support, Frameworks or packaging system and can be run anywhere, anytime from a small home computers to high-end servers. Running docker containers and managing them may come a bit difficult and time consuming, so there is a web based application named DockerUI which is make managing and running container pretty simple. DockerUI is highly beneficial to people who are not much aware of linux command lines and want to run containerized applications. DockerUI is an open source web based application best known for its beautiful design and ease simple interface for running and managing docker containers. +Docker 越来越流行了。在一个容器里面而不是虚拟机里运行一个完整的操作系统的这种是一个非常棒的技术和想法。docker 已经通过节省工作时间来拯救了千上万的系统管理员和开发人员。这是一个开源技术，提供一个平台来把应用程序当作容器来打包、分发、共享和运行，而不去关注主机上运行的操作系统是什么。它没有开发语言、框架或打包系统的限制，并且可以在任何时间、任何地点运行，从小型计算机到高端服务器都可以。运行docker容器和管理他们可能会花费一点点困难和时间，所以现在有一款基于web 的应用程序－DockerUI，可以让管理和运行容器变得很简单。DockerUI 是一个对那些不熟悉Linux 命令行担忧很想运行容器话程序的人很有帮助。DockerUI 是一个开源的基于web 的应用程序，它最著名的是它华丽的设计和简单的用来运行和管理docker 的简单的操作界面。 -Here are some easy steps on how we can setup Docker Engine with DockerUI in our linux machine. +下面会介绍如何在Linux 上安装配置DockerUI。 ### 1. 安装docker ### -First of all, we'll gonna install docker engine in our linux machine. Thanks to its developers, docker is very easy to install in any major linux distribution. To install docker engine, we'll need to run the following command with respect to which distribution we are running. +首先，我们需要安装docker。我们得感谢docker 的开发者，让我们可以简单的在主流linux 发行版上安装docker。为了安装docker，我们得在对应的发行版上使用下面的命令。 #### Ubuntu/Fedora/CentOS/RHEL/Debian #### -Docker maintainers have written an awesome script that can be used to install docker engine in Ubuntu 15.04/14.10/14.04, CentOS 6.x/7, Fedora 22, RHEL 7 and Debian 8.x distributions of linux. This script recognizes the distribution of linux installed in our machine, then adds the required repository to the filesystem, updates the local repository index and finally installs docker engine and required dependencies from it. To install docker engine using that script, we'll need to run the following command under root or sudo mode. +docker 维护者已经写了一个非常棒的脚本，用它可以在Ubuntu 15.04/14.10/14.04, CentOS 6.x/7, Fedora 22, RHEL 7 和Debian 8.x 这几个linux 发行版上安装docker。这个脚本可以识别出我们的机器上运行的linux 的发行版本，然后将需要的源库添加到文件系统、更新本地的安装源目录，最后安装docker 和依赖库。要使用这个脚本安装docker，我们需要在root 用户或者sudo 权限下运行如下的命令， # curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh #### OpenSuse/SUSE Linux 企业版 #### -To install docker engine in the machine running OpenSuse 13.1/13.2 or SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12, we'll simply need to execute the zypper command. We'll gonna install docker using zypper command as the latest docker engine is available on the official repository. To do so, we'll run the following command under root/sudo mode. +要在运行了OpenSuse 13.1/13.2 或者 SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 的机器上安装docker，我们只需要简单的执行zypper 命令。运行下面的命令就可以安装最新版本的docker： # zypper in docker #### ArchLinux #### -Docker is available in the official repository of Archlinux as well as in the AUR packages maintained by the community. So, we have two options to install docker in archlinux. To install docker using the official arch repository, we'll need to run the following pacman command. +docker 存在于ArchLinux 的官方源和社区维护的AUR 库。所以在ArchLinux 上我们有两条路来安装docker。使用官方源安装，需要执行下面的pacman 命令： # pacman -S docker -But if we want to install docker from the Archlinux User Repository ie AUR, then we'll need to execute the following command. +如果要从社区源 AUR 安装docker，需要执行下面的命令： # yaourt -S docker-git ### 2. 启动 ### -After docker is installed, we'll now gonna start our docker daemon so that we can run docker containers and manage them. We'll run the following command to make sure that docker daemon is installed and to start the docker daemon. +安装好docker 之后，我们需要运行docker 监护程序，然后再能运行并管理docker 容器。我们需要使用下列命令来确定docker 监护程序已经安装并运行了。 -#### On SysVinit #### +#### 在 SysVinit 上#### # service docker start -#### On Systemd #### +#### 在Systemd 上#### # systemctl start docker ### 3. 安装DockerUI ### -Installing DockerUI is pretty easy than installing docker engine. We just need to pull the dockerui from the Docker Registry Hub and run it inside a container. To do so, we'll simply need to run the following command. +安装DockerUI 比安装docker 要简单很多。我们仅仅需要懂docker 注册表上拉取dockerui ，然后在容器里面运行。要完成这些，我们只需要简单的执行下面的命令： # docker run -d -p 9000:9000 --privileged -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock dockerui/dockerui ![Starting DockerUI Container](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/starting-dockerui-container.png) -Here, in the above command, as the default port of the dockerui web application server 9000, we'll simply map the default port of it with -p flag. With -v flag, we specify the docker socket. The --privileged flag is required for hosts using SELinux. +在上面的命令里，dockerui 使用的默认端口是9000，我们需要使用`-p` 命令映射默认端口。使用`-v` 标志我们可以指定docker socket。如果主机使用了SELinux那么就得使用`--privileged` 标志。 -After executing the above command, we'll now check if the dockerui container is running or not by running the following command. +执行完上面的命令后，我们要检查dockerui 容器是否运行了，或者使用下面的命令检查： # docker ps ![Running Docker Containers](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/running-docker-containers.png) -### 4. Pulling an Image ### +### 4. 拉取docker镜像 ### Currently, we cannot pull an image directly from DockerUI so, we'll need to pull a docker image from the linux console/terminal. To do so, we'll need to run the following command. From 3cbb3f68f78ad2d9b566c75b9a73e24f373a7c52 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Sat, 14 Nov 2015 13:16:03 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 061/176] Update 20151012 How to Setup DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md --- ...tup DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md | 18 ++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151012 How to Setup DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md b/sources/tech/20151012 How to Setup DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md index c6ab5ec073..52d63d6ac9 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151012 How to Setup DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151012 How to Setup DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -translating by Ezio - 在浏览器上使用Docker ================================================================================ Docker 越来越流行了。在一个容器里面而不是虚拟机里运行一个完整的操作系统的这种是一个非常棒的技术和想法。docker 已经通过节省工作时间来拯救了千上万的系统管理员和开发人员。这是一个开源技术，提供一个平台来把应用程序当作容器来打包、分发、共享和运行，而不去关注主机上运行的操作系统是什么。它没有开发语言、框架或打包系统的限制，并且可以在任何时间、任何地点运行，从小型计算机到高端服务器都可以。运行docker容器和管理他们可能会花费一点点困难和时间，所以现在有一款基于web 的应用程序－DockerUI，可以让管理和运行容器变得很简单。DockerUI 是一个对那些不熟悉Linux 命令行担忧很想运行容器话程序的人很有帮助。DockerUI 是一个开源的基于web 的应用程序，它最著名的是它华丽的设计和简单的用来运行和管理docker 的简单的操作界面。 @@ -62,41 +60,41 @@ docker 存在于ArchLinux 的官方源和社区维护的AUR 库。所以在ArchL ### 4. 拉取docker镜像 ### -Currently, we cannot pull an image directly from DockerUI so, we'll need to pull a docker image from the linux console/terminal. To do so, we'll need to run the following command. +现在我们还不能直接使用dockerui 拉取镜像，所以我们需要在命令行下拉取docker 镜像。要完成这些我们需要执行下面的命令。 # docker pull ubuntu ![Docker Image Pull](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/docker-image-pull.png) -The above command will pull an image tagged as ubuntu from the official [Docker Hub][1]. Similarly, we can pull more images that we require and are available in the hub. +上面的命令将会从docker 官方源[Docker Hub][1]拉取一个标志为ubuntu 的镜像。类似的我们可以从Hub 拉取需要的其它镜像。 ### 4. 管理 ### -After we have started the dockerui container, we'll now have fun with it to start, pause, stop, remove and perform many possible activities featured by dockerui with docker containers and images. First of all, we'll need to open the web application using our web browser. To do so, we'll need to point our browser to http://ip-address:9000 or http://mydomain.com:9000 according to the configuration of our system. By default, there is no login authentication needed for the user access but we can configure our web server for adding authentication. To start a container, first we'll need to have images of the required application we want to run a container with. +启动了dockerui 容器之后，我们快乐的用它来执行启动、暂停、终止、删除和其它dockerui 提供的其他用来操作docker 容器的命令。第一，我们需要在web 浏览器里面打开dockerui：在浏览器里面输入http://ip-address:9000 或者 http://mydomain.com:9000，具体要根据你的系统配置。默认情况下登录不需啊哟认证，但是可以配置我们的web 服务器来要求登录认证。要启动一个容器，我们得得到包含我们要运行的程序的景象。 #### 创建 #### -To create a container, we'll need to go to the section named Images then, we'll need to click on the image id which we want to create a container of. After clicking on the required image id, we'll need to click on Create button then we'll be asked to enter the required properties for our container. And after everything is set and done. We'll need to click on Create button to finally create a container. +创建容器我们需要在Images 页面，点击我们想创建的容器的镜像id。然后点击`Create` 按钮，接下来我们就会被要求输入创建容器所需要的属性。这些都完成之后，我们需要点击按钮`Create` 完成最终的创建。 ![Creating Docker Container](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/creating-docker-container.png) #### 中止 #### -To stop a container, we'll need to move towards the Containers page and then select the required container we want to stop. Now, we'll want to click on Stop option which we can see under Actions drop-down menu. +要停止一个容器，我们只需要跳转到`Containers` 页面，然后选取要停止的容器。然后再Action 的子菜单里面按下Stop 就行了。 ![Managing Container](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/managing-container.png) #### 暂停与恢复 #### -To pause a container, we simply select the required container we want to pause by keeping a check mark on the container and then click the Pause option under Actions . This is will pause the running container and then, we can simply resume the container by selecting Unpause option from the Actions drop down menu. +要暂停一个容器，只需要简单的选取目标容器，然后点击Pause 就行了。恢复一个容器只需要在Actions 的子菜单里面点击Unpause 就行了。 #### 删除 #### -Like we had performed the above tasks, its pretty easy to kill and remove a container or an image. We just need to check/select the required container or image and then select the Kill or Remove button from the application according to our need. +类似于我们上面完成的任务，杀掉或者删除一个容器或镜像也是很简单的。只需要检查、选择容器或镜像，然后点击Kill 或者Remove 就行了。 ### 结论 ### -DockerUI is a beautiful utilization of Docker Remote API to develop an awesome web interface for managing docker containers. The developers have designed and developed this application in pure HTML and JS language. It is currently incomplete and is under heavy development so we don't recommend it for the use in production currently. It makes users pretty easy to manage their containers and images with simple clicks without needing to execute lines of commands to do small jobs. If we want to contribute DockerUI, we can simply visit its [Github Repository][2]. If you have any questions, suggestions, feedback please write them in the comment box below so that we can improve or update our contents. Thank you ! +dockerui 使用了docker 远程API 完成了一个很棒的管理docker 容器的web 界面。它的开发者们已经使用纯HTML 和JS 设计、开发了这个应用。目前这个程序还处于开发中，并且还有大量的工作要完成，所以我们并不推荐将它应用在生产环境。它可以帮助用户简单的完成管理容器和镜像，而且只需要一点点工作。如果想参与、贡献dockerui，我们可以访问它们的[Github 仓库][2]。如果有问题、建议、反馈，请写在下面的评论框，这样我们就可以修改或者更新我们的内容。谢谢。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 1977b54c820b458153583996765d53fc1e157029 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Sat, 14 Nov 2015 13:18:05 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 062/176] Create 20151012 How to Setup DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md --- ...up DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md | 111 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 111 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20151012 How to Setup DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20151012 How to Setup DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md b/translated/tech/20151012 How to Setup DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..52d63d6ac9 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20151012 How to Setup DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +在浏览器上使用Docker +================================================================================ +Docker 越来越流行了。在一个容器里面而不是虚拟机里运行一个完整的操作系统的这种是一个非常棒的技术和想法。docker 已经通过节省工作时间来拯救了千上万的系统管理员和开发人员。这是一个开源技术，提供一个平台来把应用程序当作容器来打包、分发、共享和运行，而不去关注主机上运行的操作系统是什么。它没有开发语言、框架或打包系统的限制，并且可以在任何时间、任何地点运行，从小型计算机到高端服务器都可以。运行docker容器和管理他们可能会花费一点点困难和时间，所以现在有一款基于web 的应用程序－DockerUI，可以让管理和运行容器变得很简单。DockerUI 是一个对那些不熟悉Linux 命令行担忧很想运行容器话程序的人很有帮助。DockerUI 是一个开源的基于web 的应用程序，它最著名的是它华丽的设计和简单的用来运行和管理docker 的简单的操作界面。 + +下面会介绍如何在Linux 上安装配置DockerUI。 + +### 1. 安装docker ### + +首先，我们需要安装docker。我们得感谢docker 的开发者，让我们可以简单的在主流linux 发行版上安装docker。为了安装docker，我们得在对应的发行版上使用下面的命令。 + +#### Ubuntu/Fedora/CentOS/RHEL/Debian #### + +docker 维护者已经写了一个非常棒的脚本，用它可以在Ubuntu 15.04/14.10/14.04, CentOS 6.x/7, Fedora 22, RHEL 7 和Debian 8.x 这几个linux 发行版上安装docker。这个脚本可以识别出我们的机器上运行的linux 的发行版本，然后将需要的源库添加到文件系统、更新本地的安装源目录，最后安装docker 和依赖库。要使用这个脚本安装docker，我们需要在root 用户或者sudo 权限下运行如下的命令， + + # curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh + +#### OpenSuse/SUSE Linux 企业版 #### + +要在运行了OpenSuse 13.1/13.2 或者 SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 的机器上安装docker，我们只需要简单的执行zypper 命令。运行下面的命令就可以安装最新版本的docker： + + # zypper in docker + +#### ArchLinux #### + +docker 存在于ArchLinux 的官方源和社区维护的AUR 库。所以在ArchLinux 上我们有两条路来安装docker。使用官方源安装，需要执行下面的pacman 命令： + + # pacman -S docker + +如果要从社区源 AUR 安装docker，需要执行下面的命令： + + # yaourt -S docker-git + +### 2. 启动 ### + +安装好docker 之后，我们需要运行docker 监护程序，然后再能运行并管理docker 容器。我们需要使用下列命令来确定docker 监护程序已经安装并运行了。 + +#### 在 SysVinit 上#### + + # service docker start + +#### 在Systemd 上#### + + # systemctl start docker + +### 3. 安装DockerUI ### + +安装DockerUI 比安装docker 要简单很多。我们仅仅需要懂docker 注册表上拉取dockerui ，然后在容器里面运行。要完成这些，我们只需要简单的执行下面的命令： + + # docker run -d -p 9000:9000 --privileged -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock dockerui/dockerui + +![Starting DockerUI Container](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/starting-dockerui-container.png) + +在上面的命令里，dockerui 使用的默认端口是9000，我们需要使用`-p` 命令映射默认端口。使用`-v` 标志我们可以指定docker socket。如果主机使用了SELinux那么就得使用`--privileged` 标志。 + +执行完上面的命令后，我们要检查dockerui 容器是否运行了，或者使用下面的命令检查： + + # docker ps + +![Running Docker Containers](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/running-docker-containers.png) + +### 4. 拉取docker镜像 ### + +现在我们还不能直接使用dockerui 拉取镜像，所以我们需要在命令行下拉取docker 镜像。要完成这些我们需要执行下面的命令。 + + # docker pull ubuntu + +![Docker Image Pull](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/docker-image-pull.png) + +上面的命令将会从docker 官方源[Docker Hub][1]拉取一个标志为ubuntu 的镜像。类似的我们可以从Hub 拉取需要的其它镜像。 + +### 4. 管理 ### + +启动了dockerui 容器之后，我们快乐的用它来执行启动、暂停、终止、删除和其它dockerui 提供的其他用来操作docker 容器的命令。第一，我们需要在web 浏览器里面打开dockerui：在浏览器里面输入http://ip-address:9000 或者 http://mydomain.com:9000，具体要根据你的系统配置。默认情况下登录不需啊哟认证，但是可以配置我们的web 服务器来要求登录认证。要启动一个容器，我们得得到包含我们要运行的程序的景象。 + +#### 创建 #### + +创建容器我们需要在Images 页面，点击我们想创建的容器的镜像id。然后点击`Create` 按钮，接下来我们就会被要求输入创建容器所需要的属性。这些都完成之后，我们需要点击按钮`Create` 完成最终的创建。 + +![Creating Docker Container](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/creating-docker-container.png) + +#### 中止 #### + +要停止一个容器，我们只需要跳转到`Containers` 页面，然后选取要停止的容器。然后再Action 的子菜单里面按下Stop 就行了。 + +![Managing Container](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/managing-container.png) + +#### 暂停与恢复 #### + +要暂停一个容器，只需要简单的选取目标容器，然后点击Pause 就行了。恢复一个容器只需要在Actions 的子菜单里面点击Unpause 就行了。 + +#### 删除 #### + +类似于我们上面完成的任务，杀掉或者删除一个容器或镜像也是很简单的。只需要检查、选择容器或镜像，然后点击Kill 或者Remove 就行了。 + +### 结论 ### + +dockerui 使用了docker 远程API 完成了一个很棒的管理docker 容器的web 界面。它的开发者们已经使用纯HTML 和JS 设计、开发了这个应用。目前这个程序还处于开发中，并且还有大量的工作要完成，所以我们并不推荐将它应用在生产环境。它可以帮助用户简单的完成管理容器和镜像，而且只需要一点点工作。如果想参与、贡献dockerui，我们可以访问它们的[Github 仓库][2]。如果有问题、建议、反馈，请写在下面的评论框，这样我们就可以修改或者更新我们的内容。谢谢。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/setup-dockerui-web-interface-docker/ + +作者：[Arun Pyasi][a] +译者：[oska874](https://github.com/oska874) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/arunp/ +[1]:https://hub.docker.com/ +[2]:https://github.com/crosbymichael/dockerui/ From a4366d00d966d9e46ba5f7e6be370ccf2d65d130 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Sat, 14 Nov 2015 13:19:11 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 063/176] Delete 20151012 How to Setup DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md --- ...up DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md | 111 ------------------ 1 file changed, 111 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20151012 How to Setup DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151012 How to Setup DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md b/sources/tech/20151012 How to Setup DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md deleted file mode 100644 index 52d63d6ac9..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20151012 How to Setup DockerUI--a Web Interface for Docker.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,111 +0,0 @@ -在浏览器上使用Docker -================================================================================ -Docker 越来越流行了。在一个容器里面而不是虚拟机里运行一个完整的操作系统的这种是一个非常棒的技术和想法。docker 已经通过节省工作时间来拯救了千上万的系统管理员和开发人员。这是一个开源技术，提供一个平台来把应用程序当作容器来打包、分发、共享和运行，而不去关注主机上运行的操作系统是什么。它没有开发语言、框架或打包系统的限制，并且可以在任何时间、任何地点运行，从小型计算机到高端服务器都可以。运行docker容器和管理他们可能会花费一点点困难和时间，所以现在有一款基于web 的应用程序－DockerUI，可以让管理和运行容器变得很简单。DockerUI 是一个对那些不熟悉Linux 命令行担忧很想运行容器话程序的人很有帮助。DockerUI 是一个开源的基于web 的应用程序，它最著名的是它华丽的设计和简单的用来运行和管理docker 的简单的操作界面。 - -下面会介绍如何在Linux 上安装配置DockerUI。 - -### 1. 安装docker ### - -首先，我们需要安装docker。我们得感谢docker 的开发者，让我们可以简单的在主流linux 发行版上安装docker。为了安装docker，我们得在对应的发行版上使用下面的命令。 - -#### Ubuntu/Fedora/CentOS/RHEL/Debian #### - -docker 维护者已经写了一个非常棒的脚本，用它可以在Ubuntu 15.04/14.10/14.04, CentOS 6.x/7, Fedora 22, RHEL 7 和Debian 8.x 这几个linux 发行版上安装docker。这个脚本可以识别出我们的机器上运行的linux 的发行版本，然后将需要的源库添加到文件系统、更新本地的安装源目录，最后安装docker 和依赖库。要使用这个脚本安装docker，我们需要在root 用户或者sudo 权限下运行如下的命令， - - # curl -sSL https://get.docker.com/ | sh - -#### OpenSuse/SUSE Linux 企业版 #### - -要在运行了OpenSuse 13.1/13.2 或者 SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 的机器上安装docker，我们只需要简单的执行zypper 命令。运行下面的命令就可以安装最新版本的docker： - - # zypper in docker - -#### ArchLinux #### - -docker 存在于ArchLinux 的官方源和社区维护的AUR 库。所以在ArchLinux 上我们有两条路来安装docker。使用官方源安装，需要执行下面的pacman 命令： - - # pacman -S docker - -如果要从社区源 AUR 安装docker，需要执行下面的命令： - - # yaourt -S docker-git - -### 2. 启动 ### - -安装好docker 之后，我们需要运行docker 监护程序，然后再能运行并管理docker 容器。我们需要使用下列命令来确定docker 监护程序已经安装并运行了。 - -#### 在 SysVinit 上#### - - # service docker start - -#### 在Systemd 上#### - - # systemctl start docker - -### 3. 安装DockerUI ### - -安装DockerUI 比安装docker 要简单很多。我们仅仅需要懂docker 注册表上拉取dockerui ，然后在容器里面运行。要完成这些，我们只需要简单的执行下面的命令： - - # docker run -d -p 9000:9000 --privileged -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock dockerui/dockerui - -![Starting DockerUI Container](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/starting-dockerui-container.png) - -在上面的命令里，dockerui 使用的默认端口是9000，我们需要使用`-p` 命令映射默认端口。使用`-v` 标志我们可以指定docker socket。如果主机使用了SELinux那么就得使用`--privileged` 标志。 - -执行完上面的命令后，我们要检查dockerui 容器是否运行了，或者使用下面的命令检查： - - # docker ps - -![Running Docker Containers](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/running-docker-containers.png) - -### 4. 拉取docker镜像 ### - -现在我们还不能直接使用dockerui 拉取镜像，所以我们需要在命令行下拉取docker 镜像。要完成这些我们需要执行下面的命令。 - - # docker pull ubuntu - -![Docker Image Pull](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/docker-image-pull.png) - -上面的命令将会从docker 官方源[Docker Hub][1]拉取一个标志为ubuntu 的镜像。类似的我们可以从Hub 拉取需要的其它镜像。 - -### 4. 管理 ### - -启动了dockerui 容器之后，我们快乐的用它来执行启动、暂停、终止、删除和其它dockerui 提供的其他用来操作docker 容器的命令。第一，我们需要在web 浏览器里面打开dockerui：在浏览器里面输入http://ip-address:9000 或者 http://mydomain.com:9000，具体要根据你的系统配置。默认情况下登录不需啊哟认证，但是可以配置我们的web 服务器来要求登录认证。要启动一个容器，我们得得到包含我们要运行的程序的景象。 - -#### 创建 #### - -创建容器我们需要在Images 页面，点击我们想创建的容器的镜像id。然后点击`Create` 按钮，接下来我们就会被要求输入创建容器所需要的属性。这些都完成之后，我们需要点击按钮`Create` 完成最终的创建。 - -![Creating Docker Container](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/creating-docker-container.png) - -#### 中止 #### - -要停止一个容器，我们只需要跳转到`Containers` 页面，然后选取要停止的容器。然后再Action 的子菜单里面按下Stop 就行了。 - -![Managing Container](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/managing-container.png) - -#### 暂停与恢复 #### - -要暂停一个容器，只需要简单的选取目标容器，然后点击Pause 就行了。恢复一个容器只需要在Actions 的子菜单里面点击Unpause 就行了。 - -#### 删除 #### - -类似于我们上面完成的任务，杀掉或者删除一个容器或镜像也是很简单的。只需要检查、选择容器或镜像，然后点击Kill 或者Remove 就行了。 - -### 结论 ### - -dockerui 使用了docker 远程API 完成了一个很棒的管理docker 容器的web 界面。它的开发者们已经使用纯HTML 和JS 设计、开发了这个应用。目前这个程序还处于开发中，并且还有大量的工作要完成，所以我们并不推荐将它应用在生产环境。它可以帮助用户简单的完成管理容器和镜像，而且只需要一点点工作。如果想参与、贡献dockerui，我们可以访问它们的[Github 仓库][2]。如果有问题、建议、反馈，请写在下面的评论框，这样我们就可以修改或者更新我们的内容。谢谢。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/setup-dockerui-web-interface-docker/ - -作者：[Arun Pyasi][a] -译者：[oska874](https://github.com/oska874) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/arunp/ -[1]:https://hub.docker.com/ -[2]:https://github.com/crosbymichael/dockerui/ From a5a78eee91642a970e3c48325d669fd89618b06c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Sat, 14 Nov 2015 14:52:31 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 064/176] translating by ezio --- ... Install SQLite 3.9.1 with JSON Support on Ubuntu 15.04.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install SQLite 3.9.1 with JSON Support on Ubuntu 15.04.md b/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install SQLite 3.9.1 with JSON Support on Ubuntu 15.04.md index 83fc1c3f30..8895d93439 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install SQLite 3.9.1 with JSON Support on Ubuntu 15.04.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install SQLite 3.9.1 with JSON Support on Ubuntu 15.04.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +translating by ezio + How to Install SQLite 3.9.1 with JSON Support on Ubuntu 15.04 ================================================================================ Hello and welcome to our today's article on SQLite which is the most widely deployed SQL database engine in the world that comes with zero-configuration, that means no setup or administration needed. SQLite is public-domain software package that provides relational database management system, or RDBMS that is used to store user-defined records in large tables. In addition to data storage and management, database engine process complex query commands that combine data from multiple tables to generate reports and data summaries. @@ -119,4 +121,4 @@ via: http://linoxide.com/ubuntu-how-to/install-sqlite-json-ubuntu-15-04/ 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]:http://linoxide.com/author/kashifs/ -[1]:https://www.sqlite.org/download.html \ No newline at end of file +[1]:https://www.sqlite.org/download.html From 8828eab49227ec42049e5f6a9d839c7afef46577 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Chang Liu Date: Sat, 14 Nov 2015 23:12:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 065/176] Update 20151109 How to Install GitLab on Ubuntu or Fedora or Debian.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 准备翻译该篇。 --- ...109 How to Install GitLab on Ubuntu or Fedora or Debian.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151109 How to Install GitLab on Ubuntu or Fedora or Debian.md b/sources/tech/20151109 How to Install GitLab on Ubuntu or Fedora or Debian.md index 424e201b2c..43c5b48629 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151109 How to Install GitLab on Ubuntu or Fedora or Debian.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151109 How to Install GitLab on Ubuntu or Fedora or Debian.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +FSSlc translting + How to Install GitLab on Ubuntu / Fedora / Debian ================================================================================ Distributed version control was never easy before git. Git is a free and open source software that is designed to handle everything from small to very large projects with ease and speed. Git was first developed by Linus Torvalds who was also the founder of well-known Linux Kernel. [GitLab][1] is an awesome development in the field of git and distributed version control system. It is a web based Git repository managing application which includes features like code reviews,wikis, issue tracking and much more. Creating, reviewing and deploying codes is very easy, managed and fast with GitLab. It can be hosted in our own server though it also provides free repository hosting in its official server which is similar to Github. GitLab has two different editions, Community Edition and Enterprise Edition. Community Edition is a complete free and open source software licensed under MIT License whereas Enterprise Edition is under a proprietary license, and contains features that are not present in the CE version. Here are some easy steps on how we can install GitLab Community Edition on our machine running Ubuntu, Fedora and Debian as operating system. @@ -174,4 +176,4 @@ via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/install-gitlab-on-ubuntu-fedora-debian/ [1]:https://about.gitlab.com/ [2]:https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce?filter=debs [3]:https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce?filter=debs -[4]:https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce?filter=rpms \ No newline at end of file +[4]:https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce?filter=rpms From a46e75fd00dfbdf1fb947efb03feafc4b7c91698 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Sun, 15 Nov 2015 17:32:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 066/176] translating --- ...019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md b/sources/talk/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md index 7ce79073c5..3e74b4c861 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md +++ b/sources/talk/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +translating---geekpi + Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up ================================================================================ ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/nautilus-new-search-filters.jpg) @@ -35,4 +37,4 @@ via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/10/new-nautilus-search-filter-ui [2]:http://feaneron.com/2015/10/12/the-new-search-for-gnome-files-aka-nautilus/ [3]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2sPRXDzmUw [4]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/01/ubuntu-14-04-nautilus-type-ahead-patch -[5]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/09/gnome-3-18-release-new-features \ No newline at end of file +[5]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/09/gnome-3-18-release-new-features From dd50c9abd750e2b66b7c45abe0c5115df45661e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Sun, 15 Nov 2015 18:49:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 067/176] translated --- ...e Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md | 40 ------------------- ...e Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md | 38 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md b/sources/talk/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3e74b4c861..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -translating---geekpi - -Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up -================================================================================ -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/nautilus-new-search-filters.jpg) - -**Finding stray files and folders in Nautilus is about to get a whole lot easier. ** - -A new **search filter** for the default [GNOME file manager][1] is in development. It makes heavy use of GNOME’s spiffy pop-over menus in an effort to offer a simpler way to narrow in on search results and find exactly what you’re after. - -Developer Georges Stavracas is working on the new UI and [describes][2] the new editor as “cleaner, saner and more intuitive”. - -Based on a video he’s [uploaded to YouTube][3] demoing the new approach – which he hasn’t made available for embedding – he’s not wrong. - -> “Nautilus has very complex but powerful internals, which allows us to do many things. And indeed, there is code for the many options in there. So, why did it used to look so poorly implemented/broken?”, he writes on his blog. - -The question is part rhetorical; the new search filter interface surfaces many of these ‘powerful internals’ to yhe user. Searches can be filtered ad **hoc** based on content type, name or by date range. - -Changing anything in an app like Nautilus is likely to upset some users, so as helpful and straightforward as the new UI seems it could come in for some heat. - -Not that worry of discontent seems to hamper progress (though the outcry at the [removal of ‘type ahead’ search][4] in 2014 still rings loud in many ears, no doubt). GNOME 3.18, [released last month][5], introduced a new file progress dialog to Nautilus and better integration for remote shares, including Google Drive. - -Stavracas’ search filter are not yet merged in to Files’ trunk, but the reworked search UI is tentatively targeted for inclusion in GNOME 3.20, due spring next year. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/10/new-nautilus-search-filter-ui - -作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author -[1]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Nautilus -[2]:http://feaneron.com/2015/10/12/the-new-search-for-gnome-files-aka-nautilus/ -[3]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2sPRXDzmUw -[4]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/01/ubuntu-14-04-nautilus-type-ahead-patch -[5]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/09/gnome-3-18-release-new-features diff --git a/translated/talk/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md b/translated/talk/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c3c5f03d25 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Nautilus的文件搜索将迎来重大提升 +================================================================================ +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/nautilus-new-search-filters.jpg) + +**在Nautilus中搜索位置文件和文件夹将会将会变得很简单。** + +一个[GNOME文件管理器][1]中新的**搜索过滤器**正在开发中。它大量使用的GNOME的弹出式菜单来找出搜索结果并精确找到你关心的。 + +开发者Georges Stavracas正致力于新的UI并[描述][2]新的编辑器为“更干净、更理智、更直观”。 + +根据[上传到Youtube][3]的视频-他还没有嵌入它-他没有错。 + +> 他在他的博客中写到：“Nautilus有非常复杂但是强大的内部，它允许我们做很多事情。事实上这对于很多选项的代码也是这样。那么，为何它曾经看上去这么糟糕？” + +问题有部分修辞；新的搜索过滤器界面对用户展示了“强大的内部”。搜索可以根据类型、名字或者日期范围来进行过滤。 + +对像Nautilus这种app的任何修改有可能让一些用户不安，因此像这样有帮助、直接的新UI会带来一些争议。 + +不要担心不满会影响进度（毫无疑问，虽然像[移除类型优先搜索][4]的争议自2014年以来一直在争论）。[上个月发布的][5]GNOME 3.18给Nautilus引入了新的文件进度对话框，以及更好的远程共享，包括Google Drive。 + +Stavracas的搜索过滤还没被合并进Files的trunk，但是重做的UI已经初步计划在明年春天的GNOME 3.20中实现。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/10/new-nautilus-search-filter-ui + +作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author +[1]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Nautilus +[2]:http://feaneron.com/2015/10/12/the-new-search-for-gnome-files-aka-nautilus/ +[3]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2sPRXDzmUw +[4]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/01/ubuntu-14-04-nautilus-type-ahead-patch +[5]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/09/gnome-3-18-release-new-features From e7fac1dccaf81c31383b2884cb76a20db927a4be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Chang Liu Date: Sun, 15 Nov 2015 19:45:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 068/176] [Translated]20151109 How to Install GitLab on Ubuntu or Fedora or Debian.md --- ...ll GitLab on Ubuntu or Fedora or Debian.md | 179 ------------------ ...ll GitLab on Ubuntu or Fedora or Debian.md | 178 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 178 insertions(+), 179 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20151109 How to Install GitLab on Ubuntu or Fedora or Debian.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20151109 How to Install GitLab on Ubuntu or Fedora or Debian.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151109 How to Install GitLab on Ubuntu or Fedora or Debian.md b/sources/tech/20151109 How to Install GitLab on Ubuntu or Fedora or Debian.md deleted file mode 100644 index 43c5b48629..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20151109 How to Install GitLab on Ubuntu or Fedora or Debian.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,179 +0,0 @@ -FSSlc translting - -How to Install GitLab on Ubuntu / Fedora / Debian -================================================================================ -Distributed version control was never easy before git. Git is a free and open source software that is designed to handle everything from small to very large projects with ease and speed. Git was first developed by Linus Torvalds who was also the founder of well-known Linux Kernel. [GitLab][1] is an awesome development in the field of git and distributed version control system. It is a web based Git repository managing application which includes features like code reviews,wikis, issue tracking and much more. Creating, reviewing and deploying codes is very easy, managed and fast with GitLab. It can be hosted in our own server though it also provides free repository hosting in its official server which is similar to Github. GitLab has two different editions, Community Edition and Enterprise Edition. Community Edition is a complete free and open source software licensed under MIT License whereas Enterprise Edition is under a proprietary license, and contains features that are not present in the CE version. Here are some easy steps on how we can install GitLab Community Edition on our machine running Ubuntu, Fedora and Debian as operating system. - -### 1. Installing Pre-requisties ### - -First of all, we'll install the required dependencies by GitLab Community Edition. We'll install curl in order to download our required files, openssh-server in order to ssh into our machine, ca-certificates to add CA Certifications and postfix as an MTA (Mail Transfer Agent). - -Note: To install GitLab CE, we need to have a linux machine with at least 2 GB RAM and 2 Cores CPU. - -#### On Ubuntu 14 .04/Debian 8.x #### - -As these packages are available on the official repository of box Ubuntu 14.04 and Debian 8.x, we'll simply install it using apt-get package manager. To do so, we'll need to execute the following command in a terminal or console. - - # apt-get install curl openssh-server ca-certificates postfix - -![install dependencies gitlab ubuntu debian](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/install-dependencies-gitlab-ubuntu-debian.png) - -#### On Fedora 22 #### - -In Fedora 22, the default package manager is dnf as yum has been depreciated. So, we'll simply run the following dnf command in order to install those required packages. - - # dnf install curl openssh-server postfix - -![install dependencies gitlab fedora](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/install-dependencies-gitlab-fedora.png) - -### 2. Starting and Enabling Services ### - -Now, we'll start the services of sshd and postfix using our default init system. And we'll also enable them to start automatically in every system boot. - -#### On Ubuntu 14.04 #### - -As SysVinit is installed as init system in Ubuntu 14.04, we'll use services command to start sshd and postfix daemon. - - # service sshd start - # service postfix start - -Now, in order to make them start automatically in every boot, we'll need to run the following update-rc.d command. - - # update-rc.d sshd enable - # update-rc.d postfix enable - -#### On Fedora 22/Debian 8.x #### - -As Fedora 22 and Debian 8.x is shipped with Systemd instead of SysVinit as default init system, we'll simply run the following command to start the sshd and postfix services. - - # systemctl start sshd postfix - -Now, in order to make them start automatically in every boot, we'll need to run the following systemctl command. - - # systemctl enable sshd postfix - - Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/sshd.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service. - Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/postfix.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/postfix.service. - -### 3. Downloading GitLab ### - -We'll now download the binary installation files from the official GitLab CE Repository using curl. First, we'll need to navigate to the repository in order to get the download link of the required file. To do so, we'll need to run the following command in our linux machine running the respective operating system. - -#### On Ubuntu 14.04 #### - -As Ubuntu and Debian uses the same debian format file, we'll gonna search the required version of GitLab under [https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce?filter=debs][2] and click on the link of the required release with ubuntu/trusty tag as we are running Ubuntu 14.04. A new page will appear in which we can see the Download button, we'll gonna right click it, get the link of the file and then download it using curl as shown bellow. - - # curl https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce/packages/ubuntu/trusty/gitlab-ce_8.1.2-ce.0_amd64.deb - -![Downloading Gitlab Ubuntu](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/downloading-gitlab-ubuntu.png) - -#### On Debian 8.x #### - -Like Ubuntu, we'll gonna search the required version of it under [https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce?filter=debs][3] and click on the link of the requried release with debian/jessie tag as we are running Debian 8.x. Then, a new page will appear in which we'll right click on the Download button and get the file's download link. We'll next download it using curl as shown below. - - # curl https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce/packages/debian/jessie/gitlab-ce_8.1.2-ce.0_amd64.deb/download - -![Downloading Gitlab Debian](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/downloading-gitlab-debian.png) - -#### On Fedora 22 #### - -As Fedora uses the rpm file for packages, we'll gonna search the required version of GitLab under [https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce?filter=rpms][4] and click on the link of the required release, here as we are running Fedora 22, we'll select the release with el/7 tag. A new page will appear in which we can see the Download button, we'll gonna right click it, get the link of the file and then download it using curl as shown bellow. - - # curl https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce/packages/el/7/gitlab-ce-8.1.2-ce.0.el7.x86_64.rpm/download - -![Downloading Gitlab Fedora](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/downloading-gitlab-fedora.png) - -### 4. Installing GitLab ### - -After our repository source is added in our linux machine, we'll now go for the installation of GitLab Community Edition using the default package manger of the respective distribution of linux. - -#### On Ubuntu 14.04/Debian 8.x #### - -To install GitLab CE in machine running Ubuntu 14.04 or Debian 8.x linux distribution which has apt-get package manager, we'll simply run the following command. - - # dpkg -i gitlab-ce_8.1.2-ce.0_amd64.deb - -![Installing Gitlab Ubuntu Debian](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/installing-gitlab-ubuntu-debian.png) - -#### On Fedora 22 #### - -We can execute the following dnf command to install it in our Fedora 22 box. - - # dnf install gitlab-ce-8.1.2-ce.0.el7.x86_64.rpm - -![Installing Gitlab Fedora](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/installing-gitlab-fedora.png) - -### 5. Configuring and Starting GitLab ### - -Next, as GitLab CE has been successfully installed in our linux system. We'll now go ahead for configuring and starting it. To do so, we'll need to run the following command which is same in Ubuntu, Debian and Fedora distributions. - - # gitlab-ctl reconfigure - -![Reconfiguring Gitlab](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/reconfiguring-gitlab.png) - -### 6. Allowing Firewall ### - -If we have firewall program enabled for security in our linux box, we'll need to allow port 80 which is the default port of GitLab CE in order to make the web interface accessible across the network. Firewalld and iptables are most widely used firewall programs in linux distributions. In order to do so, we'll need to run the following commands. -On Iptables - -Iptables are installed and used in Ubuntu 14.04 by default. So, we'll need to run the following iptables commands to open port 80 in it. - - # iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT - - # /etc/init.d/iptables save - -#### On Firewalld #### - -As Fedora 22 and Debian 8.x has systemd installed by default, it contains firewalld running as firewall program. In order to open the port 80 (http service) on firewalld, we'll need to execute the below commands. - - # firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http - - success - - # firewall-cmd --reload - - success - -### 7. Accessing GitLab Web Interface ### - -Finally, we'll now go for accessing the web interface of GitLab CE. To do so, we'll need to point our web browser to the GitLab server with http://ip-address/ or http://domain.com/ according to our configuration. After we have pointed successfully, we'll see the following screen. - -![Gitlab Login Screen](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/gitlab-login-screen.png) - -Now, in order to login to the panel, we'll need to click on Login button which will ask us an username and a password. We'll now enter the default username and password ie **root** and **5iveL!fe** respectively. After logging into the dashboard, we'll be asked to compulsorily enter the new password for our GitLab root user. - -![Setting New Password Gitlab](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/setting-new-password-gitlab.png) - -### 8. Creating Repository ### - -After we have successfully changed the password and logged in to our dashboard, we'll now create a new repository for our new project. To do so, we'll need to go under Projects and click on **NEW PROJECT** green button. - -![Creating New Projects](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/creating-new-projects.png) - -Then, we'll be asked to enter the required information and settings for our repository as shown below. We can even import our project from many git repository providers and repositories. - -![Creating New Project](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/configuring-git-project.png) - -After thats done, we'll be able to access our Git repository using any Git client including the basic git command line. We can see every activities done in the repository with other functions like creating a milestone, managing issues, merge requests, managing members, labels and Wiki for our projects. - -![Gitlab Menu](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/gitlab-menu.png) - -### Conclusion ### - -GitLab is an awesome open source web application for managing our git repository. It has a beautiful, responsive interface with plenty of cool features. It is packed with many cool features like managing groups, deploying keys, Continuous Integration, viewing logs, broadcast messages, hooks, system OAuth applications, templates and more. It has the ability to integrate tons of tools such as Slack, Hipchat, LDAP, JIRA, Jenkins, many types of hooks and a complete API. It has the minimum requirement of 2 GB RAM and 2 Cores CPU to run smoothly up to 500 users but also can be scaled to multiple active servers. If you have any questions, suggestions, feedback please write them in the comment box below so that we can improve or update our contents. Thank you ! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/install-gitlab-on-ubuntu-fedora-debian/ - -作者：[Arun Pyasi][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/arunp/ -[1]:https://about.gitlab.com/ -[2]:https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce?filter=debs -[3]:https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce?filter=debs -[4]:https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce?filter=rpms diff --git a/translated/tech/20151109 How to Install GitLab on Ubuntu or Fedora or Debian.md b/translated/tech/20151109 How to Install GitLab on Ubuntu or Fedora or Debian.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..524fc1e2c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20151109 How to Install GitLab on Ubuntu or Fedora or Debian.md @@ -0,0 +1,178 @@ +如何在 Ubuntu / Fedora / Debian 中安装 GitLab +================================================================================ +在 Git 问世之前，分布式版本控制从来都不是一件简单的事。Git 是一个免费、开源的软件，旨在轻松且快速地对从小规模到非常巨大的项目进行管理。Git 最开始由 Linus Torvalds 开发，他同时也是著名的 Linux 内核的创建者。在 git 和分布式版本控制系统领域中，[GitLab][1] 是一个极棒的新产品。它是一个基于 web 的 Git 仓库管理应用，包含代码审查、wiki、问题跟踪等诸多功能。使用 GitLab 可以很方便、快速地创建、审查、部署及托管代码。与 Github 类似，尽管它也提供在其官方的服务器托管免费的代码仓库，但它也可以运行在我们自己的服务器上。GitLab 有两个不同的版本：社区版(Community Edition)和企业版(Enterprise Edition)。社区本完全免费且开源，遵循 MIT 协议；而企业版则遵循一个专有的协议，包含一些社区版中没有的功能。下面介绍的是有关如何在我们自己的运行着 Ubuntu、Fedora 或 Debian 操作系统的机子上安装 GitLab 社区版的简单步骤。 + +### 1. 安装先决条件 ### + +首先，我们需要安装 GitLab 所依赖的软件包。我们将安装 `curl`，用以下载我们所需的文件；安装`openssh-server` ，以此来通过 ssh 协议登陆到我们的机子上；安装`ca-certificates`，用它来添加 CA 认证；以及 `postfix`，把它作为一个 MTA(Mail Transfer Agent，邮件传输代理)。 + +注： 若要安装 GitLab 社区版，我们需要一个至少包含 2 GB 内存和 2 核 CPU 的 linux 机子。 + +#### 在 Ubuntu 14 .04/Debian 8.x 中 #### + +鉴于这些依赖包都可以在 Ubuntu 14.04 和 Debian 8.x 的官方软件仓库中获取到，我们只需通过使用 `apt-get` 包管理器来安装它们。为此，我们需要在一个终端或控制台中执行下面的命令： + + # apt-get install curl openssh-server ca-certificates postfix + +![install dependencies gitlab ubuntu debian](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/install-dependencies-gitlab-ubuntu-debian.png) + +#### 在 Fedora 22 中 #### + +在 Fedora 22 中，由于 `yum` 已经被弃用了，所以默认的包管理器是 `dnf`。为了安装上面那些需要的软件包，我们只需运行下面的 dnf 命令： + + # dnf install curl openssh-server postfix + +![install dependencies gitlab fedora](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/install-dependencies-gitlab-fedora.png) + +### 2. 打开并开启服务 ### + +现在，我们将使用我们默认的 init 系统来打开 sshd 和 postfix 服务。并且我们将使得它们在每次系统启动时被自动开启。 + +#### 在 Ubuntu 14.04 中 #### + +由于 SysVinit 在 Ubuntu 14.04 中作为 init 系统被安装，我们将使用 service 命令来开启 sshd 和 postfix 守护进程： + + # service sshd start + # service postfix start + +现在，为了使得它们在每次开机启动时被自动开启，我们需要运行下面的 update-rc.d 命令： + + # update-rc.d sshd enable + # update-rc.d postfix enable + +#### 在 Fedora 22/Debian 8.x 中 #### + +鉴于 Fedora 22 和 Debi 8.x 已经用 Systemd 代替了 SysVinit 来作为默认的 init 系统，我们只需运行下面的命令来开启 sshd 和 postfix 服务： + + # systemctl start sshd postfix + +现在，为了使得它们在每次开机启动时被自动地开启，我们需要运行下面的 systemctl 命令： + + # systemctl enable sshd postfix + + 从 /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/sshd.service 建立软链接到 /usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service. + 从 /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/postfix.service 建立软链接到 /usr/lib/systemd/system/postfix.service. + +### 3. 下载 GitLab ### + +现在，我们将使用 curl 从官方的 GitLab 社区版仓库下载二进制安装文件。首先，为了得到所需文件的下载链接，我们需要浏览到该软件仓库的页面。为此，我们需要在运行着相应操作系统的 linux 机子上运行下面的命令。 + +#### 在 Ubuntu 14.04 中 #### + +由于 Ubuntu 和 Debian 使用相同格式的 debian 文件，我们需要在 [https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce?filter=debs][2] 下搜索所需版本的 GitLab，然后点击有着 ubuntu/trusty 标签的链接，这是因为我们运作着 Ubuntu 14.04。接着一个新的页面将会出现，我们将看到一个下载按钮，然后我们在它的上面右击，得到文件的链接，然后像下面这样使用 curl 来下载它。 + + # curl https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce/packages/ubuntu/trusty/gitlab-ce_8.1.2-ce.0_amd64.deb + +![Downloading Gitlab Ubuntu](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/downloading-gitlab-ubuntu.png) + +#### 在 Debian 8.x 中 #### + +与 Ubuntu 类似，我们需要在 [https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce?filter=debs][3] 页面中搜索所需版本的 GitLab，然后点击带有 debian/jessie 标签的链接，这是因为我们运行的是 Debian 8.x。接着，一个新的页面将会出现，然后我们在下载按钮上右击，得到文件的下载链接。最后我们像下面这样使用 curl 来下载该文件。 + + # curl https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce/packages/debian/jessie/gitlab-ce_8.1.2-ce.0_amd64.deb/download + +![Downloading Gitlab Debian](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/downloading-gitlab-debian.png) + +#### 在 Fedora 22 中#### + +由于 Fedora 使用 rpm 文件来作为软件包，我们将在 [https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce?filter=rpms][4] 页面下搜索所需版本的 GitLab，然后点击所需发行包的链接，这里由于我们运行的是 Fedora 22，所以我们将选择带有 el/7 标签的发行包。一个新的页面将会出现，在其中我们可以看到一个下载按钮，我们将右击它，得到所需文件的链接，然后像下面这样使用 curl 来下载它。 + + # curl https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce/packages/el/7/gitlab-ce-8.1.2-ce.0.el7.x86_64.rpm/download + +![Downloading Gitlab Fedora](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/downloading-gitlab-fedora.png) + +### 4. 安装 GitLab ### + +在相应的软件源被添加到我们的 linux 机子上之后，现在我们将使用相应 linux 发行版本中的默认包管理器来安装 GitLab 社区版。 + +#### 在 Ubuntu 14.04/Debian 8.x 中 #### + +要在运行着 Ubuntu 14.04 或 Debian 8.x linux 发行版本的机子上安装 GitLab 社区版，我们只需运行如下的命令： + + # dpkg -i gitlab-ce_8.1.2-ce.0_amd64.deb + +![Installing Gitlab Ubuntu Debian](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/installing-gitlab-ubuntu-debian.png) + +#### 在 Fedora 22 中 #### + +我们只需执行下面的 dnf 命令来在我们的 Fedora 22 机子上安装 GitLab。 + + # dnf install gitlab-ce-8.1.2-ce.0.el7.x86_64.rpm + +![Installing Gitlab Fedora](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/installing-gitlab-fedora.png) + +### 5. 配置和开启 GitLab ### + +由于 GitLab 社区版已经成功地安装在我们的 linux 系统中了，接下来我们将要配置和开启它了。为此，我们需要运行下面的命令，这在 Ubuntu、Debian 和 Fedora 发行版本上都一样： + + # gitlab-ctl reconfigure + +![Reconfiguring Gitlab](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/reconfiguring-gitlab.png) + +### 6. 允许通过防火墙 ### + +假如在我们的 linux 机子中已经启用了防火墙程序，为了使得 GitLab 社区版的 web 界面可以通过网络进行访问，我们需要允许 80 端口通过防火墙，这个端口是 GitLab 社区版的默认端口。为此，我们需要运行下面的命令。 + +#### 在 Iptables 中 #### + +Ubuntu 14.04 默认安装和使用 Iptables。所以，我们将运行下面的 iptables 命令来打开 80 端口： + + # iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT + + # /etc/init.d/iptables save + +#### 在 Firewalld 中 #### + +由于 Fedora 22 和 Debian 8.x 默认安装了 systemd，它包含了作为防火墙程序的 firewalld。为了使得 80 端口(http 服务) 能够通过 firewalld，我们需要执行下面的命令。 + + # firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http + + success + + # firewall-cmd --reload + + success + +### 7. 访问 GitLab Web 界面 ### + +最后，我们将访问 GitLab 社区版的 web 界面。为此，我们需要将我们的 web 浏览器指向 GitLab 服务器的网址，根据我们的配置，可能是 http://ip-address/ 或 http://domain.com/ 的格式。在我们成功指向该网址后，我们将会看到下面的页面。 + +![Gitlab Login Screen](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/gitlab-login-screen.png) + +现在，为了登陆进面板，我们需要点击登陆按钮，它将询问我们的用户名和密码。然后我们将输入默认的用户名和密码，即 **root** 和 **5iveL!fe** 。在登陆进控制面板后，我们将被强制要求为我们的 GitLab root 用户输入新的密码。 + +![Setting New Password Gitlab](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/setting-new-password-gitlab.png) + +### 8. 创建仓库 ### + +在我们成功地更改密码并登陆到我们的控制面板之后，现在，我们将为我们的新项目创建一个新的仓库。为此，我们需要来到项目栏，然后点击 **新项目** 绿色按钮。 + +![Creating New Projects](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/creating-new-projects.png) + +接着，我们将被询问给我们的项目输入所需的信息和设定，正如下面展示的那样。我们甚至可以从其他的 git 仓库提供商和仓库中导入我们的项目。 + +![Creating New Project](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/configuring-git-project.png) + +做完这些后，我们将能够使用任何包含基本 git 命令行的 Git 客户端来访问我们的 Git 仓库。我们可以看到在仓库中进行的任何活动，例如创建一个里程碑，管理 issue，合并请求，管理成员，便签，Wiki 等。 + +![Gitlab Menu](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/gitlab-menu.png) + +### 总结 ### + +GitLab 是一个用来管理 git 仓库的很棒的开源 web 应用。它有着漂亮，响应式的带有诸多酷炫功能的界面。它还打包有许多酷炫功能，例如管理群组，分发密钥，连续集成，查看日志，广播消息，钩子，系统 OAuth 应用，模板等。（注：OAuth 是一个开放标准，允许用户让第三方应用访问该用户在某一网站上存储的私密的资源（如照片，视频，联系人列表），而无需将用户名和密码提供给第三方应用。--- 摘取自 [维基百科上的 OAuth 词条](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/OAuth)） 它还可以和大量的工具进行交互如 Slack，Hipchat，LDAP，JIRA，Jenkins,很多类型的钩子和一个完整的 API。它至少需要 2 GB 的内存和 2 核 CPU 来流畅运行，支持多达 500 个用户，但它也可以被扩展到多个活动的服务器上。假如你有任何的问题，建议，回馈，请将它们写在下面的评论框中，以便我们可以提升或更新我们的内容。谢谢！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/install-gitlab-on-ubuntu-fedora-debian/ + +作者：[Arun Pyasi][a] +译者：[FSSlc](https://github.com/FSSlc) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/arunp/ +[1]:https://about.gitlab.com/ +[2]:https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce?filter=debs +[3]:https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce?filter=debs +[4]:https://packages.gitlab.com/gitlab/gitlab-ce?filter=rpms \ No newline at end of file From 7ec4cb9b3056b28923fc5b8f2554177fa42c844e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martin qi Date: Sun, 15 Nov 2015 20:10:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 069/176] Delete 20150909 Superclass--15 of the world's best living programmers.md --- ... of the world's best living programmers.md | 391 ------------------ 1 file changed, 391 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20150909 Superclass--15 of the world's best living programmers.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20150909 Superclass--15 of the world's best living programmers.md b/sources/talk/20150909 Superclass--15 of the world's best living programmers.md deleted file mode 100644 index 8959bc42fb..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20150909 Superclass--15 of the world's best living programmers.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,391 +0,0 @@ -martin translating... - -Superclass: 15 of the world’s best living programmers -================================================================================ -When developers discuss who the world’s top programmer is, these names tend to come up a lot. - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/09/superman-620x465-100611650-orig.jpg) - -Image courtesy [tom_bullock CC BY 2.0][1] - -It seems like there are lots of programmers out there these days, and lots of really good programmers. But which one is the very best? - -Even though there’s no way to really say who the best living programmer is, that hasn’t stopped developers from frequently kicking the topic around. ITworld has solicited input and scoured coder discussion forums to see if there was any consensus. As it turned out, a handful of names did frequently get mentioned in these discussions. - -Use the arrows above to read about 15 people commonly cited as the world’s best living programmer. - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/09/margaret_hamilton-620x465-100611764-orig.jpg) - -Image courtesy [NASA][2] - -### Margaret Hamilton ### - -**Main claim to fame: The brains behind Apollo’s flight control software** - -Credentials: As the Director of the Software Engineering Division at Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, she headed up the team which [designed and built][3] the on-board [flight control software for NASA’s Apollo][4] and Skylab missions. Based on her Apollo work, she later developed the [Universal Systems Language][5] and [Development Before the Fact][6] paradigm. Pioneered the concepts of [asynchronous software, priority scheduling, and ultra-reliable software design][7]. Coined the term “[software engineering][8].” Winner of the [Augusta Ada Lovelace Award][9] in 1986 and [NASA’s Exceptional Space Act Award in 2003][10]. - -Quotes: “Hamilton invented testing , she pretty much formalised Computer Engineering in the US.” [ford_beeblebrox][11] - -“I think before her (and without disrespect including Knuth) computer programming was (and to an extent remains) a branch of mathematics. However a flight control system for a spacecraft clearly moves programming into a different paradigm.” [Dan Allen][12] - -“... she originated the term ‘software engineering’ — and offered a great example of how to do it.” [David Hamilton][13] - -“What a badass” [Drukered][14] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_donald_knuth-620x465-100502872-orig.jpg) - -Image courtesy [vonguard CC BY-SA 2.0][15] - -### Donald Knuth ### - -**Main claim to fame: Author of The Art of Computer Programming** - -Credentials: Wrote the [definitive book on the theory of programming][16]. Created the TeX digital typesetting system. [First winner of the ACM’s Grace Murray Hopper Award][17] in 1971. Winner of the ACM’s [A. M. Turing][18] Award in 1974, the [National Medal of Science][19] in 1979 and the IEEE’s [John von Neumann Medal][20] in 1995. Named a [Fellow at the Computer History Museum][21] in 1998. - -Quotes: “... wrote The Art of Computer Programming which is probably the most comprehensive work on computer programming ever.” [Anonymous][22] - -“There is only one large computer program I have used in which there are to a decent approximation 0 bugs: Don Knuth's TeX. That's impressive.” [Jaap Weel][23] - -“Pretty awesome if you ask me.” [Mitch Rees-Jones][24] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_ken-thompson-620x465-100502874-orig.jpg) - -Image courtesy [Association for Computing Machinery][25] - -### Ken Thompson ### - -**Main claim to fame: Creator of Unix** - -Credentials: Co-creator, [along with Dennis Ritchie][26], of Unix. Creator of the [B programming language][27], the [UTF-8 character encoding scheme][28], the ed [text editor][29], and co-developer of the Go programming language. Co-winner (along with Ritchie) of the [A.M. Turing Award][30] in 1983, [IEEE Computer Pioneer Award][31] in 1994, and the [National Medal of Technology][32] in 1998. Inducted as a [fellow of the Computer History Museum][33] in 1997. - -Quotes: “... probably the most accomplished programmer ever. Unix kernel, Unix tools, world-champion chess program Belle, Plan 9, Go Language.” [Pete Prokopowicz][34] - -“Ken's contributions, more than anyone else I can think of, were fundamental and yet so practical and timeless they are still in daily use.“ [Jan Jannink][35] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_richard_stallman-620x465-100502868-orig.jpg) - -Image courtesy Jiel Beaumadier CC BY-SA 3.0 - -### Richard Stallman ### - -**Main claim to fame: Creator of Emacs, GCC** - -Credentials: Founded the [GNU Project][36] and created many of its core tools, such as [Emacs, GCC, GDB][37], and [GNU Make][38]. Also founded the [Free Software Foundation][39]. Winner of the ACM's [Grace Murray Hopper Award][40] in 1990 and the [EFF's Pioneer Award in 1998][41]. - -Quotes: “... there was the time when he single-handedly outcoded several of the best Lisp hackers around, in the Symbolics vs LMI fight.” [Srinivasan Krishnan][42] - -“Through his amazing mastery of programming and force of will, he created a whole sub-culture in programming and computers.” [Dan Dunay][43] - -“I might disagree on many things with the great man, but he is still one of the most important programmers, alive or dead” [Marko Poutiainen][44] - -“Try to imagine Linux without the prior work on the GNu project. Stallman's the bomb, yo.” [John Burnette][45] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_anders_hejlsberg-620x465-100502873-orig.jpg) - -Image courtesy [D.Begley CC BY 2.0][46] - -### Anders Hejlsberg ### - -**Main claim to fame: Creator of Turbo Pascal** - -Credentials: [The original author of what became Turbo Pascal][47], one of the most popular Pascal compilers and the first integrated development environment. Later, [led the building of Delphi][48], Turbo Pascal’s successor. [Chief designer and architect of C#][49]. Winner of [Dr. Dobb's Excellence in Programming Award][50] in 2001. - -Quotes: “He wrote the [Pascal] compiler in assembly language for both of the dominant PC operating systems of the day (DOS and CPM). It was designed to compile, link and run a program in seconds rather than minutes.” [Steve Wood][51] - -“I revere this guy - he created the development tools that were my favourite through three key periods along my path to becoming a professional software engineer.” [Stefan Kiryazov][52] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_doug_cutting-620x465-100502871-orig.jpg) - -Image courtesy [vonguard CC BY-SA 2.0][53] - -### Doug Cutting ### - -**Main claim to fame: Creator of Lucene** - -Credentials: [Developed the Lucene search engine, as well as Nutch][54], a web crawler, and [Hadoop][55], a set of tools for distributed processing of large data sets. A strong proponent of open-source (Lucene, Nutch and Hadoop are all open-source). Currently [a former director of the Apache Software Foundation][56]. - -Quotes: “... he is the same guy who has written an exceptional search framework(lucene/solr) and opened the big-data gateway to the world(hadoop).” [Rajesh Rao][57] - -“His creation/work on Lucene and Hadoop (among other projects) has created a tremendous amount of wealth and employment for folks in the world….” [Amit Nithianandan][58] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_sanjay_ghemawat-620x465-100502876-orig.jpg) - -Image courtesy [Association for Computing Machinery][59] - -### Sanjay Ghemawat ### - -**Main claim to fame: Key Google architect** - -Credentials: [Helped to design and implement some of Google’s large distributed systems][60], including MapReduce, BigTable, Spanner and Google File System. [Created Unix’s ical][61] calendaring system. Elected to the [National Academy of Engineering][62] in 2009. Winner of the [ACM-Infosys Foundation Award in the Computing Sciences][63] in 2012. - -Quote: “Jeff Dean's wingman.” [Ahmet Alp Balkan][64] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_jeff_dean-620x465-100502866-orig.jpg) - -Image courtesy [Google][65] - -### Jeff Dean ### - -**Main claim to fame: The brains behind Google search indexing** - -Credentials: Helped to design and implement [many of Google’s large-scale distributed systems][66], including website crawling, indexing and searching, AdSense, MapReduce, BigTable and Spanner. Elected to the [National Academy of Engineering][67] in 2009. 2012 winner of the ACM’s [SIGOPS Mark Weiser Award][68] and the [ACM-Infosys Foundation Award in the Computing Sciences][69]. - -Quotes: “... for bringing breakthroughs in data mining( GFS, Map and Reduce, Big Table ).” [Natu Lauchande][70] - -“... conceived, built, and deployed MapReduce and BigTable, among a bazillion other things” [Erik Goldman][71] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/09/linus_torvalds-620x465-100611765-orig.jpg) - -Image courtesy [Krd CC BY-SA 4.0][72] - -### Linus Torvalds ### - -**Main claim to fame: Creator of Linux** - -Credentials: Created the [Linux kernel][73] and [Git][74], an open source version control system. Winner of numerous awards and honors, including the [EFF Pioneer Award][75] in 1998, the [British Computer Society’s Lovelace Medal][76] in 2000, the [Millenium Technology Prize][77] in 2012 and the [IEEE Computer Society’s Computer Pioneer Award][78] in 2014. Also inducted into the [Computer History Museum’s Hall of Fellows][79] in 2008 and the [Internet Hall of Fame][80] in 2012. - -Quotes: “To put into prospective what an achievement this is, he wrote the Linux kernel in a few years while the GNU Hurd (a GNU-developed kernel) has been under development for 25 years and has still yet to release a production-ready example.” [Erich Ficker][81] - -“Torvalds is probably the programmer's programmer.” [Dan Allen][82] - -“He's pretty darn good.” [Alok Tripathy][83] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_john_carmack-620x465-100502867-orig.jpg) - -Image courtesy [QuakeCon CC BY 2.0][84] - -### John Carmack ### - -**Main claim to fame: Creator of Doom** - -Credentials: Cofounded id Software and [created such influential FPS games][85] as Wolfenstein 3D, Doom and Quake. Pioneered such ground-breaking computer graphic techniques [adaptive tile refresh][86], [binary space partitioning][87], and surface caching. Inducted into the [Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences Hall of Fame][88] in 2001, [won Emmy awards][89] in the Engineering & Technology category in 2007 and 2008, and given a lifetime achievement award by the [Game Developers Choice Awards][90] in 2010. - -Quotes: “He wrote his first rendering engine before he was 20 years old. The guy's a genius. I wish I were a quarter a programmer he is.” [Alex Dolinsky][91] - -“... Wolfenstein 3D, Doom and Quake were revolutionary at the time and have influenced a generation of game designers.” [dniblock][92] - -“He can write basically anything in a weekend....” [Greg Naughton][93] - -“He is the Mozart of computer coding….” [Chris Morris][94] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_fabrice_bellard-620x465-100502870-orig.jpg) - -Image courtesy [Duff][95] - -### Fabrice Bellard ### - -**Main claim to fame: Creator of QEMU** - -Credentials: Created a [variety of well-known open-source software programs][96], including QEMU, a platform for hardware emulation and virtualization, FFmpeg, for handling multimedia data, the Tiny C Compiler and LZEXE, an executable file compressor. [Winner of the Obfuscated C Code Contest][97] in 2000 and 2001 and the [Google-O'Reilly Open Source Award][98] in 2011. Former world record holder for [calculating the most number of digits in Pi][99]. - -Quotes: “I find Fabrice Bellard's work remarkable and impressive.” [raphinou][100] - -“Fabrice Bellard is the most productive programmer in the world....” [Pavan Yara][101] - -“Hes like the Nikola Tesla of sofware engineering.” [Michael Valladolid][102] - -“He's a prolific serial achiever since the 1980s.” M[ichael Biggins][103] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_jon_skeet-620x465-100502863-orig.jpg) - -Image courtesy [Craig Murphy CC BY 2.0][104] - -### Jon Skeet ### - -**Main claim to fame: Legendary Stack Overflow contributor** - -Credentials: Google engineer and author of [C# in Depth][105]. Holds [highest reputation score of all time on Stack Overflow][106], answering, on average, 390 questions per month. - -Quotes: “Jon Skeet doesn't need a debugger, he just stares down the bug until the code confesses” [Steven A. Lowe][107] - -“When Jon Skeet's code fails to compile the compiler apologises.” [Dan Dyer][108] - -“Jon Skeet's code doesn't follow a coding convention. It is the coding convention.” [Anonymous][109] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_image_adam_dangelo-620x465-100502875-orig.jpg) - -Image courtesy [Philip Neustrom CC BY 2.0][110] - -### Adam D'Angelo ### - -**Main claim to fame: Co-founder of Quora** - -Credentials: As an engineer at Facebook, [built initial infrastructure for its news feed][111]. Went on to become CTO and VP of engineering at Facebook, before leaving to co-found Quora. [Eighth place finisher at the USA Computing Olympiad][112] as a high school student in 2001. Member of [California Institute of Technology’s silver medal winning team][113] at the ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest in 2004. [Finalist in the Algorithm Coding Competition][114] of Topcoder Collegiate Challenge in 2005. - -Quotes: “An "All-Rounder" Programmer.” [Anonymous][115] - -"For every good thing I make he has like six." [Mark Zuckerberg][116] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_petr_mitrichev-620x465-100502869-orig.jpg) - -Image courtesy [Facebook][117] - -### Petr Mitrechev ### - -**Main claim to fame: One of the top competitive programmers of all time** - -Credentials: [Two-time gold medal winner][118] in the International Olympiad in Informatics (2000, 2002). In 2006, [won the Google Code Jam][119] and was also the [TopCoder Open Algorithm champion][120]. Also, two-time winner of the Facebook Hacker Cup ([2011][121], [2013][122]). At the time of this writing, [the second ranked algorithm competitor on TopCoder][123] (handle: Petr) and also [ranked second by Codeforces][124] - -Quote: “He is an idol in competitive programming even here in India…” [Kavish Dwivedi][125] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_gennady_korot-620x465-100502864-orig.jpg) - -Image courtesy [Ishandutta2007 CC BY-SA 3.0][126] - -### Gennady Korotkevich ### - -**Main claim to fame: Competitive programming prodigy** - -Credentials: Youngest participant ever (age 11) and [6 time gold medalist][127] (2007-2012) in the International Olympiad in Informatics. Part of [the winning team][128] at the ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest in 2013 and winner of the [2014 Facebook Hacker Cup][129]. At the time of this writing, [ranked first by Codeforces][130] (handle: Tourist) and [first among algorithm competitors by TopCoder][131]. - -Quotes: “A programming prodigy!” [Prateek Joshi][132] - -“Gennady is definitely amazing, and visible example of why I have a large development team in Belarus.” [Chris Howard][133] - -“Tourist is genius” [Nuka Shrinivas Rao][134] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.itworld.com/article/2823547/enterprise-software/158256-superclass-14-of-the-world-s-best-living-programmers.html#slide1 - -作者：[Phil Johnson][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.itworld.com/author/Phil-Johnson/ -[1]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/tombullock/15713223772 -[2]:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Margaret_Hamilton_in_action.jpg 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-[59]:http://awards.acm.org/award_winners/ghemawat_1482280.cfm -[60]:http://research.google.com/pubs/SanjayGhemawat.html -[61]:http://www.quora.com/Google/Who-is-Sanjay-Ghemawat -[62]:http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=02062009 -[63]:http://awards.acm.org/award_winners/ghemawat_1482280.cfm -[64]:http://www.quora.com/Google/Who-is-Sanjay-Ghemawat/answer/Ahmet-Alp-Balkan -[65]:http://research.google.com/people/jeff/index.html -[66]:http://research.google.com/people/jeff/index.html -[67]:http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=02062009 -[68]:http://news.cs.washington.edu/2012/10/10/uw-cse-ph-d-alum-jeff-dean-wins-2012-sigops-mark-weiser-award/ -[69]:http://awards.acm.org/award_winners/dean_2879385.cfm -[70]:http://www.quora.com/Computer-Programming/Who-is-the-best-programmer-in-the-world-right-now/answer/Natu-Lauchande -[71]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Cosmin-Negruseri/comment/28399 -[72]:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LinuxCon_Europe_Linus_Torvalds_05.jpg -[73]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/about/staff#torvalds -[74]:http://git-scm.com/book/en/Getting-Started-A-Short-History-of-Git -[75]:https://w2.eff.org/awards/pioneer/1998.php -[76]:http://www.bcs.org/content/ConWebDoc/14769 -[77]:http://www.zdnet.com/blog/open-source/linus-torvalds-wins-the-tech-equivalent-of-a-nobel-prize-the-millennium-technology-prize/10789 -[78]:http://www.computer.org/portal/web/pressroom/Linus-Torvalds-Named-Recipient-of-the-2014-IEEE-Computer-Society-Computer-Pioneer-Award -[79]:http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Linus,Torvalds/ -[80]:http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/linus-torvalds -[81]:http://qr.ae/RFEeeo -[82]:http://qr.ae/RFEZLk -[83]:http://www.quora.com/Software-Engineering/Who-are-some-of-the-greatest-currently-active-software-architects-in-the-world/answer/Alok-Tripathy-1 -[84]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/quakecon/9434713998 -[85]:http://doom.wikia.com/wiki/John_Carmack -[86]:http://thegamershub.net/2012/04/gaming-gods-john-carmack/ -[87]:http://www.shamusyoung.com/twentysidedtale/?p=4759 -[88]:http://www.interactive.org/special_awards/details.asp?idSpecialAwards=6 -[89]:http://www.itworld.com/article/2951105/it-management/a-fly-named-for-bill-gates-and-9-other-unusual-honors-for-tech-s-elite.html#slide8 -[90]:http://www.gamechoiceawards.com/archive/lifetime.html -[91]:http://qr.ae/RFEEgr -[92]:http://www.itworld.com/answers/topic/software/question/whos-best-living-programmer#comment-424562 -[93]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Greg-Naughton -[94]:http://money.cnn.com/2003/08/21/commentary/game_over/column_gaming/ -[95]:http://dufoli.wordpress.com/2007/06/23/ammmmaaaazing-night/ -[96]:http://bellard.org/ -[97]:http://www.ioccc.org/winners.html#B -[98]:http://www.oscon.com/oscon2011/public/schedule/detail/21161 -[99]:http://bellard.org/pi/pi2700e9/ -[100]:https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=7850797 -[101]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Erik-Frey/comment/1718701 -[102]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Erik-Frey/comment/2454450 -[103]:http://qr.ae/RFEjhZ -[104]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/craigmurphy/4325516497 -[105]:http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1935182471?ie=UTF8&tag=developetutor-21&linkCode=as2&camp=1634&creative=19450&creativeASIN=1935182471 -[106]:http://stackexchange.com/leagues/1/alltime/stackoverflow -[107]:http://meta.stackexchange.com/a/9156 -[108]:http://meta.stackexchange.com/a/9138 -[109]:http://meta.stackexchange.com/a/9182 -[110]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/philipn/5326344032 -[111]:http://www.crunchbase.com/person/adam-d-angelo -[112]:http://www.exeter.edu/documents/Exeter_Bulletin/fall_01/oncampus.html -[113]:http://icpc.baylor.edu/community/results-2004 -[114]:https://www.topcoder.com/tc?module=Static&d1=pressroom&d2=pr_022205 -[115]:http://qr.ae/RFfOfe -[116]:http://www.businessinsider.com/in-new-alleged-ims-mark-zuckerberg-talks-about-adam-dangelo-2012-9#ixzz369FcQoLB -[117]:https://www.facebook.com/hackercup/photos/a.329665040399024.91563.133954286636768/553381194694073/?type=1 -[118]:http://stats.ioinformatics.org/people/1849 -[119]:http://googlepress.blogspot.com/2006/10/google-announces-winner-of-global-code_27.html -[120]:http://community.topcoder.com/tc?module=SimpleStats&c=coder_achievements&d1=statistics&d2=coderAchievements&cr=10574855 -[121]:https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-hacker-cup/facebook-hacker-cup-finals/208549245827651 -[122]:https://www.facebook.com/hackercup/photos/a.329665040399024.91563.133954286636768/553381194694073/?type=1 -[123]:http://community.topcoder.com/tc?module=AlgoRank -[124]:http://codeforces.com/ratings -[125]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Venkateswaran-Vicky/comment/1960855 -[126]:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gennady_Korot.jpg -[127]:http://stats.ioinformatics.org/people/804 -[128]:http://icpc.baylor.edu/regionals/finder/world-finals-2013/standings -[129]:https://www.facebook.com/hackercup/posts/10152022955628845 -[130]:http://codeforces.com/ratings -[131]:http://community.topcoder.com/tc?module=AlgoRank -[132]:http://www.quora.com/Computer-Programming/Who-is-the-best-programmer-in-the-world-right-now/answer/Prateek-Joshi -[133]:http://www.quora.com/Computer-Programming/Who-is-the-best-programmer-in-the-world-right-now/answer/Prateek-Joshi/comment/4720779 -[134]:http://www.quora.com/Computer-Programming/Who-is-the-best-programmer-in-the-world-right-now/answer/Prateek-Joshi/comment/4880549 From cdda59280049e2aabc5d6c2346f4ebc217620087 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: martin qi Date: Sun, 15 Nov 2015 20:12:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 070/176] Create 20150909 Superclass--15 of the world's best living programmers.md --- ... of the world's best living programmers.md | 389 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 389 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/talk/20150909 Superclass--15 of the world's best living programmers.md diff --git a/translated/talk/20150909 Superclass--15 of the world's best living programmers.md b/translated/talk/20150909 Superclass--15 of the world's best living programmers.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6f59aa13d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20150909 Superclass--15 of the world's best living programmers.md @@ -0,0 +1,389 @@ +教父们: 15位举世瞩目的程序员 +================================================================================ +当开发人员讨论关于世界顶级程序员时，这些名字往往就会出现。 + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/09/superman-620x465-100611650-orig.jpg) + +图片来源： [tom_bullock CC BY 2.0][1] + +好像现在程序员有很多，其中不乏有许多优秀的程序员。但是期中哪些程序员更好呢？ + +虽然这很难客观评价，不过在这个话题确实是开发者们乐于津道的。ITworld针对程序员社区的输入和刷新试图找出可能存在的所谓共识。事实证明，屈指可数的某些名字经常是讨论的焦点。 + +Use the arrows above to read about 15 people commonly cited as the world’s best living programmer.下面就让我们来看看这些世界顶级的程序员吧！（没有箭头呢:P） + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/09/margaret_hamilton-620x465-100611764-orig.jpg) + +图片来源： [NASA][2] + +### 玛格丽特·汉密尔顿 ### + +**成就： 阿波罗飞行控制软件背后的大脑** + +生平： 查尔斯·斯塔克·德雷珀实验室软件工程部的主任，她为首的团队负责设计和打造NASA阿波罗的板载飞行控制器软件和Skylab任务。基于阿波罗这段的工作经历，她又后续开发了[通用系统语言][5]和[开发先于事实][6]的范例。开创了[异步软件、优先调度和超可靠的软件设计][7]理念。被认为发明了“[软件工程][8]”一词。1986年获[奥古斯塔·埃达·洛夫莱斯][9]奖，[2003年获NASA杰出太空行动奖][10]。 + +评论: “汉密尔顿发明了测试，使美国计算机工程规范了很多” [ford_beeblebrox][11] + +“我认为在她之前（不敬地说，包括高德纳在内的）计算机编程是（另一种形式上留存的）数学分支。然而宇宙飞船的飞行控制系统明确地将编程带入了一个崭新的领域。” [Dan Allen][12] + +“... 她引入了‘计算机工程’这个术语 — 并作出了最好的示范。” [David Hamilton][13] + +“真是个坏家伙” [Drukered][14] + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_donald_knuth-620x465-100502872-orig.jpg) + +图片来源： [vonguard CC BY-SA 2.0][15] + +### 唐纳德·尔文·克努斯 ### + +**成就： 《计算机程序设计艺术》 作者** + +生平： 撰写了[编程理论的权威书籍][16]。发明了数字排版系统Tex。1971年获得[首次ACM（美国计算机协会）葛丽丝·穆雷·霍普奖][17]。1974年获ACM[图灵奖][18]奖，1979年获[国家科学奖章][19]，1995年获IEEE[约翰·冯·诺依曼奖章][20]。1998年入选[计算机历史博物馆名人录][21]。 + +评论: “... 写的计算器编程的艺术可能是有史以来计算机编程最大的贡献。”[佚名][22] + +“唐·克努斯的TeX是我所用过的计算机程序中唯一一个几乎没有bug的。真是让人印象深刻！” [Jaap Weel][23] + +“如果你要问我的话，我只能说太棒了！” [Mitch Rees-Jones][24] + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_ken-thompson-620x465-100502874-orig.jpg) + +图片来源： [Association for Computing Machinery][25] + +### 肯尼斯·蓝·汤普逊 ### + +**成就： Unix之父** + +生平： 与[丹尼斯·里奇][26]共同创造了Unix。创造了[B语言][27]、[UTF-8字符编码方案][28]、[ed文本编辑器][29]，同时也是Go语言的合作开发人。（同里奇）共同获得1983年的[图灵奖][30]，1994年获[IEEE计算机先驱奖][31]，1998年获颁[美国国家科技创新奖章][32]。在1997年入选[计算机历史博物馆名人录][33]。 + +评论: “... 可能是有史以来最能成事的程序员了。Unix内核，Unix用具，国际象棋程序世界冠军Belle，Plan 9，Go语言。” [Pete Prokopowicz][34] + +“肯所做出的贡献，据我所知无人能及，是如此的根本、实用、经得住时间的考验，时至今日仍在使用。” [Jan Jannink][35] + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_richard_stallman-620x465-100502868-orig.jpg) + +图片来源： Jiel Beaumadier CC BY-SA 3.0 + +### 理查德·斯托曼 ### + +**成就： Emacs和GCC缔造者** + +生平： 成立了[GNU工程] [36]，并创造了许多的核心工具，如[Emacs, GCC, GDB][37]和[GNU Make][38]。还创办了[自由软件基金会] [39]。1990 荣获ACM[葛丽丝·穆雷·霍普奖][40]，[1998获EFF先驱奖][41]. + +评论: “... 在Symbolics对阵LMI的战斗中，独自一人与一众Lisp黑客好手对码。” [Srinivasan Krishnan][42] + +“通过他在编程上的造诣与强大信念，开辟了一整套编程与计算机的亚文化。” [Dan Dunay][43] + +“我可以不赞同这位伟人的很多方面，但不可否认无论活着还是死去，他都已经是一位伟大的程序员了。” [Marko Poutiainen][44] + +“试想Linux如果没有GNU工程的前期工作。斯托曼就是这个炸弹包，哟。” [John Burnette][45] + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_anders_hejlsberg-620x465-100502873-orig.jpg) + +图片来源： [D.Begley CC BY 2.0][46] + +### 安德斯·海尔斯伯格 ### + +**成就： 创造了Turbo Pascal** + +生平： [Turbo Pascal的原作者][47]，是最流行的Pascal编译器和第一个集成开发环境。而后，[领导了Delphi][48]和下一代Turbo Pascal的构建。[C#的主要设计师和架构师][49]。2001年荣获[Dr. Dobb's杰出编程奖][50]。 + +评论: “他用汇编在主流PC操作系统day（DOS and CPM）上编写了[Pascal]的编译器。用它来编译、链接并运行仅需几秒钟而不是几分钟。” [Steve Wood][51] + +“我佩服他 - 他创造了我最喜欢的开发工具，陪伴着我度过了三个关键的时期直至我成为一位专业的软件工程师。” [Stefan Kiryazov][52] + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_doug_cutting-620x465-100502871-orig.jpg) + +图片来源： [vonguard CC BY-SA 2.0][53] + +### Doug Cutting ### + +**成就： 创造了Lucene** + +生平： [开发了Lucene搜索引擎、Web爬虫Nutch][54]和[对于大型数据集的分布式处理套件Hadoop][55]。一位强有力的开源支持者（Lucene、Nutch以及Hadoop都是开源的）。前[Apache软件基金的理事][56]。 + +评论: “...他就是那个即写出了优秀搜索框架(lucene/solr)，又为世界开启大数据之门(hadoop)的男人。” [Rajesh Rao][57] + +“他在Lucene和Hadoop（及其它工程）的创造/工作中为世界创造了巨大的财富和就业...” [Amit Nithianandan][58] + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_sanjay_ghemawat-620x465-100502876-orig.jpg) + +图片来源： [Association for Computing Machinery][59] + +### Sanjay Ghemawat ### + +**成就： 谷歌核心架构师** + +生平： [协助设计和实现了一些谷歌大型分布式系统的功能][60]，包括MapReduce、BigTable、Spanner和谷歌文件系统。[创造了Unix的 ical][61]日历系统。2009年入选[国家工程院][62]。2012年荣获[ACM-Infosys基金计算机科学奖][63]。 + +评论： “Jeff Dean的僚机。” [Ahmet Alp Balkan][64] + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_jeff_dean-620x465-100502866-orig.jpg) + +图片来源： [Google][65] + +### Jeff Dean ### + +**成就： 谷歌索引搜索背后的大脑** + +生平： 协助设计和实现了[许多谷歌大型分布式系统的功能][66]，包括网页爬虫，索引搜索，AdSense，MapReduce，BigTable和Spanner。2009年入选[国家工程院][67]。2012年荣获ACM [SIGOPS马克·维瑟奖][68]及[ACM-Infosys基金计算机科学奖][69]。 + +评论: “... 带来的在数据挖掘（GFS、MapReduce、BigTable）上的突破。” [Natu Lauchande][70] + +“... 设计、构建并部署MapReduce和BigTable，和以及数不清的东西” [Erik Goldman][71] + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/09/linus_torvalds-620x465-100611765-orig.jpg) + +图片来源： [Krd CC BY-SA 4.0][72] + +### 林纳斯·托瓦兹 ### + +**成就： Linux缔造者** + +生平： 创造了[Linux内核][73]与[开源版本控制器Git][74]。收获了许多奖项和荣誉，包括有1998年的[EFF先驱奖][75]，2000年荣获[英国电脑学会授予的洛夫莱斯勋章][76]，2012年荣获[千禧技术奖][77]还有2014年[IEEE计算机学会授予的计算机先驱奖][78]。同样入选了2008年的[计算机历史博物馆名人录][79]与2012年的[网络名人堂][80]。 + +评论: “他只用了几年的时间就写出了Linux内核，而GNU Hurd（GNU开发的内核）历经25年的开发却丝毫没有准备发布的意思。他的成就就是带来了希望。” [Erich Ficker][81] + +“托沃兹可能是程序员的程序员。” [Dan Allen][82] + +“他真的很棒。” [Alok Tripathy][83] + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_john_carmack-620x465-100502867-orig.jpg) + +图片来源： [QuakeCon CC BY 2.0][84] + +### 约翰·卡马克 ### + +**成就： 毁灭战士缔造者** + +生平： ID社联合创始人，打造了德军总部3D、毁灭战士和雷神之锤等所谓的即使FPS游戏。引领了[切片适配更新（adaptive tile refresh）][86]， [二叉空间分割（binary space partitioning）][87]，表面缓存（surface caching）等开创性的计算机图像技术。2001年入选[互动艺术与科学学会名人堂][88]，2007年和2008年荣获工程技术类[艾美奖][89]并于2010年由[游戏开发者甄选奖][90]授予终生成就奖。 + +评论: “他在写第一个渲染引擎的时候不到20岁。这家伙这是个天才。我若有他四分之一的天赋便心满意足了。” [Alex Dolinsky][91] + +“... 德军总部3D,、毁灭战士还有雷神之锤在那时都是革命性的，影响了一代游戏设计师。” [dniblock][92] + +“一个周末他几乎可以写出任何东西....” [Greg Naughton][93] + +“他是编程界的莫扎特... [Chris Morris][94] + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_fabrice_bellard-620x465-100502870-orig.jpg) + +图片来源： [Duff][95] + +### 法布里斯·贝拉 ### + +**成就： 创造了QEMU** + +生平： 创造了[一系列耳熟能详的开源软件][96]，其中包括硬件模拟和虚拟化的平台QEMU，用于处理多媒体数据的FFmpeg，微型C编译器和 一个可执行文件压缩软件LZEXE。2000年和2001年[C语言混乱代码大赛的获胜者][97]并在2011年荣获[Google-O'Reilly开源奖][98]。[计算Pi最多位数][99]的前世界纪录保持着。 + +评论: “我觉得法布里斯·贝拉做的每一件事都是那么显著而又震撼。” [raphinou][100] + +“法布里斯·贝拉是世界上最高产的程序员...” [Pavan Yara][101] + +“他就像软件工程界的尼古拉·特斯拉。” [Michael Valladolid][102] + +“自80年代以来，他一直高产出一些列的成功作品。” [Michael Biggins][103] + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_jon_skeet-620x465-100502863-orig.jpg) + +图片来源： [Craig Murphy CC BY 2.0][104] + +### Jon Skeet ### + +**成就： Stack Overflow传说级贡献者** + +生平： Google工程师[深入解析C#][105]的作者。保持着[有史以来在Stack Overflow上最高的声誉][106]，平均每月解答390个问题。 + +评论: “他根本不需要调试器，只要他盯一下代码，错误之处自会原形毕露。” [Steven A. Lowe][107] + +“如果他的代码没有通过编译，那编译器应该道歉。” [Dan Dyer][108] + +“他根本不需要什么编程规范，他的代码就是编程规范。” [Anonymous][109] + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_image_adam_dangelo-620x465-100502875-orig.jpg) + +图片来源： [Philip Neustrom CC BY 2.0][110] + +### 亚当·安捷罗 ### + +**成就： Quora的创办人之一** + +生平： 还是Facebook工程师时，[为其搭建了news feed功能的基础][111]。直至其离开并联合创始了Quora，已经成为了Facebook的CTO和工程VP。2001年以高中生的身份在[美国计算机奥林匹克上第八位完成比赛][112]。2004年ACM国际大学生编程大赛[获得银牌的团队 - 加利福尼亚技术研究所][113]的成员。2005年入围Topcoder大学生[算法编程挑战赛][114]。 + +评论: “一位程序设计全才。” [Anonymous][115] + +"我做的每个好东西，他都已有了六个。" [Mark Zuckerberg][116] + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_petr_mitrichev-620x465-100502869-orig.jpg) + +图片来源： [Facebook][117] + +### Petr Mitrechev ### + +**成就： 有史以来最具竞技能力的程序员之一** + +生平： 在国际信息学奥林匹克中[两次获得金牌][118]（2000，2002）。在2006，[赢得Google Code Jam][119]同时也是[TopCoder Open算法大赛冠军][120]。也同样，两次赢得Facebook黑客杯（[2011][121]，[2013][122]）。写这篇文章的时候，[TopCoder榜中排第二][123] （即：Petr）、在[Codeforces榜同样排第二][124]。 + +评论： “他是竞技程序员的偶像，即使在印度也是如此...[Kavish Dwivedi][125] + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_gennady_korot-620x465-100502864-orig.jpg) + +图片来源： [Ishandutta2007 CC BY-SA 3.0][126] + +### Gennady Korotkevich ### + +**成就： 竞技编程小神童** + +生平： 国际信息学奥林匹克中最小参赛者(11岁)[6次获得金牌][127] (2007-2012)。2013年ACM国际大学生编程大赛[获胜队伍][128]成员及[2014 Facebook黑客杯][129]获胜者。写这篇文章的时候，[Codeforces榜排名第一][130] （即：Tourist）、[TopCoder榜第一][131]。 + +评论: “一个编程神童！” [Prateek Joshi][132] + +“Gennady真是棒，也是为什么我在白俄罗斯拥有一个强大开发团队的例证。” [Chris Howard][133] + +“Tourist真是天才” [Nuka Shrinivas Rao][134] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.itworld.com/article/2823547/enterprise-software/158256-superclass-14-of-the-world-s-best-living-programmers.html#slide1 + +作者：[Phil Johnson][a] +译者：[martin2011qi](https://github.com/martin2011qi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.itworld.com/author/Phil-Johnson/ +[1]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/tombullock/15713223772 +[2]:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Margaret_Hamilton_in_action.jpg +[3]:http://klabs.org/home_page/hamilton.htm +[4]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DWcITjqZtpU&feature=youtu.be&t=3m12s +[5]:http://www.htius.com/Articles/r12ham.pdf +[6]:http://www.htius.com/Articles/Inside_DBTF.htm +[7]:http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2003/sep/HQ_03281_Hamilton_Honor.html +[8]:http://www.nasa.gov/50th/50th_magazine/scientists.html +[9]:https://books.google.com/books?id=JcmV0wfQEoYC&pg=PA321&lpg=PA321&dq=ada+lovelace+award+1986&source=bl&ots=qGdBKsUa3G&sig=bkTftPAhM1vZ_3VgPcv-38ggSNo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBGoVChMI3paoxJHWxwIVA3I-Ch1whwPn#v=onepage&q=ada%20lovelace%20award%201986&f=false +[10]:http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11Hamilton.html 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+[131]:http://community.topcoder.com/tc?module=AlgoRank +[132]:http://www.quora.com/Computer-Programming/Who-is-the-best-programmer-in-the-world-right-now/answer/Prateek-Joshi +[133]:http://www.quora.com/Computer-Programming/Who-is-the-best-programmer-in-the-world-right-now/answer/Prateek-Joshi/comment/4720779 +[134]:http://www.quora.com/Computer-Programming/Who-is-the-best-programmer-in-the-world-right-now/answer/Prateek-Joshi/comment/4880549 From 7f0afaae3f14b763bc5d2947ef9bf675b65ad997 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Sun, 15 Nov 2015 21:29:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 071/176] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...tory Of Aix HP-UX Solaris BSD And LINUX.md | 64 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20151012 The Brief History Of Aix HP-UX Solaris BSD And LINUX.md b/translated/talk/20151012 The Brief History Of Aix HP-UX Solaris BSD And LINUX.md index 1ee2151703..b35c7b7ebf 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20151012 The Brief History Of Aix HP-UX Solaris BSD And LINUX.md +++ b/translated/talk/20151012 The Brief History Of Aix HP-UX Solaris BSD And LINUX.md @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ Aix, HP-UX, Solaris, BSD, 和 LINUX 简史 ================================================================================ ![](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/linux-712x445.png) -有句话说，当一扇门在你面前关上的时候，另一扇门就会打开。[Ken Thompson][1] 和 [Dennis Richie][2] 两个人就是最好的例子。他们俩是 **20世纪** 最优秀的信息技术专家，因为他们创造了 **UNIX**，最具影响力和创新性的软件之一。 +要记住，当一扇门在你面前关闭的时候，另一扇门就会打开。[Ken Thompson][1] 和 [Dennis Richie][2] 两个人就是这句名言很好的实例。他们俩是 **20世纪** 最优秀的信息技术专家，因为他们创造了 **UNIX**，最具影响力和创新性的软件之一。 ### UNIX 系统诞生于贝尔实验室 ### -**UNIX** 最开始的名字是 **UNICS** (**UN**iplexed **I**nformation and **C**omputing **S**ervice)，它有一个大家庭，并不是从石头里蹦出来的。UNIX的祖父是 **CTSS** (**C**ompatible **T**ime **S**haring **S**ystem)，它的父亲是 **Multics** (**MULT**iplexed **I**nformation and **C**omputing **S**ervice)，这个系统能支持大量用户通过交互式分时使用大型机。 +**UNIX** 最开始的名字是 **UNICS** (**UN**iplexed **I**nformation and **C**omputing **S**ervice)，它有一个大家庭，并不是从石头缝里蹦出来的。UNIX的祖父是 **CTSS** (**C**ompatible **T**ime **S**haring **S**ystem)，它的父亲是 **Multics** (**MULT**iplexed **I**nformation and **C**omputing **S**ervice)，这个系统能支持大量用户通过交互式分时使用大型机。 UNIX 诞生于 **1969** 年，由 **Ken Thompson** 以及后来加入的 **Dennis Richie** 共同完成。这两位优秀的研究员和科学家一起在一个**通用电子**和**麻省理工学院**的合作项目里工作，项目目标是开发一个叫 Multics 的交互式分时系统。 @@ -20,70 +20,70 @@ UNIX 的第一声啼哭是在一台 PDP-7 微型机上，它是 Thompson 测试 > “我们想要的不仅是一个优秀的编程环境，而是能围绕这个系统形成团体。按我们自己的经验，通过远程访问和分时共享主机实现的公共计算，本质上不只是用终端输入程序代替打孔机而已，而是鼓励密切沟通。”Dennis Richie 说。 -UNIX 是第一个靠近理想的系统，在这里程序员可以坐在机器前自由摆弄程序，探索各种可能性并随手测试。在 UNIX 整个生命周期里，因为大量因为其他操作系统限制而投身过来的高手做出的无私贡献，它的功能模型一直保持上升趋势。 +UNIX 是第一个靠近理想的系统，在这里程序员可以坐在机器前自由摆弄程序，探索各种可能性并随手测试。在 UNIX 整个生命周期里，它吸引了大量因其他操作系统限制而投身过来的高手做出无私贡献，因此它的功能模型一直保持上升趋势。 UNIX 在 1970 年因为 PDP-11/20 获得了首次资金注入，之后正式更名为 UNIX 并支持在 PDP-11/20 上运行。UNIX 带来的第一次收获是在 1971 年，贝尔实验室的专利部门配备来做文字处理。 ### UNIX 上的 C 语言革命 ### -Dennis Richie 在 1972 年发明了一种叫 “**C**” 的高级编程语言，之后他和 Ken Thompson 决定用 “C” 重写 UNIX 系统，来支持更好的移植性。他们在那一年里编写和调试了差不多 100,000 行代码。在使用了 “C” 语言后，系统可移植性非常好，只需要修改一小部分机器相关的代码就可以将 UNIX 移植到其他计算机平台上。 +Dennis Richie 在 1972 年发明了一种叫 “**C**” 的高级编程语言 ，之后他和 Ken Thompson 决定用 “C” 重写 UNIX 系统，来支持更好的移植性。他们在那一年里编写和调试了差不多 100,000 行代码。在使用了 “C” 语言后，系统可移植性非常好，只需要修改一小部分机器相关的代码就可以将 UNIX 移植到其他计算机平台上。 -UNIX 第一次公开露面是在 1973 年 Dennis Ritchie 和 Ken Thompson 在操作系统原理上发表的一篇论文，然后 AT&T 发布了 UNIX 系统第 5 版，并授权给教育机构使用，然后在 1976 年第一次以 **$20.000** 的价格授权企业使用 UNIX 第 6 版。应用最广泛的是 1980 年发布的 UNIX 第 7 版，任何人都可以购买，只是授权条款非常有限。授权内容包括源代码，以及用 PDP-11 汇编语言写的及其相关内核。各种版本 UNIX 系统完全由它的用户手册确定。 +UNIX 第一次公开露面是 1973 年 Dennis Ritchie 和 Ken Thompson 在操作系统原理上发表的一篇论文，然后 AT&T 发布了 UNIX 系统第 5 版，并授权给教育机构使用，然后在 1976 年第一次以 **$20.000** 的价格授权企业使用 UNIX 第 6 版。应用最广泛的是 1980 年发布的 UNIX 第 7 版，任何人都可以购买授权，只是授权条款非常有限。授权内容包括源代码，以及用 PDP-11 汇编语言写的及其相关内核。反正，各种版本 UNIX 系统完全由它的用户手册确定。 ### AIX 系统 ### -在 **1983** 年，**Microsoft** 计划开发 **Xenix** 作为 MS-DOS 的多用户版继任者，他们在那一年花了 $8,000 搭建了一台拥有 **512 KB** 内存以及 **10 MB**硬盘并运行 Xenix 的 Altos 586。而到 1984 年为止，全世界已经安装了超过 100,000 份 UNIX System V 第二版。在 1986 年发布了包含因特网域名服务的 4.3BSD，而且 **IBM** 宣布 **AIX 系统**的安装数已经超过 250,000。AIX 基于 Unix System V 开发，这套系统拥有 BSD 风格的根文件系统，是两者的结合。 - -AIX 第一次引入了 **日志文件系统 (JFS)** 以及集成逻辑卷管理器 (LVM)。IBM 在 1989 年将 AIX 移植到自己的 RS/6000 平台。2001 年发布的 5L 版是一个突破性的版本，提供了 Linux 友好性以及支持 Power4 服务器的逻辑分区。 - +在 **1983** 年，**Microsoft** 计划开发 **Xenix** 作为 MS-DOS 的多用户版继任者，他们在那一年花了 $8,000 搭建了一台拥有 **512 KB** 内存以及 **10 MB**硬盘并运行 Xenix 的 Altos 586。而到 1984 年为止，全世界 UNIX System V 第二版的安装数量已经超过了 100,000 。在 1986 年发布了包含因特网域名服务的 4.3BSD，而且 **IBM** 宣布 **AIX 系统**的安装数已经超过 250,000。AIX 基于 Unix System V 开发，这套系统拥有 BSD 风格的根文件系统，是两者的结合。 + +AIX 第一次引入了 **日志文件系统 (JFS)** 以及集成逻辑卷管理器 (LVM)。IBM 在 1989 年将 AIX 移植到自己的 RS/6000 平台。2001 年发布的 5L 版是一个突破性的版本，提供了 Linux 友好性以及支持 Power4 服务器的逻辑分区。 + 在 2004 年发布的 AIX 5.3 引入了支持 Advanced Power Virtualization (APV) 的虚拟化技术，支持对称多线程，微分区，以及可分享的处理器池。 - + 在 2007 年，IBM 同时发布 AIX 6.1 和 Power6 架构，开始加强自己的虚拟化产品。他们还将 Advanced Power Virtualization 重新包装成 PowerVM。 - + 这次改进包括被称为 WPARs 的负载分区形式，类似于 Solaris 的 zones/Containers，但是功能更强。 ### HP-UX 系统 ### - + **惠普 UNIX (HP-UX)** 源于 System V 第 3 版。这套系统一开始只支持 PA-RISC HP 9000 平台。HP-UX 第 1 版发布于 1984 年。 - + HP-UX 第 9 版引入了 SAM，一个基于角色的图形用户界面 (GUI)，用户可以用来管理整个系统。在 1995 年发布的第 10 版，调整了系统文件分布以及目录结构，变得有点类似 AT&T SVR4。 - + 第 11 版发布于 1997 年。这是 HP 第一个支持 64 位寻址的版本。不过在 2000 年重新发布成 11i，因为 HP 为特定的信息技术目的，引入了操作环境和分级应用的捆绑组。 - + 在 2001 年发布的 11.20 版宣称支持 Itanium 系统。HP-UX 是第一个使用 ACLs（访问控制列表）管理文件权限的 UNIX 系统，也是首先支持内建逻辑卷管理器的系统之一。 - + 如今，HP-UX 因为 HP 和 Veritas 的合作关系使用了 Veritas 作为主文件系统。 - + HP-UX 目前最新的版是 11iv3, update 4。 ### Solaris 系统 ### - + Sun 的 UNIX 版本是 **Solaris**，用来接替 1992 年创建的 **SunOS**。SunOS 一开始基于 BSD（伯克利软件发行版）风格的 UNIX，但是 SunOS 5.0 版以及之后的版本都是基于重新包装成 Solaris 的 Unix System V 第 4 版。 - + SunOS 1.0 版于 1983 年发布，用于支持 Sun-1 和 Sun-2 平台。随后在 1985 年发布了 2.0 版。在 1987 年，Sun 和 AT&T 宣布合作一个项目以 SVR4 为基础将 System V 和 BSD 合并成一个版本。 - + Solaris 2.4 是 Sun 发布的第一个 Sparc/x86 版本。1994 年 11 月份发布的 SunOS 4.1.4 版是最后一个版本。Solaris 7 是首个 64 位 Ultra Sparc 版本，加入了对文件系统元数据记录的原生支持。 - + Solaris 9 发布于 2002 年，支持 Linux 特性以及 Solaris 卷管理器。之后，2005 年发布了 Solaris 10，带来许多创新，比如支持 Solaris Containers，新的 ZFS 文件系统，以及逻辑域。 - + 目前 Solaris 最新的版本是 第 10 版，最后的更新发布于 2008 年。 ### Linux ### - + 到了 1991 年，用来替代商业操作系统的免费系统的需求日渐高涨。因此 **Linus Torvalds** 开始构建一个免费操作系统，最终成为 **Linux**。Linux 最开始只有一些 “C” 文件，并且使用了阻止商业发行的授权。Linux 是一个类 UNIX 系统但又不尽相同。 -2015 年 发布了基于 GNU Public License 授权的 3.18 版。IBM 声称有超过 1800 万行开源代码开放给开发者。 - +2015 年 发布了基于 GNU Public License 授权的 3.18 版。IBM 声称有超过 1800 万行开源代码开放给开发者。 + 如今 GNU Public License 是应用最广泛的免费软件授权方式。根据开源软件原则，这份授权允许个人和企业自由分发，运行，通过拷贝共享，学习，以及修改软件源码。 ### UNIX vs. Linux: 技术概要 ### - -- Linux 鼓励多样性，Linux 的开发人员有更宽广的背景，有更多不同经验和意见。 -- Linux 比 UNIX 支持更多的平台和架构。 -- UNIX 商业版本的开发人员会为他们的操作系统考虑特定目标平台以及用户。 -- **Linux 比 UNIX 有更好的安全性**，更少受病毒或恶意软件攻击。Linux 上大约有 60-100 种病毒，但是没有任何一种还在传播。另一方面，UNIX 上大约有 85-120 种病毒，但是其中有一些还在传播中。 -- 通过 UNIX 命令，系统上的工具和元素很少改变，甚至很多接口和命令行参数在后续 UNIX 版本中一直沿用。 -- 有些 Linux 开发项目以自愿为基础进行资助，比如 Debian。其他项目会维护一个和商业 Linux 的社区版，比如 SUSE 的 openSUSE 以及红帽的 Fedora。 + +- Linux 鼓励多样性，Linux 的开发人员有更宽广的背景，有更多不同经验和意见。 +- Linux 比 UNIX 支持更多的平台和架构。 +- UNIX 商业版本的开发人员会为他们的操作系统考虑特定目标平台以及用户。 +- **Linux 比 UNIX 有更好的安全性**，更少受病毒或恶意软件攻击。Linux 上大约有 60-100 种病毒，但是没有任何一种还在传播。另一方面，UNIX 上大约有 85-120 种病毒，但是其中有一些还在传播中。 +- 通过 UNIX 命令，系统上的工具和元素很少改变，甚至很多接口和命令行参数在后续 UNIX 版本中一直沿用。 +- 有些 Linux 开发项目以自愿为基础进行资助，比如 Debian。其他项目会维护一个和商业 Linux 的社区版，比如 SUSE 的 openSUSE 以及红帽的 Fedora。 - 传统 UNIX 是扩大规模，而另一方面 Linux 是扩大范围。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From d982b37a3ba54754e2c2b53cb42cf81029befd20 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Sun, 15 Nov 2015 22:14:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 072/176] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...f History Of Aix HP-UX Solaris BSD And LINUX.md | 14 +++++++------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20151012 The Brief History Of Aix HP-UX Solaris BSD And LINUX.md b/translated/talk/20151012 The Brief History Of Aix HP-UX Solaris BSD And LINUX.md index b35c7b7ebf..921f1a57aa 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20151012 The Brief History Of Aix HP-UX Solaris BSD And LINUX.md +++ b/translated/talk/20151012 The Brief History Of Aix HP-UX Solaris BSD And LINUX.md @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ AIX 第一次引入了 **日志文件系统 (JFS)** 以及集成逻辑卷管理 **惠普 UNIX (HP-UX)** 源于 System V 第 3 版。这套系统一开始只支持 PA-RISC HP 9000 平台。HP-UX 第 1 版发布于 1984 年。 -HP-UX 第 9 版引入了 SAM，一个基于角色的图形用户界面 (GUI)，用户可以用来管理整个系统。在 1995 年发布的第 10 版，调整了系统文件分布以及目录结构，变得有点类似 AT&T SVR4。 +HP-UX 第 9 版引入了 SAM，一个基于字符的图形用户界面 (GUI)，用户可以用来管理整个系统。在 1995 年发布的第 10 版，调整了系统文件分布以及目录结构，变得有点类似 AT&T SVR4。 第 11 版发布于 1997 年。这是 HP 第一个支持 64 位寻址的版本。不过在 2000 年重新发布成 11i，因为 HP 为特定的信息技术目的，引入了操作环境和分级应用的捆绑组。 @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ HP-UX 第 9 版引入了 SAM，一个基于角色的图形用户界面 (GUI)， 如今，HP-UX 因为 HP 和 Veritas 的合作关系使用了 Veritas 作为主文件系统。 -HP-UX 目前最新的版是 11iv3, update 4。 +HP-UX 目前的最新版本是 11iv3, update 4。 ### Solaris 系统 ### @@ -70,21 +70,21 @@ Solaris 9 发布于 2002 年，支持 Linux 特性以及 Solaris 卷管理器。 ### Linux ### -到了 1991 年，用来替代商业操作系统的免费系统的需求日渐高涨。因此 **Linus Torvalds** 开始构建一个免费操作系统，最终成为 **Linux**。Linux 最开始只有一些 “C” 文件，并且使用了阻止商业发行的授权。Linux 是一个类 UNIX 系统但又不尽相同。 +到了 1991 年，用来替代商业操作系统的免费系统的需求日渐高涨。因此 **Linus Torvalds** 开始构建一个免费的操作系统，最终成为 **Linux**。Linux 最开始只有一些 “C” 文件，并且使用了阻止商业发行的授权。Linux 是一个类 UNIX 系统但又不尽相同。 2015 年 发布了基于 GNU Public License 授权的 3.18 版。IBM 声称有超过 1800 万行开源代码开放给开发者。 -如今 GNU Public License 是应用最广泛的免费软件授权方式。根据开源软件原则，这份授权允许个人和企业自由分发，运行，通过拷贝共享，学习，以及修改软件源码。 +如今 GNU Public License 是应用最广泛的免费软件授权方式。根据开源软件原则，这份授权允许个人和企业自由分发、运行、通过拷贝共享、学习，以及修改软件源码。 ### UNIX vs. Linux: 技术概要 ### -- Linux 鼓励多样性，Linux 的开发人员有更宽广的背景，有更多不同经验和意见。 +- Linux 鼓励多样性，Linux 的开发人员有更广阔的背景，有更多不同经验和意见。 - Linux 比 UNIX 支持更多的平台和架构。 - UNIX 商业版本的开发人员会为他们的操作系统考虑特定目标平台以及用户。 - **Linux 比 UNIX 有更好的安全性**，更少受病毒或恶意软件攻击。Linux 上大约有 60-100 种病毒，但是没有任何一种还在传播。另一方面，UNIX 上大约有 85-120 种病毒，但是其中有一些还在传播中。 - 通过 UNIX 命令，系统上的工具和元素很少改变，甚至很多接口和命令行参数在后续 UNIX 版本中一直沿用。 - 有些 Linux 开发项目以自愿为基础进行资助，比如 Debian。其他项目会维护一个和商业 Linux 的社区版，比如 SUSE 的 openSUSE 以及红帽的 Fedora。 -- 传统 UNIX 是扩大规模，而另一方面 Linux 是扩大范围。 +- 传统 UNIX 是纵向扩展，而另一方面 Linux 是横向扩展。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ via: http://www.unixmen.com/brief-history-aix-hp-ux-solaris-bsd-linux/ 作者：[M.el Khamlichi][a] 译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 73be1ee0b48ccaf1d54f564f7b5f689168622057 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Sun, 15 Nov 2015 23:47:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 073/176] give-up MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 最近比较忙，放弃这篇翻译。 --- .../20151012 Remember sed and awk All Linux admins should.md | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151012 Remember sed and awk All Linux admins should.md b/sources/tech/20151012 Remember sed and awk All Linux admins should.md index c0b3aded0b..67a6641393 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151012 Remember sed and awk All Linux admins should.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151012 Remember sed and awk All Linux admins should.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -translating by Ezio - Remember sed and awk? All Linux admins should ================================================================================ ![](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/03/linux-100573790-primary.idge.jpg) From 289ad20c8a1663c00aa09cddcf1bcf0fcbe85542 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 16 Nov 2015 00:12:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 074/176] PUB:20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux @geekpi --- ...-How to change default Java version on Linux.md | 14 ++++++-------- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux.md (75%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux.md b/published/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux.md similarity index 75% rename from translated/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux.md rename to published/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux.md index c48274edf0..a2daadcc11 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux.md +++ b/published/20151105 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change default Java version on Linux.md @@ -1,15 +1,13 @@ -Linux又问必答-- 如何在Linux中改变默认的Java版本 +Linux 有问必答：如何在 Linux 中改变默认的 Java 版本 ================================================================================ -> **提问**：当我尝试在Linux中运行一个Java程序时，我遇到了一个错误。看上去像程序编译所使用的Javab版本与我本地的不同。我该如何在Linux上切换默认的Java版本？ +> **提问**：当我尝试在Linux中运行一个Java程序时，我遇到了一个错误。看上去像程序编译所使用的Java版本与我本地的不同。我该如何在Linux上切换默认的Java版本？ -> -> Exception in thread "main" java.lang.UnsupportedClassVersionError: com/xmodulo/hmon/gui/NetConf : Unsupported major.minor version 51.0 -当Java程序编译时，编译环境会设置一个“target”变量来设置程序可以运行的最低Java版本。如果你Linux系统上运行的程序不满足最低的JRE版本要求，那么你会在运行的时候遇到下面的错误。 +当Java程序编译时，编译环境会设置一个“target”变量来设置程序可以运行的最低Java版本。如果你Linux系统上运行的程序不能满足最低的JRE版本要求，那么你会在运行的时候遇到下面的错误。 Exception in thread "main" java.lang.UnsupportedClassVersionError: com/xmodulo/hmon/gui/NetConf : Unsupported major.minor version 51.0 -比如，这种情况下程序在Java JRE 1.7下编译，但是系统只有Java JRE 1.6。 +比如，程序在Java JRE 1.7下编译，但是系统只有Java JRE 1.6。 要解决这个问题，你需要改变默认的Java版本到Java JRE 1.7或者更高（假设JRE已经安装了）。 @@ -21,7 +19,7 @@ Linux又问必答-- 如何在Linux中改变默认的Java版本 本例中，总共安装了4个不同的Java版本：OpenJDK JRE 1.6、Oracle Java JRE 1.6、OpenJDK JRE 1.7 和 Oracle Java JRE 1.7。现在默认的Java版本是OpenJDK JRE 1.6。 -如果没有安装需要的Java JRE,你可以参考[这些指导][1]来完成安装。 +如果没有安装需要的Java JRE，你可以参考[这些指导][1]来完成安装。 现在有可用的候选版本，你可以用下面的命令在可用的Java JRE之间**切换默认的Java版本**： @@ -45,7 +43,7 @@ via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/change-default-java-version-linux.html 作者：[Dan Nanni][a] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 5aeb2ff2c1eb7bccf2494ec554ae39b6ea8e8403 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 16 Nov 2015 01:09:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 075/176] PUB:20151027 How to Use SSHfs to Mount a Remote Filesystem on Linux @ictlyh --- ...se SSHfs to Mount a Remote Filesystem on Linux.md | 12 ++++++------ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20151027 How to Use SSHfs to Mount a Remote Filesystem on Linux.md (73%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20151027 How to Use SSHfs to Mount a Remote Filesystem on Linux.md b/published/20151027 How to Use SSHfs to Mount a Remote Filesystem on Linux.md similarity index 73% rename from translated/tech/20151027 How to Use SSHfs to Mount a Remote Filesystem on Linux.md rename to published/20151027 How to Use SSHfs to Mount a Remote Filesystem on Linux.md index 9d25041535..cd2274071f 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20151027 How to Use SSHfs to Mount a Remote Filesystem on Linux.md +++ b/published/20151027 How to Use SSHfs to Mount a Remote Filesystem on Linux.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ 如何在 Linux 上使用 SSHfs 挂载一个远程文件系统 ================================================================================ -你有想通过安全 shell 挂载一个远程文件系统到本地的经历吗？如果有的话，SSHfs 也许就是你所需要的。它通过使用 SSH 和 Fuse（LCTT 译注：Filesystem in Userspace，用户态文件系统，是 Linux 中用于挂载某些网络空间，如 SSH，到本地文件系统的模块） 允许你挂载远程计算机（或者服务器）到本地。 +你曾经想过用安全 shell 挂载一个远程文件系统到本地吗？如果有的话，SSHfs 也许就是你所需要的。它通过使用 SSH 和 Fuse（LCTT 译注：Filesystem in Userspace，用户态文件系统，是 Linux 中用于挂载某些网络空间，如 SSH，到本地文件系统的模块） 允许你挂载远程计算机（或者服务器）到本地。 **注意**： 这篇文章假设你明白[SSH 如何工作并在你的系统中配置 SSH][1]。 @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ 如果你使用的不是 Ubuntu，那就在你的发行版软件包管理器中搜索软件包名称。最好搜索和 fuse 或 SSHfs 相关的关键字，因为取决于你运行的系统，软件包名称可能稍微有些不同。 -在你的系统上安装完软件包之后，就该创建 fuse 组了。在你安装 fuse 的时候，应该会在你的系统上创建一个组。如果没有的话，在终端窗口中输入以下命令以便在你的 Linux 系统中创建组： +在你的系统上安装完软件包之后，就该创建好 fuse 组了。在你安装 fuse 的时候，应该会在你的系统上创建一个组。如果没有的话，在终端窗口中输入以下命令以便在你的 Linux 系统中创建组： sudo groupadd fuse @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ ![sshfs 添加用户到组 fuse](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/sshfs-add-user-to-fuse-group.png) -别担心上面命令的 `$USER`。shell 会自动用你自己的用户名替换。处理了和组相关的事之后，就是时候创建要挂载远程文件的目录了。 +别担心上面命令的 `$USER`。shell 会自动用你自己的用户名替换。处理了和组相关的工作之后，就是时候创建要挂载远程文件的目录了。 mkdir ~/remote_folder @@ -54,9 +54,9 @@ ### 总结 ### -在 Linux 上有很多工具可以用于访问远程文件并挂载到本地。如之前所说，如果有的话，也只有很少的工具能充分利用 SSH 的强大功能。我希望在这篇指南的帮助下，也能认识到 SSHfs 是一个多么强大的工具。 +在 Linux 上有很多工具可以用于访问远程文件并挂载到本地。但是如之前所说，如果有的话，也只有很少的工具能充分利用 SSH 的强大功能。我希望在这篇指南的帮助下，也能认识到 SSHfs 是一个多么强大的工具。 -你觉得 SSHfs 怎么样呢？在线的评论框里告诉我们吧！ +你觉得 SSHfs 怎么样呢？在下面的评论框里告诉我们吧！ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/sshfs-mount-remote-filesystem-linux/ 作者：[Derrik Diener][a] 译者：[ictlyh](http://mutouxiaogui.cn/blog/) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 0897a9664758ee36fb72f42c318cf32aa3ebc014 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ricky Gong Date: Mon, 16 Nov 2015 13:45:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 076/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151105=20To=20Do=20List=20=E7=BF=BB?= =?UTF-8?q?=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md b/sources/tech/20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md index 8977e0a420..1fdc126604 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Ricky-Gong 翻译中 + How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application ================================================================================ ![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-featured1.jpg) @@ -81,4 +83,4 @@ via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/to-do-lists-ubuntu-go-for-it/ [a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/himanshu/ [1]:http://manuel-kehl.de/projects/go-for-it/ -[2]:http://todotxt.com/ \ No newline at end of file +[2]:http://todotxt.com/ From 89dc32b3f5d72b5584d3569df996ff4192fb8dd3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Mon, 16 Nov 2015 16:27:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 077/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151116-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...nswers--How to install Node.js on Linux.md | 90 +++++++++++++++++++ ...ronment variable automatically on Linux.md | 48 ++++++++++ 2 files changed, 138 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Node.js on Linux.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Node.js on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Node.js on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fed809541e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Node.js on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Node.js on Linux +================================================================================ +> **Question**: How can I install Node.js on [insert your Linux distro]? + +[Node.js][1] is a server-side software platform built on Google's V8 JavaScript engine. Node.js has become a popular choice for building high-performance server-side applications all in JavaScript. What makes Node.js even more attractive for backend server development is the [huge ecosystem][2] of Node.js libraries and applications. Node.js comes with a command line utility called npm which allows you to easily install, version-control, and manage dependencies of Node.js libraries and applications from the vast npm online repository. + +In this tutorial, I will describe **how to install Node.js on major Linux distros including Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora and CentOS**. + +Node.js is available as a pre-built package on some distros (e.g., Fedora or Ubuntu), while you need to install it from its source on other distros. As Node.js is fast evolving, it is recommended to install the latest Node.js from its source, instead of installing an outdated pre-built package. The lasted Node.js comes with npm (Node.js package manager) bundled, allowing you to install external Node.js modules easily. + +### Install Node.js on Debian ### + +Starting from Debian 8 (Jessie), Node.js is available in the official repositories. Thus you can install it with: + + $ sudo apt-get install npm + +On Debian 7 (Wheezy) or earlier, you can install Node.js from its source as follows. + + $ sudo apt-get install python g++ make + $ wget http://nodejs.org/dist/node-latest.tar.gz + $ tar xvfvz node-latest.tar.gz + $ cd node-v0.10.21 (replace a version with your own) + $ ./configure + $ make + $ sudo make install + +### Install Node.js on Ubuntu or Linux Mint ### + +Node.js is included in Ubuntu (13.04 and higher). Thus installation is straightforward. The following will install Node.js and npm. + + $ sudo apt-get install npm + $ sudo ln -s /usr/bin/nodejs /usr/bin/node + +While stock Ubuntu ships Node.js, you can install a more recent version from [its PPA][3]. + + $ sudo apt-get install python-software-properties python g++ make + $ sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:chris-lea/node.js + $ sudo apt-get update + $ sudo apt-get install npm + +### Install Node.js on Fedora ### + +Node.js is included in the base repository of Fedora. Therefore you can use yum to install Node.js on Fedora. + + $ sudo yum install npm + +If you want to install the latest version of Node.js, you can build it from its source as follows. + + $ sudo yum groupinstall 'Development Tools' + $ wget http://nodejs.org/dist/node-latest.tar.gz + $ tar xvfvz node-latest.tar.gz + $ cd node-v0.10.21 (replace a version with your own) + $ ./configure + $ make + $ sudo make install + +### Install Node.js on CentOS or RHEL ### + +To install Node.js with yum package manager on CentOS, first enable EPEL repository, and then run: + + $ sudo yum install npm + +If you want to build the latest Node.js on CentOS, follow the same procedure as in Fedora. + +### Install Node.js on Arch Linux ### + +Node.js is available in the Arch Linux community repository. Thus installation is as simple as running: + + $ sudo pacman -S nodejs npm + +### Check the Version of Node.js ### + +Once you have installed Node.js, you can check Node.js version as follows. + + $ node --version + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-node-js-linux.html + +作者：[Dan Nanni][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/author/nanni +[1]:http://nodejs.org/ +[2]:https://www.npmjs.com/ +[3]:https://launchpad.net/~chris-lea/+archive/node.js \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ac64916ccf --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux +================================================================================ +> **Question**: I need to compile a Java program on my Linux box. For that I already installed JDK (Java Development Kit), and now I'm trying to set JAVA_HOME environment variable to point to the installed JDK. What is the recommended way to set JAVA_HOME environment variable on Linux? + +Many Java programs or Java-based IDE environments require JAVA_HOME environment variable being set. This environment variable is supposed to point to the top directory where the Java development kit (JDK) or Java runtime environment (JRE) is installed. The JDK contains everything the JRE offers, but also provides additional binaries and libraries needed to compile Java programs (e.g., compilers, debugger, JavaDoc). While the JDK is needed to build Java applications, the JRE alone is sufficient to simply run already built Java programs. + +When you are trying to set JAVA_HOME environment variable, the complication is that JAVA_HOME variable will change depending on (1) whether you installed JDK or JRE, (2) which version of JDK/JRE you installed, and (3) whether you installed Oracle JDK or Open JDK. + +So whenever your build or run-time environment changes (e.g., upgrade to a newer JDK), you need to adjust JAVA_HOME accordingly, which is cumbersome. + +The following export commands will allow you to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically regardless of these factors. + +If you installed JRE: + + export JAVA_HOME=$(dirname $(dirname $(readlink -f $(which java)))) + +If you installed JDK: + + export JAVA_HOME=$(dirname $(dirname $(readlink -f $(which javac)))) + +Place either of the above commands in ~/.bashrc (or /etc/profile) depending on you installed JDK or JRE, and it will set JAVA_HOME permanently. + +Note that "readlink -f" command is used to get the canonical path since java or javac can be set up with multiple symlinks. + +For example, if you installed Oracle JRE 7, the first export command will automatically set JAVA_HOME to: + + /usr/lib/jvm/java-7-oracle/jre + +If you installed Open JDK version 8, the second export command will set JAVA_HOME to: + + /usr/lib/jvm/java-8-openjdk-amd64 + +![](https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/700/22961948071_c73a3261dd_c.jpg) + +In short, these export commands will automatically update JAVA_HOME variable as you re-install/upgrade your JDK/JRE packages or [change default Java version][1]. No need to adjust JAVA_HOME manually. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/set-java_home-environment-variable-linux.html + +作者：[Dan Nanni][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/author/nanni +[1]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/change-default-java-version-linux.html \ No newline at end of file From e37f2d0eed4bba26d95f408de0509acc17f7eb55 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: KS Date: Mon, 16 Nov 2015 17:52:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 078/176] Create 20150831 Linux workstation security checklist.md --- ...31 Linux workstation security checklist.md | 487 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 487 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20150831 Linux workstation security checklist.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20150831 Linux workstation security checklist.md b/translated/tech/20150831 Linux workstation security checklist.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..11155a48e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20150831 Linux workstation security checklist.md @@ -0,0 +1,487 @@ +Linux平台安全备忘录 +================================================================================ +这是一组Linux基金会自己系统管理员的推荐规范。所有Linux基金会的雇员都是远程工作，我们使用这套指导方针确保系统管理员的系统通过核心安全需求，降低我们平台成为攻击目标的风险。 + +即使你的系统管理员不用远程工作，很有可能的是，很多人的工作是在一个便携的笔记本上完成的，或者在业余时间或紧急时刻他们在工作平台中部署自己的家用系统。不论发生何种情况，你都能对应这个规范匹配到你的环境中。 + +这绝不是一个详细的“工作站加固”文档，可以说这是一个努力避免大多数明显安全错误导致太多不便的一组规范的底线。你可能阅读这个文档会认为它的方法太偏执，同时另一些人也许会认为这仅仅是一些肤浅的研究。安全就像在高速公路上开车 -- 任何比你开的慢的都是一个傻瓜，然而任何比你开的快的人都是疯子。这个指南仅仅是一些列核心安全规则，既不详细又不是替代经验，警惕，和常识。 + +每一节都分为两个部分： + +- 核对适合你项目的需求 +- 随意列出关心的项目，解释为什么这么决定 + +## 严重级别 + +在清单的每一个项目都包括严重级别，这些是我们希望能帮助指导你的决定： + +- _(关键)_ 项目应该在考虑列表上被明确的重视。如果不采取措施，将会导致你的平台安全出现高风险。 +- _(中等)_ 项目将改善你的安全形态，但不是很重要，尤其是如果他们太多的干涉你的工作流程。 +- _(低等)_ 项目也许会改善整体安全性，但是在便利权衡下也许并不值得。 +- _(可疑)_ 留作感觉会明显完善我们平台安全的项目，但是可能会需要大量的调整与操作系统交互的方式。 + +记住，这些只是参考。如果你觉得这些严重级别不能表达你的工程对安全承诺，正如你所见你应该调整他们为你合适的。 + +## 选择正确的硬件 + +我们禁止管理员使用一个特殊供应商或者一个特殊的型号，所以在选择工作系统时这部分是核心注意事项。 + +### 清单 + +- [ ] 系统支持安全启动 _(关键)_ +- [ ] 系统没有火线，雷电或者扩展卡接口 _(中等)_ +- [ ] 系统有TPM芯片 _(低)_ + +### 注意事项 + +#### 安全引导 + +尽管它是有争议的性质，安全引导提供了对抗很多针对平台的攻击（Rootkits, "Evil Maid,"等等），没有介绍太多额外的麻烦。它将不会停止真正专用的攻击者，加上有很大程度上,站点安全机构有办法应对它(可能通过设计),但是拥有安全引导总比什么都没有强。 + +作为选择，你也许部署了[Anti Evil Maid][1]提供更多健全的保护，对抗安全引导支持的攻击类型，但是它需要更多部署和维护的工作。 + +#### 系统没有火线，雷电或者扩展卡接口 + +火线是一个标准，故意的，允许任何连接设备完全直接内存访问你的系统（[查看维基百科][2]）。雷电接口和扩展卡同样有问题，虽然一些后来部署的雷电接口试图限制内存访问的范围。如果你没有这些系统端口，那是最好的，但是它并不严重，他们通常可以通过UEFI或内核本身禁用。 + +#### TPM芯片 + +可信平台模块（TPM）是主板上的一个与核心处理器单独分开的加密芯片，他可以用来增加平台的安全性（比如存储完整磁盘加密密钥），不过通常不用在日常平台操作。最多，这是个很好的存在，除非你有特殊需要使用TPM增加你平台安全性。 + +## 预引导环境 + +这是你开始安装系统前的一系列推荐规范。 + +### 清单 + +- [ ] 使用UEFI引导模式（不是传统BIOS）_(关键)_ +- [ ] 进入UEFI配置需要使用密码 _(关键)_ +- [ ] 使用安全引导 _(关键)_ +- [ ] 启动系统需要UEFI级别密码 _(低)_ + +### 注意事项 + +#### UEFI和安全引导 + +UEFI尽管有缺点，还是提供很多传统BIOS没有的好功能，比如安全引导。大多数现代的系统都默认使用UEFI模式。 + +UEFI配置模式密码要确保密码强度。注意，很多厂商默默地限制了你使用密码长度，所以对比长口令你也许应该选择高熵短密码（更多地密码短语看下面）。 + +基于你选择的Linux分支，你也许会也许不会跳过额外的圈子，以导入你的发行版的安全引导键，才允许你启动发行版。很多分支已经与微软合作大多数厂商给他们已发布的内核签订密钥，这已经是大多数厂商公认的了，因此为了避免问题你必须处理密钥导入。 + +作为一个额外的措施，在允许某人得到引导分区然后尝试做一些不好的事之前，让他们输入密码。为了防止肩窥，这个密码应该跟你的UEFI管理密码不同。如果你关闭启动太多，你也许该选择别把心思费在这上面，当你已经进入LUKS密码，这将为您节省一些额外的按键。 + +## 发行版选择注意事项 + +很有可能你会坚持一个广泛使用的发行版如Fedora，Ubuntu，Arch，Debian，或他们的一个类似分支。无论如何，这是你选择使用发行版应该考虑的。 + +### 清单 + +- [ ] 拥有一个强健的MAC/RBAC系统（SELinux/AppArmor/Grsecurity） _(关键)_ +- [ ] 公开的安全公告 _(关键)_ +- [ ] 提供及时的安全补丁 _(关键)_ +- [ ] 提供密码验证的包 _(关键)_ +- [ ] 完全支持UEFI和安全引导 _(关键)_ +- [ ] 拥有健壮的原生全磁盘加密支持 _(关键)_ + +### 注意事项 + +#### SELinux，AppArmor，和GrSecurity/PaX + +强制访问控制（MAC）或者基于角色的访问控制（RBAC）是一个POSIX系统遗留的基于用户或组的安全机制延伸。这些天大多数发行版已经绑定MAC/RBAC系统（Fedora，Ubuntu），或通过提供一种机制一个可选的安装后的步骤来添加它（Gentoo，Arch，Debian）。很明显，强烈建议您选择一个预装MAC/RBAC系统的分支，但是如果你对一个分支情有独钟，没有默认启用它，装完系统后应计划配置安装它。 + +应该坚决避免使用不带任何MAC/RBAC机制的分支，像传统的POSIX基于用户和组的安全在当今时代应该算是考虑不足。如果你想建立一个MAC/RBAC工作站，通常会考虑AppArmor和PaX，他们比SELinux更容易学习。此外，在一个工作站上，有很少或者没有额外的监听用户运行的应用造成的最高风险，GrSecurity/PaX_可能_会比SELinux提供更多的安全效益。 + +#### 发行版安全公告 + +大多数广泛使用的分支都有一个机制发送安全公告到他们的用户，但是如果你对一些机密感兴趣，查看开发人员是否有记录机制提醒用户安全漏洞和补丁。缺乏这样的机制是一个重要的警告信号，这个分支不够成熟,不能被视为主要管理工作站。 + +#### 及时和可靠的安全更新 + +多数常用的发行版提供的定期安全更新，但为确保关键包更新及时提供是值得检查的。避免使用分支和"社区重建"的原因是，由于不得不等待上游分支先发布它，他们经常延迟安全更新。 + +你如果找到一个在安装包，更新元数据，或两者上不使用加密签名的发行版，将会处于困境。这么说，常用的发行版多年前就已经知道这个基本安全的意义（Arch，我正在看你），所以这也是值得检查的。 + +#### 发行版支持UEFI和安全引导 + +检查发行版支持UEFI和安全引导。查明它是否需要导入额外的密钥或是否要求启动内核有一个已经被系统厂商信任的密钥签名（例如跟微软达成合作）。一些发行版不支持UEFI或安全启动，但是提供了替代品来确保防篡改或防破坏引导环境（[Qubes-OS][3]使用Anti Evil Maid，前面提到的）。如果一个发行版不支持安全引导和没有机制防止引导级别攻击，还是看看别的吧。 + +#### 全磁盘加密 + +全磁盘加密是保护静止数据要求，大多数发行版都支持。作为一个选择方案，系统自加密硬件驱动也许用来（通常通过主板TPM芯片实现）和提供类似安全级别加更快的选项，但是花费也更高。 + +## 发行版安装指南 + +所有发行版都是不同的，但是也有一些一般原则： + +### 清单 + +- [ ] 使用健壮的密码全磁盘加密（LUKS） _(关键)_ +- [ ] 确保交换分区也加密了 _(关键)_ +- [ ] 确保引导程序设置了密码（可以和LUKS一样） _(关键)_ +- [ ] 设置健壮的root密码（可以和LUKS一样） _(关键)_ +- [ ] 使用无特权账户登录，管理员组的一部分 _(关键)_ +- [ ] 设置强壮的用户登录密码，不同于root密码 _(关键)_ + +### 注意事项 + +#### 全磁盘加密 + +除非你正在使用自加密硬件设备，配置你的安装程序给磁盘完整加密用来存储你的数据与你的系统文件很重要。通过自动安装的cryptfs循环文件加密用户目录还不够简单（我正在看你，老版Ubuntu），这并没有给系统二进制文件或交换分区提供保护，它可能包含大量的敏感数据。推荐的加密策略是加密LVM设备，所以在启动过程中只需要一个密码。 + +`/boot`分区将一直保持非加密，当引导程序需要引导内核前，调用LUKS/dm-crypt。内核映像本身应该用安全引导加密签名检查防止被篡改。 + +换句话说，`/boot`应该是你系统上唯一没有加密的分区。 + +#### 选择好密码 + +现代的Linux系统没有限制密码口令长度，所以唯一的限制是你的偏执和倔强。如果你要启动你的系统，你将大概至少要输入两个不同的密码：一个解锁LUKS，另一个登陆，所以长密码将会使你老的很快。最好从丰富或混合的词汇中选择2-3个单词长度，容易输入的密码。 + +优秀密码例子（是的，你可以使用空格）： +- nature abhors roombas +- 12 in-flight Jebediahs +- perdon, tengo flatulence + +如果你更喜欢输入口令句，你也可以坚持使用无词汇密码但最少要10-12个字符长度。 + +除非你有人身安全的担忧，写下你的密码，并保存在一个远离你办公桌的安全的地方才合适。 + +#### Root，用户密码和管理组 + +我们建议，你的root密码和你的LUKS加密使用同样的密码（除非你共享你的笔记本给可信的人，他应该能解锁设备，但是不应该能成为root用户）。如果你是笔记本电脑的唯一用户,那么你的root密码与你的LUKS密码不同是没有意义的安全优势。通常，你可以使用同样的密码在你的UEFI管理，磁盘加密，和root登陆 -- 知道这些任意一个都会让攻击者完全控制您的系统，在单用户工作站上使这些密码不同，没有任何安全益处。 + +你应该有一个不同的，但同样强健的常规用户帐户密码用来每天工作。这个用户应该是管理组用户（例如`wheel`或者类似，根据分支），允许你执行`sudo`来提升权限。 + +换句话说，如果在你的工作站只有你一个用户，你应该有两个独特的，强健的，同样的强壮的密码需要记住： + +**管理级别**，用在以下区域： + +- UEFI管理 +- 引导程序（GRUB） +- 磁盘加密（LUKS） +- 工作站管理（root用户） + +**User-level**, used for the following: +**用户级别**，用在以下： + +- 用户登陆和sudo +- 密码管理器的主密码 + +很明显,如果有一个令人信服的理由他们所有可以不同。 + +## 安装后的加强 + +安装后的安全性加强在很大程度上取决于你选择的分支，所以在一个通用的文档中提供详细说明是徒劳的，例如这一个。然而,这里有一些你应该采取的步骤: + +### 清单 + +- [ ] 在全体范围内禁用火线和雷电模块 _(关键)_ +- [ ] 检查你的防火墙,确保过滤所有传入端口 _(关键)_ +- [ ] 确保root邮件转发到一个你可以查看到的账户 _(关键)_ +- [ ] 检查以确保sshd服务默认情况下是禁用的 _(中等)_ +- [ ] 建立一个系统自动更新任务,或更新提醒 _(中等)_ +- [ ] 配置屏幕保护程序在一段时间的不活动后自动锁定 _(中等)_ +- [ ] 建立日志监控 _(中等)_ +- [ ] 安装使用rkhunter _(低等)_ +- [ ] 安装一个入侵检测系统 _(偏执)_ + +### 注意事项 + +#### 黑名单模块 + +将火线和雷电模块列入黑名单，增加一行到`/etc/modprobe.d/blacklist-dma.conf`文件： + + blacklist firewire-core + blacklist thunderbolt + +重启后的模块将被列入黑名单。这样做是无害的，即使你没有这些端口(但也不做任何事)。 + +#### Root邮件 + +默认的root邮件只是存储在系统基本上没人读过。确保你设置了你的`/etc/aliases`来转发root邮件到你确实能读取的邮箱，否则你也许错过了重要的系统通知和报告： + + # Person who should get root's mail + root: bob@example.com + +编辑后这些后运行`newaliases`，然后测试它确保已投递，像一些邮件供应商将拒绝从没有或者不可达的域名的邮件。如果是这个原因，你需要配置邮件转发直到确实可用。 + +#### 防火墙，sshd，和监听进程 + +默认的防火墙设置将取决于您的发行版，但是大多数都允许`sshd`端口连入。除非你有一个令人信服的合理理由允许连入ssh，你应该过滤出来,禁用sshd守护进程。 + + systemctl disable sshd.service + systemctl stop sshd.service + +如果你需要使用它，你也可以临时启动它。 + +通常，你的系统不应该有任何侦听端口除了响应ping。这将有助于你对抗网络级别的零日漏洞利用。 + +#### 自动更新或通知 + +建议打开自动更新，除非你有一个非常好的理由不这么做，如担心自动更新将使您的系统无法使用（这是发生在过去,所以这种恐惧并非杞人忧天）。至少，你应该启用自动通知可用的更新。大多数发行版已经有这个服务自动运行，所以你不需要做任何事。查阅你的发行版文档查看更多。 + +你应该尽快应用所有明显的勘误，即使这些不是特别贴上“安全更新”或有关联的CVE代码。所有错误都潜在的安全漏洞和新的错误，比起坚持旧的，已知的错误，未知错误通常是更安全的策略。 + +#### 监控日志 + +你应该对你的系统上发生了什么很感兴趣。出于这个原因，你应该安装`logwatch`然后配置它每夜发送在你的系统上发生的任何事情的活动报告。这不会预防一个专业的攻击者，但是一个好安全网功能。 + +注意,许多systemd发行版将不再自动安装一个“logwatch”需要的syslog服务（由于systemd依靠自己的分类），所以你需要安装和启用“rsyslog”来确保使用logwatch之前你的/var/log不是空。 + +#### Rkhunter和IDS + +安装`rkhunter`和一个入侵检测系统（IDS）像`aide`或者`tripwire`将不会有用，除非你确实理解他们如何工作采取必要的步骤来设置正确（例如，保证数据库在额外的媒介，从可信的环境运行检测，记住执行系统更新和配置更改后要刷新数据库散列，等等）。如果你不愿在你的工作站执行这些步骤调整你如何工作，这些工具将带来麻烦没有任何实在的安全益处。 + +我们强烈建议你安装`rkhunter`并每晚运行它。它相当易于学习和使用，虽然它不会阻止一个复杂的攻击者，它也能帮助你捕获你自己的错误。 + +## 个人工作站备份 + +工作站备份往往被忽视，或无计划的做，常常是不安全的方式。 + +### 清单 + +- [ ] 设置加密备份工作站到外部存储 _(关键)_ +- [ ] 使用零认知云备份的备份工具 _(中等)_ + +### 注意事项 + +#### 全加密备份存到外部存储 + +把全部备份放到一个移动磁盘中比较方便，不用担心带宽和流速（在这个时代，大多数供应商仍然提供显著的不对称的上传/下载速度）。不用说，这个移动硬盘本身需要加密（又一次，通过LIKS），或者你应该使用一个备份工具建立加密备份，例如`duplicity`或者它的GUI版本，`deja-dup`。我建议使用后者并使用随机生成的密码，保存到你的密码管理器中。如果你带上笔记本去旅行，把这个磁盘留在家，以防你的笔记本丢失或被窃时可以找回备份。 + +除了你的家目录外，你还应该备份`/etc`目录和处于鉴定目的的`/var/log`目录。 + +首先是，避免拷贝你的家目录到任何非加密存储上，甚至是快速的在两个系统上移动文件，一旦完成你肯定会忘了清除它，暴露个人隐私或者安全信息到监听者手中 -- 尤其是把这个存储跟你的笔记本防盗同一个包里。 + +#### 零认知站外备份选择性 + +站外备份也是相当重要的，是否可以做到要么需要你的老板提供空间，要么找一家云服务商。你可以建一个单独的duplicity/deja-dup配置，只包括重要的文件，以免传输大量你不想备份的数据（网络缓存，音乐，下载等等）。 + +作为选择，你可以使用零认知备份工具，例如[SpiderOak][5]，它提供一个卓越的Linux GUI工具还有实用的特性，例如在多个系统或平台间同步内容。 + +## 最佳实践 + +下面是我们认为你应该采用的最佳实践列表。它当然不是非常详细的，而是试图提供实用的建议,一个可行的整体安全性和可用性之间的平衡 + +### 浏览 + +毫无疑问，在你的系统上web浏览器将是最大、最容易暴露的攻击层面的软件。它是专门下载和执行不可信，恶意代码的一个工具。它试图采用沙箱和代码卫生处理等多种机制保护你免受这种危险，但是在之前多个场合他们都被击败了。你应该学到浏览网站是最不安全的活动在你参与的任何一天。 + +有几种方法可以减少浏览器的影响，但真正有效的方法需要你操作您的工作站将发生显著的变化。 + +#### 1: 实用两个不同的浏览器 + +这很容易做到，但是只有很少的安全效益。并不是所有浏览器都妥协给攻击者完全自由访问您的系统 -- 有时他们只能允许一个读取本地浏览器存储，窃取其他标签的活动会话，捕获输入浏览器，例如，实用两个不同的浏览器，一个用在工作/高安全站点，另一个用在其他，有助于防止攻击者请求整个饼干罐的小妥协。主要的不便是两个不同的浏览器消耗内存大量。 + +我们建议： + +##### 火狐用来工作和高安全站点 + +使用火狐登陆工作有关的站点，应该额外关心的是确保数据如cookies，会话，登陆信息，打键次数等等，明显不应该落入攻击者手中。除了少数的几个网站，你不应该用这个浏览器访问其他网站。 + +你应该安装下面的火狐扩展： + +- [ ] NoScript _(关键)_ + - NoScript阻止活动内容加载，除非在用户白名单里的域名。跟你默认浏览器比它使用起来很麻烦（可是提供了真正好的安全效益），所以我们建议只在开启了它的浏览器上访问与工作相关的网站。 + +- [ ] Privacy Badger _(关键)_ + - EFF的Privacy Badger将在加载时预防大多数外部追踪器和广告平台，在这些追踪站点影响你的浏览器时将有助于避免妥协（追踪着和广告站点通常会成为攻击者的目标，因为他们会迅速影响世界各地成千上万的系统）。 + +- [ ] HTTPS Everywhere _(关键)_ + - 这个EFF开发的扩展将确保你访问的大多数站点都在安全连接上，甚至你点击的连接使用的是http://（有效的避免大多数的攻击，例如[SSL-strip][7]）。 + +- [ ] Certificate Patrol _(中等)_ + - 如果你正在访问的站点最近改变了他们的TLS证书 -- 特别是如果不是接近失效期或者现在使用不同的证书颁发机构，这个工具将会警告你。它有助于警告你是否有人正尝试中间人攻击你的连接，但是产生很多无害的假的类似情况。 + +你应该让火狐成为你的默认打开连接的浏览器，因为NoScript将在加载或者执行时阻止大多数活动内容。 + +##### 其他一切都用Chrome/Chromium + +Chromium开发者在增加很多很好的安全特性方面比火狐强（至少[在Linux上][6])），例如seccomp沙箱，内核用户名空间等等，这担当一个你访问网站和你其他系统间额外的隔离层。Chromium是流开源项目，Chrome是Google所有的基于它构建的包（使用它输入时要非常谨慎任，何你不想让谷歌知道的事情都不要使用它）。 + +有人推荐你在Chrome上也安装**Privacy Badger**和**HTTPS Everywhere**扩展，然后给他一个不同的主题，从火狐指出这是你浏览器“不信任的站点”。 + +#### 2: 使用两个不同浏览器，一个在专用的虚拟机里 + +这有点像上面建议的做法，除了您将添加一个额外的步骤，通过快速访问协议运行专用虚拟机内部Chrome，允许你共享剪贴板和转发声音事件（如，Spice或RDP）。这将在不可信的浏览器和你其他的工作环境之间添加一个优秀的隔离层，确保攻击者完全危害你的浏览器将不得不另外打破VM隔离层，以达到系统的其余部分。 + +这是一个出奇可行的结构,但是需要大量的RAM和高速处理器可以处理增加的负载。这还需要一个重要的奉献的管理员需要相应地调整自己的工作实践。 + +#### 3: 通过虚拟化完全隔离你的工作和娱乐环境 + +看[Qubes-OS项目][3]，它致力于通过划分你的应用到完全独立分开的VM中，提供高安全工作环境。 + +### 密码管理器 + +#### 清单 + +- [ ] 使用密码管理器 _(关键)_ +- [ ] 不相关的站点使用不同的密码 _(关键)_ +- [ ] 使用支持团队共享的密码管理器 _(中等)_ +- [ ] 给非网站用户使用一个单独的密码管理器 _(偏执)_ + +#### 注意事项 + +使用好的，唯一的密码对你的团队成员来说应该是非常关键的需求。证书盗取一直在发生 — 要么通过中间计算机，盗取数据库备份，远程站点利用，要么任何其他的打算。证书从不应该通过站点被重用，尤其是关键的应用。 + + +##### 浏览器中的密码管理器 + +每个浏览器有一个比较安全的保存密码机制，通过供应商的机制可以同步到云存储同事用户提供密码保证数据加密。无论如何，这个机制有严重的劣势： + + +1. 不能跨浏览器工作 +2. 不提供任何与团队成员共享凭证的方法 + +也有一些良好的支持，免费或便宜的密码管理器，很好的融合到多个浏览器，跨平台工作，提供小组共享（通常是支付服务）。可以很容易地通过搜索引擎找到解决方案。 + +##### 独立的密码管理器 + +任何密码管理器都有一个主要的缺点，与浏览器结合，事实上是应用的一部分，这样最有可能被入侵者攻击。如果这让你不舒服（应该这样），你应该选择两个不同的密码管理器 -- 一个集成在浏览器中用来保存网站密码，一个作为独立运行的应用。后者可用于存储高风险凭证如root密码，数据库密码，其他shell账户凭证等。 + +有这样的工具可以特别有效的在团腿成员间共享超级用户的凭据（服务器根密码，ILO密码，数据库管理密码，引导装载程序密码等等）。 + +这几个工具可以帮助你： + +- [KeePassX][8]，2版中改善了团队共享 +- [Pass][9]，它使用了文本文件和PGP并与git结合 +- [Django-Pstore][10]，他是用GPG在管理员之间共享凭据 +- [Hiera-Eyaml][11]，如果你已经在你的平台中使用了Puppet，可以便捷的追踪你的服务器/服务凭证，像你的Hiera加密数据的一部分。 + +### 加固SSH和PGP私钥 + +个人加密密钥，包括SSH和PGP私钥，都是你工作站中最重要的物品 -- 攻击将在获取到感兴趣的东西，这将允许他们进一步攻击你的平台或冒充你为其他管理员。你应该采取额外的步骤，确保你的私钥免遭盗窃。 + +#### 清单 + +- [ ] 强壮的密码用来保护私钥 _(关键)_ +- [ ] PGP的主密码保存在移动存储中 _(中等)_ +- [ ] 身份验证、签名和加密注册表子项存储在智能卡设备 _(中等)_ +- [ ] SSH配置为使用PGP认证密钥作为ssh私钥 _(中等)_ + +#### 注意事项 + +防止私钥被偷的最好方式是使用一个智能卡存储你的加密私钥，不要拷贝到工作平台上。有几个厂商提供支持OpenPGP的设备： + +- [Kernel Concepts][12]，在这里可以采购支持OpenPGP的智能卡和USB读取器，你应该需要一个。 +- [Yubikey NEO][13]，这里提供OpenPGP功能的智能卡还提供很多很酷的特性（U2F, PIV, HOTP等等）。 + +确保PGP主密码没有存储在工作平台也很重要，只有子密码在使用。主密钥只有在登陆其他的密钥和创建子密钥时使用 — 不经常发生这种操作。你可以照着[Debian的子密钥][14]向导来学习如何移动你的主密钥到移动存储和创建子密钥。 + +你应该配置你的gnupg代理作为ssh代理然后使用基于智能卡PGP认证密钥作为你的ssh私钥。我们公布了一个细节向导如何使用智能卡读取器或Yubikey NEO。 + +如果你不想那么麻烦，最少要确保你的PGP私钥和你的SSH私钥有个强健的密码，这将让攻击者很难盗取使用它们。 + +### 工作站上的SELinux + +如果你使用的发行版绑定了SELinux（如Fedora），这有些如何使用它的建议，让你的工作站达到最大限度的安全。 + +#### 清单 + +- [ ] 确保你的工作站强制使用SELinux _(关键)_ +- [ ] 不要盲目的执行`audit2allow -M`，经常检查 _(关键)_ +- [ ] 从不 `setenforce 0` _(中等)_ +- [ ] 切换你的用户到SELinux用户`staff_u` _(中等)_ + +#### 注意事项 + +SELinux是一个强制访问控制（MAC）为POSIX许可核心功能扩展。它是成熟，强健，自从它推出以来已经有很长的路了。不管怎样，许多系统管理员现在重复过时的口头禅“关掉它就行。” + +话虽如此，在工作站上SELinux还是限制了安全效益，像很多应用都要作为一个用户自由的运行。开启它有益于给网络提供足够的保护，有可能有助于防止攻击者通过脆弱的后台服务提升到root级别的权限用户。 + +我们的建议是开启它并强制使用。 + +##### 从不`setenforce 0` + +使用`setenforce 0`短时间内把SELinux设置为许可模式，但是你应该避免这样做。其实你是想查找一个特定应用或者程序的问题，实际上这样是把全部系统的SELinux关闭了。 + +你应该使用`semanage permissive -a [somedomain_t]`替换`setenforce 0`，只把这个程序放入许可模式。首先运行`ausearch`查看那个程序发生问题： + + ausearch -ts recent -m avc + +然后看下`scontext=`（SELinux的上下文）行，像这样： + + scontext=staff_u:staff_r:gpg_pinentry_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 + ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +这告诉你程序`gpg_pinentry_t`被拒绝了，所以你想查看应用的故障，应该增加它到许可模式： + + semange permissive -a gpg_pinentry_t + +这将允许你使用应用然后收集AVC的其他部分，你可以连同`audit2allow`写一个本地策略。一旦完成你就不会看到新的AVC的拒绝，你可以从许可中删除程序，运行： + + semanage permissive -d gpg_pinentry_t + +##### 用SELinux的用户staff_r，使用你的工作站 + +SELinux附带的本地角色实现基于角色的用户帐户禁止或授予某些特权。作为一个管理员，你应该使用`staff_r`角色，这可以限制访问很多配置和其他安全敏感文件，除非你先执行`sudo`。 + +默认，用户作为`unconfined_r`被创建，你可以运行大多数应用，没有任何（或只有一点）SELinux约束。转换你的用户到`staff_r`角色，运行下面的命令： + + usermod -Z staff_u [username] + +你应该退出然后登陆激活新角色，届时如果你运行`id -Z`，你将会看到： + + staff_u:staff_r:staff_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 + +在执行`sudo`时，你应该记住增加一个额外的标准告诉SELinux转换到"sysadmin"角色。你想要的命令是： + + sudo -i -r sysadm_r + +届时`id -Z`将会显示： + + staff_u:sysadm_r:sysadm_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 + +**警告**：在进行这个切换前你应该舒服的使用`ausearch`和`audit2allow`，当你作为`staff_r`角色运行时你的应用有可能不再工作了。写到这里时，以下流行的应用已知在`staff_r`下没有做策略调整就不会工作： + +- Chrome/Chromium +- Skype +- VirtualBox + +切换回`unconfined_r`，运行下面的命令： + + usermod -Z unconfined_u [username] + +然后注销再重新回到舒服的区域。 + +## 延伸阅读 + +IT安全的世界是一个没有底的兔子洞。如果你想深入，或者找到你的具体发行版更多的安全特性，请查看下面这些链接： + +- [Fedora Security Guide](https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/19/html/Security_Guide/index.html) +- [CESG Ubuntu Security Guide](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/end-user-devices-security-guidance-ubuntu-1404-lts) +- [Debian Security Manual](https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/index.en.html) +- [Arch Linux Security Wiki](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Security) +- [Mac OSX Security](https://www.apple.com/support/security/guides/) + +## 许可 + +这项工作在[创作共用授权4.0国际许可证][0]许可下。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://github.com/lfit/itpol/blob/master/linux-workstation-security.md#linux-workstation-security-list + +作者：[mricon][a] +译者：[wyangsun](https://github.com/wyangsun) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://github.com/mricon +[0]: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[1]: https://github.com/QubesOS/qubes-antievilmaid +[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394#Security_issues +[3]: https://qubes-os.org/ +[4]: https://xkcd.com/936/ +[5]: https://spideroak.com/ +[6]: https://code.google.com/p/chromium/wiki/LinuxSandboxing +[7]: http://www.thoughtcrime.org/software/sslstrip/ +[8]: https://keepassx.org/ +[9]: http://www.passwordstore.org/ +[10]: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/django-pstore +[11]: https://github.com/TomPoulton/hiera-eyaml +[12]: http://shop.kernelconcepts.de/ +[13]: https://www.yubico.com/products/yubikey-hardware/yubikey-neo/ +[14]: https://wiki.debian.org/Subkeys +[15]: https://github.com/lfit/ssh-gpg-smartcard-config From 690eff85309eb4f5b8510a39b3ed645e8dd2d9c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: KS Date: Mon, 16 Nov 2015 17:52:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 079/176] Delete 20150831 Linux workstation security checklist.md --- ...31 Linux workstation security checklist.md | 801 ------------------ 1 file changed, 801 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20150831 Linux workstation security checklist.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20150831 Linux workstation security checklist.md b/sources/tech/20150831 Linux workstation security checklist.md deleted file mode 100644 index 9ef46339d0..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20150831 Linux workstation security checklist.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,801 +0,0 @@ -wyangsun translating -Linux workstation security checklist -================================================================================ -This is a set of recommendations used by the Linux Foundation for their systems -administrators. All of LF employees are remote workers and we use this set of -guidelines to ensure that a sysadmin's system passes core security requirements -in order to reduce the risk of it becoming an attack vector against the rest -of our infrastructure. - -Even if your systems administrators are not remote workers, chances are that -they perform a lot of their work either from a portable laptop in a work -environment, or set up their home systems to access the work infrastructure -for after-hours/emergency support. In either case, you can adapt this set of -recommendations to suit your environment. - -This, by no means, is an exhaustive "workstation hardening" document, but -rather an attempt at a set of baseline recommendations to avoid most glaring -security errors without introducing too much inconvenience. You may read this -document and think it is way too paranoid, while someone else may think this -barely scratches the surface. Security is just like driving on the highway -- -anyone going slower than you is an idiot, while anyone driving faster than you -is a crazy person. These guidelines are merely a basic set of core safety -rules that is neither exhaustive, nor a replacement for experience, vigilance, -and common sense. - -Each section is split into two areas: - -- The checklist that can be adapted to your project's needs -- Free-form list of considerations that explain what dictated these decisions - -## Severity levels - -The items in each checklist include the severity level, which we hope will help -guide your decision: - -- _(CRITICAL)_ items should definitely be high on the consideration list. - If not implemented, they will introduce high risks to your workstation - security. -- _(MODERATE)_ items will improve your security posture, but are less - important, especially if they interfere too much with your workflow. -- _(LOW)_ items may improve the overall security, but may not be worth the - convenience trade-offs. -- _(PARANOID)_ is reserved for items we feel will dramatically improve your - workstation security, but will probably require a lot of adjustment to the - way you interact with your operating system. - -Remember, these are only guidelines. If you feel these severity levels do not -reflect your project's commitment to security, you should adjust them as you -see fit. - -## Choosing the right hardware - -We do not mandate that our admins use a specific vendor or a specific model, so -this section addresses core considerations when choosing a work system. - -### Checklist - -- [ ] System supports SecureBoot _(CRITICAL)_ -- [ ] System has no firewire, thunderbolt or ExpressCard ports _(MODERATE)_ -- [ ] System has a TPM chip _(LOW)_ - -### Considerations - -#### SecureBoot - -Despite its controversial nature, SecureBoot offers prevention against many -attacks targeting workstations (Rootkits, "Evil Maid," etc), without -introducing too much extra hassle. It will not stop a truly dedicated attacker, -plus there is a pretty high degree of certainty that state security agencies -have ways to defeat it (probably by design), but having SecureBoot is better -than having nothing at all. - -Alternatively, you may set up [Anti Evil Maid][1] which offers a more -wholesome protection against the type of attacks that SecureBoot is supposed -to prevent, but it will require more effort to set up and maintain. - -#### Firewire, thunderbolt, and ExpressCard ports - -Firewire is a standard that, by design, allows any connecting device full -direct memory access to your system ([see Wikipedia][2]). Thunderbolt and -ExpressCard are guilty of the same, though some later implementations of -Thunderbolt attempt to limit the scope of memory access. It is best if the -system you are getting has none of these ports, but it is not critical, as -they usually can be turned off via UEFI or disabled in the kernel itself. - -#### TPM Chip - -Trusted Platform Module (TPM) is a crypto chip bundled with the motherboard -separately from the core processor, which can be used for additional platform -security (such as to store full-disk encryption keys), but is not normally used -for day-to-day workstation operation. At best, this is a nice-to-have, unless -you have a specific need to use TPM for your workstation security. - -## Pre-boot environment - -This is a set of recommendations for your workstation before you even start -with OS installation. - -### Checklist - -- [ ] UEFI boot mode is used (not legacy BIOS) _(CRITICAL)_ -- [ ] Password is required to enter UEFI configuration _(CRITICAL)_ -- [ ] SecureBoot is enabled _(CRITICAL)_ -- [ ] UEFI-level password is required to boot the system _(LOW)_ - -### Considerations - -#### UEFI and SecureBoot - -UEFI, with all its warts, offers a lot of goodies that legacy BIOS doesn't, -such as SecureBoot. Most modern systems come with UEFI mode on by default. - -Make sure a strong password is required to enter UEFI configuration mode. Pay -attention, as many manufacturers quietly limit the length of the password you -are allowed to use, so you may need to choose high-entropy short passwords vs. -long passphrases (see below for more on passphrases). - -Depending on the Linux distribution you decide to use, you may or may not have -to jump through additional hoops in order to import your distribution's -SecureBoot key that would allow you to boot the distro. Many distributions have -partnered with Microsoft to sign their released kernels with a key that is -already recognized by most system manufacturers, therefore saving you the -trouble of having to deal with key importing. - -As an extra measure, before someone is allowed to even get to the boot -partition and try some badness there, let's make them enter a password. This -password should be different from your UEFI management password, in order to -prevent shoulder-surfing. If you shut down and start a lot, you may choose to -not bother with this, as you will already have to enter a LUKS passphrase and -this will save you a few extra keystrokes. - -## Distro choice considerations - -Chances are you'll stick with a fairly widely-used distribution such as Fedora, -Ubuntu, Arch, Debian, or one of their close spin-offs. In any case, this is -what you should consider when picking a distribution to use. - -### Checklist - -- [ ] Has a robust MAC/RBAC implementation (SELinux/AppArmor/Grsecurity) _(CRITICAL)_ -- [ ] Publishes security bulletins _(CRITICAL)_ -- [ ] Provides timely security patches _(CRITICAL)_ -- [ ] Provides cryptographic verification of packages _(CRITICAL)_ -- [ ] Fully supports UEFI and SecureBoot _(CRITICAL)_ -- [ ] Has robust native full disk encryption support _(CRITICAL)_ - -### Considerations - -#### SELinux, AppArmor, and GrSecurity/PaX - -Mandatory Access Controls (MAC) or Role-Based Access Controls (RBAC) are an -extension of the basic user/group security mechanism used in legacy POSIX -systems. Most distributions these days either already come bundled with a -MAC/RBAC implementation (Fedora, Ubuntu), or provide a mechanism to add it via -an optional post-installation step (Gentoo, Arch, Debian). Obviously, it is -highly advised that you pick a distribution that comes pre-configured with a -MAC/RBAC system, but if you have strong feelings about a distribution that -doesn't have one enabled by default, do plan to configure it -post-installation. - -Distributions that do not provide any MAC/RBAC mechanisms should be strongly -avoided, as traditional POSIX user- and group-based security should be -considered insufficient in this day and age. If you would like to start out -with a MAC/RBAC workstation, AppArmor and PaX are generally considered easier -to learn than SELinux. Furthermore, on a workstation, where there are few or -no externally listening daemons, and where user-run applications pose the -highest risk, GrSecurity/PaX will _probably_ offer more security benefits than -SELinux. - -#### Distro security bulletins - -Most of the widely used distributions have a mechanism to deliver security -bulletins to their users, but if you are fond of something esoteric, check -whether the developers have a documented mechanism of alerting the users about -security vulnerabilities and patches. Absence of such mechanism is a major -warning sign that the distribution is not mature enough to be considered for a -primary admin workstation. - -#### Timely and trusted security updates - -Most of the widely used distributions deliver regular security updates, but is -worth checking to ensure that critical package updates are provided in a -timely fashion. Avoid using spin-offs and "community rebuilds" for this -reason, as they routinely delay security updates due to having to wait for the -upstream distribution to release it first. - -You'll be hard-pressed to find a distribution that does not use cryptographic -signatures on packages, updates metadata, or both. That being said, fairly -widely used distributions have been known to go for years before introducing -this basic security measure (Arch, I'm looking at you), so this is a thing -worth checking. - -#### Distros supporting UEFI and SecureBoot - -Check that the distribution supports UEFI and SecureBoot. Find out whether it -requires importing an extra key or whether it signs its boot kernels with a key -already trusted by systems manufacturers (e.g. via an agreement with -Microsoft). Some distributions do not support UEFI/SecureBoot but offer -alternatives to ensure tamper-proof or tamper-evident boot environments -([Qubes-OS][3] uses Anti Evil Maid, mentioned earlier). If a distribution -doesn't support SecureBoot and has no mechanisms to prevent boot-level attacks, -look elsewhere. - -#### Full disk encryption - -Full disk encryption is a requirement for securing data at rest, and is -supported by most distributions. As an alternative, systems with -self-encrypting hard drives may be used (normally implemented via the on-board -TPM chip) and offer comparable levels of security plus faster operation, but at -a considerably higher cost. - -## Distro installation guidelines - -All distributions are different, but here are general guidelines: - -### Checklist - -- [ ] Use full disk encryption (LUKS) with a robust passphrase _(CRITICAL)_ -- [ ] Make sure swap is also encrypted _(CRITICAL)_ -- [ ] Require a password to edit bootloader (can be same as LUKS) _(CRITICAL)_ -- [ ] Set up a robust root password (can be same as LUKS) _(CRITICAL)_ -- [ ] Use an unprivileged account, part of administrators group _(CRITICAL)_ -- [ ] Set up a robust user-account password, different from root _(CRITICAL)_ - -### Considerations - -#### Full disk encryption - -Unless you are using self-encrypting hard drives, it is important to configure -your installer to fully encrypt all the disks that will be used for storing -your data and your system files. It is not sufficient to simply encrypt the -user directory via auto-mounting cryptfs loop files (I'm looking at you, older -versions of Ubuntu), as this offers no protection for system binaries or swap, -which is likely to contain a slew of sensitive data. The recommended -encryption strategy is to encrypt the LVM device, so only one passphrase is -required during the boot process. - -The `/boot` partition will always remain unencrypted, as the bootloader needs -to be able to actually boot the kernel before invoking LUKS/dm-crypt. The -kernel image itself should be protected against tampering with a cryptographic -signature checked by SecureBoot. - -In other words, `/boot` should always be the only unencrypted partition on your -system. - -#### Choosing good passphrases - -Modern Linux systems have no limitation of password/passphrase length, so the -only real limitation is your level of paranoia and your stubbornness. If you -boot your system a lot, you will probably have to type at least two different -passwords: one to unlock LUKS, and another one to log in, so having long -passphrases will probably get old really fast. Pick passphrases that are 2-3 -words long, easy to type, and preferably from rich/mixed vocabularies. - -Examples of good passphrases (yes, you can use spaces): -- nature abhors roombas -- 12 in-flight Jebediahs -- perdon, tengo flatulence - -You can also stick with non-vocabulary passwords that are at least 10-12 -characters long, if you prefer that to typing passphrases. - -Unless you have concerns about physical security, it is fine to write down your -passphrases and keep them in a safe place away from your work desk. - -#### Root, user passwords and the admin group - -We recommend that you use the same passphrase for your root password as you -use for your LUKS encryption (unless you share your laptop with other trusted -people who should be able to unlock the drives, but shouldn't be able to -become root). If you are the sole user of the laptop, then having your root -password be different from your LUKS password has no meaningful security -advantages. Generally, you can use the same passphrase for your UEFI -administration, disk encryption, and root account -- knowing any of these will -give an attacker full control of your system anyway, so there is little -security benefit to have them be different on a single-user workstation. - -You should have a different, but equally strong password for your regular user -account that you will be using for day-to-day tasks. This user should be member -of the admin group (e.g. `wheel` or similar, depending on the distribution), -allowing you to perform `sudo` to elevate privileges. - -In other words, if you are the sole user on your workstation, you should have 2 -distinct, robust, equally strong passphrases you will need to remember: - -**Admin-level**, used in the following locations: - -- UEFI administration -- Bootloader (GRUB) -- Disk encryption (LUKS) -- Workstation admin (root user) - -**User-level**, used for the following: - -- User account and sudo -- Master password for the password manager - -All of them, obviously, can be different if there is a compelling reason. - -## Post-installation hardening - -Post-installation security hardening will depend greatly on your distribution -of choice, so it is futile to provide detailed instructions in a general -document such as this one. However, here are some steps you should take: - -### Checklist - -- [ ] Globally disable firewire and thunderbolt modules _(CRITICAL)_ -- [ ] Check your firewalls to ensure all incoming ports are filtered _(CRITICAL)_ -- [ ] Make sure root mail is forwarded to an account you check _(CRITICAL)_ -- [ ] Check to ensure sshd service is disabled by default _(MODERATE)_ -- [ ] Set up an automatic OS update schedule, or update reminders _(MODERATE)_ -- [ ] Configure the screensaver to auto-lock after a period of inactivity _(MODERATE)_ -- [ ] Set up logwatch _(MODERATE)_ -- [ ] Install and use rkhunter _(LOW)_ -- [ ] Install an Intrusion Detection System _(PARANOID)_ - -### Considerations - -#### Blacklisting modules - -To blacklist a firewire and thunderbolt modules, add the following lines to a -file in `/etc/modprobe.d/blacklist-dma.conf`: - - blacklist firewire-core - blacklist thunderbolt - -The modules will be blacklisted upon reboot. It doesn't hurt doing this even if -you don't have these ports (but it doesn't do anything either). - -#### Root mail - -By default, root mail is just saved on the system and tends to never be read. -Make sure you set your `/etc/aliases` to forward root mail to a mailbox that -you actually read, otherwise you may miss important system notifications and -reports: - - # Person who should get root's mail - root: bob@example.com - -Run `newaliases` after this edit and test it out to make sure that it actually -gets delivered, as some email providers will reject email coming in from -nonexistent or non-routable domain names. If that is the case, you will need to -play with your mail forwarding configuration until this actually works. - -#### Firewalls, sshd, and listening daemons - -The default firewall settings will depend on your distribution, but many of -them will allow incoming `sshd` ports. Unless you have a compelling legitimate -reason to allow incoming ssh, you should filter that out and disable the `sshd` -daemon. - - systemctl disable sshd.service - systemctl stop sshd.service - -You can always start it temporarily if you need to use it. - -In general, your system shouldn't have any listening ports apart from -responding to ping. This will help safeguard you against network-level 0-day -exploits. - -#### Automatic updates or notifications - -It is recommended to turn on automatic updates, unless you have a very good -reason not to do so, such as fear that an automatic update would render your -system unusable (it's happened in the past, so this fear is not unfounded). At -the very least, you should enable automatic notifications of available updates. -Most distributions already have this service automatically running for you, so -chances are you don't have to do anything. Consult your distribution -documentation to find out more. - -You should apply all outstanding errata as soon as possible, even if something -isn't specifically labeled as "security update" or has an associated CVE code. -All bugs have the potential of being security bugs and erring on the side of -newer, unknown bugs is _generally_ a safer strategy than sticking with old, -known ones. - -#### Watching logs - -You should have a keen interest in what happens on your system. For this -reason, you should install `logwatch` and configure it to send nightly activity -reports of everything that happens on your system. This won't prevent a -dedicated attacker, but is a good safety-net feature to have in place. - -Note, that many systemd distros will no longer automatically install a syslog -server that `logwatch` needs (due to systemd relying on its own journal), so -you will need to install and enable `rsyslog` to make sure your `/var/log` is -not empty before logwatch will be of any use. - -#### Rkhunter and IDS - -Installing `rkhunter` and an intrusion detection system (IDS) like `aide` or -`tripwire` will not be that useful unless you actually understand how they work -and take the necessary steps to set them up properly (such as, keeping the -databases on external media, running checks from a trusted environment, -remembering to refresh the hash databases after performing system updates and -configuration changes, etc). If you are not willing to take these steps and -adjust how you do things on your own workstation, these tools will introduce -hassle without any tangible security benefit. - -We do recommend that you install `rkhunter` and run it nightly. It's fairly -easy to learn and use, and though it will not deter a sophisticated attacker, -it may help you catch your own mistakes. - -## Personal workstation backups - -Workstation backups tend to be overlooked or done in a haphazard, often unsafe -manner. - -### Checklist - -- [ ] Set up encrypted workstation backups to external storage _(CRITICAL)_ -- [ ] Use zero-knowledge backup tools for cloud backups _(MODERATE)_ - -### Considerations - -#### Full encrypted backups to external storage - -It is handy to have an external hard drive where one can dump full backups -without having to worry about such things like bandwidth and upstream speeds -(in this day and age most providers still offer dramatically asymmetric -upload/download speeds). Needless to say, this hard drive needs to be in itself -encrypted (again, via LUKS), or you should use a backup tool that creates -encrypted backups, such as `duplicity` or its GUI companion, `deja-dup`. I -recommend using the latter with a good randomly generated passphrase, stored in -your password manager. If you travel with your laptop, leave this drive at home -to have something to come back to in case your laptop is lost or stolen. - -In addition to your home directory, you should also back up `/etc` and -`/var/log` for various forensic purposes. - -Above all, avoid copying your home directory onto any unencrypted storage, even -as a quick way to move your files around between systems, as you will most -certainly forget to erase it once you're done, exposing potentially private or -otherwise security sensitive data to snooping hands -- especially if you keep -that storage media in the same bag with your laptop. - -#### Selective zero-knowledge backups off-site - -Off-site backups are also extremely important and can be done either to your -employer, if they offer space for it, or to a cloud provider. You can set up a -separate duplicity/deja-dup profile to only include most important files in -order to avoid transferring huge amounts of data that you don't really care to -back up off-site (internet cache, music, downloads, etc). - -Alternatively, you can use a zero-knowledge backup tool, such as -[SpiderOak][5], which offers an excellent Linux GUI tool and has additional -useful features such as synchronizing content between multiple systems and -platforms. - -## Best practices - -What follows is a curated list of best practices that we think you should -adopt. It is most certainly non-exhaustive, but rather attempts to offer -practical advice that strikes a workable balance between security and overall -usability. - -### Browsing - -There is no question that the web browser will be the piece of software with -the largest and the most exposed attack surface on your system. It is a tool -written specifically to download and execute untrusted, frequently hostile -code. It attempts to shield you from this danger by employing multiple -mechanisms such as sandboxes and code sanitization, but they have all been -previously defeated on multiple occasions. You should learn to approach -browsing websites as the most insecure activity you'll engage in on any given -day. - -There are several ways you can reduce the impact of a compromised browser, but -the truly effective ways will require significant changes in the way you -operate your workstation. - -#### 1: Use two different browsers - -This is the easiest to do, but only offers minor security benefits. Not all -browser compromises give an attacker full unfettered access to your system -- -sometimes they are limited to allowing one to read local browser storage, -steal active sessions from other tabs, capture input entered into the browser, -etc. Using two different browsers, one for work/high security sites, and -another for everything else will help prevent minor compromises from giving -attackers access to the whole cookie jar. The main inconvenience will be the -amount of memory consumed by two different browser processes. - -Here's what we recommend: - -##### Firefox for work and high security sites - -Use Firefox to access work-related sites, where extra care should be taken to -ensure that data like cookies, sessions, login information, keystrokes, etc, -should most definitely not fall into attackers' hands. You should NOT use -this browser for accessing any other sites except select few. - -You should install the following Firefox add-ons: - -- [ ] NoScript _(CRITICAL)_ - - NoScript prevents active content from loading, except from user - whitelisted domains. It is a great hassle to use with your default browser - (though offers really good security benefits), so we recommend only - enabling it on the browser you use to access work-related sites. - -- [ ] Privacy Badger _(CRITICAL)_ - - EFF's Privacy Badger will prevent most external trackers and ad platforms - from being loaded, which will help avoid compromises on these tracking - sites from affecting your browser (trackers and ad sites are very commonly - targeted by attackers, as they allow rapid infection of thousands of - systems worldwide). - -- [ ] HTTPS Everywhere _(CRITICAL)_ - - This EFF-developed Add-on will ensure that most of your sites are accessed - over a secure connection, even if a link you click is using http:// (great - to avoid a number of attacks, such as [SSL-strip][7]). - -- [ ] Certificate Patrol _(MODERATE)_ - - This tool will alert you if the site you're accessing has recently changed - their TLS certificates -- especially if it wasn't nearing expiration dates - or if it is now using a different certification authority. It helps - alert you if someone is trying to man-in-the-middle your connection, - but generates a lot of benign false-positives. - -You should leave Firefox as your default browser for opening links, as -NoScript will prevent most active content from loading or executing. - -##### Chrome/Chromium for everything else - -Chromium developers are ahead of Firefox in adding a lot of nice security -features (at least [on Linux][6]), such as seccomp sandboxes, kernel user -namespaces, etc, which act as an added layer of isolation between the sites -you visit and the rest of your system. Chromium is the upstream open-source -project, and Chrome is Google's proprietary binary build based on it (insert -the usual paranoid caution about not using it for anything you don't want -Google to know about). - -It is recommended that you install **Privacy Badger** and **HTTPS Everywhere** -extensions in Chrome as well and give it a distinct theme from Firefox to -indicate that this is your "untrusted sites" browser. - -#### 2: Use two different browsers, one inside a dedicated VM - -This is a similar recommendation to the above, except you will add an extra -step of running Chrome inside a dedicated VM that you access via a fast -protocol, allowing you to share clipboards and forward sound events (e.g. -Spice or RDP). This will add an excellent layer of isolation between the -untrusted browser and the rest of your work environment, ensuring that -attackers who manage to fully compromise your browser will then have to -additionally break out of the VM isolation layer in order to get to the rest -of your system. - -This is a surprisingly workable configuration, but requires a lot of RAM and -fast processors that can handle the increased load. It will also require an -important amount of dedication on the part of the admin who will need to -adjust their work practices accordingly. - -#### 3: Fully separate your work and play environments via virtualization - -See [Qubes-OS project][3], which strives to provide a high-security -workstation environment via compartmentalizing your applications into separate -fully isolated VMs. - -### Password managers - -#### Checklist - -- [ ] Use a password manager _(CRITICAL_) -- [ ] Use unique passwords on unrelated sites _(CRITICAL)_ -- [ ] Use a password manager that supports team sharing _(MODERATE)_ -- [ ] Use a separate password manager for non-website accounts _(PARANOID)_ - -#### Considerations - -Using good, unique passwords should be a critical requirement for every member -of your team. Credential theft is happening all the time -- either via -compromised computers, stolen database dumps, remote site exploits, or any -number of other means. No credentials should ever be reused across sites, -especially for critical applications. - -##### In-browser password manager - -Every browser has a mechanism for saving passwords that is fairly secure and -can sync with vendor-maintained cloud storage while keeping the data encrypted -with a user-provided passphrase. However, this mechanism has important -disadvantages: - -1. It does not work across browsers -2. It does not offer any way of sharing credentials with team members - -There are several well-supported, free-or-cheap password managers that are -well-integrated into multiple browsers, work across platforms, and offer -group sharing (usually as a paid service). Solutions can be easily found via -search engines. - -##### Standalone password manager - -One of the major drawbacks of any password manager that comes integrated with -the browser is the fact that it's part of the application that is most likely -to be attacked by intruders. If this makes you uncomfortable (and it should), -you may choose to have two different password managers -- one for websites -that is integrated into your browser, and one that runs as a standalone -application. The latter can be used to store high-risk credentials such as -root passwords, database passwords, other shell account credentials, etc. - -It may be particularly useful to have such tool for sharing superuser account -credentials with other members of your team (server root passwords, ILO -passwords, database admin passwords, bootloader passwords, etc). - -A few tools can help you: - -- [KeePassX][8], which improves team sharing in version 2 -- [Pass][9], which uses text files and PGP and integrates with git -- [Django-Pstore][10], which uses GPG to share credentials between admins -- [Hiera-Eyaml][11], which, if you are already using Puppet for your - infrastructure, may be a handy way to track your server/service credentials - as part of your encrypted Hiera data store - -### Securing SSH and PGP private keys - -Personal encryption keys, including SSH and PGP private keys, are going to be -the most prized items on your workstation -- something the attackers will be -most interested in obtaining, as that would allow them to further attack your -infrastructure or impersonate you to other admins. You should take extra steps -to ensure that your private keys are well protected against theft. - -#### Checklist - -- [ ] Strong passphrases are used to protect private keys _(CRITICAL)_ -- [ ] PGP Master key is stored on removable storage _(MODERATE)_ -- [ ] Auth, Sign and Encrypt Subkeys are stored on a smartcard device _(MODERATE)_ -- [ ] SSH is configured to use PGP Auth key as ssh private key _(MODERATE)_ - -#### Considerations - -The best way to prevent private key theft is to use a smartcard to store your -encryption private keys and never copy them onto the workstation. There are -several manufacturers that offer OpenPGP capable devices: - -- [Kernel Concepts][12], where you can purchase both the OpenPGP compatible - smartcards and the USB readers, should you need one. -- [Yubikey NEO][13], which offers OpenPGP smartcard functionality in addition - to many other cool features (U2F, PIV, HOTP, etc). - -It is also important to make sure that the master PGP key is not stored on the -main workstation, and only subkeys are used. The master key will only be -needed when signing someone else's keys or creating new subkeys -- operations -which do not happen very frequently. You may follow [the Debian's subkeys][14] -guide to learn how to move your master key to removable storage and how to -create subkeys. - -You should then configure your gnupg agent to act as ssh agent and use the -smartcard-based PGP Auth key to act as your ssh private key. We publish a -[detailed guide][15] on how to do that using either a smartcard reader or a -Yubikey NEO. - -If you are not willing to go that far, at least make sure you have a strong -passphrase on both your PGP private key and your SSH private key, which will -make it harder for attackers to steal and use them. - -### SELinux on the workstation - -If you are using a distribution that comes bundled with SELinux (such as -Fedora), here are some recommendation of how to make the best use of it to -maximize your workstation security. - -#### Checklist - -- [ ] Make sure SELinux is enforcing on your workstation _(CRITICAL)_ -- [ ] Never blindly run `audit2allow -M`, always check _(CRITICAL)_ -- [ ] Never `setenforce 0` _(MODERATE)_ -- [ ] Switch your account to SELinux user `staff_u` _(MODERATE)_ - -#### Considerations - -SELinux is a Mandatory Access Controls (MAC) extension to core POSIX -permissions functionality. It is mature, robust, and has come a long way since -its initial roll-out. Regardless, many sysadmins to this day repeat the -outdated mantra of "just turn it off." - -That being said, SELinux will have limited security benefits on the -workstation, as most applications you will be running as a user are going to -be running unconfined. It does provide enough net benefit to warrant leaving -it on, as it will likely help prevent an attacker from escalating privileges -to gain root-level access via a vulnerable daemon service. - -Our recommendation is to leave it on and enforcing. - -##### Never `setenforce 0` - -It's tempting to use `setenforce 0` to flip SELinux into permissive mode -on a temporary basis, but you should avoid doing that. This essentially turns -off SELinux for the entire system, while what you really want is to -troubleshoot a particular application or daemon. - -Instead of `setenforce 0` you should be using `semanage permissive -a -[somedomain_t]` to put only that domain into permissive mode. First, find out -which domain is causing troubles by running `ausearch`: - - ausearch -ts recent -m avc - -and then look for `scontext=` (source SELinux context) line, like so: - - scontext=staff_u:staff_r:gpg_pinentry_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 - ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ - -This tells you that the domain being denied is `gpg_pinentry_t`, so if you -want to troubleshoot the application, you should add it to permissive domains: - - semange permissive -a gpg_pinentry_t - -This will allow you to use the application and collect the rest of the AVCs, -which you can then use in conjunction with `audit2allow` to write a local -policy. Once that is done and you see no new AVC denials, you can remove that -domain from permissive by running: - - semanage permissive -d gpg_pinentry_t - -##### Use your workstation as SELinux role staff_r - -SELinux comes with a native implementation of roles that prohibit or grant -certain privileges based on the role associated with the user account. As an -administrator, you should be using the `staff_r` role, which will restrict -access to many configuration and other security-sensitive files, unless you -first perform `sudo`. - -By default, accounts are created as `unconfined_r` and most applications you -execute will run unconfined, without any (or with only very few) SELinux -constraints. To switch your account to the `staff_r` role, run the following -command: - - usermod -Z staff_u [username] - -You should log out and log back in to enable the new role, at which point if -you run `id -Z`, you'll see: - - staff_u:staff_r:staff_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 - -When performing `sudo`, you should remember to add an extra flag to tell -SELinux to transition to the "sysadmin" role. The command you want is: - - sudo -i -r sysadm_r - -At which point `id -Z` will show: - - staff_u:sysadm_r:sysadm_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 - -**WARNING**: you should be comfortable using `ausearch` and `audit2allow` -before you make this switch, as it's possible some of your applications will -no longer work when you're running as role `staff_r`. At the time of writing, -the following popular applications are known to not work under `staff_r` -without policy tweaks: - -- Chrome/Chromium -- Skype -- VirtualBox - -To switch back to `unconfined_r`, run the following command: - - usermod -Z unconfined_u [username] - -and then log out and back in to get back into the comfort zone. - -## Further reading - -The world of IT security is a rabbit hole with no bottom. If you would like to -go deeper, or find out more about security features on your particular -distribution, please check out the following links: - -- [Fedora Security Guide](https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/19/html/Security_Guide/index.html) -- [CESG Ubuntu Security Guide](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/end-user-devices-security-guidance-ubuntu-1404-lts) -- [Debian Security Manual](https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/index.en.html) -- [Arch Linux Security Wiki](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Security) -- [Mac OSX Security](https://www.apple.com/support/security/guides/) - -## License -This work is licensed under a -[Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License][0]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://github.com/lfit/itpol/blob/master/linux-workstation-security.md#linux-workstation-security-checklist - -作者：[mricon][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://github.com/mricon -[0]: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ -[1]: https://github.com/QubesOS/qubes-antievilmaid -[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394#Security_issues -[3]: https://qubes-os.org/ -[4]: https://xkcd.com/936/ -[5]: https://spideroak.com/ -[6]: https://code.google.com/p/chromium/wiki/LinuxSandboxing -[7]: http://www.thoughtcrime.org/software/sslstrip/ -[8]: https://keepassx.org/ -[9]: http://www.passwordstore.org/ -[10]: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/django-pstore -[11]: https://github.com/TomPoulton/hiera-eyaml -[12]: http://shop.kernelconcepts.de/ -[13]: https://www.yubico.com/products/yubikey-hardware/yubikey-neo/ -[14]: https://wiki.debian.org/Subkeys -[15]: https://github.com/lfit/ssh-gpg-smartcard-config From d79f9ad4074cedcd3f4357da90ba7ac380c2b4d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ricky Gong Date: Mon, 16 Nov 2015 19:07:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 080/176] Delete from source directory --- ...s in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md | 86 ------------------- 1 file changed, 86 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md b/sources/tech/20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md deleted file mode 100644 index 1fdc126604..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,86 +0,0 @@ -Ricky-Gong 翻译中 - -How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application -================================================================================ -![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-featured1.jpg) - -Task management is arguably one of the most important and challenging part of professional as well as personal life. Professionally, as you assume more and more responsibility, your performance is directly related to or affected with your ability to manage the tasks you’re assigned. - -If your job involves working on a computer, then you’ll be happy to know that there are various applications available that claim to make task management easy for you. While most of them cater to Windows users, there are many options available on Linux, too. In this article we will discuss one such application: Go For It. - -### Go For It ### - -[Go For It][1] (GFI) is developed by Manuel Kehl, who describes it as a “a simple and stylish productivity app, featuring a to-do list, merged with a timer that keeps your focus on the current task.” The timer feature, specifically, is interesting, as it also makes sure that you take a break from your current task and relax for sometime before proceeding further. - -### Download and Installation ### - -Users of Debian-based systems, like Ubuntu, can easily install the app by running the following commands in terminal: - - sudo add-apt-repository ppa:mank319/go-for-it - sudo apt-get update - sudo apt-get install go-for-it - -Once done, you can execute the application by running the following command: - - go-for-it - -### Usage and Configuration ### - -Here is how the GFI interface looks when you run the app for the very first time: - -![gfi-first-run](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-first-run1.png) - -As you can see, the interface consists of three tabs: To-Do, Timer, and Done. While the To-Do tab contains a list of tasks (the 4 tasks shown in the image above are there by default – you can delete them by clicking on the rectangular box in front of them), the Timer tab contains task timer, while Done contains a list of tasks that you’ve finished successfully. Right at the bottom is a text box where you can enter the task text and click “+” to add it to the list above. - -For example, I added a task named “MTE-research-work” to the list and selected it by clicking on it in the list – see the screenshot below: - -![gfi-task-added](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-task-added1.png) - -Then I selected the Timer tab. Here I could see a 25-minute timer for the active task which was “MTE-reaserch-work.” - -![gfi-active-task-timer](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-active-task-timer.png) - -Of course, you can change the timer value and set to any time you want. I, however, didn’t change the value and clicked the Start button present below to start the task timer. Once 60 seconds were left, GFI issued a notification indicating the same. - -![gfi-first-notification-new](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-first-notification-new.jpg) - -And once the time was up, I was asked to take a break of five minutes. - -![gfi-time-up-notification-new](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-time-up-notification-new.jpg) - -Once those five minutes were over, I could again start the task timer for my task. - -![gfi-break-time-up-new](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-break-time-up-new.jpg) - -When you’re done with your task, you can click the Done button in the Timer tab. The task is then removed from the To-Do tab and listed in the Done tab. - -![gfi-task-done](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-task-done1.png) - -GFI also allows you to tweak some of its settings. For example, the settings window shown below contains options to tweak the default task duration, break duration, and reminder time. - -![gfi-settings](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-settings1.png) - -It’s worth mentioning that GFI stores the to-do lists in the Todo.txt format which simplifies synchronization with mobile devices and makes it possible for you to edit tasks using other frontends – read more about it [here][2]. - -You can also see the GFI app in action in the video below. - -注：youtube 视频 - - -### Conclusion ### - -As you have observed, GFI is an easy to understand and simple to use task management application. Although it doesn’t offer a plethora of features, it does what it claims – the timer integration is especially useful. If you’re looking for a basic, open-source task management tool for Linux, Go For It is worth trying. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/to-do-lists-ubuntu-go-for-it/ - -作者：[Himanshu Arora][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/himanshu/ -[1]:http://manuel-kehl.de/projects/go-for-it/ -[2]:http://todotxt.com/ From 1a7721c9a3c802d2f79b1c38d455dbf091cdde1e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ricky Gong Date: Mon, 16 Nov 2015 19:09:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 081/176] =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=90=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=88=90=E3=80=91To=20Do=20List?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...s in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md | 84 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 84 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md b/translated/tech/20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bbc96a6e7b --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +如何在 Ubuntu 上用 Go For It 管理您的待办清单 (To-Do Lists) +================================================================================ +![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-featured1.jpg) + +任务管理可以说是工作及日常生活中最重要也最具挑战性的事情之一。当您在工作中承担越来越多的责任时，您的表现将与您管理任务的能力直接挂钩。 + +若您的工作有部分需要在电脑上完成，那么您一定很乐意知道，有多款应用软件声称可以为您减轻任务管理的负担。即便这些软件中的大多数都是为 Windows 用户服务的，在 Linux 系统中仍然有不少选择。在本文中，我们就来讨论这样一款软件：Go For It. + +### Go For It ### + +[Go For It][1] (GFI) 由 Manuel Kehl 开发，他声称：“这是款简单易用且时尚优雅的生产力软件，以待办清单（To-Do List）为主打特色，并整合了一个能让你专注于当前事务的定时器。”这款软件的定时器功能尤其有趣，它还可以确保您在继续工作之前暂停下来，放松一段时间。 + +### 下载并安装 ### + +使用基于 Debian 的系统（如Ubuntu）的用户可以通过运行以下终端命令轻松地安装这款软件： + + sudo add-apt-repository ppa:mank319/go-for-it + sudo apt-get update + sudo apt-get install go-for-it + +以上命令执行完毕后，您就可以使用这条命令运行这款应用软件了： + + go-for-it + +### 使用及配置### + +当你第一次运行 GFI 时，它的界面是长这样的： + +![gfi-first-run](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-first-run1.png) + +可以看到，界面由三个标签页组成，分别是*待办* (To-Do)，*定时器* (Timer)和*完成* (Done)。*待办*页是一个任务列表（上图所示的4个任务是默认生成的——您可以点击头部的方框删除它们），*定时器*页内含有任务定时器，而*完成*页则是已完成任务的列表。底部有个文本框，您可以在此输入任务描述，并点击“+”号将任务添加到上面的列表中。 + +举个例子，我将一个名为“MTE-research-work”的任务添加到了列表中，并点击选中了它，如下图所示： + +![gfi-task-added](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-task-added1.png) + +然后我进入*定时器*页，在这里我可以看到一个为当前“MTE-reaserch-work”任务设定的定时器，定时25分钟。 + +![gfi-active-task-timer](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-active-task-timer.png) + +当然，您可以将定时器设定为你喜欢的任何值。然而我并没有修改，而是直接点击下方的“开始 (Start)”按钮启动定时器。一旦剩余时间为60秒，GFI 就会给出一个提示。 + +![gfi-first-notification-new](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-first-notification-new.jpg) + +一旦时间到，它会提醒我休息5分钟。 + +![gfi-time-up-notification-new](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-time-up-notification-new.jpg) + +5分钟过后，我可以为我的任务再次开启定时器。 + +![gfi-break-time-up-new](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-break-time-up-new.jpg) + +任务完成以后，您可以点击*定时器*页中的“完成 (Done)”按钮，然后这个任务就会从*待办*页被转移到*完成*页。 + +![gfi-task-done](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-task-done1.png) + +GFI 也能让您稍微调整一些它的设置。例如，下图所示的设置窗口就包含了一些选项，让您修改默认的任务时长，休息时长和提示时刻。 + +![gfi-settings](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-settings1.png) + +值得一提的是，GFI 是以 TODO.txt 格式保存待办清单的，这种格式方便了移动设备之间的同步，也让您能使用其他前端程序来编辑任务——更多详情请阅读[这里][2]。 + +您还可以通过以下视频观看 GFI 的动态展示。 + +注：youtube 视频 + + +### 结论### + +正如您所看到的，GFI 是一款简洁明了且易于使用的任务管理软件。虽然它不提供非常丰富的功能，但它实现了它的承诺，并且定时器的整合特别有用。如果您正在寻找一款实现了基础功能，并且开源的 Linux 任务管理软件，Go For It 值得您一试。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/to-do-lists-ubuntu-go-for-it/ + +作者：[Himanshu Arora][a] +译者：[Ricky-Gong](https://github.com/Ricky-Gong) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/himanshu/ +[1]:http://manuel-kehl.de/projects/go-for-it/ +[2]:http://todotxt.com/ From 5cca15fcd63b4003f07d0a8a01acf29c52c03cfa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 16 Nov 2015 23:45:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 082/176] PUB:20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass @StduoA --- ...09 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md | 48 +++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) rename {translated/share => published}/20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md (72%) diff --git a/translated/share/20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md b/published/20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md similarity index 72% rename from translated/share/20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md rename to published/20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md index 0b29dd3f5c..32819f9a07 100644 --- a/translated/share/20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md +++ b/published/20151109 Open Source Alternatives to LastPass.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -LastPass的开源替代品 +LastPass 的开源替代品 ================================================================================ LastPass是一个跨平台的密码管理程序。在Linux平台中，它可作为Firefox, Chrome和Opera浏览器的插件使用。LastPass Sesame支持Ubuntu/Debian与Fedora系统。此外，LastPass还有安装在Firefox Portable的便携版，可将其安装在USB设备上。再加上适用于Ubuntu/Debian, Fedora和openSUSE的LastPass Pocket, 其具有良好的跨平台覆盖性。虽然LastPass备受好评，但它是一个专有软件。此外，LastPass最近被LogMeIn收购。如果你在找一个开源的替代品，这篇文章可能会对你有所帮助。 -我们正面临着信息大爆炸。无论你是要在线经营生意，找工作，还是只为了休闲来进行阅读，互联网都是一个广大的信息源。在这种情况下，长期保留信息是很困难的。然而，及时地获取某些特定信息非常重要。密码就是这样的一个例子。 +我们正面临着信息大爆炸。无论你是要在线经营生意，找工作，还是只为了休闲来进行阅读，互联网都是一个海量的信息源。在这种情况下，长期保留信息是很困难的。然而，及时地获取某些特定信息非常重要。密码就是这样的一个例子。 作为一个电脑用户，你可能会面临在不同服务或网站使用相同或不同密码的困境。这个事情非常复杂，因为有些网站会限制你对密码的选择。比如，一个网站可能会限制密码的最小位数，大写字母，数字或者特殊字符，这使得在所有网站使用统一密码变得不可能。更重要的是，不在不同网站中使用同一密码有安全方面的原因。这样就不可避免地意味着人们经常会有很多密码要记。一个解决方案是将所有的密码写下来。然而，这种做法也极度的不安全。 -为了解决需要记忆无穷多串密码的问题，目前比较流行的解决方案是使用密码管理软件。事实上，这类软件对于活跃的互联网用户来说极为实用。它使得你获取、管理和安全保存所有密码变得极为容易，而大多数密码都是被软件或文件系统加密过的。因此，用户只需要记住一个简单的密码就可以获取到其它所有密码。密码管理软件鼓励用户对于不同服务去采用独一无二的，非直观的强密码。 +为了解决需要记忆无穷多串密码的问题，目前比较流行的解决方案是使用密码管理软件。事实上，这类软件对于活跃的互联网用户来说极为实用。它使得你获取、管理和安全保存所有密码变得极为容易，而大多数密码都是用软件或文件系统加密过的。因此，用户只需要记住一个简单的密码就可以获取到其它所有密码。密码管理软件鼓励用户对于不同服务去采用独一无二的，非直观的高强度的密码。 为了让大家更深入地了解Linux软件的质量，我将介绍4款优秀的、可替代LastPass的开源软件。 @@ -14,25 +14,27 @@ LastPass是一个跨平台的密码管理程序。在Linux平台中，它可作 ![KeePassX软件截图](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Utilities/Screenshot-KeePassX.png) -KeePassX提供KeePass的多平台接口，是一款开源、跨平台的密码管理软件。这款软件可以帮助你以安全的方式保管密码。你可以将所有密码保存在一个数据库中，而这个数据库被一个主密码或密码盘来保管。 +KeePassX是KeePass的多平台移植，是一款开源、跨平台的密码管理软件。这款软件可以帮助你以安全的方式保管密码。你可以将所有密码保存在一个数据库中，而这个数据库被一个主密码或密码盘来保管。这使得用户只需要记住一个单一的主密码或插入密码盘即可解锁整个数据库。 密码数据库使用AES(即Rijndael)或者TwoFish算法进行加密，密钥长度为256位。 该软件功能包括： -- 多重管理模式 - 使每条密码更容易被识别 +- 管理模式丰富 + - 通过标题使每条密码更容易被识别 - 可设置密码过期时间 - 可插入附件 - 可为不同分组或密码自定义标志 - 在分组中对密码排序 -- 搜索函数：可在特定分组或整个数据库中搜索 -- Auto-Type: 这个功能允许你在登录网站时只需要按下几个键。KeePassX可以帮助你输入剩下的密码。Auto-Type通过读取当前窗口的标题，对密码数据库进行搜索来获取相应的密码 -- 数据库安全性强，用户可通过密码或一个密钥文件（可存储在CD或U盘中）访问数据库 -- 自动生成安全的密码 -- 具有预防措施，获取选中的密码并检查其安全性 -- 加密 - 用256位密钥，通过AES(高级加密标准)或TwoFish算法加密数据库 +- 搜索功能：可在特定分组或整个数据库中搜索 +- 自动键入: 这个功能允许你在登录网站时只需要按下几个键。KeePassX可以帮助你输入剩下的密码。自动键入通过读取当前窗口的标题，对密码数据库进行搜索来获取相应的密码 +- 数据库安全性强，用户可通过密码或一个密钥文件（可存储在CD或U盘中）访问数据库（或两者） +- 安全密码自动生成 +- 具有预防措施，获取用星号隐藏的密码并检查其安全性 +- 加密 - 用256位密钥，通过AES(高级加密标准)或TwoFish算法加密数据库， - 密码可以导入或导出。可从PwManager文件(*.pwm)或KWallet文件(*.xml)中导入密码，可导出为文本(*.txt)格式。 +--- - 软件官网：[www.keepassx.org][1] - 开发者：KeepassX Team - 软件许可证：GNU GPL V2 @@ -42,21 +44,23 @@ KeePassX提供KeePass的多平台接口，是一款开源、跨平台的密码 ![Encryptr软件截图](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Utilities/Screenshot-Encryptr.png) -Encryptr是一个开源的、零知晓的、基于云端的密码管理/电子钱包软件，以Crypton为基础开发。Crypton是一个Javascript库，允许开发者利用其开发应用，上传文件至服务器，而服务器无法知道用户所存储的文件内容。 +Encryptr是一个开源的、零知识（zero-knowledge）的、基于云端的密码管理/电子钱包软件，以Crypton为基础开发。Crypton是一个Javascript库，允许开发者利用其开发应用来上传文件至服务器，而服务器无法知道用户所存储的文件内容。 -Encryptr可将你的敏感信息，比如密码、信用卡数据、PIN码、或认证码存储在云端。然而，由于它基于零知晓的Cypton框架开发，Encryptr可保证只有用户才拥有访问或读取秘密信息的权限。 +Encryptr可将你的敏感信息，比如密码、信用卡数据、PIN码、或认证码存储在云端。然而，由于它基于零知识的Cypton框架开发，Encryptr可保证只有用户才拥有访问或读取秘密信息的权限。 由于其跨平台的特性，Encryptr允许用户随时随地、安全地通过一个账户从云端获取机密信息。 软件特性包括： -- 使用极安全、零知晓的Crypton框架，软件只在本地加密/解密数据 +- 使用非常安全的零知识Crypton框架，只在你的本地加密/解密数据 - 易于使用 - 基于云端 - 可存储三种类型的数据：密码、信用卡账号以及通用的键值对 - 可对每条密码设置“备注”项 -- 对本地密码进行缓存加密，以节省上传时间 +- 过滤和搜索密码 +- 对密码进行本地加密缓存，以节省载入时间 +--- - 软件官网: [encryptr.org][2] - 开发者: Tommy Williams - 软件许可证: GNU GPL v3 @@ -74,7 +78,9 @@ RatticDB被设计为一个“密码生命周期管理工具”而不是单单一 - 简洁的ACL设计 - 可改变队列功能，可让用户知晓何时需要更改某应用的密码 -- Ansible配置 +- 支持Ansible配置 + +--- - 软件官网: [rattic.org][3] - 开发者: Daniel Hall @@ -85,9 +91,9 @@ RatticDB被设计为一个“密码生命周期管理工具”而不是单单一 ![Seahorse软件截图](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Security/Screenshot-Seahorse.png) -Seahorse是一个于Gnome前端运行的GnuPG - GNU隐私保护软件。它的目标是提供一个易于使用密钥管理工具，一并提供一个易于使用的界面来控制加密操作。 +Seahorse是一个GnuPG（GNU隐私保护软件）的Gnome前端界面。它的目标是提供一个易于使用密钥管理工具，以及一个易于使用的界面来控制加密操作。 -Seahorse是一个工具，用来提供安全沟通和数据存储服务。数据加密和数字密钥生成操作可以轻易通过GUI来演示，密钥管理操作也可以轻易通过直观的界面来进行。 +Seahorse是一个工具，用来提供安全传输和数据存储服务。数据加密和数字密钥生成操作可以轻易通过GUI来操作，密钥管理操作也可以轻易通过直观的界面来进行。 此外，Seahorse包含一个Gedit插件，可以使用鹦鹉螺文件管理器管理文件，一个管理剪贴板中事物的小程序，一个存储私密密码的代理，还有一个GnuPG和OpenSSH的密钥管理工具。 @@ -95,7 +101,7 @@ Seahorse是一个工具，用来提供安全沟通和数据存储服务。数据 - 对文本进行加密/解密/签名 - 管理密钥及密钥环 -- 将密钥及密钥环于密钥服务器同步 +- 将密钥及密钥环与密钥服务器同步 - 密码签名及发布 - 将密码缓存起来，无需多次重复键入 - 对密钥及密钥环进行备份 @@ -103,6 +109,8 @@ Seahorse是一个工具，用来提供安全沟通和数据存储服务。数据 - 生成SSH密钥，对其进行验证及储存 - 多语言支持 +--- + - 软件官网: [www.gnome.org/projects/seahorse][4] - 开发者: Jacob Perkins, Jose Carlos, Garcia Sogo, Jean Schurger, Stef Walter, Adam Schreiber - 软件许可证: GNU GPL v2 @@ -113,7 +121,7 @@ Seahorse是一个工具，用来提供安全沟通和数据存储服务。数据 via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20151108125950773/LastPassAlternatives.html 译者：[StdioA](https://github.com/StdioA) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From d32c97534e7dda0d4830bce24e1971f2165e9c2c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Tue, 17 Nov 2015 00:22:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 083/176] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...e Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md | 22 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md b/translated/talk/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md index c3c5f03d25..ce7f86a6e4 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md +++ b/translated/talk/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ -Nautilus的文件搜索将迎来重大提升 +Nautilus的文件搜索将迎来巨大提升 ================================================================================ ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/nautilus-new-search-filters.jpg) -**在Nautilus中搜索位置文件和文件夹将会将会变得很简单。** +**在Nautilus中搜索零散文件和文件夹将会将会变得相当简单。** -一个[GNOME文件管理器][1]中新的**搜索过滤器**正在开发中。它大量使用的GNOME的弹出式菜单来找出搜索结果并精确找到你关心的。 +[GNOME文件管理器][1]中一个新的**搜索过滤器**正在开发中。它大量使用 GNOME 的弹出式菜单努力提供一个简单的方法缩小搜索结果并精确找到你需要的。 -开发者Georges Stavracas正致力于新的UI并[描述][2]新的编辑器为“更干净、更理智、更直观”。 +开发者Georges Stavracas正致力于新的UI并[描述][2]新的编辑器为“更干净、更合理、更直观”。 -根据[上传到Youtube][3]的视频-他还没有嵌入它-他没有错。 +根据他[上传到Youtube][3]的视频来展示新的方式-他还没有嵌入它-他没有错。 -> 他在他的博客中写到：“Nautilus有非常复杂但是强大的内部，它允许我们做很多事情。事实上这对于很多选项的代码也是这样。那么，为何它曾经看上去这么糟糕？” +> 他在他的博客中写到：“ Nautilus 有非常复杂但是强大的内部组成，它允许我们做很多事情。事实上有代码可提供很多选择。那么，为何它曾经看上去这么糟糕？” -问题有部分修辞；新的搜索过滤器界面对用户展示了“强大的内部”。搜索可以根据类型、名字或者日期范围来进行过滤。 +问题有部分比较夸张；新的搜索过滤器界面向用户展示了“强大的内部组成”。搜索结果可以根据类型、名字或者日期范围来进行过滤。 -对像Nautilus这种app的任何修改有可能让一些用户不安，因此像这样有帮助、直接的新UI会带来一些争议。 +对于像 Nautilus 这类 app 的任何修改有可能让一些用户不安，因此像这样帮助性的、直接的新UI会带来一些争议。 -不要担心不满会影响进度（毫无疑问，虽然像[移除类型优先搜索][4]的争议自2014年以来一直在争论）。[上个月发布的][5]GNOME 3.18给Nautilus引入了新的文件进度对话框，以及更好的远程共享，包括Google Drive。 +虽然对于不满的担心貌似会影响进度（毫无疑问，虽然像[移除类型优先搜索][4]的争议自2014年以来一直在争论）。GNOME 3.18 在[上个月发布了][5]，给 Nautilus 引入了新的文件进度对话框，以及远程共享的更好整合，包括 Google Drive。 -Stavracas的搜索过滤还没被合并进Files的trunk，但是重做的UI已经初步计划在明年春天的GNOME 3.20中实现。 +Stavracas 的搜索过滤器还没被合并进 Files 的 trunk，但是重做的搜索 UI 已经初步计划在明年春天的 GNOME 3.20 中实现。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/10/new-nautilus-search-filter-ui 作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 5f0acf2b6992ecfad4df3d647dba995cf1bd3e1b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Tue, 17 Nov 2015 00:24:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 084/176] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...51019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md b/translated/talk/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md index ce7f86a6e4..b9f0762cbe 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md +++ b/translated/talk/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Nautilus的文件搜索将迎来巨大提升 **在Nautilus中搜索零散文件和文件夹将会将会变得相当简单。** -[GNOME文件管理器][1]中一个新的**搜索过滤器**正在开发中。它大量使用 GNOME 的弹出式菜单努力提供一个简单的方法缩小搜索结果并精确找到你需要的。 +[GNOME文件管理器][1]中一个新的**搜索过滤器**正在开发中。它大量使用 GNOME 漂亮的弹出式菜单努力提供一个简单的方法缩小搜索结果并精确找到你需要的。 开发者Georges Stavracas正致力于新的UI并[描述][2]新的编辑器为“更干净、更合理、更直观”。 From 1897f6da7a8d7c2cafe0a8c1ebe0eca3da20f59b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: struggling <630441839@qq.com> Date: Tue, 17 Nov 2015 09:58:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 085/176] Update 20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Node.js on Linux.md --- ...inux FAQs with Answers--How to install Node.js on Linux.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Node.js on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Node.js on Linux.md index fed809541e..146c918d1d 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Node.js on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Node.js on Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +translation by strugglingyouth + Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Node.js on Linux ================================================================================ > **Question**: How can I install Node.js on [insert your Linux distro]? @@ -87,4 +89,4 @@ via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-node-js-linux.html [a]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/author/nanni [1]:http://nodejs.org/ [2]:https://www.npmjs.com/ -[3]:https://launchpad.net/~chris-lea/+archive/node.js \ No newline at end of file +[3]:https://launchpad.net/~chris-lea/+archive/node.js From 2f25d35da370a5b1f639518975dd574f6f025e7d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ricky Gong Date: Tue, 17 Nov 2015 10:23:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 086/176] =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=90=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD?= =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=9120151116=20Linux=20FAQs=20with=20Answers,=20JAVA?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...t JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux.md index ac64916ccf..2d61fc63da 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Ricky-Gong is translating. + Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux ================================================================================ > **Question**: I need to compile a Java program on my Linux box. For that I already installed JDK (Java Development Kit), and now I'm trying to set JAVA_HOME environment variable to point to the installed JDK. What is the recommended way to set JAVA_HOME environment variable on Linux? @@ -45,4 +47,4 @@ via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/set-java_home-environment-variable-linux.html 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/author/nanni -[1]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/change-default-java-version-linux.html \ No newline at end of file +[1]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/change-default-java-version-linux.html From c680c7a8f2514f344aadc65341b3e47504857ed7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Tue, 17 Nov 2015 11:26:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 087/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151117-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ext Generation Open Source Email Client.md | 47 +++ ...eSQL 9.4 And phpPgAdmin On Ubuntu 15.10.md | 318 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 365 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/share/20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151117 Install PostgreSQL 9.4 And phpPgAdmin On Ubuntu 15.10.md diff --git a/sources/share/20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md b/sources/share/20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6cabff37be --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/share/20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +N1: The Next Generation Open Source Email Client +================================================================================ +![N1 Open Source email client](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/N1-email-client.png) + +When we talk of email clients for Linux, generally the name of [Thunderbird][1], [Geary][2] and [Evolution][3] come to our mind. To challenge the authority of these big players, a new open source email client is entering the market. + +### Design plus features ### + +[N1][4] is the next generation open source email client which has equal focus on design and features. An open source software, N1 is available for Linux and Mac OS X with a Windows desktop application in the pipeline. + +N1 promotes itself as “extensible open source email client” because it includes a JavaScript plugin architecture that enables anyone to create powerful new features. Extensibility is a heavily popular feature that helped [open source code editor Atom][5] to gain popularity. N1 is also putting emphasis on it. + +Apart from extensibility, N1 has also focused on the looks and design of the application. A look at the screenshot of N1 is a good enough example: + +![N1 Open Source email client on Mac OS X](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/N1-email-client-1.jpeg) + +N1 email client on Mac OS X. Picture Credit: N1 + +In other features, N1 is compatible with hundreds of email providers, including Gmail, Yahoo, iCloud, Microsoft Exchange etc. Desktop app provides offline capability. + +### For now, invite only ### + +I don’t know why everyone is following OnePlus’ “exclusive invite only” marketing strategy? At present, N1 desktop app can be downloaded only when you are invited. You can request an invite using the link below. N1 team will email you the download link in a few days. + +- [Request an invite for N1][6] + +### Intriguing? ### + +I am not a big fan of desktop email clients, but N1 has definitely caught my attention and I am willing to give it a try. How about you? + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://itsfoss.com/n1-open-source-email-client/ + +作者：[Abhishek][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[1]:https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/thunderbird/ +[2]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Geary +[3]:https://help.gnome.org/users/evolution/stable/ +[4]:https://nylas.com/N1/ +[5]:http://itsfoss.com/atom-stable-released/ +[6]:https://invite.nylas.com/download \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20151117 Install PostgreSQL 9.4 And phpPgAdmin On Ubuntu 15.10.md b/sources/tech/20151117 Install PostgreSQL 9.4 And phpPgAdmin On Ubuntu 15.10.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a7847c46d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151117 Install PostgreSQL 9.4 And phpPgAdmin On Ubuntu 15.10.md @@ -0,0 +1,318 @@ +Install PostgreSQL 9.4 And phpPgAdmin On Ubuntu 15.10 +================================================================================ +![](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/postgresql.png) + +### Introduction ### + +[PostgreSQL][1] is a powerful, open-source object-relational database system. It runs under all major operating systems, including Linux, UNIX (AIX, BSD, HP-UX, SGI IRIX, Mac OS, Solaris, Tru64), and Windows OS. + +Here is what **Mark Shuttleworth**, the founder of **Ubuntu**, says about PostgreSQL. + +> Postgres is a truly awesome database. When we started working on Launchpad I wasn’t sure if it would be up to the job. I was so wrong. It’s been robust, fast, and professional in every regard. +> +> — Mark Shuttleworth. + +In this handy tutorial, let us see how to install PostgreSQL 9.4 on Ubuntu 15.10 server. + +### Install PostgreSQL ### + +PostgreSQL is available in the default repositories. So enter the following command from the Terminal to install it. + + sudo apt-get install postgresql postgresql-contrib + +If you’re looking for other versions, add the PostgreSQL repository, and install it as shown below. + +The **PostgreSQL apt repository** supports LTS versions of Ubuntu (10.04, 12.04 and 14.04) on amd64 and i386 architectures as well as select non-LTS versions(14.10). While not fully supported, the packages often work on other non-LTS versions as well, by using the closest LTS version available. + +#### On Ubuntu 14.10 systems: #### + +Create the file **/etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgdg.list**; + + sudo vi /etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgdg.list + +Add a line for the repository: + + deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ utopic-pgdg main + +**Note**: The above repository will only work on Ubuntu 14.10. It is not updated yet to Ubuntu 15.04 and 15.10. + +**On Ubuntu 14.04**, add the following line: + + deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ trusty-pgdg main + +**On Ubuntu 12.04**, add the following line: + + deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ precise-pgdg main + +Import the repository signing key: + + wget --quiet -O - https://www.postgresql.org/media/keys/ACCC4CF8.asc + +---------- + + sudo apt-key add - + +Update the package lists: + + sudo apt-get update + +Then install the required version. + + sudo apt-get install postgresql-9.4 + +### Accessing PostgreSQL command prompt ### + +The default database name and database user are “**postgres**”. Switch to postgres user to perform postgresql related operations: + + sudo -u postgres psql postgres + +#### Sample Output: #### + + psql (9.4.5) + Type "help" for help. + postgres=# + +To exit from posgresql prompt, type **\q** in the **psql** prompt return back to the Terminal. + +### Set “postgres” user password ### + +Login to postgresql prompt, + + sudo -u postgres psql postgres + +.. and set postgres password with following command: + + postgres=# \password postgres + Enter new password: + Enter it again: + postgres=# \q + +To install PostgreSQL Adminpack, enter the command in postgresql prompt: + + sudo -u postgres psql postgres + +---------- + + postgres=# CREATE EXTENSION adminpack; + CREATE EXTENSION + +Type **\q** in the **psql** prompt to exit from posgresql prompt, and return back to the Terminal. + +### Create New User and Database ### + +For example, let us create a new user called “**senthil**” with password “**ubuntu**”, and database called “**mydb**”. + + sudo -u postgres createuser -D -A -P senthil + +---------- + + sudo -u postgres createdb -O senthil mydb + +### Delete Users and Databases ### + +To delete the database, switch to postgres user: + + sudo -u postgres psql postgres + +Enter command: + + $ drop database + +To delete a user, enter the following command: + + $ drop user + +### Configure PostgreSQL-MD5 Authentication ### + +**MD5 authentication** requires the client to supply an MD5-encrypted password for authentication. To do that, edit **/etc/postgresql/9.4/main/pg_hba.conf** file: + + sudo vi /etc/postgresql/9.4/main/pg_hba.conf + +Add or Modify the lines as shown below + + [...] + # TYPE DATABASE USER ADDRESS METHOD + # "local" is for Unix domain socket connections only + local all all md5 + # IPv4 local connections: + host all all 127.0.0.1/32 md5 + host all all 192.168.1.0/24 md5 + # IPv6 local connections: + host all all ::1/128 md5 + [...] + +Here, 192.168.1.0/24 is my local network IP address. Replace this value with your own address. + +Restart postgresql service to apply the changes: + + sudo systemctl restart postgresql + +Or, + + sudo service postgresql restart + +### Configure PostgreSQL-Configure TCP/IP ### + +By default, TCP/IP connection is disabled, so that the users from another computers can’t access postgresql. To allow to connect users from another computers, Edit file **/etc/postgresql/9.4/main/postgresql.conf:** + + sudo vi /etc/postgresql/9.4/main/postgresql.conf + +Find the lines: + + [...] + #listen_addresses = 'localhost' + [...] + #port = 5432 + [...] + +Uncomment both lines, and set the IP address of your postgresql server or set ‘*’ to listen from all clients as shown below. You should be careful to make postgreSQL to be accessible from all remote clients. + + [...] + listen_addresses = '*' + [...] + port = 5432 + [...] + +Restart postgresql service to save changes: + + sudo systemctl restart postgresql + +Or, + + sudo service postgresql restart + +### Manage PostgreSQL with phpPgAdmin ### + +[**phpPgAdmin**][2] is a web-based administration utility written in PHP for managing PosgreSQL. + +phpPgAdmin is available in default repositories. So, Install phpPgAdmin using command: + + sudo apt-get install phppgadmin + +By default, you can access phppgadmin using **http://localhost/phppgadmin** from your local system’s web browser. + +To access remote systems, do the following. +On Ubuntu 15.10 systems: + +Edit file **/etc/apache2/conf-available/phppgadmin.conf**, + + sudo vi /etc/apache2/conf-available/phppgadmin.conf + +Find the line **Require local** and comment it by adding a **#** in front of the line. + + #Require local + +And add the following line: + + allow from all + +Save and exit the file. + +Then, restart apache service. + + sudo systemctl restart apache2 + +On Ubuntu 14.10 and previous versions: + +Edit file **/etc/apache2/conf.d/phppgadmin**: + + sudo nano /etc/apache2/conf.d/phppgadmin + +Comment the following line: + + [...] + #allow from 127.0.0.0/255.0.0.0 ::1/128 + +Uncomment the following line to make phppgadmin from all systems. + + allow from all + +Edit **/etc/apache2/apache2.conf**: + + sudo vi /etc/apache2/apache2.conf + +Add the following line: + + Include /etc/apache2/conf.d/phppgadmin + +Then, restart apache service. + + sudo service apache2 restart + +### Configure phpPgAdmin ### + +Edit file **/etc/phppgadmin/config.inc.php**, and do the following changes. Most of these options are self-explanatory. Read them carefully to know why do you change these values. + + sudo nano /etc/phppgadmin/config.inc.php + +Find the following line: + + $conf['servers'][0]['host'] = ''; + +Change it as shown below: + + $conf['servers'][0]['host'] = 'localhost'; + +And find the line: + + $conf['extra_login_security'] = true; + +Change the value to **false**. + + $conf['extra_login_security'] = false; + +Find the line: + + $conf['owned_only'] = false; + +Set the value as **true**. + + $conf['owned_only'] = true; + +Save and close the file. Restart postgresql service and Apache services. + + sudo systemctl restart postgresql + +---------- + + sudo systemctl restart apache2 + +Or, + + sudo service postgresql restart + + sudo service apache2 restart + +Now open your browser and navigate to **http://ip-address/phppgadmin**. You will see the following screen. + +![phpPgAdmin – Google Chrome_001](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/phpPgAdmin-Google-Chrome_001.jpg) + +Login with users that you’ve created earlier. I already have created a user called “**senthil**” with password “**ubuntu**” before, so I log in with user “senthil”. + +![phpPgAdmin – Google Chrome_002](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/phpPgAdmin-Google-Chrome_002.jpg) + +Now, you will be able to access the phppgadmin dashboard. + +![phpPgAdmin – Google Chrome_003](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/phpPgAdmin-Google-Chrome_003.jpg) + +Log in with postgres user: + +![phpPgAdmin – Google Chrome_004](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/phpPgAdmin-Google-Chrome_004.jpg) + +That’s it. Now you’ll able to create, delete and alter databases graphically using phppgadmin. + +Cheers! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-postgresql-9-4-and-phppgadmin-on-ubuntu-15-10/ + +作者：[SK][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.twitter.com/ostechnix +[1]:http://www.postgresql.org/ +[2]:http://phppgadmin.sourceforge.net/doku.php \ No newline at end of file From ee5ac2a11be7ee9fd71996513c31c5d8f64f90ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ricky Gong Date: Tue, 17 Nov 2015 11:48:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 088/176] Delete 20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux.md --- ...ronment variable automatically on Linux.md | 50 ------------------- 1 file changed, 50 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2d61fc63da..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,50 +0,0 @@ -Ricky-Gong is translating. - -Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux -================================================================================ -> **Question**: I need to compile a Java program on my Linux box. For that I already installed JDK (Java Development Kit), and now I'm trying to set JAVA_HOME environment variable to point to the installed JDK. What is the recommended way to set JAVA_HOME environment variable on Linux? - -Many Java programs or Java-based IDE environments require JAVA_HOME environment variable being set. This environment variable is supposed to point to the top directory where the Java development kit (JDK) or Java runtime environment (JRE) is installed. The JDK contains everything the JRE offers, but also provides additional binaries and libraries needed to compile Java programs (e.g., compilers, debugger, JavaDoc). While the JDK is needed to build Java applications, the JRE alone is sufficient to simply run already built Java programs. - -When you are trying to set JAVA_HOME environment variable, the complication is that JAVA_HOME variable will change depending on (1) whether you installed JDK or JRE, (2) which version of JDK/JRE you installed, and (3) whether you installed Oracle JDK or Open JDK. - -So whenever your build or run-time environment changes (e.g., upgrade to a newer JDK), you need to adjust JAVA_HOME accordingly, which is cumbersome. - -The following export commands will allow you to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically regardless of these factors. - -If you installed JRE: - - export JAVA_HOME=$(dirname $(dirname $(readlink -f $(which java)))) - -If you installed JDK: - - export JAVA_HOME=$(dirname $(dirname $(readlink -f $(which javac)))) - -Place either of the above commands in ~/.bashrc (or /etc/profile) depending on you installed JDK or JRE, and it will set JAVA_HOME permanently. - -Note that "readlink -f" command is used to get the canonical path since java or javac can be set up with multiple symlinks. - -For example, if you installed Oracle JRE 7, the first export command will automatically set JAVA_HOME to: - - /usr/lib/jvm/java-7-oracle/jre - -If you installed Open JDK version 8, the second export command will set JAVA_HOME to: - - /usr/lib/jvm/java-8-openjdk-amd64 - -![](https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/700/22961948071_c73a3261dd_c.jpg) - -In short, these export commands will automatically update JAVA_HOME variable as you re-install/upgrade your JDK/JRE packages or [change default Java version][1]. No need to adjust JAVA_HOME manually. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/set-java_home-environment-variable-linux.html - -作者：[Dan Nanni][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/author/nanni -[1]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/change-default-java-version-linux.html From 3a215f6a253582a22f35c7e14debe676eb4d3e7f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ricky Gong Date: Tue, 17 Nov 2015 11:51:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 089/176] =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=90Translation=20Finished?= =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux.md --- ...ronment variable automatically on Linux.md | 48 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 48 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e8177ebe59 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +Linux 有问必答 - 如何在 Linux 上自动设置 JAVA_HOME 环境变量 +================================================================================ +> **问题**：我需要在我的 Linux 机器上编译 Java 程序。为此我已经安装了 JDK (Java Development Kit)，而现在我正试图设置 JAVA\_HOME 环境变量使其指向安装好的 JDK 。关于在 Linux 上设置 JAVA\_HOME 环境变量，最受推崇的办法是什么？ + +许多 Java 程序或基于 Java 的*集成开发环境* (IDE)都需要设置好 JAVA_HOME 环境变量。该变量应指向 *Java 开发工具包* (JDK)或 *Java 运行时环境* (JRE)的安装目录。JDK 不仅包含了 JRE 提供的一切，还带有额外的二进制代码和库文件（例如编译器，调试器及 JavaDoc 文档生成器）用于编译 Java 程序。JDK 是用来构建 Java 程序的，如果只是运行已经构建好的 Java 程序，单独一份 JRE 就足够了。 + +当您正试图设置 JAVA\_HOME 环境变量时，麻烦的事情在于 JAVA\_HOME 变量需要根据以下几点而改变：(1) 您是否安装了 JDK 或 JRE；(2) 您安装了哪个版本；(3) 您安装的是 Oracle JDK 还是 Open JDK。 + +因此每当您的开发环境或运行时环境发生改变（例如为 JDK 更新版本）时，您需要根据实际情况调整 JAVA\_HOME 变量，而这种做法是繁重且缺乏效率的。 + +以下 export 命令能为您自动设置 JAVA\_HOME 环境变量，而无须顾及上述的因素。 + +若您安装的是 JRE： + + export JAVA_HOME=$(dirname $(dirname $(readlink -f $(which java)))) + +若您安装的是 JDK： + + export JAVA_HOME=$(dirname $(dirname $(readlink -f $(which javac)))) + +根据您的情况，将上述命令中的一条写入 ~/.bashrc（或 /etc/profile）文件中，它就会永久地设置好 JAVA\_HOME 变量。 + +注意，由于 java 或 javac 可以建立起多个层次的符号链接，为此"readlink -f"命令是用来获取它们真正的执行路径的。 + +举个例子，假如您安装的是 Oracle JRE 7，那么上述的第一条 export 命令将自动设置 JAVA\_HOME 为： + + /usr/lib/jvm/java-7-oracle/jre + +若您安装的是 Open JDK 第8版，那么第二条 export 命令将设置 JAVA\_HOME 为： + + /usr/lib/jvm/java-8-openjdk-amd64 + +![](https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/700/22961948071_c73a3261dd_c.jpg) + +简而言之，这些 export 命令会在您重装/升级您的JDK/JRE，或[更换默认 Java 版本][1]时自动更新 JAVA\_HOME 变量。您不再需要手动调整它。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/set-java_home-environment-variable-linux.html + +作者：[Dan Nanni][a] +译者：[Ricky-Gong](https://github.com/Ricky-Gong) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/author/nanni +[1]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/change-default-java-version-linux.html From 5d7501c2a1926dd256373c18a2c800792c28268e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 17 Nov 2015 13:21:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 090/176] PUB:20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @Ricky-Gong 翻译的不错，基本上没有可校对的。看得出用心啦！加油！ --- ...VA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux.md (82%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux.md b/published/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux.md similarity index 82% rename from translated/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux.md rename to published/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux.md index e8177ebe59..f9368ec48b 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux.md +++ b/published/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set JAVA_HOME environment variable automatically on Linux.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -Linux 有问必答 - 如何在 Linux 上自动设置 JAVA_HOME 环境变量 +Linux 有问必答：如何在 Linux 上自动设置 JAVA_HOME 环境变量 ================================================================================ > **问题**：我需要在我的 Linux 机器上编译 Java 程序。为此我已经安装了 JDK (Java Development Kit)，而现在我正试图设置 JAVA\_HOME 环境变量使其指向安装好的 JDK 。关于在 Linux 上设置 JAVA\_HOME 环境变量，最受推崇的办法是什么？ -许多 Java 程序或基于 Java 的*集成开发环境* (IDE)都需要设置好 JAVA_HOME 环境变量。该变量应指向 *Java 开发工具包* (JDK)或 *Java 运行时环境* (JRE)的安装目录。JDK 不仅包含了 JRE 提供的一切，还带有额外的二进制代码和库文件（例如编译器，调试器及 JavaDoc 文档生成器）用于编译 Java 程序。JDK 是用来构建 Java 程序的，如果只是运行已经构建好的 Java 程序，单独一份 JRE 就足够了。 +许多 Java 程序或基于 Java 的*集成开发环境* (IDE)都需要设置好 JAVA_HOME 环境变量。该变量应指向 *Java 开发工具包* (JDK)或 *Java 运行时环境* (JRE)的安装目录。JDK 不仅包含了 JRE 提供的一切，还带有用于编译 Java 程序的额外的二进制代码和库文件（例如编译器，调试器及 JavaDoc 文档生成器）。JDK 是用来构建 Java 程序的，如果只是运行已经构建好的 Java 程序，单独一份 JRE 就足够了。 当您正试图设置 JAVA\_HOME 环境变量时，麻烦的事情在于 JAVA\_HOME 变量需要根据以下几点而改变：(1) 您是否安装了 JDK 或 JRE；(2) 您安装了哪个版本；(3) 您安装的是 Oracle JDK 还是 Open JDK。 因此每当您的开发环境或运行时环境发生改变（例如为 JDK 更新版本）时，您需要根据实际情况调整 JAVA\_HOME 变量，而这种做法是繁重且缺乏效率的。 -以下 export 命令能为您自动设置 JAVA\_HOME 环境变量，而无须顾及上述的因素。 +以下 export 命令能为您**自动设置** JAVA\_HOME 环境变量，而无须顾及上述的因素。 若您安装的是 JRE： @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/set-java_home-environment-variable-linux.html 作者：[Dan Nanni][a] 译者：[Ricky-Gong](https://github.com/Ricky-Gong) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 02b4b905e1b311dff26c5711b638e84d052f8732 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 17 Nov 2015 13:40:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 091/176] PUB:Part 7 - Setting Up NFS Server with Kerberos-based Authentication for Linux Clients @ictlyh --- ...-based Authentication for Linux Clients.md | 38 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/RHCE/Part 7 - Setting Up NFS Server with Kerberos-based Authentication for Linux Clients.md (82%) diff --git a/translated/tech/RHCE/Part 7 - Setting Up NFS Server with Kerberos-based Authentication for Linux Clients.md b/published/RHCE/Part 7 - Setting Up NFS Server with Kerberos-based Authentication for Linux Clients.md similarity index 82% rename from translated/tech/RHCE/Part 7 - Setting Up NFS Server with Kerberos-based Authentication for Linux Clients.md rename to published/RHCE/Part 7 - Setting Up NFS Server with Kerberos-based Authentication for Linux Clients.md index 5eba70cd7a..a05935f7c1 100644 --- a/translated/tech/RHCE/Part 7 - Setting Up NFS Server with Kerberos-based Authentication for Linux Clients.md +++ b/published/RHCE/Part 7 - Setting Up NFS Server with Kerberos-based Authentication for Linux Clients.md @@ -1,11 +1,10 @@ -第七部分 - 在 Linux 客户端配置基于 Kerberos 身份验证的 NFS 服务器 +RHCE 系列（七）：在 Linux 客户端配置基于 Kerberos 身份验证的 NFS 服务器 ================================================================================ -在本系列的前一篇文章，我们回顾了[如何在可能包括多种类型操作系统的网络上配置 Samba 共享][1]。现在，如果你需要为一组类-Unix 客户端配置文件共享，很自然的你会想到网络文件系统，或简称 NFS。 - +在本系列的前一篇文章，我们回顾了[如何在可能包括多种类型操作系统的网络上配置 Samba 共享][1]。现在，如果你需要为一组类 Unix 客户端配置文件共享，很自然的你会想到网络文件系统，或简称 NFS。 ![设置使用 Kerberos 进行身份验证的 NFS 服务器](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Setting-Kerberos-Authentication-with-NFS.jpg) -RHCE 系列：第七部分 - 设置使用 Kerberos 进行身份验证的 NFS 服务器 +*RHCE 系列：第七部分 - 设置使用 Kerberos 进行身份验证的 NFS 服务器* 在这篇文章中我们会介绍配置基于 Kerberos 身份验证的 NFS 共享的整个流程。假设你已经配置好了一个 NFS 服务器和一个客户端。如果还没有，可以参考 [安装和配置 NFS 服务器][2] - 它列出了需要安装的依赖软件包并解释了在进行下一步之前如何在服务器上进行初始化配置。 @@ -24,28 +23,26 @@ RHCE 系列：第七部分 - 设置使用 Kerberos 进行身份验证的 NFS 服 #### 创建 NFS 组并配置 NFS 共享目录 #### -1. 新建一个名为 nfs 的组并给它添加用户 nfsnobody，然后更改 /nfs 目录的权限为 0770，组属主为 nfs。于是，nfsnobody（对应请求用户）在共享目录有写的权限，你就不需要在 /etc/exports 文件中使用 no_root_squash（译者注：设为 root_squash 意味着在访问 NFS 服务器上的文件时，客户机上的 root 用户不会被当作 root 用户来对待）。 +1、 新建一个名为 nfs 的组并给它添加用户 nfsnobody，然后更改 /nfs 目录的权限为 0770，组属主为 nfs。于是，nfsnobody（对应请求用户）在共享目录有写的权限，你就不需要在 /etc/exports 文件中使用 no_root_squash（LCTT 译注：设为 root_squash 意味着在访问 NFS 服务器上的文件时，客户机上的 root 用户不会被当作 root 用户来对待）。 # groupadd nfs # usermod -a -G nfs nfsnobody # chmod 0770 /nfs # chgrp nfs /nfs -2. 像下面那样更改 export 文件（/etc/exports）只允许从 box1 使用 Kerberos 安全验证的访问（sec=krb5）。 +2、 像下面那样更改 export 文件（/etc/exports）只允许从 box1 使用 Kerberos 安全验证的访问（sec=krb5）。 **注意**：anongid 的值设置为之前新建的组 nfs 的 GID： **exports – 添加 NFS 共享** ----------- - /nfs box1(rw,sec=krb5,anongid=1004) -3. 再次 exprot（-r）所有（-a）NFS 共享。为输出添加详情（-v）是个好主意，因为它提供了发生错误时解决问题的有用信息： +3、 再次 exprot（-r）所有（-a）NFS 共享。为输出添加详情（-v）是个好主意，因为它提供了发生错误时解决问题的有用信息： # exportfs -arv -4. 重启并启用 NFS 服务器以及相关服务。注意你不需要启动 nfs-lock 和 nfs-idmapd，因为系统启动时其它服务会自动启动它们： +4、 重启并启用 NFS 服务器以及相关服务。注意你不需要启动 nfs-lock 和 nfs-idmapd，因为系统启动时其它服务会自动启动它们： # systemctl restart rpcbind nfs-server nfs-lock nfs-idmap # systemctl enable rpcbind nfs-server @@ -61,14 +58,12 @@ RHCE 系列：第七部分 - 设置使用 Kerberos 进行身份验证的 NFS 服 正如你看到的，为了简便，NFS 服务器和 KDC 在同一台机器上，当然如果你有更多可用机器你也可以把它们安装在不同的机器上。两台机器都在 `mydomain.com` 域。 -最后同样重要的是，Kerberos 要求客户端和服务器中至少有一个域名解析的基本模式和[网络时间协议][5]服务，因为 Kerberos 身份验证的安全一部分基于时间戳。 +最后同样重要的是，Kerberos 要求客户端和服务器中至少有一个域名解析的基本方式和[网络时间协议][5]服务，因为 Kerberos 身份验证的安全一部分基于时间戳。 为了配置域名解析，我们在客户端和服务器中编辑 /etc/hosts 文件： **host 文件 – 为域添加 DNS** ----------- - 192.168.0.18 box1.mydomain.com box1 192.168.0.20 box2.mydomain.com box2 @@ -82,10 +77,9 @@ RHCE 系列：第七部分 - 设置使用 Kerberos 进行身份验证的 NFS 服 # chronyc tracking - ![用 Chrony 同步服务器时间](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Synchronize-Time-with-Chrony.png) -用 Chrony 同步服务器时间 +*用 Chrony 同步服务器时间* ### 安装和配置 Kerberos ### @@ -109,7 +103,7 @@ RHCE 系列：第七部分 - 设置使用 Kerberos 进行身份验证的 NFS 服 ![创建 Kerberos 数据库](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Create-Kerberos-Database.png) -创建 Kerberos 数据库 +*创建 Kerberos 数据库* 下一步，使用 kadmin.local 工具为 root 创建管理权限： @@ -129,7 +123,7 @@ RHCE 系列：第七部分 - 设置使用 Kerberos 进行身份验证的 NFS 服 ![添加 Kerberos 到 NFS 服务器](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Create-Kerboros-for-NFS.png) -添加 Kerberos 到 NFS 服务器 +*添加 Kerberos 到 NFS 服务器* 为 root/admin 获取和缓存票据授权票据（ticket-granting ticket）： @@ -138,7 +132,7 @@ RHCE 系列：第七部分 - 设置使用 Kerberos 进行身份验证的 NFS 服 ![缓存 Kerberos](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Cache-kerberos-Ticket.png) -缓存 Kerberos +*缓存 Kerberos* 真正使用 Kerberos 之前的最后一步是保存被授权使用 Kerberos 身份验证的规则到一个密钥表文件（在服务器中）： @@ -154,7 +148,7 @@ RHCE 系列：第七部分 - 设置使用 Kerberos 进行身份验证的 NFS 服 ![挂载 NFS 共享](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mount-NFS-Share.png) -挂载 NFS 共享 +*挂载 NFS 共享* 现在让我们卸载共享，在客户端中重命名密钥表文件（模拟它不存在）然后试着再次挂载共享目录： @@ -163,7 +157,7 @@ RHCE 系列：第七部分 - 设置使用 Kerberos 进行身份验证的 NFS 服 ![挂载/卸载 Kerberos NFS 共享](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Mount-Unmount-Kerberos-NFS-Share.png) -挂载/卸载 Kerberos NFS 共享 +*挂载/卸载 Kerberos NFS 共享* 现在你可以使用基于 Kerberos 身份验证的 NFS 共享了。 @@ -177,12 +171,12 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/setting-up-nfs-server-with-kerberos-based-authentica 作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a] 译者：[ictlyh](http://www.mutouxiaogui.cn/blog/) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/gacanepa/ -[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/setup-samba-file-sharing-for-linux-windows-clients/ +[1]:https://linux.cn/article-6550-1.html [2]:http://www.tecmint.com/configure-nfs-server/ [3]:http://www.tecmint.com/selinux-essentials-and-control-filesystem-access/ [4]:http://www.tecmint.com/firewalld-rules-for-centos-7/ From 8d391296196d7fabc7fb68e442d80120ae437658 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Tue, 17 Nov 2015 14:15:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 092/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151117-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...oid On BQ Aquaris Ubuntu Phone In Linux.md | 125 +++++++++++++ ... Linux 101--Get the most out of Systemd.md | 171 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 296 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151117 Install Android On BQ Aquaris Ubuntu Phone In Linux.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151117 Linux 101--Get the most out of Systemd.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151117 Install Android On BQ Aquaris Ubuntu Phone In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20151117 Install Android On BQ Aquaris Ubuntu Phone In Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..94e7ef69ce --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151117 Install Android On BQ Aquaris Ubuntu Phone In Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +Install Android On BQ Aquaris Ubuntu Phone In Linux +================================================================================ +![How to install Android on Ubuntu Phone](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Install-Android-on-Ubuntu-Phone.jpg) + +If you happen to own the first Ubuntu phone and want to **replace Ubuntu with Android on the bq Aquaris e4.5**, this post is going to help you. + +There can be plenty of reasons why you might want to remove Ubuntu and use the mainstream Android OS. One of the foremost reason is that the OS itself is at an early stage and intend to target developers and enthusiasts. Whatever may be your reason, installing Android on bq Aquaris is a piece of cake, thanks to the tools provided by bq. + +Let’s see what to do we need to install Android on bq Aquaris. + +### Prerequisite ### + +- Working Internet connection to download Android factory image and install tools for flashing Android +- USB data cable +- A system running Linux + +This tutorial is performed using Ubuntu 15.10. But the steps should be applicable to most other Linux distributions. + +### Replace Ubuntu with Android in bq Aquaris e4.5 ### + +#### Step 1: Download Android firmware #### + +First step is to download the Android image for bq Aquaris e4.5. Good thing is that it is available from the bq’s support website. You can download the firmware, around 650 MB in size, from the link below: + +- [Download Android for bq Aquaris e4.5][1] + +Yes, you would get OTA updates with it. At present the firmware version is 2.0.1 which is based on Android Lolipop. Over time, there could be a new firmware based on Marshmallow and then the above link could be outdated. + +I suggest to check the [bq support page][2] and download the latest firmware from there. + +Once downloaded, extract it. In the extracted directory, look for **MT6582_Android_scatter.txt** file. We shall be using it later. + +#### Step 2: Download flash tool #### + +bq has provided its own flash tool, Herramienta MTK Flash Tool, for easier installation of Android or Ubuntu on the device. You can download the tool from the link below: + +- [Download MTK Flash Tool][3] + +Since the flash tool might be upgraded in future, you can always get the latest version of flash tool from the [bq support page][4]. + +Once downloaded extract the downloaded file. You should see an executable file named **flash_tool** in it. We shall be using it later. + +#### Step 3: Remove conflicting packages (optional) #### + +If you are using recent version of Ubuntu or Ubuntu based Linux distributions, you may encounter “BROM ERROR : S_UNDEFINED_ERROR (1001)” later in this tutorial. + +To avoid this error, you’ll have to uninstall conflicting package. Use the commands below: + + sudo apt-get remove modemmanager + +Restart udev service with the command below: + + sudo service udev restart + +Just to check for any possible side effects on kernel module cdc_acm, run the command below: + + lsmod | grep cdc_acm + +If the output of the above command is an empty list, you’ll have to reinstall this kernel module: + + sudo modprobe cdc_acm + +#### Step 4: Prepare to flash Android #### + +Go to the downloaded and extracted flash tool directory (in step 2). Use command line for this purpose because you’ll have to use the root privileges here. + +Presuming that you saved it in the Downloads directory, use the command below to go to this directory (in case you do not know how to navigate between directories in command line). + + cd ~/Downloads/SP_Flash* + +After that use the command below to run the flash tool as root: + + sudo ./flash_tool + +You’ll see a window popped as the one below. Don’t bother about Download Agent field, it will be automatically filled. Just focus on Scatter-loading field. + +![Replace Ubuntu with Android](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Install-Android-bq-aquaris-Ubuntu-1.jpeg) + +Remember we talked about **MT6582_Android_scatter.txt** in step 1? This text file is in the extracted directory of the Andriod firmware you downloaded in step 1. Click on Scatter-loading (in the above picture) and point to MT6582_Android_scatter.txt file. + +When you do that, you’ll see several green lines like the one below: + +![Install-Android-bq-aquaris-Ubuntu-2](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Install-Android-bq-aquaris-Ubuntu-2.jpeg) + +#### Step 5: Flashing Android #### + +We are almost ready. Switch off your phone and connect it to your computer via a USB cable. + +Select Firmware Upgrade from the dropdown and after that click on the big download button. + +![flash Android with Ubuntu](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Install-Android-bq-aquaris-Ubuntu.jpeg) + +If everything is correct, you should see a flash status in the bottom of the tool: + +![Replace Ubuntu with Android](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Install-Android-bq-aquaris-Ubuntu-3.jpeg) + +When the procedure is successfully completed, you’ll see a notification like this: + +![Successfully flashed Android on bq qauaris Ubuntu Phone](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Install-Android-bq-aquaris-Ubuntu-4.jpeg) + +Unplug your phone and power it on. You should see a white screen with AQUARIS written in the middle and at bottom, “powered by Android” would be displayed. It might take upto 10 minutes before you could configure and start using Android. + +Note: If something goes wrong in the process, Press power, volume up, volume down button together and boot in to fast boot mode. Turn off again and connect the cable again. Repeat the process of firmware upgrade. It should work. + +### Conclusion ### + +Thanks to the tools provided, it becomes easier to **flash Android on bq Ubuntu Phone**. Of course, you can use the same steps to replace Android with Ubuntu. All you need is to download Ubuntu firmware instead of Android. + +I hope this tutorial helped you to replace Ubuntu with Android on your bq phone. If you have questions or suggestions, feel free to ask in the comment section below. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://itsfoss.com/install-android-ubuntu-phone/ + +作者：[Abhishek][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[1]:https://storage.googleapis.com/otas/2014/Smartphones/Aquaris_E4.5_L/2.0.1_20150623-1900_bq-FW.zip +[2]:http://www.bq.com/gb/support/aquaris-e4-5 +[3]:https://storage.googleapis.com/otas/2014/Smartphones/Aquaris_E4.5/Ubuntu/Web%20version/Web%20version/SP_Flash_Tool_exe_linux_v5.1424.00.zip +[4]:http://www.bq.com/gb/support/aquaris-e4-5-ubuntu-edition \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20151117 Linux 101--Get the most out of Systemd.md b/sources/tech/20151117 Linux 101--Get the most out of Systemd.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7e6f0f4f71 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151117 Linux 101--Get the most out of Systemd.md @@ -0,0 +1,171 @@ +Linux 101: Get the most out of Systemd +================================================================================ +Why do this? + +- Understand the big changes in modern distros. +- See how Systemd replaces SysVinit. +- Get to grips with units and the new journal. + +Hate mail, personal insults, death threats – Lennart Poettering, the author of Systemd, is used to receiving these. The Red Hat employee recently ranted on Google+ about the nature of the FOSS community ([http://tinyurl.com/poorlennart][1]), lamenting that it’s “quite a sick place to be in”. In particular, he points to Linus Torvalds’s highly acerbic mailing list posts, and accuses the kernel head honcho of setting the tone of online discussion, making personal attacks and derogatory comments the norm. + +But why has Poettering received so much hate? Why does a man who simply develops open source software have to tolerate this amount of anger? Well, the answer lies in the importance of his software. Systemd is the first thing launched by the Linux kernel on most distributions now, and it serves many roles. It starts system services, handles logins, executes tasks at specified intervals, and much more. It’s growing all the time, and becoming something of a “base system” for Linux – providing all the plumbing tools needed to boot and maintain a distro. + +Now, Systemd is controversial for various reasons: it eschews some established Unix conventions, such as plain text log files. It’s seen as a “monolithic” project trying to take over everything else. And it’s a major change to the underpinnings of our OS. Yet almost every major distribution has adopted it (or is about to), so it’s here to stay. And there are benefits: faster booting, easier management of services that depend on one another, and powerful and secure logging facilities too. + +So in this tutorial we’ll explore Systemd’s features, and show you how to get the most out of them. Even if you’re not a fan of the software right now, hopefully at least you’ll feel more comfortable with it by the end. + +![Image](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/eating-large.jpg) + +**This tongue-in-cheek animation at [http://tinyurl.com/m2e7mv8][2] portrays Systemd as a rabid animal eating everything in its path. Most critics haven’t been so fluffy.** + +### Booting and services ### + +Almost every major distro has either adopted Systemd, or will do so in the next release (Debian and Ubuntu). In this tutorial we’re using a pre-release of Fedora 21 – a distro that has been a great testing ground for Systemd – but the commands and notes should be the same regardless of your distro. That’s one of the plus points of Systemd: it obviates many of the tiny, niggling differences between distros. + +In a terminal, enter **ps ax | grep systemd** and look at the first line. The **1** means that it’s process ID 1, ie the first thing launched by the Linux kernel. So, once the kernel has done its work detecting hardware and organising memory, it launches the **/usr/lib/systemd/systemd** executable, which then launches other programs in turn. (In pre-Systemd days, the kernel would launch **/sbin/init**, which would then launch various other essential boot scripts, in a system known as SysVinit.) + +Central to Systemd is the concept of units. These are configuration files with information about services (programs running in the background), devices, mount points, timers and other aspects of the operating system. One of Systemd’s goals is to ease and simplify the interaction between these, so if you have a certain program that needs to start when a certain mount point is created when a certain device gets plugged in, it should be considerably easier to make all this work. (In pre-Systemd days, hacking all this together with scripts could get very ugly.) To list all units on your Linux installation, enter: + + systemctl list-unit-files + +Now, **systemctl** is the main tool for interacting with Systemd, and it has many options. Here, in the unit list, you’ll notice that there’s some formatting: enabled units are shown in green, and disabled are shown in red. Units marked as “static” can’t be started directly – they’re dependencies of other units. To narrow down the list to just services, use: + + systemctl list-unit-files --type=service + +Note that “enabled” doesn’t necessarily mean that a service is running; just that it can be turned on. To get information about a specific service, for instance GDM (the Gnome Display Manager), enter: + + systemctl status gdm.service + +This provides lots of useful information: a human-readable description of the service, the location of the unit configuration file, when it was started, its PID, and the CGroups to which it belongs (these limit resource consumption for groups of processes). + +If you look at the unit config file in **/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service**, you’ll see various options, including the binary to be started (ExecStart), what it conflicts with (ie which units can’t be active at the same time), and what needs to be started before this unit can be activated (the “After” line). Some units have additional dependency options, such as “Requires” (mandatory dependencies) and “Wants” (optional). + +Another interesting option here is: + + Alias=display-manager.service + +When you activate **gdm.service**, you will also be able to view its status using **systemctl status display-manager.service**. This is useful when you know there’s a display manager running, and you want to do something with it, but you don’t care whether it’s GDM, KDM, XDM or any of the others. + +![Image](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/status-large.jpg) + +**Use systemctl status, followed by a unit name, to see what’s going on with a service.** + +### Target locked ### + +If you enter **ls** in the **/usr/lib/systemd/system** directory, you’ll also see various files that end in **.target**. A target is a way of grouping units together so that they’re started at the same time. For instance, in most Unix-like OSes there’s a state of the system called “multi-user”, which means that the system has booted correctly, background services are running, and it’s ready for one or more users to log in and do their work – at least, in text mode. (Other states include single-user, for doing administration work, or reboot, for when the machine is shutting down.) + +If you look inside **multi-user.target**, you may be expecting to see a list of units that should be active in this state. But you’ll notice that the file is pretty bare – instead, individual services make themselves dependencies of the target via the **WantedBy** option. So if you look inside **avahi-daemon.service**, **NetworkManager.service** and many other **.service** files, you’ll see this line in the Install section: + + WantedBy=multi-user.target + +So, switching to the multi-user target will enable those units that contain the above line. Other targets are available (such as **emergency.target** for an emergency shell, or **halt.target** for when the machine shuts down), and you can easily switch between them like so: + + systemctl isolate emergency.target + +In many ways, these are like SysVinit runlevels, with text-mode **multi-user.target** being runlevel 3, **graphical.target** being runlevel 5, **reboot.target** being runlevel 6, and so forth. + +![Image](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/unit-large.jpg) + +**The unit configuration files might look foreign compared to traditional scripts, but they’re not hard to grasp.** + +### Up and down ### + +Now, you might be pondering: we’ve got this far, and yet we haven’t even looked at stopping and starting services yet! But there’s a reason for this. Systemd can look like a complicated beast from the outside, so it’s good to have an overview of how it works before you start interacting with it. The actual commands for managing services are very simple: + + systemctl stop cups.service + systemctl start cups.service + +(If a unit has been disabled, you can first enable it with **systemctl enable** followed by the unit name. This places a symbolic link for the unit in the .wants directory of the current target, in the **/etc/systemd/system** folder.) + +Two more useful commands are **systemctl restart** and **systemctl reload**, followed by unit names. The second asks the unit to reload its configuration file. Systemd is – for the most part – very well documented, so look at the manual page (**man systemctl**) for details on every command. + +> ### Timer units: replacing Cron ### +> +> Beyond system initialisation and service management, Systemd has its fingers in various other pies too. Notably, it can perform the job of **cron**, arguably with more flexibility (and an easier to read syntax). **Cron** is the program that performs jobs at regular intervals – such as cleaning up temporary files, refreshing caches and so forth. +> +> If you look inside the **/usr/lib/systemd/system** directory again, you’ll see that various **.timer** files are provided. Have a look at some of them with **less**, and you’ll note that they follow a similar structure to the **.service** and **.target** files. The difference, however, lies in the **[Timer]** section. Consider this example: +> +> [Timer] +> OnBootSec=1h +> OnUnitActiveSec=1w +> +> Here, the **OnBootSec** option tells Systemd to activate the unit 1 hour after the system has booted. Then the second option means: activate the unit once a week after that. There’s a huge amount of flexibility in the times that you can set – enter **man systemd.time** for a full list. +> +> By default, Systemd’s accuracy for timing is one minute. In other words, it will activate the unit within a minute of the time you specify, but not necessarily to the exact second. This is done for power management reasons, but if you need a timer to be executed without any delay, right down to the microsecond, you can add this line: +> +> AccuracySec=1us +> +> Also, the **WakeSystem** option (which can be set to true or false) defines whether or not the timer should wake up the machine if it’s in suspend mode. + +![Image](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/systemd_gui-large.jpg) + +**A Systemd GUI exists,although it hasn’t been actively worked on for a couple of years.** + +### Log files: say hello to journald ### + +The second major component of Systemd is the journal. This is a logging system, similar to syslog, but with some major differences. And if you’re a fan of the Unix way, prepare for your blood to boil: it’s a binary log, so you can’t just parse it using your regular command line text tools. This design decision regularly whips up heated debates on the net, but it has some benefits too. For instance, logs can be more structured, with better metadata, so it’s easier to filter out information based on executable name, PID, time and so forth. + +To view the journal in its entirety, enter: + + journalctl + +As with many other Systemd commands, this pipes the output into the **less** program, so you can scroll down by hitting space, use / (forward slash) to search, and other familiar keybindings. You’ll also notice a sprinkling of colour here too, with warnings and failure messages in red. + +That’s a lot of information; to narrow it down to the current boot, use: + + journalctl -b + +And here’s where the Systemd journal starts to shine. Do you want to see all messages from the previous boot? Try **journalctl -b -1**. Or the one before that? Replace **-1** with **-2**. How about something very specific, like all messages from 24 October 2014, 16:38 onwards?” + + journalctl -b --since=”2014-10-24 16:38” + +Even if you deplore binary logs, that’s still a useful feature, and for many admins it’s much easier than constructing a similar filter from regular expressions. + +So we’ve narrowed down the log to specific times, but what about specific programs? For units, try this: + + journalctl -u gdm.service + +(Note: that’s a good way to see the log generated by the X server.) Or how about a specific PID? + + journalctl _PID=890 + +You can even request to just see messages from a certain executable: + + journalctl /usr/bin/pulseaudio + +If you want to narrow down to messages of a certain priority, use the **-p** option. With 0 this will only show emergency messages (ie it’s time to start praying to **$DEITY**), whereas 7 will show absolutely everything, including debugging messages. See the manual page (**man journalctl**) for more details on the priority levels. + +It’s worth noting that you can combine options as well, so to only show messages from the GDM service of priority level 3 (or lower) from the current boot, use: + + journalctl -u gdm.service -p 3 -b + +Finally, if you just want to have a terminal window open, constantly updating with the latest journal entries, as you’d have with the tail command in pre-Systemd installations, just enter **journalctl -f**. + +![Image](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/journal-large.jpg) + +**Binary logging isn’t popular, but the journal has some benefits, like very easy filtering of information.** + +> ### Life without Systemd? ### +> +> If you simply, absolutely can’t get on with Systemd, you still have a few choices among the major distributions. Most notably, Slackware, the longest-running distro, hasn’t made the switch yet – but its lead developer hasn’t ruled it out for the future. A few small-name distros are also holding out with SysVinit as well. +> +> But how long will this last? Gnome is becoming increasingly dependent on Systemd, and the other major desktop environments could follow suit. This is a cause of consternation in the BSD communities, as Systemd is heavily tied to Linux kernel features, so the desktops are becoming less portable, in a way. A half-way-house solution might arrive in the form of Uselessd ([http://uselessd.darknedgy.net][3]), which is a stripped-down version of Systemd that purely focuses on launching and supervising processes, without consuming the whole base system. +> +> ![Image](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/gentoo-large.jpg) +> +> If you don’t like Sysytemd, try Gentoo, which has it as a choice of init system, but doesn’t force it on its users. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/linux-101-get-the-most-out-of-systemd/ + +作者：[Mike Saunders][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/author/mike/ +[1]:http://tinyurl.com/poorlennart +[2]:http://tinyurl.com/m2e7mv8 +[3]:http://uselessd.darknedgy.net/ \ No newline at end of file From d23db41df874c5f8a039cd0469ce1af17c22acfb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Tue, 17 Nov 2015 14:30:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 093/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151117-3=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...151117 How bad a boss is Linus Torvalds.md | 79 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 79 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20151117 How bad a boss is Linus Torvalds.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20151117 How bad a boss is Linus Torvalds.md b/sources/talk/20151117 How bad a boss is Linus Torvalds.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bc4e7950f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20151117 How bad a boss is Linus Torvalds.md @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +How bad a boss is Linus Torvalds? +================================================================================ +![linus torvalds](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/08/linus_torvalds-100600260-primary.idge.jpg) + +*Linus Torvalds addressed a packed auditorium of Linux enthusiasts during his speech at the LinuxWorld show in San Jose, California, on August 10, 1999. Credit: James Niccolai* + +**It depends on context. In the world of software development, he’s what passes for normal. The question is whether that situation should be allowed to continue.** + +'ve known Linus Torvalds, Linux's inventor, for over 20 years. We're not chums, but we like each other. + +Lately, Torvalds has been getting a lot of flack for his management style. Linus doesn't suffer fools gladly. He has one way of judging people in his business of developing the Linux kernel: How good is your code? + +Nothing else matters. As Torvalds said earlier this year at the Linux.conf.au Conference, "I'm not a nice person, and I don't care about you. [I care about the technology and the kernel][1] -- that's what's important to me." + +Now, I can deal with that kind of person. If you can't, you should avoid the Linux kernel community, where you'll find a lot of this kind of meritocratic thinking. Which is not to say that I think everything in Linuxland is hunky-dory and should be impervious to calls for change. A meritocracy I can live with; a bastion of male dominance where women are subjected to scorn and disrespect is a problem. + +That's why I see the recent brouhaha about Torvalds' management style -- or more accurately, his total indifference to the personal side of management -- as nothing more than standard operating procedure in the world of software development. And at the same time, I see another instance that has come to light as evidence of a need for things to really change. + +The first situation arose with the [release of Linux 4.3][2], when Torvalds used the Linux Kernel Mailing List to tear into a developer who had inserted some networking code that Torvalds thought was -- well, let's say "crappy." "[[A]nd it generates [crappy] code.][3] It looks bad, and there's no reason for it." He goes on in this vein for quite a while. Besides the word "crap" and its earthier synonym, he uses the word "idiotic" pretty often. + +Here's the thing, though. He's right. I read the code. It's badly written and it does indeed seem to have been designed to use the new "overflow_usub()" function just for the sake of using it. + +Now, some people see this diatribe as evidence that Torvalds is a bad-tempered bully. I see a perfectionist who, within his field, doesn't put up with crap. + +Many people have told me that this is not how professional programmers should act. People, have you ever worked with top developers? That's exactly how they act, at Apple, Microsoft, Oracle and everywhere else I've known them. + +I've heard Steve Jobs rip a developer to pieces. I've cringed while a senior Oracle developer lead tore into a room of new programmers like a piranha through goldfish. + +In Accidental Empires, his classic book on the rise of PCs, Robert X. Cringely described Microsoft's software management style when Bill Gates was in charge as a system where "Each level, from Gates on down, screams at the next, goading and humiliating them." Ah, yes, that's the Microsoft I knew and hated. + +The difference between the leaders at big proprietary software companies and Torvalds is that he says everything in the open for the whole world to see. The others do it in private conference rooms. I've heard people claim that Torvalds would be fired in their company. Nope. He'd be right where he is now: on top of his programming world. + +Oh, and there's another difference. If you get, say, Larry Ellison mad at you, you can kiss your job goodbye. When you get Torvalds angry at your work, you'll get yelled at in an email. That's it. + +You see, Torvalds isn't anyone's boss. He's the guy in charge of a project with about 10,000 contributors, but he has zero hiring and firing authority. He can hurt your feelings, but that's about it. + +That said, there is a serious problem within both open-source and proprietary software development circles. No matter how good a programmer you are, if you're a woman, the cards are stacked against you. + +No case shows this better than that of Sarah Sharp, an Intel developer and formerly a top Linux programmer. [In a post on her blog in October][4], she explained why she had stopped contributing to the Linux kernel more than a year earlier: "I finally realized that I could no longer contribute to a community where I was technically respected, but I could not ask for personal respect.... I did not want to work professionally with people who were allowed to get away with subtle sexist or homophobic jokes." + +Who can blame her? I can't. Torvalds, like almost every software manager I've ever known, I'm sorry to say, has permitted a hostile work environment. + +He would probably say that it's not his job to ensure that Linux contributors behave with professionalism and mutual respect. He's concerned with the code and nothing but the code. + +As Sharp wrote: + +> I have the utmost respect for the technical efforts of the Linux kernel community. They have scaled and grown a project that is focused on maintaining some of the highest coding standards out there. The focus on technical excellence, in combination with overloaded maintainers, and people with different cultural and social norms, means that Linux kernel maintainers are often blunt, rude, or brutal to get their job done. Top Linux kernel developers often yell at each other in order to correct each other's behavior. +> +> That's not a communication style that works for me. … +> +> Many senior Linux kernel developers stand by the right of maintainers to be technically and personally brutal. Even if they are very nice people in person, they do not want to see the Linux kernel communication style change. + +She's right. + +Where I differ from other observers is that I don't think that this problem is in any way unique to Linux or open-source communities. With five years of work in the technology business and 25 years as a technology journalist, I've seen this kind of immature boy behavior everywhere. + +It's not Torvalds' fault. He's a technical leader with a vision, not a manager. The real problem is that there seems to be no one in the software development universe who can set a supportive tone for teams and communities. + +Looking ahead, I hope that companies and organizations, such as the Linux Foundation, can find a way to empower community managers or other managers to encourage and enforce civil behavior. + +We won't, unfortunately, find that kind of managerial finesse in our pure technical or business leaders. It's not in their DNA. + +This story, "How bad a boss is Linus Torvalds?" was originally published by Computerworld. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.infoworld.com/article/3004498/it-management/how-bad-a-boss-is-linus-torvalds.html + +作者：[Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.infoworld.com/author/Steven-J.-Vaughan_Nichols/ +[1]:http://www.computerworld.com/article/2874475/linus-torvalds-diversity-gaffe-brings-out-the-best-and-worst-of-the-open-source-world.html +[2]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-4-3-released-after-linus-torvalds-scraps-brain-damage-code/ +[3]:http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/1510.3/02866.html +[4]:http://sarah.thesharps.us/2015/10/05/closing-a-door/ \ No newline at end of file From 9bb2ab986fec8b323fd2ee2bf5f2aec87d7611e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Tue, 17 Nov 2015 15:59:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 094/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151117-3=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BF=AE=E6=AD=A3?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/talk/20151117 How bad a boss is Linus Torvalds.md | 8 +++----- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20151117 How bad a boss is Linus Torvalds.md b/sources/talk/20151117 How bad a boss is Linus Torvalds.md index bc4e7950f3..8b10e44584 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20151117 How bad a boss is Linus Torvalds.md +++ b/sources/talk/20151117 How bad a boss is Linus Torvalds.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ How bad a boss is Linus Torvalds? **It depends on context. In the world of software development, he’s what passes for normal. The question is whether that situation should be allowed to continue.** -'ve known Linus Torvalds, Linux's inventor, for over 20 years. We're not chums, but we like each other. +I've known Linus Torvalds, Linux's inventor, for over 20 years. We're not chums, but we like each other. Lately, Torvalds has been getting a lot of flack for his management style. Linus doesn't suffer fools gladly. He has one way of judging people in his business of developing the Linux kernel: How good is your code? @@ -60,11 +60,9 @@ Looking ahead, I hope that companies and organizations, such as the Linux Founda We won't, unfortunately, find that kind of managerial finesse in our pure technical or business leaders. It's not in their DNA. -This story, "How bad a boss is Linus Torvalds?" was originally published by Computerworld. - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -via: http://www.infoworld.com/article/3004498/it-management/how-bad-a-boss-is-linus-torvalds.html +via: http://www.computerworld.com/article/3004387/it-management/how-bad-a-boss-is-linus-torvalds.html 作者：[Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols][a] 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) @@ -72,7 +70,7 @@ via: http://www.infoworld.com/article/3004498/it-management/how-bad-a-boss-is-li 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[a]:http://www.infoworld.com/author/Steven-J.-Vaughan_Nichols/ +[a]:http://www.computerworld.com/author/Steven-J.-Vaughan_Nichols/ [1]:http://www.computerworld.com/article/2874475/linus-torvalds-diversity-gaffe-brings-out-the-best-and-worst-of-the-open-source-world.html [2]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-4-3-released-after-linus-torvalds-scraps-brain-damage-code/ [3]:http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/1510.3/02866.html From d833c32d951b36cd36f007e3cad875e271afa28a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 17 Nov 2015 16:32:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 095/176] PUB:20150929 A Developer's Journey into Linux Containers MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @ictlyh 翻译精到~ --- ...veloper's Journey into Linux Containers.md | 128 ++++++++++++++++++ ...veloper's Journey into Linux Containers.md | 128 ------------------ 2 files changed, 128 insertions(+), 128 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20150929 A Developer's Journey into Linux Containers.md delete mode 100644 translated/tech/20150929 A Developer's Journey into Linux Containers.md diff --git a/published/20150929 A Developer's Journey into Linux Containers.md b/published/20150929 A Developer's Journey into Linux Containers.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7245883635 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20150929 A Developer's Journey into Linux Containers.md @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ +一位开发者的 Linux 容器之旅 +================================================================================ +![](https://deis.com/images/blog-images/dev_journey_0.jpg) + +我告诉你一个秘密：使得我的应用程序进入到全世界的 DevOps 云计算之类的东西对我来说仍然有一点神秘。但随着时间流逝，我意识到理解大规模的机器增减和应用程序部署的来龙去脉对一个开发者来说是非常重要的知识。这类似于成为一个专业的音乐家，当然你肯定需要知道如何使用你的乐器，但是，如果你不知道一个录音棚是如何工作的，或者如何适应一个交响乐团，那么你在这样的环境中工作会变得非常困难。 + +在软件开发的世界里，使你的代码进入我们的更大的世界如同把它编写出来一样重要。DevOps 重要，而且是很重要。 + +因此，为了弥合开发（Dev）和部署（Ops）之间的空隙，我会从头开始介绍容器技术。为什么是容器？因为有强力的证据表明，容器是机器抽象的下一步：使计算机成为场所而不再是一个东西。理解容器是我们共同的旅程。 + +在这篇文章中，我会介绍容器化（containerization）背后的概念。包括容器和虚拟机的区别，以及容器构建背后的逻辑以及它是如何适应应用程序架构的。我会探讨轻量级的 Linux 操作系统是如何适应容器生态系统。我还会讨论使用镜像创建可重用的容器。最后我会介绍容器集群如何使你的应用程序可以快速扩展。 + +在后面的文章中，我会一步一步向你介绍容器化一个示例应用程序的过程，以及如何为你的应用程序容器创建一个托管集群。同时，我会向你展示如何使用 Deis 将你的示例应用程序部署到你本地系统以及多种云供应商的虚拟机上。 + +让我们开始吧。 + +### 虚拟机的好处 ### + +为了理解容器如何适应事物发展，你首先要了解容器的前任：虚拟机。 + +[虚拟机][1] （virtual machine (VM)）是运行在物理宿主机上的软件抽象。配置一个虚拟机就像是购买一台计算机：你需要定义你想要的 CPU 数目、RAM 和磁盘存储容量。配置好了机器后，你为它加载操作系统，以及你想让虚拟机支持的任何服务器或者应用程序。 + +虚拟机允许你在一台硬件主机上运行多个模拟计算机。这是一个简单的示意图： + +![](https://deis.com/images/blog-images/dev_journey_1.png) + +虚拟机可以让你能充分利用你的硬件资源。你可以购买一台巨大的、轰隆作响的机器，然后在上面运行多个虚拟机。你可以有一个数据库虚拟机以及很多运行相同版本的定制应用程序的虚拟机所构成的集群。你可以在有限的硬件资源获得很多的扩展能力。如果你觉得你需要更多的虚拟机而且你的宿主硬件还有容量，你可以添加任何你需要的虚拟机。或者，如果你不再需要一个虚拟机，你可以关闭该虚拟机并删除虚拟机镜像。 + +### 虚拟机的局限 ### + +但是，虚拟机确实有局限。 + +如上面所示，假如你在一个主机上创建了三个虚拟机。主机有 12 个 CPU，48 GB 内存和 3TB 的存储空间。每个虚拟机配置为有 4 个 CPU，16 GB 内存和 1TB 存储空间。到现在为止，一切都还好。主机有这个容量。 + +但这里有个缺陷。所有分配给一个虚拟机的资源，无论是什么，都是专有的。每台机器都分配了 16 GB 的内存。但是，如果第一个虚拟机永不会使用超过 1GB 分配的内存，剩余的 15 GB 就会被浪费在那里。如果第三个虚拟机只使用分配的 1TB 存储空间中的 100GB，其余的 900GB 就成为浪费空间。 + +这里没有资源的流动。每台虚拟机拥有分配给它的所有资源。因此，在某种方式上我们又回到了虚拟机之前，把大部分金钱花费在未使用的资源上。 + +虚拟机还有*另一个*缺陷。让它们跑起来需要很长时间。如果你处于基础设施需要快速增长的情形，即使增加虚拟机是自动的，你仍然会发现你的很多时间都浪费在等待机器上线。 + +### 来到：容器 ### + +概念上来说，容器是一个 Linux 进程，Linux 认为它只是一个运行中的进程。该进程只知道它被告知的东西。另外，在容器化方面，该容器进程也分配了它自己的 IP 地址。这点很重要，重要的事情讲三遍，这是第二遍。**在容器化方面，容器进程有它自己的 IP 地址。**一旦给予了一个 IP 地址，该进程就是宿主网络中可识别的资源。然后，你可以在容器管理器上运行命令，使容器 IP 映射到主机中能访问公网的 IP 地址。建立了该映射，无论出于什么意图和目的，容器就是网络上一个可访问的独立机器，从概念上类似于虚拟机。 + +这是第三遍，容器是拥有不同 IP 地址从而使其成为网络上可识别的独立 Linux 进程。下面是一个示意图： + +![](https://deis.com/images/blog-images/dev_journey_2.png) + +容器/进程以动态、合作的方式共享主机上的资源。如果容器只需要 1GB 内存，它就只会使用 1GB。如果它需要 4GB，就会使用 4GB。CPU 和存储空间利用也是如此。CPU、内存和存储空间的分配是动态的，和典型虚拟机的静态方式不同。所有这些资源的共享都由容器管理器来管理。 + +最后，容器能非常快速地启动。 + +因此，容器的好处是：**你获得了虚拟机独立和封装的好处，而抛弃了静态资源专有的缺陷**。另外，由于容器能快速加载到内存，在扩展到多个容器时你能获得更好的性能。 + +### 容器托管、配置和管理 ### + +托管容器的计算机运行着被剥离的只剩下主要部分的某个 Linux 版本。现在，宿主计算机流行的底层操作系统是之前提到的 [CoreOS][2]。当然还有其它，例如 [Red Hat Atomic Host][3] 和 [Ubuntu Snappy][4]。 + +该 Linux 操作系统被所有容器所共享，减少了容器足迹的重复和冗余。每个容器只包括该容器特有的部分。下面是一个示意图： + +![](https://deis.com/images/blog-images/dev_journey_3.png) + +你可以用它所需的组件来配置容器。一个容器组件被称为**层（layer）**。层是一个容器镜像，（你会在后面的部分看到更多关于容器镜像的介绍）。你从一个基本层开始，这通常是你想在容器中使用的操作系统。（容器管理器只提供你所要的操作系统在宿主操作系统中不存在的部分。）当你构建你的容器配置时，你需要添加层，例如你想要添加网络服务器时这个层就是 Apache，如果容器要运行脚本，则需要添加 PHP 或 Python 运行时环境。 + +分层非常灵活。如果应用程序或者服务容器需要 PHP 5.2 版本，你相应地配置该容器即可。如果你有另一个应用程序或者服务需要 PHP 5.6 版本，没问题，你可以使用 PHP 5.6 配置该容器。不像虚拟机，更改一个版本的运行时依赖时你需要经过大量的配置和安装过程；对于容器你只需要在容器配置文件中重新定义层。 + +所有上面描述的容器的各种功能都由一个称为容器管理器（container manager）的软件控制。现在，最流行的容器管理器是 [Docker][5] 和 [Rocket][6]。上面的示意图展示了容器管理器是 Docker，宿主操作系统是 CentOS 的主机情景。 + +### 容器由镜像构成 ### + +当你需要将我们的应用程序构建到容器时，你就要编译镜像。镜像代表了你的容器需要完成其工作的容器模板。（容器里可以在容器里面，如下图）。镜像存储在注册库（registry）中，注册库通过网络访问。 + +从概念上讲，注册库类似于一个使用 Java 的人眼中的 [Maven][7] 仓库、使用 .NET 的人眼中的 [NuGet][8] 服务器。你会创建一个列出了你应用程序所需镜像的容器配置文件。然后你使用容器管理器创建一个包括了你的应用程序代码以及从容器注册库中下载的部分资源。例如，如果你的应用程序包括了一些 PHP 文件，你的容器配置文件会声明你会从注册库中获取 PHP 运行时环境。另外，你还要使用容器配置文件声明需要复制到容器文件系统中的 .php 文件。容器管理器会封装你应用程序的所有东西为一个独立容器，该容器将会在容器管理器的管理下运行在宿主计算机上。 + +这是一个容器创建背后概念的示意图： + +![](https://deis.com/images/blog-images/dev_journey_4.png) + +让我们仔细看看这个示意图。 + +（1）代表一个定义了你容器所需东西以及你容器如何构建的容器配置文件。当你在主机上运行容器时，容器管理器会读取该配置文件，从云上的注册库中获取你需要的容器镜像，（2）将镜像作为层添加到你的容器中。 + +另外，如果组成镜像需要其它镜像，容器管理器也会获取这些镜像并把它们作为层添加进来。（3）容器管理器会将需要的文件复制到容器中。 + +如果你使用了配置（provisioning）服务，例如 [Deis][9]，你刚刚创建的应用程序容器做成镜像，（4）配置服务会将它部署到你选择的云供应商上，比如类似 AWS 和 Rackspace 云供应商。 + +### 集群中的容器 ### + +好了。这里有一个很好的例子说明了容器比虚拟机提供了更好的配置灵活性和资源利用率。但是，这并不是全部。 + +容器真正的灵活是在集群中。记住，每个容器有一个独立的 IP 地址。因此，能把它放到负载均衡器后面。将容器放到负载均衡器后面，这就上升了一个层面。 + +你可以在一个负载均衡容器后运行容器集群以获得更高的性能和高可用计算。这是一个例子： + +![](https://deis.com/images/blog-images/dev_journey_5.png) + +假如你开发了一个资源密集型的应用程序，例如图片处理。使用类似 [Deis][9] 的容器配置技术，你可以创建一个包括了你图片处理程序以及你图片处理程序需要的所有资源的容器镜像。然后，你可以部署一个或多个容器镜像到主机上的负载均衡器下。一旦创建了容器镜像，你可以随时使用它。当系统繁忙时可以添加更多的容器实例来满足手中的工作。 + +这里还有更多好消息。每次添加实例到环境中时，你不需要手动配置负载均衡器以便接受你的容器镜像。你可以使用服务发现技术让容器告知均衡器它可用。然后，一旦获知，均衡器就会将流量分发到新的结点。 + +### 全部放在一起 ### + +容器技术完善了虚拟机缺失的部分。类似 CoreOS、RHEL Atomic、和 Ubuntu 的 Snappy 宿主操作系统，和类似 Docker 和 Rocket 的容器管理技术结合起来，使得容器变得日益流行。 + +尽管容器变得更加越来越普遍，掌握它们还是需要一段时间。但是，一旦你懂得了它们的窍门，你可以使用类似 [Deis][9] 这样的配置技术使容器创建和部署变得更加简单。 + +从概念上理解容器和进一步实际使用它们完成工作一样重要。但我认为不实际动手把想法付诸实践，概念也难以理解。因此，我们该系列的下一阶段就是：创建一些容器。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://deis.com/blog/2015/developer-journey-linux-containers + +作者：[Bob Reselman][a] +译者：[ictlyh](http://www.mutouxiaogui.cn/blog/) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://deis.com/blog +[1]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine +[2]:https://coreos.com/using-coreos/ +[3]:http://www.projectatomic.io/ +[4]:https://developer.ubuntu.com/en/snappy/ +[5]:https://www.docker.com/ +[6]:https://coreos.com/blog/rocket/ +[7]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Maven +[8]:https://www.nuget.org/ +[9]:http://deis.com/learn \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/tech/20150929 A Developer's Journey into Linux Containers.md b/translated/tech/20150929 A Developer's Journey into Linux Containers.md deleted file mode 100644 index a71b5e8fb3..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/20150929 A Developer's Journey into Linux Containers.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,128 +0,0 @@ -开发者的 Linux 容器之旅 -================================================================================ -![](https://deis.com/images/blog-images/dev_journey_0.jpg) - -我告诉你一个秘密：使得我的应用程序进入到全世界的所有云计算的东西，对我来说仍然有一点神秘。但随着时间流逝，我意识到理解大规模机器配置和应用程序部署的来龙去脉对一个开发者来说是非常重要的知识。这类似于成为一个专业的音乐家。你当然需要知道如何使用你的乐器。但是，如果你不知道一个录音室是如何工作的，或者你如何适应一个交响乐团，你在这样的环境中工作会变得非常困难。 - -在软件开发的世界里，使你的代码进入我们更大的世界正如写出它来一样重要。开发重要，而且是很重要。 - -因此，为了弥合开发和部署之间的间隔，我会从头开始介绍容器技术。为什么是容器？因为有强有力的证据表明，容器是机器抽象的下一步：使计算机成为场所而不再是一个东西。理解容器是我们共同的旅程。 - -在这篇文章中，我会介绍容器化背后的概念。容器和虚拟机的区别。以及容器构建背后的逻辑以及它是如何适应应用程序架构的。我会探讨轻量级的 Linux 操作系统是如何适应容器生态系统。我还会讨论使用镜像创建可重用的容器。最后我会介绍容器集群如何使你的应用程序可以快速扩展。 - -在后面的文章中，我会一步一步向你介绍容器化一个事例应用程序的过程，以及如何为你的应用程序容器创建一个托管集群。同时，我会向你展示如何使用 Deis 将你的事例应用程序部署到你本地系统以及多种云供应商的虚拟机上。 - -让我们开始吧。 - -### 虚拟机的好处 ### - -为了理解容器如何适应事物发展，你首先要了解容器的前者：虚拟机 - -[虚拟机][1] 是运行在物理宿主机上的软件抽象。配置一个虚拟机就像是购买一台计算机：你需要定义你想要的 CPU 数目，RAM 和磁盘存储容量。配置好了机器后，你把它加载到操作系统，然后是你想让虚拟机支持的任何服务器或者应用程序。 - -虚拟机允许你在一台硬件主机上运行多个模拟计算机。这是一个简单的示意图： - -![](https://deis.com/images/blog-images/dev_journey_1.png) - -虚拟机使得能充分利用你的硬件资源。你可以购买一台大型机然后在上面运行多个虚拟机。你可以有一个数据库虚拟机以及很多运行相同版本定制应用程序的虚拟机构成的集群。你可以在有限的硬件资源获得很多的扩展能力。如果你觉得你需要更多的虚拟机而且你的宿主硬件还有容量，你可以添加任何你想要的。或者，如果你不再需要一个虚拟机，你可以关闭该虚拟机并删除虚拟机镜像。 - -### 虚拟机的局限 ### - -但是，虚拟机确实有局限。 - -如上面所示，假如你在一个主机上创建了三个虚拟机。主机有 12 个 CPU，48 GB 内存和 3TB 的存储空间。每个虚拟机配置为有 4 个 CPU，16 GB 内存和 1TB 存储空间。到现在为止，一切都还好。主机有这个容量。 - -但这里有个缺陷。所有分配给一个虚拟机的资源，无论是什么，都是专有的。每台机器都分配了 16 GB 的内存。但是，如果第一个虚拟机永不会使用超过 1GB 分配的内存，剩余的 15 GB 就会被浪费在那里。如果第三天虚拟机只使用分配的 1TB 存储空间中的 100GB，其余的 900GB 就成为浪费空间。 - -这里没有资源的流动。每台虚拟机拥有分配给它的所有资源。因此，在某种方式上我们又回到了虚拟机之前，把大部分金钱花费在未使用的资源上。 - -虚拟机还有*另一个*缺陷。扩展他们需要很长时间。如果你处于基础设施需要快速增长的情形，即使虚拟机配置是自动的，你仍然会发现你的很多时间都浪费在等待机器上线。 - -### 来到：容器 ### - -概念上来说，容器是 Linux 中认为只有它自己的一个进程。该进程只知道告诉它的东西。另外，在容器化方面，该容器进程也分配了它自己的 IP 地址。这点很重要，我会再次重复。**在容器化方面，容器进程有它自己的 IP 地址**。一旦给予了一个 IP 地址，该进程就是宿主网络中可识别的资源。然后，你可以在容器管理器上运行命令，使容器 IP 映射到主机中能访问公网的 IP 地址。该映射发生时，对于任何意图和目的，一个容器就是网络上一个可访问的独立机器，概念上类似于虚拟机。 - -再次说明，容器是拥有不同 IP 地址从而使其成为网络上可识别的独立 Linux 进程。下面是一个示意图： - -![](https://deis.com/images/blog-images/dev_journey_2.png) - -容器/进程以动态合作的方式共享主机上的资源。如果容器只需要 1GB 内存，它就只会使用 1GB。如果它需要 4GB，就会使用 4GB。CPU 和存储空间利用也是如此。CPU，内存和存储空间的分配是动态的，和典型虚拟机的静态方式不同。所有这些资源的共享都由容器管理器管理。 - -最后，容器能快速启动。 - -因此，容器的好处是：**你获得了虚拟机独立和封装的好处而抛弃了专有静态资源的缺陷**。另外，由于容器能快速加载到内存，在扩展到多个容器时你能获得更好的性能。 - -### 容器托管、配置和管理 ### - -托管容器的计算机运行着被剥离的只剩下主要部分的 Linux 版本。现在，宿主计算机流行的底层操作系统是上面提到的 [CoreOS][2]。当然还有其它，例如 [Red Hat Atomic Host][3] 和 [Ubuntu Snappy][4]。 - -所有容器之间共享Linux 操作系统，减少了容器足迹的重复和冗余。每个容器只包括该容器唯一的部分。下面是一个示意图： - -![](https://deis.com/images/blog-images/dev_journey_3.png) - -你用它所需的组件配置容器。一个容器组件被称为**层**。一层是一个容器镜像，（你会在后面的部分看到更多关于容器镜像的介绍）。你从一个基本层开始，这通常是你想在容器中使用的操作系统。（容器管理器只提供你想要的操作系统在宿主操作系统中不存在的部分。）当你构建配置你的容器时，你会添加层，例如你想要添加网络服务器 Apache，如果容器要运行脚本，则需要添加 PHP 或 Python 运行时。 - -分层非常灵活。如果应用程序或者服务容器需要 PHP 5.2 版本，你相应地配置该容器即可。如果你有另一个应用程序或者服务需要 PHP 5.6 版本，没问题，你可以使用 PHP 5.6 配置该容器。不像虚拟机，更改一个版本的运行时依赖时你需要经过大量的配置和安装过程；对于容器你只需要在容器配置文件中重新定义层。 - -所有上面描述的容器多功能性都由一个称为容器管理器的软件控制。现在，最流行的容器管理器是 [Docker][5] 和 [Rocket][6]。上面的示意图展示了容器管理器是 Docker，宿主操作系统是 CentOS 的主机情景。 - -### 容器由镜像构成 ### - -当你需要将我们的应用程序构建到容器时，你就会编译镜像。镜像代表了需要完成容器工作的容器模板。（容器里的容器）。镜像被保存在网络上的注册表里。 - -从概念上讲，注册表类似于一个使用 Java 的人眼中的 [Maven][7] 仓库，使用 .NET 的人眼中的 [NuGet][8] 服务器。你会创建一个列出了你应用程序所需镜像的容器配置文件。然后你使用容器管理器创建一个包括了你应用程序代码以及从注册表中下载的构成资源的容器。例如，如果你的应用程序包括了一些 PHP 文件，你的容器配置文件会声明你会从注册表中获取 PHP 运行时。另外，你还要使用容器配置文件声明需要复制到容器文件系统中的 .php 文件。容器管理器会封装你应用程序的所有东西为一个独立容器。该容器将会在容器管理器的管理下运行在宿主计算机上。 - -这是一个容器创建背后概念的示意图： - -![](https://deis.com/images/blog-images/dev_journey_4.png) - -让我们仔细看看这个示意图。 - -（1）表示一个定义了你容器所需东西以及你容器如何构建的容器配置文件。当你在主机上运行容器时，容器管理器会读取配置文件从云上的注册表中获取你需要的容器镜像，（2）作为层将镜像添加到你的容器。 - -另外，如果组成镜像需要其它镜像，容器管理器也会获取这些镜像并把它们作为层添加进来。（3）容器管理器会将需要的文件复制到容器中。 - -如果你使用了配置服务，例如 [Deis][9]，你刚刚创建的应用程序容器作为镜像存在（4）配置服务会将它部署到你选择的云供应商上。类似 AWS 和 Rackspace 云供应商。 - -### 集群中的容器 ### - -好了。这里有一个很好的例子说明了容器比虚拟机提供了更好的配置灵活性和资源利用率。但是，这并不是全部。 - -容器真正灵活是在集群中。记住，每个容器有一个独立的 IP 地址。因此，能把它放到负载均衡器后面。将容器放到负载均衡器后面，就上升了一个层次。 - -你可以在一个负载均衡容器后运行容器集群以获得更高的性能和高可用计算。这是一个例子： - -![](https://deis.com/images/blog-images/dev_journey_5.png) - -假如你开发了一个进行资源密集型工作的应用程序。例如图片处理。使用类似 [Deis][9] 的容器配置技术，你可以创建一个包括了你图片处理程序以及你图片处理程序需要的所有资源的容器镜像。然后，你可以部署一个或多个容器镜像到主机上的负载均衡器。一旦创建了容器镜像，你可以在系统快要刷爆时把它放到一边，为了满足手中的工作时添加更多的容器实例。 - -这里还有更多好消息。你不需要每次添加实例到环境中时手动配置负载均衡器以便接受你的容器镜像。你可以使用服务发现技术告知均衡器你容器的可用性。然后，一旦获知，均衡器就会将流量分发到新的结点。 - -### 全部放在一起 ### - -容器技术完善了虚拟机不包括的部分。类似 CoreOS、RHEL Atomic、和 Ubuntu 的 Snappy 宿主操作系统，和类似 Docker 和 Rocket 的容器管理技术结合起来，使得容器变得日益流行。 - -尽管容器变得更加越来越普遍，掌握它们还是需要一段时间。但是，一旦你懂得了它们的窍门，你可以使用类似 [Deis][9] 的配置技术使容器创建和部署变得更加简单。 - -概念上理解容器和进一步实际使用它们完成工作一样重要。但我认为不实际动手把想法付诸实践，概念也难以理解。因此，我们该系列的下一阶段就是：创建一些容器。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://deis.com/blog/2015/developer-journey-linux-containers - -作者：[Bob Reselman][a] -译者：[ictlyh](http://www.mutouxiaogui.cn/blog/) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://deis.com/blog -[1]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine -[2]:https://coreos.com/using-coreos/ -[3]:http://www.projectatomic.io/ -[4]:https://developer.ubuntu.com/en/snappy/ -[5]:https://www.docker.com/ -[6]:https://coreos.com/blog/rocket/ -[7]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Maven -[8]:https://www.nuget.org/ -[9]:http://deis.com/learn \ No newline at end of file From 32423515678cb6525127aedc74196c19ec6c2920 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: sevenot Date: Tue, 17 Nov 2015 17:23:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 096/176] sevenot translated --- ...ut Linux Try Linux Desktop on the Cloud.md | 45 ------------------- ...ut Linux Try Linux Desktop on the Cloud.md | 43 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/share/20151012 Curious about Linux Try Linux Desktop on the Cloud.md create mode 100644 translated/share/20151012 Curious about Linux Try Linux Desktop on the Cloud.md diff --git a/sources/share/20151012 Curious about Linux Try Linux Desktop on the Cloud.md b/sources/share/20151012 Curious about Linux Try Linux Desktop on the Cloud.md deleted file mode 100644 index 6ac2f2a9eb..0000000000 --- a/sources/share/20151012 Curious about Linux Try Linux Desktop on the Cloud.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,45 +0,0 @@ -sevenot translating -Curious about Linux? Try Linux Desktop on the Cloud -================================================================================ -Linux maintains a very small market share as a desktop operating system. Current surveys estimate its share to be a mere 2%; contrast that with the various strains (no pun intended) of Windows which total nearly 90% of the desktop market. For Linux to challenge Microsoft's monopoly on the desktop, there needs to be a simple way of learning about this different operating system. And it would be naive to believe a typical Windows user is going to buy a second machine, tinker with partitioning a hard disk to set up a multi-boot system, or just jump ship to Linux without an easy way back. - -![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Cloud/CloudComputing.png) - -We have examined a number of risk-free ways users can experiment with Linux without dabbling with partition management. Various options include Live CD/DVDs, USB keys and desktop virtualization software. For the latter, I can strongly recommend VMWare (VMWare Player) or Oracle VirtualBox, two relatively easy and free ways of installing and running multiple operating systems on a desktop or laptop computer. Each virtual machine has its own share of CPU, memory, network interfaces etc which is isolated from other virtual machines. But virtual machines still require some effort to get Linux up and running, and a reasonably powerful machine. Too much effort for a mere inquisitive mind. - -It can be difficult to break down preconceptions. Many Windows users will have experimented with free software that is available on Linux. But there are many facets to learn on Linux. And it takes time to become accustomed to the way things work in Linux. - -Surely there should be an effortless way for a beginner to experiment with Linux for the first time? Indeed there is; step forward the online cloud lab. - -### LabxNow ### - -![LabxNow](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Cloud/Screenshot-LabxNow.png) - -LabxNow provides a free service for general users offering Linux remote desktop over the browser. The developers promote the service as having a personal remote lab (to play around, develop, whatever!) that will be accessible from anywhere, with the internet of course. - -The service currently offers a free virtual private server with 2 cores, 4GB RAM and 10GB SSD space. The service runs on a 4 AMD 6272 CPU with 128GB RAM. - -#### Features include: #### - -- Machine images: Ubuntu 14.04 with Xfce 4.10, RHEL 6.5, CentOS with Gnome, and Oracle -- Hardware: CPU - 1 or 2 cores; RAM: 512MB, 1GB, 2GB or 4GB -- Fast network for data transfers -- Works with all popular browsers -- Install anything, run anything - an excellent way to experiment and learn all about Linux without any risk -- Easily add, delete, manage and customize VMs -- Share VMs, Remote desktop support - -All you need is a reasonable Internet connected device. Forget about high cost VPS, domain space or hardware support. LabxNow offers a great way of experimenting with Ubuntu, RHEL and CentOS. It gives Windows users an excellent environment to dip their toes into the wonderful world of Linux. Further, it allows users to do (programming) work from anywhere in the word without having the stress of installing Linux on each machine. Point your web browser at [www.labxnow.org/labxweb/][1]. - -There are other services (mostly paid services) that allow users to experiment with Linux. These include Cloudsigma which offers a free 7 day trial, and Icebergs.io (full root access via HTML5). But for now, LabxNow gets my recommendation. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20151003095334682/LinuxCloud.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://www.labxnow.org/labxweb/ diff --git a/translated/share/20151012 Curious about Linux Try Linux Desktop on the Cloud.md b/translated/share/20151012 Curious about Linux Try Linux Desktop on the Cloud.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..016429d92d --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/share/20151012 Curious about Linux Try Linux Desktop on the Cloud.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +sevenot translated +好奇Linux？试试云端的Linux桌面 +================================================================================ +Linux在桌面操作系统市场上只占据了非常小的份额，目前调查来看，估计只有2%的市场份额；对比来看丰富多变的Windows系统占据了接近90%的市场份额。对于Linux来说要挑战Windows在桌面操作系统市场的垄断，需要一个简单的方式来让用户学习不同的操作系统。如果你相信传统的Windows用户再买一台机器来使用Linux，你就太天真了。我们只能去试想用户重新分盘，设置引导程序来使用双系统，或者跳过所有步骤回到一个最简单的方法。 +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Cloud/CloudComputing.png) + +我们实验过一系列无风险的使用方法让用户试操作Linux，并且不涉及任何分区管理，包括CD/DVDs光盘、USB钥匙和桌面虚拟化软件。通过实验，我强烈推荐使用VMware的VMware Player或者Oracle VirtualBox虚拟机，对于桌面操作系统或者便携式电脑的用户，这是一种相对简单而且免费的的方法来安装运行多操作系统。每一台虚拟机和其他虚拟机相隔离，但是共享CPU,存贮，网络接口等等。但是虚拟机仍需要一定的资源来安装运行Linux，也需要一台相当强劲的主机。对于一个好奇心不大的人，这样做实在是太麻烦了。 + +要打破用户传统的使用观念市非常困难的。很多Windows用户可以尝试使用Linux提供的免费软件，但也有太多要学习的Linux系统知识。这会花掉相当一部分时间来习惯Linux的工作方式。 + +当然了，对于一个第一次在Linux上操作的新手，有没有一个更高效的方法呢？答案是肯定的，接着往下看看云实验平台。 + +### LabxNow ### + +![LabxNow](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Cloud/Screenshot-LabxNow.png) + +LabxNow提供了一个免费服务，方便广大用户通过浏览器来访问远程Liunx桌面。开发者将其加强为一个用户个人远程实验室（用户可以在系统里运行、开发任何程序），用户可以在任何地方通过互联网登入远程实验室。 + +这项服务现在可以为个人用户提供2核处理器，4GB RAM和10GB的固态硬盘，运行在128G RAM的4 AMD 6272处理器上。 + +#### 配置参数: #### + +- 系统镜像：基于Ubuntu 14.04的Xface 4.10，RHEL 6.5,CentOS(Gnome桌面)，Oracle +- 硬件: CPU - 1核或者2核; 内存: 512MB, 1GB, 2GB or 4GB +- 超快的网络数据传输 +- 可以运行在所有流行的浏览器上 +- 可以安装任意程序，可以运行任何程序 – 这是一个非常棒的方法，可以随意做实验学你你想学的所有知识， 没有 一点风险 +- 添加、删除、管理、制定虚拟机非常方便 +- 支持虚拟机共享，远程桌面 + +你所需要的只是一台有稳定网络的设备。不用担心虚拟专用系统（VPS）、域名、或者硬件带来的高费用。LabxNow提供了一个非常好的方法在Ubuntu、RHEL和CentOS上实验。它给Windows用户一个极好的环境，让他们探索美妙的Linux世界。说得深一点，它可以让用户随时随地在里面工作，而没有了要在每台设备上安装Linux的压力。点击下面这个链接进入[www.labxnow.org/labxweb/][1]。 + +这里还有一些其它服务(大部分市收费服务)可以让用户在Linux使用。包括Cloudsigma环境的7天使用权和Icebergs.io(通过HTML5实现root权限)。但是现在，我推荐LabxNow。 +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +来自: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20151003095334682/LinuxCloud.html + +译者：[sevenot](https://github.com/sevenot) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://www.labxnow.org/labxweb/ From ff474de35679601c55ac1928b09da9c626441aa0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: sevenot Date: Wed, 18 Nov 2015 00:14:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 097/176] sevenot translating --- ...Using Windows 10 After More than 8 Years--See Comparison.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20150818 A Linux User Using Windows 10 After More than 8 Years--See Comparison.md b/sources/talk/20150818 A Linux User Using Windows 10 After More than 8 Years--See Comparison.md index cf472613c4..22a0acdbf1 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20150818 A Linux User Using Windows 10 After More than 8 Years--See Comparison.md +++ b/sources/talk/20150818 A Linux User Using Windows 10 After More than 8 Years--See Comparison.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +sevenot translating A Linux User Using ‘Windows 10′ After More than 8 Years – See Comparison ================================================================================ Windows 10 is the newest member of windows NT family of which general availability was made on July 29, 2015. It is the successor of Windows 8.1. Windows 10 is supported on Intel Architecture 32 bit, AMD64 and ARMv7 processors. @@ -341,4 +342,4 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/a-linux-user-using-windows-10-after-more-than-8-year 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/ -[1]:https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/software-download/windows10ISO \ No newline at end of file +[1]:https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/software-download/windows10ISO From a17668710fbcf5180857b929f85d551c93abedff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ricky Gong Date: Wed, 18 Nov 2015 13:37:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 098/176] =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=90=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD?= =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=9120151117=20Linux=20101--Get=20the=20most=20out=20of=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Systemd.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../tech/20151117 Linux 101--Get the most out of Systemd.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151117 Linux 101--Get the most out of Systemd.md b/sources/tech/20151117 Linux 101--Get the most out of Systemd.md index 7e6f0f4f71..92dbbd8eaf 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151117 Linux 101--Get the most out of Systemd.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151117 Linux 101--Get the most out of Systemd.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Ricky-Gong is translating this article. + Linux 101: Get the most out of Systemd ================================================================================ Why do this? @@ -168,4 +170,4 @@ via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/linux-101-get-the-most-out-of-systemd/ [a]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/author/mike/ [1]:http://tinyurl.com/poorlennart [2]:http://tinyurl.com/m2e7mv8 -[3]:http://uselessd.darknedgy.net/ \ No newline at end of file +[3]:http://uselessd.darknedgy.net/ From b6af7bd61fa28cee78d93b62d1d58fc942e18e3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 18 Nov 2015 15:02:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 099/176] PUB:20151027 How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux @FSSlc --- ...0151027 How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux.md | 12 ++++++------ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20151027 How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux.md (85%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20151027 How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux.md b/published/20151027 How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux.md similarity index 85% rename from translated/tech/20151027 How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux.md rename to published/20151027 How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux.md index b3b7b54b62..3284f0d465 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20151027 How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux.md +++ b/published/20151027 How To Install Retro Terminal In Linux.md @@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ Linux 下如何安装 Retro Terminal ================================================================================ ![Retro Terminal in Linux](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Retro-Terminal-Linux.jpeg) -你有怀旧情节？那就试试 **安装 retro terminal 应用** [cool-retro-term][1] 来一瞥过去的时光吧。顾名思义，`cool-retro-term` 是一个兼具酷炫和怀旧的终端。 +你有怀旧情节？那就试试 **安装复古终端应用** [cool-retro-term][1] 来一瞥过去的时光吧。顾名思义，`cool-retro-term` 是一个兼具酷炫和怀旧的终端。 -你还记得那段遍地都是 CRT 显示器、终端屏幕闪烁不停的时光吗？现在你并不需要穿越到过去来见证那段时光。假如你观看背景设置在上世纪 90 年代的电影，你就可以看到大量带有绿色或黑底白字的显像管显示器。再加上它们通常带有极客光环，这使得它们看起来更酷。 +你还记得那段遍地都是 CRT 显示器、终端屏幕闪烁不停的时光吗？现在你并不需要穿越到过去来见证那段时光。假如你观看背景设置在上世纪 90 年代的电影，你就可以看到大量带有绿色或黑底白字的显像管显示器。这种极客光环让它们看起来非常酷！ 若你已经厌倦了你机器中终端的外表，正寻找某些炫酷且‘新奇’的东西，则 `cool-retro-term` 将会带给你一个复古的终端外表，使你可以重温过去。你也可以改变它的颜色、动画类型并添加一些额外的特效。 @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ Linux 下如何安装 Retro Terminal ./cool-retro-term -假如你想使得这个应用可在程序菜单中被快速获取到，以便你不用再每次手动地用命令来启动它，则你可以使用下面的命令： +假如你想把这个应用放在程序菜单中以便快速找到，这样你就不用再每次手动地用命令来启动它，则你可以使用下面的命令： sudo cp cool-retro-term.desktop /usr/share/applications @@ -60,13 +60,13 @@ Linux 下如何安装 Retro Terminal via: http://itsfoss.com/cool-retro-term/ -作者：[Hossein Heydari][a] +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] 译者：[FSSlc](https://github.com/FSSlc) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/hossein/ +[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ [1]:https://github.com/Swordfish90/cool-retro-term [2]:http://itsfoss.com/tag/antergos/ [3]:https://manjaro.github.io/ From 819316a86bc498bd86657482bbc99406d9e17ca1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Wed, 18 Nov 2015 19:34:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 100/176] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...r To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md b/translated/tech/20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md index bbc96a6e7b..9671ff2ecd 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md +++ b/translated/tech/20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ 任务管理可以说是工作及日常生活中最重要也最具挑战性的事情之一。当您在工作中承担越来越多的责任时，您的表现将与您管理任务的能力直接挂钩。 -若您的工作有部分需要在电脑上完成，那么您一定很乐意知道，有多款应用软件声称可以为您减轻任务管理的负担。即便这些软件中的大多数都是为 Windows 用户服务的，在 Linux 系统中仍然有不少选择。在本文中，我们就来讨论这样一款软件：Go For It. +若您的工作有部分需要在电脑上完成，那么您一定很乐意知道，有多款应用软件自称可以为您减轻任务管理的负担。即便这些软件中的大多数都是为 Windows 用户服务的，在 Linux 系统中仍然有不少选择。在本文中，我们就来讨论这样一款软件：Go For It. ### Go For It ### @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ ### 下载并安装 ### -使用基于 Debian 的系统（如Ubuntu）的用户可以通过运行以下终端命令轻松地安装这款软件： +使用基于 Debian 系统（如Ubuntu）的用户可以通过运行以下终端命令轻松地安装这款软件： sudo add-apt-repository ppa:mank319/go-for-it sudo apt-get update @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ GFI 也能让您稍微调整一些它的设置。例如，下图所示的设置 ### 结论### -正如您所看到的，GFI 是一款简洁明了且易于使用的任务管理软件。虽然它不提供非常丰富的功能，但它实现了它的承诺，并且定时器的整合特别有用。如果您正在寻找一款实现了基础功能，并且开源的 Linux 任务管理软件，Go For It 值得您一试。 +正如您所看到的，GFI 是一款简洁明了且易于使用的任务管理软件。虽然它不提供非常丰富的功能，但它实现了它的承诺，定时器的整合特别有用。如果您正在寻找一款实现了基础功能，并且开源的 Linux 任务管理软件，Go For It 值得您一试。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/to-do-lists-ubuntu-go-for-it/ 作者：[Himanshu Arora][a] 译者：[Ricky-Gong](https://github.com/Ricky-Gong) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 8d5f0cb7ea8fc02a2324a5d15e612bfa72b00b7f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Wed, 18 Nov 2015 21:42:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 101/176] Create 20151104 How to Install SQLite 3.9.1 with JSON Support on Ubuntu 15.04.md --- ...3.9.1 with JSON Support on Ubuntu 15.04.md | 121 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 121 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20151104 How to Install SQLite 3.9.1 with JSON Support on Ubuntu 15.04.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20151104 How to Install SQLite 3.9.1 with JSON Support on Ubuntu 15.04.md b/translated/tech/20151104 How to Install SQLite 3.9.1 with JSON Support on Ubuntu 15.04.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b79dc3657e --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20151104 How to Install SQLite 3.9.1 with JSON Support on Ubuntu 15.04.md @@ -0,0 +1,121 @@ +如何在Ubuntu 15.04 上安装带JSON 支持的SQLite 3.9.1 +================================================================================ +欢迎阅读我们关于SQLite 的文章，SQLite 是当今时间上使用最广泛的SQL 数据库引擎，它他基本不需要配置，不需要安装或者管理就可以运行。SQLite 是一个是开放领域的软件，是关系数据库的管理系统，或者说RDBMS，用来在大表存储用户定义的记录。对于数据存储和管理来说，数据库引擎要处理复杂的查询命令，这些命令可能会从多个表获取数据然后生成报告的数据总结。 + +SQLite 是一个非常小、轻量级，不需要分离的服务进程或系统。他可以运行在UNIX，Linux，Mac OS-X，Android，iOS 和Windows 上，已经被大量的软件程序使用，如Opera, Ruby On Rails, Adobe System, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome 和 Skype。 + +### 1) 基本需求: ### + +在几乎全部支持SQLite 的平台上安装SQLite 基本上没有复杂的要求。 + +所以让我们在CLI 或者Secure Shell 上使用sudo 或者root 权限登录Ubuntu 服务器。然后更新系统，这样子就可以让操作系统的软件更新到新版本。 + +在Ubuntu 上，下面的命令是用来更新系统的软件源的。 + + # apt-get update + +如果你要在新安装的Ubuntu 上部署SQLite，那么你需要安装一些基础的系统管理工具，如wget, make, unzip, gcc。 + +要安装wget，可以使用下面的命令，然后输入Y 如果系统提示的话： + + # apt-get install wget make gcc + +### 2) 下载 SQLite ### + +要下载SQLite 最好是在[SQLite 官网][1]下载，如下所示 + +![SQLite download](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Selection_014.png) + +你也可以直接复制资源的连接然后再命令行使用wget 下载，如下所示： + + # wget https://www.sqlite.org/2015/sqlite-autoconf-3090100.tar.gz + +![wget SQLite](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/23.png) + +下载完成之后，解压缩安装包，切换工作目录到解压缩后的SQLite 目录，使用下面的命令。 + + # tar -zxvf sqlite-autoconf-3090100.tar.gz + +### 3) 安装 SQLite ### + +现在我们要开始安装、配置刚才下载的SQLite。所以在Ubuntu 上编译、安装SQLite，运行配置脚本。 + + root@ubuntu-15:~/sqlite-autoconf-3090100# ./configure –prefix=/usr/local + +![SQLite Installation](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/35.png) + +配置要上面的prefix 之后，运行下面的命令编译安装包。 + + root@ubuntu-15:~/sqlite-autoconf-3090100# make +source='sqlite3.c' object='sqlite3.lo' libtool=yes \ +DEPDIR=.deps depmode=none /bin/bash ./depcomp \ +/bin/bash ./libtool --tag=CC --mode=compile gcc -DPACKAGE_NAME=\"sqlite\" -DPACKAGE_TARNAME=\"sqlite\" -DPACKAGE_VERSION=\"3.9.1\" -DPACKAGE_STRING=\"sqlite\ 3.9.1\" -DPACKAGE_BUGREPORT=\"http://www.sqlite.org\" -DPACKAGE_URL=\"\" -DPACKAGE=\"sqlite\" -DVERSION=\"3.9.1\" -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_SYS_TYPES_H=1 -DHAVE_SYS_STAT_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_STRINGS_H=1 -DHAVE_INTTYPES_H=1 -DHAVE_STDINT_H=1 -DHAVE_UNISTD_H=1 -DHAVE_DLFCN_H=1 -DLT_OBJDIR=\".libs/\" -DHAVE_FDATASYNC=1 -DHAVE_USLEEP=1 -DHAVE_LOCALTIME_R=1 -DHAVE_GMTIME_R=1 -DHAVE_DECL_STRERROR_R=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR_R=1 -DHAVE_POSIX_FALLOCATE=1 -I. -D_REENTRANT=1 -DSQLITE_THREADSAFE=1 -DSQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3 -DSQLITE_ENABLE_RTREE -g -O2 -c -o sqlite3.lo sqlite3.c + +运行完上面的命令之后，要在Ubuntu 上完成SQLite 的安装得运行下面的命令。 + + # make install + +![SQLite Make Install](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/44.png) + +### 4) 测试 SQLite 安装 ### + +要保证SQLite 3.9 安装成功了，运行下面的命令。 + + # sqlite3 + +SQLite 的版本会显示在命令行。 + +![Testing SQLite Installation](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/53.png) + +### 5) 使用 SQLite ### + +SQLite 很容易上手。要获得详细的使用方法，在SQLite 控制台里输入下面的命令。 + + sqlite> .help + +这里会显示全部可用的命令和详细说明。 + +![SQLite Help](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/62.png) + +现在开始最后一部分，使用一点SQLite 命令创建数据库。 + +要创建一个新的数据库需要运行下面的命令。 + + # sqlite3 test.db + +然后创建一张新表。 + + sqlite> create table memos(text, priority INTEGER); + +接着使用下面的命令插入数据。 + + sqlite> insert into memos values('deliver project description', 15); + sqlite> insert into memos values('writing new artilces', 100); + +要查看插入的数据可以运行下面的命令。 + + sqlite> select * from memos; + deliver project description|15 + writing new artilces|100 + +或者使用下面的命令离开。 + + sqlite> .exit + +![Using SQLite3](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/73.png) +### 结论 ### + +通过本文你可以了解如果安装支持JSON1 的最新版的SQLite，SQLite 从3.9.0 开始支持JSON1。这是一个非常棒的库，可以用来获取内嵌到应用程序，利用它可以很有效而且很轻量的管理资源。我们希望你能觉得本文有所帮助，请自由的像我们反馈你遇到的问题和困难。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/ubuntu-how-to/install-sqlite-json-ubuntu-15-04/ + +作者：[Kashif Siddique][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/oska874) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/kashifs/ +[1]:https://www.sqlite.org/download.html From dce1e900ca3d412d83ce047f13e026c51b99c6ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Wed, 18 Nov 2015 21:42:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 102/176] Delete 20151104 How to Install SQLite 3.9.1 with JSON Support on Ubuntu 15.04.md --- ...3.9.1 with JSON Support on Ubuntu 15.04.md | 124 ------------------ 1 file changed, 124 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20151104 How to Install SQLite 3.9.1 with JSON Support on Ubuntu 15.04.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install SQLite 3.9.1 with JSON Support on Ubuntu 15.04.md b/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install SQLite 3.9.1 with JSON Support on Ubuntu 15.04.md deleted file mode 100644 index 8895d93439..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install SQLite 3.9.1 with JSON Support on Ubuntu 15.04.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,124 +0,0 @@ -translating by ezio - -How to Install SQLite 3.9.1 with JSON Support on Ubuntu 15.04 -================================================================================ -Hello and welcome to our today's article on SQLite which is the most widely deployed SQL database engine in the world that comes with zero-configuration, that means no setup or administration needed. SQLite is public-domain software package that provides relational database management system, or RDBMS that is used to store user-defined records in large tables. In addition to data storage and management, database engine process complex query commands that combine data from multiple tables to generate reports and data summaries. - -SQLite is very small and light weight that does not require a separate server process or system to operate. It is available on UNIX, Linux, Mac OS-X, Android, iOS and Windows which is being used in various software applications like Opera, Ruby On Rails, Adobe System, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome and Skype. - -### 1) Basic Requirements: ### - -There is are no such complex complex requirements for the installation of SQLite as it mostly comes support all major cross platforms. - -So, let's login to your Ubuntu server with sudo or root credentials using your CLI or Secure Shell. Then update your system so that your operating system is upto date with latest packages. - -In ubuntu, the below command is to be used for system update. - - # apt-get update - -If you are starting to deploy SQLite on on a fresh Ubuntu, then make sure that you have installed some basic system management utilities like wget, make, unzip, gcc. - -To install wget, make and gcc packages on ubuntu, you use the below command, then press "Y" to allow and proceed with installation of these packages. - - # apt-get install wget make gcc - -### 2) Download SQLite ### - -To download the latest package of SQLite, you can refer to their official [SQLite Download Page][1] as shown below. - -![SQLite download](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Selection_014.png) - -You can copy the link of its resource package and download it on ubuntu server using the wget utility command. - - # wget https://www.sqlite.org/2015/sqlite-autoconf-3090100.tar.gz - -![wget SQLite](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/23.png) - -After downloading is complete, extract the package and change your current directory to the extracted SQLite folder by using the below command as shown. - - # tar -zxvf sqlite-autoconf-3090100.tar.gz - -### 3) Installing SQLite ### - -Now we are going to install and configure the SQLite package that we downloaded. So, to compile and install SQLite on ubuntu run the configuration script within the same directory where your have extracted the SQLite package as shown below. - - root@ubuntu-15:~/sqlite-autoconf-3090100# ./configure –prefix=/usr/local - -![SQLite Installation](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/35.png) - -Once the package is configuration is done under the mentioned prefix, then run the below command make command to compile the package. - - root@ubuntu-15:~/sqlite-autoconf-3090100# make - source='sqlite3.c' object='sqlite3.lo' libtool=yes \ - DEPDIR=.deps depmode=none /bin/bash ./depcomp \ - /bin/bash ./libtool --tag=CC --mode=compile gcc -DPACKAGE_NAME=\"sqlite\" -DPACKAGE_TARNAME=\"sqlite\" -DPACKAGE_VERSION=\"3.9.1\" -DPACKAGE_STRING=\"sqlite\ 3.9.1\" -DPACKAGE_BUGREPORT=\"http://www.sqlite.org\" -DPACKAGE_URL=\"\" -DPACKAGE=\"sqlite\" -DVERSION=\"3.9.1\" -DSTDC_HEADERS=1 -DHAVE_SYS_TYPES_H=1 -DHAVE_SYS_STAT_H=1 -DHAVE_STDLIB_H=1 -DHAVE_STRING_H=1 -DHAVE_MEMORY_H=1 -DHAVE_STRINGS_H=1 -DHAVE_INTTYPES_H=1 -DHAVE_STDINT_H=1 -DHAVE_UNISTD_H=1 -DHAVE_DLFCN_H=1 -DLT_OBJDIR=\".libs/\" -DHAVE_FDATASYNC=1 -DHAVE_USLEEP=1 -DHAVE_LOCALTIME_R=1 -DHAVE_GMTIME_R=1 -DHAVE_DECL_STRERROR_R=1 -DHAVE_STRERROR_R=1 -DHAVE_POSIX_FALLOCATE=1 -I. -D_REENTRANT=1 -DSQLITE_THREADSAFE=1 -DSQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3 -DSQLITE_ENABLE_RTREE -g -O2 -c -o sqlite3.lo sqlite3.c - -After running make command, to complete the installation of SQLite on ubuntu run the 'make install' command as shown below. - - # make install - -![SQLite Make Install](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/44.png) - -### 4) Testing SQLite Installation ### - -To confirm the successful installation of SQLite 3.9, run the below command in your command line interface. - - # sqlite3 - -You will the SQLite verion after running the above command as shown. - -![Testing SQLite Installation](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/53.png) - -### 5) Using SQLite ### - -SQLite is very handy to use. To get the detailed information about its usage, simply run the below command in the SQLite console. - - sqlite> .help - -So here is the list of all its available commands, with their description that you can get help to start using SQLite. - -![SQLite Help](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/62.png) - -Now in this last section , we make use of few SQLite commands to create a new database using the SQLite3 command line interface. - -To to create a new database run the below command. - - # sqlite3 test.db - -To create a table within the new database run the below command. - - sqlite> create table memos(text, priority INTEGER); - -After creating the table, insert some data using the following commands. - - sqlite> insert into memos values('deliver project description', 15); - sqlite> insert into memos values('writing new artilces', 100); - -To view the inserted data from the table , run the below command. - - sqlite> select * from memos; - deliver project description|15 - writing new artilces|100 - -to exit from the sqlite3 type the below command. - - sqlite> .exit - -![Using SQLite3](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/73.png) - -### Conclusion ### - -In this article you learned the installation of latest version of SQLite 3.9.1 which enables the recently JSON1 support in its 3.9.0 version and so on. Its is an amazing library that gets embedded inside the application that makes use of it to keep the resources much efficient and lighter. We hope you find this article much helpful, feel free to get back to us if you find any difficulty. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://linoxide.com/ubuntu-how-to/install-sqlite-json-ubuntu-15-04/ - -作者：[Kashif Siddique][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/kashifs/ -[1]:https://www.sqlite.org/download.html From 69acfb296c3056c8db15fea9d6158972b47d9b89 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ricky Gong Date: Wed, 18 Nov 2015 23:05:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 103/176] Delete 20151117 Linux 101--Get the most out of Systemd.md --- ... Linux 101--Get the most out of Systemd.md | 173 ------------------ 1 file changed, 173 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20151117 Linux 101--Get the most out of Systemd.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151117 Linux 101--Get the most out of Systemd.md b/sources/tech/20151117 Linux 101--Get the most out of Systemd.md deleted file mode 100644 index 92dbbd8eaf..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20151117 Linux 101--Get the most out of Systemd.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,173 +0,0 @@ -Ricky-Gong is translating this article. - -Linux 101: Get the most out of Systemd -================================================================================ -Why do this? - -- Understand the big changes in modern distros. -- See how Systemd replaces SysVinit. -- Get to grips with units and the new journal. - -Hate mail, personal insults, death threats – Lennart Poettering, the author of Systemd, is used to receiving these. The Red Hat employee recently ranted on Google+ about the nature of the FOSS community ([http://tinyurl.com/poorlennart][1]), lamenting that it’s “quite a sick place to be in”. In particular, he points to Linus Torvalds’s highly acerbic mailing list posts, and accuses the kernel head honcho of setting the tone of online discussion, making personal attacks and derogatory comments the norm. - -But why has Poettering received so much hate? Why does a man who simply develops open source software have to tolerate this amount of anger? Well, the answer lies in the importance of his software. Systemd is the first thing launched by the Linux kernel on most distributions now, and it serves many roles. It starts system services, handles logins, executes tasks at specified intervals, and much more. It’s growing all the time, and becoming something of a “base system” for Linux – providing all the plumbing tools needed to boot and maintain a distro. - -Now, Systemd is controversial for various reasons: it eschews some established Unix conventions, such as plain text log files. It’s seen as a “monolithic” project trying to take over everything else. And it’s a major change to the underpinnings of our OS. Yet almost every major distribution has adopted it (or is about to), so it’s here to stay. And there are benefits: faster booting, easier management of services that depend on one another, and powerful and secure logging facilities too. - -So in this tutorial we’ll explore Systemd’s features, and show you how to get the most out of them. Even if you’re not a fan of the software right now, hopefully at least you’ll feel more comfortable with it by the end. - -![Image](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/eating-large.jpg) - -**This tongue-in-cheek animation at [http://tinyurl.com/m2e7mv8][2] portrays Systemd as a rabid animal eating everything in its path. Most critics haven’t been so fluffy.** - -### Booting and services ### - -Almost every major distro has either adopted Systemd, or will do so in the next release (Debian and Ubuntu). In this tutorial we’re using a pre-release of Fedora 21 – a distro that has been a great testing ground for Systemd – but the commands and notes should be the same regardless of your distro. That’s one of the plus points of Systemd: it obviates many of the tiny, niggling differences between distros. - -In a terminal, enter **ps ax | grep systemd** and look at the first line. The **1** means that it’s process ID 1, ie the first thing launched by the Linux kernel. So, once the kernel has done its work detecting hardware and organising memory, it launches the **/usr/lib/systemd/systemd** executable, which then launches other programs in turn. (In pre-Systemd days, the kernel would launch **/sbin/init**, which would then launch various other essential boot scripts, in a system known as SysVinit.) - -Central to Systemd is the concept of units. These are configuration files with information about services (programs running in the background), devices, mount points, timers and other aspects of the operating system. One of Systemd’s goals is to ease and simplify the interaction between these, so if you have a certain program that needs to start when a certain mount point is created when a certain device gets plugged in, it should be considerably easier to make all this work. (In pre-Systemd days, hacking all this together with scripts could get very ugly.) To list all units on your Linux installation, enter: - - systemctl list-unit-files - -Now, **systemctl** is the main tool for interacting with Systemd, and it has many options. Here, in the unit list, you’ll notice that there’s some formatting: enabled units are shown in green, and disabled are shown in red. Units marked as “static” can’t be started directly – they’re dependencies of other units. To narrow down the list to just services, use: - - systemctl list-unit-files --type=service - -Note that “enabled” doesn’t necessarily mean that a service is running; just that it can be turned on. To get information about a specific service, for instance GDM (the Gnome Display Manager), enter: - - systemctl status gdm.service - -This provides lots of useful information: a human-readable description of the service, the location of the unit configuration file, when it was started, its PID, and the CGroups to which it belongs (these limit resource consumption for groups of processes). - -If you look at the unit config file in **/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service**, you’ll see various options, including the binary to be started (ExecStart), what it conflicts with (ie which units can’t be active at the same time), and what needs to be started before this unit can be activated (the “After” line). Some units have additional dependency options, such as “Requires” (mandatory dependencies) and “Wants” (optional). - -Another interesting option here is: - - Alias=display-manager.service - -When you activate **gdm.service**, you will also be able to view its status using **systemctl status display-manager.service**. This is useful when you know there’s a display manager running, and you want to do something with it, but you don’t care whether it’s GDM, KDM, XDM or any of the others. - -![Image](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/status-large.jpg) - -**Use systemctl status, followed by a unit name, to see what’s going on with a service.** - -### Target locked ### - -If you enter **ls** in the **/usr/lib/systemd/system** directory, you’ll also see various files that end in **.target**. A target is a way of grouping units together so that they’re started at the same time. For instance, in most Unix-like OSes there’s a state of the system called “multi-user”, which means that the system has booted correctly, background services are running, and it’s ready for one or more users to log in and do their work – at least, in text mode. (Other states include single-user, for doing administration work, or reboot, for when the machine is shutting down.) - -If you look inside **multi-user.target**, you may be expecting to see a list of units that should be active in this state. But you’ll notice that the file is pretty bare – instead, individual services make themselves dependencies of the target via the **WantedBy** option. So if you look inside **avahi-daemon.service**, **NetworkManager.service** and many other **.service** files, you’ll see this line in the Install section: - - WantedBy=multi-user.target - -So, switching to the multi-user target will enable those units that contain the above line. Other targets are available (such as **emergency.target** for an emergency shell, or **halt.target** for when the machine shuts down), and you can easily switch between them like so: - - systemctl isolate emergency.target - -In many ways, these are like SysVinit runlevels, with text-mode **multi-user.target** being runlevel 3, **graphical.target** being runlevel 5, **reboot.target** being runlevel 6, and so forth. - -![Image](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/unit-large.jpg) - -**The unit configuration files might look foreign compared to traditional scripts, but they’re not hard to grasp.** - -### Up and down ### - -Now, you might be pondering: we’ve got this far, and yet we haven’t even looked at stopping and starting services yet! But there’s a reason for this. Systemd can look like a complicated beast from the outside, so it’s good to have an overview of how it works before you start interacting with it. The actual commands for managing services are very simple: - - systemctl stop cups.service - systemctl start cups.service - -(If a unit has been disabled, you can first enable it with **systemctl enable** followed by the unit name. This places a symbolic link for the unit in the .wants directory of the current target, in the **/etc/systemd/system** folder.) - -Two more useful commands are **systemctl restart** and **systemctl reload**, followed by unit names. The second asks the unit to reload its configuration file. Systemd is – for the most part – very well documented, so look at the manual page (**man systemctl**) for details on every command. - -> ### Timer units: replacing Cron ### -> -> Beyond system initialisation and service management, Systemd has its fingers in various other pies too. Notably, it can perform the job of **cron**, arguably with more flexibility (and an easier to read syntax). **Cron** is the program that performs jobs at regular intervals – such as cleaning up temporary files, refreshing caches and so forth. -> -> If you look inside the **/usr/lib/systemd/system** directory again, you’ll see that various **.timer** files are provided. Have a look at some of them with **less**, and you’ll note that they follow a similar structure to the **.service** and **.target** files. The difference, however, lies in the **[Timer]** section. Consider this example: -> -> [Timer] -> OnBootSec=1h -> OnUnitActiveSec=1w -> -> Here, the **OnBootSec** option tells Systemd to activate the unit 1 hour after the system has booted. Then the second option means: activate the unit once a week after that. There’s a huge amount of flexibility in the times that you can set – enter **man systemd.time** for a full list. -> -> By default, Systemd’s accuracy for timing is one minute. In other words, it will activate the unit within a minute of the time you specify, but not necessarily to the exact second. This is done for power management reasons, but if you need a timer to be executed without any delay, right down to the microsecond, you can add this line: -> -> AccuracySec=1us -> -> Also, the **WakeSystem** option (which can be set to true or false) defines whether or not the timer should wake up the machine if it’s in suspend mode. - -![Image](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/systemd_gui-large.jpg) - -**A Systemd GUI exists,although it hasn’t been actively worked on for a couple of years.** - -### Log files: say hello to journald ### - -The second major component of Systemd is the journal. This is a logging system, similar to syslog, but with some major differences. And if you’re a fan of the Unix way, prepare for your blood to boil: it’s a binary log, so you can’t just parse it using your regular command line text tools. This design decision regularly whips up heated debates on the net, but it has some benefits too. For instance, logs can be more structured, with better metadata, so it’s easier to filter out information based on executable name, PID, time and so forth. - -To view the journal in its entirety, enter: - - journalctl - -As with many other Systemd commands, this pipes the output into the **less** program, so you can scroll down by hitting space, use / (forward slash) to search, and other familiar keybindings. You’ll also notice a sprinkling of colour here too, with warnings and failure messages in red. - -That’s a lot of information; to narrow it down to the current boot, use: - - journalctl -b - -And here’s where the Systemd journal starts to shine. Do you want to see all messages from the previous boot? Try **journalctl -b -1**. Or the one before that? Replace **-1** with **-2**. How about something very specific, like all messages from 24 October 2014, 16:38 onwards?” - - journalctl -b --since=”2014-10-24 16:38” - -Even if you deplore binary logs, that’s still a useful feature, and for many admins it’s much easier than constructing a similar filter from regular expressions. - -So we’ve narrowed down the log to specific times, but what about specific programs? For units, try this: - - journalctl -u gdm.service - -(Note: that’s a good way to see the log generated by the X server.) Or how about a specific PID? - - journalctl _PID=890 - -You can even request to just see messages from a certain executable: - - journalctl /usr/bin/pulseaudio - -If you want to narrow down to messages of a certain priority, use the **-p** option. With 0 this will only show emergency messages (ie it’s time to start praying to **$DEITY**), whereas 7 will show absolutely everything, including debugging messages. See the manual page (**man journalctl**) for more details on the priority levels. - -It’s worth noting that you can combine options as well, so to only show messages from the GDM service of priority level 3 (or lower) from the current boot, use: - - journalctl -u gdm.service -p 3 -b - -Finally, if you just want to have a terminal window open, constantly updating with the latest journal entries, as you’d have with the tail command in pre-Systemd installations, just enter **journalctl -f**. - -![Image](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/journal-large.jpg) - -**Binary logging isn’t popular, but the journal has some benefits, like very easy filtering of information.** - -> ### Life without Systemd? ### -> -> If you simply, absolutely can’t get on with Systemd, you still have a few choices among the major distributions. Most notably, Slackware, the longest-running distro, hasn’t made the switch yet – but its lead developer hasn’t ruled it out for the future. A few small-name distros are also holding out with SysVinit as well. -> -> But how long will this last? Gnome is becoming increasingly dependent on Systemd, and the other major desktop environments could follow suit. This is a cause of consternation in the BSD communities, as Systemd is heavily tied to Linux kernel features, so the desktops are becoming less portable, in a way. A half-way-house solution might arrive in the form of Uselessd ([http://uselessd.darknedgy.net][3]), which is a stripped-down version of Systemd that purely focuses on launching and supervising processes, without consuming the whole base system. -> -> ![Image](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/gentoo-large.jpg) -> -> If you don’t like Sysytemd, try Gentoo, which has it as a choice of init system, but doesn’t force it on its users. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/linux-101-get-the-most-out-of-systemd/ - -作者：[Mike Saunders][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/author/mike/ -[1]:http://tinyurl.com/poorlennart -[2]:http://tinyurl.com/m2e7mv8 -[3]:http://uselessd.darknedgy.net/ From a9d2774fb77430c4f0f25b15f3a628366f76fcbd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ricky Gong Date: Wed, 18 Nov 2015 23:07:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 104/176] =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=90=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=88=90=E3=80=9120151117=20Systemd?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Linux 101--Get the most out of Systemd.md | 171 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 171 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20151117 Linux 101--Get the most out of Systemd.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20151117 Linux 101--Get the most out of Systemd.md b/translated/tech/20151117 Linux 101--Get the most out of Systemd.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1a382479ec --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20151117 Linux 101--Get the most out of Systemd.md @@ -0,0 +1,171 @@ +Linux 101：最有效地使用 Systemd +================================================================================ +干嘛要这么做？ + +- 理解现代 Linux 发行版中的显著变化； +- 看看 Systemd 是如何取代 SysVinit 的； +- 处理好*单元* (unit)和新的 journal 日志。 + +吐槽邮件，人身攻击，死亡威胁——Lennart Poettering，Systemd 的作者，对收到这些东西早就习以为常了。这位 Red Hat 公司的员工最近在 Google+ 上怒斥 FOSS 社区([http://tinyurl.com/poorlennart][1])的本质，悲痛且失望地表示：“那真是个令人恶心的地方”。他着重指出 Linus Torvalds 在邮件列表上言辞刻薄的帖子，并谴责这位内核的领导者为在线讨论定下基调，并使得人身攻击及贬抑之辞成为常态。 + +但为何 Poettering 会遭受如此多的憎恨？为何就这么个搞搞开源软件的人要忍受这等愤怒？答案就在于他的软件的重要性。如今大多数发行版中，Systemd 是 Linux 内核发起的第一个程序，并且它还扮演多种角色。它会启动系统服务，处理用户登陆，每隔特定的时间执行一些任务，还有很多很多。它在不断地成长，并逐渐成为 Linux 的某种“基础系统”——提供系统启动和发行版维护所需的所有工具。 + +如今，在以下几点上 Systemd 颇具争议：它逃避了一些确立好的 Unix 传统，例如纯文本的日志文件；它被看成是个“大一统”的项目，试图接管一切；它还是我们这个操作系统的支柱的重要革新。然而大多数主流发行版已经接受了（或即将接受）它，因此它就保留了下来。而且它确实是有好处的：更快地启动，更简单地管理那些有依赖的服务程序，提供强大且安全的日志系统等。 + +因此在这篇教程中，我们将探索 Systemd 的特性，并向您展示如何最有效地利用这些特性。即便您此刻并不是这款软件的粉丝，读完本文后您至少可以更加了解和适应它。 + +![Image](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/eating-large.jpg) + +**这部没正经的动画片来自[http://tinyurl.com/m2e7mv8][2]，它把 Systemd 塑造成一只狂暴的动物，吞噬它路过的一切。大多数批评者的言辞可不像这只公仔一样柔软。** + +### 启动及服务 ### + +大多数主流发行版要么已经采用 Systemd，要么即将在下个发布中采用（如 Debian 和 Ubuntu）。在本教程中，我们使用 Fedora 21——该发行版已经是 Systemd 的优秀实验场地——的一个预览版进行演示，但不论您用哪个发行版，要用到的命令和注意事项都应该是一样的。这是 Systemd 的一个加分点：它消除了不同发行版之间许多细微且琐碎的区别。 + +在终端中输入 **ps ax | grep systemd**，看到第一行，其中的数字 **1** 表示它的进程号是1，也就是说它是 Linux 内核发起的第一个程序。因此，内核一旦检测完硬件并组织好了内存，就会运行 **/usr/lib/systemd/systemd** 可执行程序，这个程序会按顺序依次发起其他程序。（在还没有 Systemd 的日子里，内核会去运行 **/sbin/init**，随后这个程序会在名为 SysVinit 的系统中运行其余的各种启动脚本。） + +Systemd 的核心是一个叫*单元* (unit)的概念，它是一些存有关于服务（在运行在后台的程序），设备，挂载点，和操作系统其他方面信息的配置文件。Systemd 的其中一个目标就是简化这些事物之间的相互作用，因此如果你有程序需要在某个挂载点被创建或某个设备被接入后开始运行，Systemd 可以让这一切正常运作起来变得相当容易。（在没有 Systemd 的日子里，要使用脚本来把这些事情调配好，那可是相当丑陋的。）要列出您 Linux 系统上的所有单元，输入以下命令： + + systemctl list-unit-files + +现在，**systemctl** 是与 Systemd 交互的主要工具，它有不少选项。在单元列表中，您会注意到这儿有一些格式：被使能的单元显示为绿色，被禁用的显示为红色。标记为“static”的单元不能直接启用，它们是其他单元所依赖的对象。若要限制输出列表只包含服务，使用以下命令： + + systemctl list-unit-files --type=service + +注意，一个单元显示为“enabled”，并不等于对应的服务正在运行，而只能说明它可以被开启。要获得某个特定服务的信息，以 GDM (the Gnome Display Manager) 为例，输入以下命令： + + systemctl status gdm.service + +这条命令提供了许多有用的信息：一段人类可读的服务描述，单元配置文件的位置，启动的时间，进程号，以及它所从属的 CGroups （用以限制各组进程的资源开销）。 + +如果您去查看位于 **/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service** 的单元配置文件，您可以看到多种选项，包括要被运行的二进制文件（“ExecStart”那一行），相冲突的其他单元（即不能同时进入运行的单元），以及需要在本单元执行前进入运行的单元（“After”那一行）。一些单元有附加的依赖选项，例如“Requires”（必要的依赖）和“Wants”（可选的依赖）。 + +此处另一个有趣的选项是： + + Alias=display-manager.service + +当您启动 **gdm.service** 后，您将可以通过 **systemctl status display-manager.service** 来查看它的状态。当您知道有*显示管理程序* (display manager)在运行并想对它做点什么，但您不关心那究竟是 GDM，KDM，XDM 还是什么别的显示管理程序时，这个选项会非常有用。 + +![Image](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/status-large.jpg) + +**使用 systemctl status 命令后面跟一个单元名，来查看对应的服务有什么情况。** + +### “目标”锁定 ### + +如果您在 **/usr/lib/systemd/system** 目录中输入 **ls** 命令，您将看到各种以 **.target** 结尾的文件。一个*启动目标* (target)是一种将多个单元聚合在一起以致于将它们同时启动的方式。例如，对大多数类 Unix 操作系统而言有一种“多用户”状态，意思是系统已被成功启动，后台服务正在运行，并且已准备好让一个或多个用户登陆并工作——至少在文本模式下。（其他状态包括用于进行管理工作的单用户状态，以及用于机器关机的重启状态。） + +如果您打开 **multi-user.target** 文件一探究竟，您可能期待看到的是一个要被启动的单元列表。但您会发现这个文件内部几乎空空如也——其实，一个服务会通过 **WantedBy** 选项让自己成为启动目标的依赖。因此如果您去打开 **avahi-daemon.service**, **NetworkManager.service** 及其他 **.service** 文件看看，您将在 Install 段看到这一行： + + WantedBy=multi-user.target + +因此，切换到多用户启动目标会使能那些包含上述语句的单元。还有其他一些启动目标可用（例如 **emergency.target** 用于一个紧急情况使用的 shell，以及 **halt.target** 用于机器关机），您可以用以下方式轻松地在它们之间切换： + + systemctl isolate emergency.target + +在许多方面，这些都很像 SysVinit 中的*运行级* (runlevel)，如文本模式的 **multi-user.target** 类似于第3运行级，**graphical.target** 类似于第5运行级，**reboot.target** 类似于第6运行级，诸如此类。 + +![Image](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/unit-large.jpg) + +**与传统的脚本相比，单元配置文件也许看起来很陌生，但并不难以理解。** + +### 开启与停止 ### + +现在您也许陷入了沉思：我们已经看了这么多，但仍没看到如何停止和开启服务！这其实是有原因的。从外部看，Systemd 也许很复杂，像野兽一般难以驾驭。因此在您开始摆弄它之间，有必要从宏观的角度看看它是如何工作的。实际用来管理服务的命令非常简单： + + systemctl stop cups.service + systemctl start cups.service + +（若某个单元被禁用了，您可以先通过 **systemctl enable** 加该单元名的方式将其使能。这种做法会为该单元创建一个符号链接，并将其放置在当前启动目标的 .wants 目录下，这些 .wants 目录在**/etc/systemd/system** 文件夹中。） + +还有两个有用的命令是 **systemctl restart** 和 **systemctl reload**，后面接单元名。后者要求单元重新加载它的配置文件。Systemd 的绝大部分都有良好的文档，因此您可以查看手册 (**man systemctl**) 了解每条命令的细节。 + +> ### 定时器单元：取代 Cron ### +> +> 除了系统初始化和服务管理，Systemd 还染指其他方面。在很大程度上，它能够完成 **cron** 的工作，而且可以说是以更灵活的方式（并带有更易读的语法）。**cron** 是一个以规定时间间隔执行任务的程序——例如清楚临时文件，刷新缓存等。 +> +> 如果您再次进入 **/usr/lib/systemd/system** 目录，您会看到那儿有多个 **.timer** 文件。用 **less** 来查看这些文件，您会发现它们与 **.service** 和 **.target** 文件有着相似的结构，而区别在于 **[Timer]** 段。举个例子： +> +> [Timer] +> OnBootSec=1h +> OnUnitActiveSec=1w +> +> **OnBootSec** 选项告诉 Systemd 在系统启动一小时后启动这个单元。第二个选项的意思是：自那以后每周启动这个单元一次。关于定时器有大量选项您可以设置——输入 **man systemd.time** 查看完整列表。 +> +> Systemd 的时间精度默认为一分钟。也就是说，它会在设定时刻的一分钟内运行单元，但不一定精确到那一秒。这么做是基于电源管理方面的原因，但如果您需要一个没有任何延时且精确到毫秒的定时器，您可以添加以下一行： +> +> AccuracySec=1us +> +> 另外， **WakeSystem** 选项（可以被设置为 true 或 false）决定了定时器是否可以唤醒处于休眠状态的机器。 + +![Image](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/systemd_gui-large.jpg) + +**存在一个 Systemd 的图形界面程序，即便它已有多年未被积极维护。** + +### 日志文件：向 journald 问声好 ### + +Systemd 的第二个主要部分是 journal 。这是个日志系统，类似于 syslog 但也有些显著区别。如果您是个 Unix 日志管理模式的 粉丝，准备好热血沸腾吧：这是个二进制日志，因此您不能使用常规的命令行文本处理工具来解析它。这个设计决定不出意料地在网上引起了激烈的争论，但它的确有些优点。例如，日志可以被更系统地组织，带有更多元数据，因此可以更容易地根据可执行文件名和进程号等过滤出信息。 + +要查看整个 journal，输入以下命令： + + journalctl + +像许多其他的 Systemd 命令一样，该命令将输出通过管道的方式引向 **less** 程序，因此您可以使用空格键向下滚动，“/”（斜杠）键查找，以及其他熟悉的快捷键。您也能在此看到少许颜色，像红色的警告及错误信息。 + +以上命令会输出很多信息。为了限制其只输出当前启动的消息，使用如下命令： + + journalctl -b + +这就是 Systemd 大放异彩的地方！您想查看自上次启动以来的全部消息吗？试试 **journalctl -b -1** 吧。再上一次的？用 **-2** 替换 **-1** 吧。那自某个具体时间，例如2014年10月24日16:38以来的呢？ + + journalctl -b --since=”2014-10-24 16:38” + +即便您对二进制日志感到遗憾，那依然是个有用的特性，并且对许多系统管理员来说，构建类似的过滤器比起写正则表达式而言容易多了。 + +我们已经可以根据特定的时间来准确查找日志了，那可以根据特定程序吗？对单元而言，试试这个： + + journalctl -u gdm.service + +（注意：这是个查看 X server 产生的日志的好办法。）那根据特定的进程号？ + + journalctl _PID=890 + +您甚至可以请求只看某个可执行文件产生的消息： + + journalctl /usr/bin/pulseaudio + +若您想将输出的消息限制在某个优先级，可以使用 **-p** 选项。该选项参数为 0 的话只会显示紧急消息（也就是说，是时候向 **\$DEITY** 祈求保佑了），为 7 的话会显示所有消息，包括调试消息。请查看手册 (**man journalctl**) 获取更多关于优先级的信息。 + +值得指出的是，您也可以将多个选项结合在一起，若想查看在当前启动中由 GDM 服务输出的优先级数小于等于 3 的消息，请使用下述命令： + + journalctl -u gdm.service -p 3 -b + +最后，如果您仅仅想打开一个随 journal 持续更新的终端窗口，就像在没有 Systemd 时使用 tail 命令实现的那样，输入 **journalctl -f** 就好了。 + +![Image](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/journal-large.jpg) + +**二进制日志并不流行，但 journal 的确有它的优点，如非常方便的信息查找及过滤。** + +> ### 没有 Systemd 的生活？### +> +> 如果您就是完全不能接收 Systemd，您仍然有一些主流发现版中的选择。尤其是 Slackware，作为历史最为悠久的发行版，目前还没有做出改变，但它的主要开发者并没有将其从未来规划中移除。一些不出名的发行版也在坚持使用 SysVinit 。 +> +> 但这又将持续多久呢？Gnome 正越来越依赖于 Systemd，其他的主流桌面环境也会步其后尘。这也是引起 BSD 社区一阵恐慌的原因：Systemd 与 Linux 内核紧密相连，导致在某种程度上，桌面环境正变得越来越不可移植。一种折中的解决方案也许会以 Uselessd ([http://uselessd.darknedgy.net][3]) 的形式到来：一种裁剪版的 Systemd，纯粹专注于启动和监控进程，而不消耗整个基础系统。 +> +> ![Image](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/gentoo-large.jpg) +> +> 若您不喜欢 Systemd，可以尝试一下 Gentoo 发行版，它将 Systemd 作为初始化工具的一种选择，但并不强制用户使用 Systemd。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/linux-101-get-the-most-out-of-systemd/ + +作者：[Mike Saunders][a] +译者：[Ricky-Gong](https://github.com/Ricky-Gong) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/author/mike/ +[1]:http://tinyurl.com/poorlennart +[2]:http://tinyurl.com/m2e7mv8 +[3]:http://uselessd.darknedgy.net/ From b7f2c958639ea34a66812fe93295ff915126c101 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Thu, 19 Nov 2015 00:50:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 105/176] translating by ezio 20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md --- .../tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md b/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md index 6cb66e4f3e..aca1f1be71 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +translating by ezio + How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7 ================================================================================ Hi everyone, today Redis is the subject of our article, we are going to install it on CentOS 7. Build sources files, install the binaries, create and install files. After installing its components, we will set its configuration as well as some operating system parameters to make it more reliable and faster. @@ -233,4 +235,4 @@ via: http://linoxide.com/storage/install-redis-server-centos-7/ [3]:https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt [4]:http://redis.io/topics/replication [5]:http://redis.io/topics/sentinel -[6]:http://redis.io/topics/partitioning \ No newline at end of file +[6]:http://redis.io/topics/partitioning From d38dc492d80d9ab4fb7d736b090a0288b4a9e4af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Thu, 19 Nov 2015 00:52:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 106/176] translating by ezio 20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md --- ...ress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md b/sources/tech/20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md index 780e783554..8ecf772a21 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +translating by ezio + How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command ================================================================================ ![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/11/pv-featured-1.jpg) @@ -76,4 +78,4 @@ via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/monitor-progress-linux-command-line-operatio [a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/himanshu/ [1]:http://linux.die.net/man/1/pv -[2]:http://linux.die.net/man/1/dialog \ No newline at end of file +[2]:http://linux.die.net/man/1/dialog From 66f5b3bed2beab50b1738eeb8bfd2c35f0214b42 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 19 Nov 2015 10:24:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 107/176] translating --- ...151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/share/20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md b/sources/share/20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md index 6cabff37be..51916730af 100644 --- a/sources/share/20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md +++ b/sources/share/20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +translating----geekpi + N1: The Next Generation Open Source Email Client ================================================================================ ![N1 Open Source email client](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/N1-email-client.png) @@ -44,4 +46,4 @@ via: http://itsfoss.com/n1-open-source-email-client/ [3]:https://help.gnome.org/users/evolution/stable/ [4]:https://nylas.com/N1/ [5]:http://itsfoss.com/atom-stable-released/ -[6]:https://invite.nylas.com/download \ No newline at end of file +[6]:https://invite.nylas.com/download From c0690718062a9ae05dfb65b88c01f3f2a70e713c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 19 Nov 2015 10:45:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 108/176] translated --- ...ext Generation Open Source Email Client.md | 49 ------------------- ...ext Generation Open Source Email Client.md | 48 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 49 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/share/20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md create mode 100644 translated/share/20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md diff --git a/sources/share/20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md b/sources/share/20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md deleted file mode 100644 index 51916730af..0000000000 --- a/sources/share/20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,49 +0,0 @@ -translating----geekpi - -N1: The Next Generation Open Source Email Client -================================================================================ -![N1 Open Source email client](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/N1-email-client.png) - -When we talk of email clients for Linux, generally the name of [Thunderbird][1], [Geary][2] and [Evolution][3] come to our mind. To challenge the authority of these big players, a new open source email client is entering the market. - -### Design plus features ### - -[N1][4] is the next generation open source email client which has equal focus on design and features. An open source software, N1 is available for Linux and Mac OS X with a Windows desktop application in the pipeline. - -N1 promotes itself as “extensible open source email client” because it includes a JavaScript plugin architecture that enables anyone to create powerful new features. Extensibility is a heavily popular feature that helped [open source code editor Atom][5] to gain popularity. N1 is also putting emphasis on it. - -Apart from extensibility, N1 has also focused on the looks and design of the application. A look at the screenshot of N1 is a good enough example: - -![N1 Open Source email client on Mac OS X](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/N1-email-client-1.jpeg) - -N1 email client on Mac OS X. Picture Credit: N1 - -In other features, N1 is compatible with hundreds of email providers, including Gmail, Yahoo, iCloud, Microsoft Exchange etc. Desktop app provides offline capability. - -### For now, invite only ### - -I don’t know why everyone is following OnePlus’ “exclusive invite only” marketing strategy? At present, N1 desktop app can be downloaded only when you are invited. You can request an invite using the link below. N1 team will email you the download link in a few days. - -- [Request an invite for N1][6] - -### Intriguing? ### - -I am not a big fan of desktop email clients, but N1 has definitely caught my attention and I am willing to give it a try. How about you? - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://itsfoss.com/n1-open-source-email-client/ - -作者：[Abhishek][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ -[1]:https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/thunderbird/ -[2]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Geary -[3]:https://help.gnome.org/users/evolution/stable/ -[4]:https://nylas.com/N1/ -[5]:http://itsfoss.com/atom-stable-released/ -[6]:https://invite.nylas.com/download diff --git a/translated/share/20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md b/translated/share/20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ef2e031afa --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/share/20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +N1：下一代开源邮件客户端 +================================================================================ +![N1 Open Source email client](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/N1-email-client.png) + +[Evolution][3]。为了挑战这些大咖的权威，一个新的邮件客户端正在进入市场。 + +### 设计和功能 ### + +[N1][4]是一个同时聚焦设计和功能的下一代开源邮件客户端。作为一个开源软件，N1同时可以在Linux和Mac OSX上获得到，Windows的版本还在开发中。 + +N1宣传它自己为“可扩展的开源邮件客户端”，因为它包含了Javascript插件架构，它可以让任何人创建新的功能。可扩展是一个非常流行的功能，它帮助[开源编辑器Atom][5]变得流行。N1同样强调了它。 + +除了可扩展性，N1同样着重设计了程序的外观。下面N1的截图就是个很好的例子： + +![N1 Open Source email client on Mac OS X](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/N1-email-client-1.jpeg) + +Mac OS X上的N1客户端。图片来自：N1 + +除了这个功能，N1兼容上百的邮件提供商包括Gmail、Yahoo、iCloud、Microsoft Exchange等等、桌面程序提供离线能力。 + +### 目前只能邀请使用 ### + +我不知道为什么没人都选择了OnePlus的‘只能邀请使用’的市场策略。目前，N1桌面端只能被邀请才能下载。你可以用下面的链接请求一个邀请。N1团队会在几天内邮件给你下载链接。 + + +- [请求N1邀请][6] + +### 感兴趣了么? ### + +我并不是桌面邮件客户端的粉丝，但是N1的确引起了我的兴趣想要试试。你呢？ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://itsfoss.com/n1-open-source-email-client/ + +作者：[Abhishek][a] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[1]:https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/thunderbird/ +[2]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Geary +[3]:https://help.gnome.org/users/evolution/stable/ +[4]:https://nylas.com/N1/ +[5]:http://itsfoss.com/atom-stable-released/ +[6]:https://invite.nylas.com/download From 122f93d9044b4a062496cb02e881dfbc8f7e9947 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 19 Nov 2015 15:28:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 109/176] =?UTF-8?q?22151119-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...nd Hello World Containers is Hard Stuff.md | 328 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 328 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151119 Going Beyond Hello World Containers is Hard Stuff.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151119 Going Beyond Hello World Containers is Hard Stuff.md b/sources/tech/20151119 Going Beyond Hello World Containers is Hard Stuff.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0bdd6abadb --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151119 Going Beyond Hello World Containers is Hard Stuff.md @@ -0,0 +1,328 @@ +Going Beyond Hello World Containers is Hard Stuff +================================================================================ +In [my previous post][1], I provided the basic concepts behind Linux container technology. I wrote as much for you as I did for me. Containers are new to me. And I figured having the opportunity to blog about the subject would provide the motivation to really learn the stuff. + +I intend to learn by doing. First get the concepts down, then get hands-on and write about it as I go. I assumed there must be a lot of Hello World type stuff out there to give me up to speed with the basics. Then, I could take things a bit further and build a microservice container or something. + +I mean, it can’t be that hard, right? + +Wrong. + +Maybe it’s easy for someone who spends significant amount of their life immersed in operations work. But for me, getting started with this stuff turned out to be hard to the point of posting my frustrations to Facebook... + +But, there is good news: I got it to work! And it’s always nice being able to make lemonade from lemons. So I am going to share the story of how I made my first microservice container with you. Maybe my pain will save you some time. + +If you've ever found yourself in a situation like this, fear not: folks like me are here to deal with the problems so you don't have to! + +Let’s begin. + +### A Thumbnail Micro Service ### + +The microservice I designed was simple in concept. Post a digital image in JPG or PNG format to an HTTP endpoint and get back a a 100px wide thumbnail. + +Here’s what that looks like: + +![container-diagram-0](https://deis.com/images/blog-images/containers-hard-0.png) + +I decide to use a NodeJS for my code and version of [ImageMagick][2] to do the thumbnail transformation. + +I did my first version of the service, using the logic shown here: + +![container-diagram-1](https://deis.com/images/blog-images/containers-hard-1.png) + +I download the [Docker Toolbox][3] which installs an the Docker Quickstart Terminal. Docker Quickstart Terminal makes creating containers easier. The terminal fires up a Linux virtual machine that has Docker installed, allowing you to run Docker commands from within a terminal. + +In my case, I am running on OS X. But there’s a Windows version too. + +I am going to use Docker Quickstart Terminal to build a container image for my microservice and run a container from that image. + +The Docker Quickstart Terminal runs in your regular terminal, like so: + +![container-diagram-2](https://deis.com/images/blog-images/containers-hard-2.png) + +### The First Little Problem and the First Big Problem ### + +So I fiddled around with NodeJS and ImageMagick and I got the service to work on my local machine. + +Then, I created the Dockerfile, which is the configuration script Docker uses to build your container. (I’ll go more into builds and Dockerfile more later on.) + +Here’s the build command I ran on the Docker Quickstart Terminal: + + $ docker build -t thumbnailer:0.1 + +I got this response: + + docker: "build" requires 1 argument. + +Huh. + +After 15 minutes I realized: I forgot to put a period . as the last argument! + +It needs to be: + + $ docker build -t thumbnailer:0.1 . + +But this wasn’t the end of my problems. + +I got the image to build and then I typed [the the `run` command][4] on the Docker Quickstart Terminal to fire up a container based on the image, called `thumbnailer:0.1`: + + $ docker run -d -p 3001:3000 thumbnailer:0.1 + +The `-p 3001:3000` argument makes it so the NodeJS microservice running on port 3000 within the container binds to port 3001 on the host virtual machine. + +Looks so good so far, right? + +Wrong. Things are about to get pretty bad. + +I determined the IP address of the virtual machine created by Docker Quickstart Terminal by running the `docker-machine` command: + + $ docker-machine ip default + +This returns the IP address of the default virtual machine, the one that is run under the Docker Quickstart Terminal. For me, this IP address was 192.168.99.100. + +I browsed to http://192.168.99.100:3001/ and got the file upload page I built: + +![container-diagram-3](https://deis.com/images/blog-images/containers-hard-3.png) + +I selected a file and clicked the Upload Image button. + +But it didn’t work. + +The terminal is telling me it can’t find the `/upload` directory my microservice requires. + +Now, keep in mind, I had been at this for about a day—between the fiddling and research. I’m feeling a little frustrated by this point. + +Then, a brain spark flew. Somewhere along the line remembered reading a microservice should not do any data persistence on its own! Saving data should be the job of another service. + +So what if the container can’t find the `/upload` directory? The real issue is: my microservice has a fundamentally flawed design. + +Let’s take another look: + +![container-diagram-4](https://deis.com/images/blog-images/containers-hard-4.png) + +Why am I saving a file to disk? Microservices are supposed to be fast. Why not do all my work in memory? Using memory buffers will make the "I can’t find no stickin’ directory" error go away and will increase the performance of my app dramatically. + +So that’s what I did. And here’s what the plan was: + +![container-diagram-5](https://deis.com/images/blog-images/containers-hard-5.png) + +Here’s the NodeJS I wrote to do all the in-memory work for creating a thumbnail: + + // Bind to the packages + var express = require('express'); + var router = express.Router(); + var path = require('path'); // used for file path + var im = require("imagemagick"); + + // Simple get that allows you test that you can access the thumbnail process + router.get('/', function (req, res, next) { + res.status(200).send('Thumbnailer processor is up and running'); + }); + + // This is the POST handler. It will take the uploaded file and make a thumbnail from the + // submitted byte array. I know, it's not rocket science, but it serves a purpose + router.post('/', function (req, res, next) { + req.pipe(req.busboy); + req.busboy.on('file', function (fieldname, file, filename) { + var ext = path.extname(filename) + + // Make sure that only png and jpg is allowed + if(ext.toLowerCase() != '.jpg' && ext.toLowerCase() != '.png'){ + res.status(406).send("Service accepts only jpg or png files"); + } + + var bytes = []; + + // put the bytes from the request into a byte array + file.on('data', function(data) { + for (var i = 0; i < data.length; ++i) { + bytes.push(data[i]); + } + console.log('File [' + fieldname + '] got bytes ' + bytes.length + ' bytes'); + }); + + // Once the request is finished pushing the file bytes into the array, put the bytes in + // a buffer and process that buffer with the imagemagick resize function + file.on('end', function() { + var buffer = new Buffer(bytes,'binary'); + console.log('Bytes got ' + bytes.length + ' bytes'); + + //resize + im.resize({ + srcData: buffer, + height: 100 + }, function(err, stdout, stderr){ + if (err){ + throw err; + } + // get the extension without the period + var typ = path.extname(filename).replace('.',''); + res.setHeader("content-type", "image/" + typ); + res.status(200); + // send the image back as a response + res.send(new Buffer(stdout,'binary')); + }); + }); + }); + }); + + module.exports = router; + +Okay, so we’re back on track and everything is hunky dory on my local machine. I go to sleep. + +But, before I do I test the microservice code running as standard Node app on localhost... + +![Containers Hard](https://deis.com/images/blog-images/containers-hard-6.png) + +It works fine. Now all I needed to do was get it working in a container. + +The next day I woke up, grabbed some coffee, and built an image—not forgetting to put in the period! + + $ docker build -t thumbnailer:01 . + +I am building from the root directory of my thumbnailer project. The build command uses the Dockerfile that is in the root directory. That’s how it goes: put the Dockerfile in the same place you want to run build and the Dockerfile will be used by default. + +Here is the text of the Dockerfile I was using: + + FROM ubuntu:latest + MAINTAINER bob@CogArtTech.com + + RUN apt-get update + RUN apt-get install -y nodejs nodejs-legacy npm + RUN apt-get install imagemagick libmagickcore-dev libmagickwand-dev + RUN apt-get clean + + COPY ./package.json src/ + + RUN cd src && npm install + + COPY . /src + + WORKDIR src/ + + CMD npm start + +What could go wrong? + +### The Second Big Problem ### + +I ran the `build` command and I got this error: + + Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Abort. + + The command '/bin/sh -c apt-get install imagemagick libmagickcore-dev libmagickwand-dev' returned a non-zero code: 1 + +I figured something was wrong with the microservice. I went back to my machine, fired up the service on localhost, and uploaded a file. + +Then I got this error from NodeJS: + + Error: spawn convert ENOENT + +What’s going on? This worked the other night! + +I searched and searched, for every permutation of the error I could think of. After about four hours of replacing different node modules here and there, I figured: why not restart the machine? + +I did. And guess what? The error went away! + +Go figure. + +### Putting the Genie Back in the Bottle ### + +So, back to the original quest: I needed to get this build working. + +I removed all of the containers running on the VM, using [the `rm` command][5]: + + $ docker rm -f $(docker ps -a -q) + +The `-f` flag here force removes running images. + +Then I removed all of my Docker images, using [the `rmi` command][6]: + + $ docker rmi if $(docker images | tail -n +2 | awk '{print $3}') + +I go through the whole process of rebuilding the image, installing the container and try to get the microservice running. Then after about an hour of self-doubt and accompanying frustration, I thought to myself: maybe this isn’t a problem with the microservice. + +So, I looked that the the error again: + + Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Abort. + + The command '/bin/sh -c apt-get install imagemagick libmagickcore-dev libmagickwand-dev' returned a non-zero code: 1 + +Then it hit me: the build is looking for a Y input from the keyboard! But, this is a non-interactive Dockerfile script. There is no keyboard. + +I went back to the Dockerfile, and there it was: + + RUN apt-get update + RUN apt-get install -y nodejs nodejs-legacy npm + RUN apt-get install imagemagick libmagickcore-dev libmagickwand-dev + RUN apt-get clean + +The second `apt-get` command is missing the `-y` flag which causes "yes" to be given automatically where usually it would be prompted for. + +I added the missing `-y` to the command: + + RUN apt-get update + RUN apt-get install -y nodejs nodejs-legacy npm + RUN apt-get install -y imagemagick libmagickcore-dev libmagickwand-dev + RUN apt-get clean + +And guess what: after two days of trial and tribulation, it worked! Two whole days! + +So, I did my build: + + $ docker build -t thumbnailer:0.1 . + +I fired up the container: + + $ docker run -d -p 3001:3000 thumbnailer:0.1 + +Got the IP address of the Virtual Machine: + + $ docker-machine ip default + +Went to my browser and entered http://192.168.99.100:3001/ into the address bar. + +The upload page loaded. + +I selected an image, and this is what I got: + +![container-diagram-7](https://deis.com/images/blog-images/containers-hard-7.png) + +It worked! + +Inside a container, for the first time! + +### So What Does It All Mean? ### + +A long time ago, I accepted the fact when it comes to tech, sometimes even the easy stuff is hard. Along with that, I abandoned the desire to be the smartest guy in the room. Still, the last few days trying get basic competency with containers has been, at times, a journey of self doubt. + +But, you wanna know something? It’s 2 AM on an early morning as I write this, and every nerve wracking hour has been worth it. Why? Because you gotta put in the time. This stuff is hard and it does not come easy for anyone. And don’t forget: you’re learning tech and tech runs the world! + +P.S. Check out this two part video of Hello World containers, check out [Raziel Tabib’s][7] excellent work in this video... + +注：youtube视频 + + +And don't miss part two... + +注：youtube视频 + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://deis.com/blog/2015/beyond-hello-world-containers-hard-stuff + +作者：[Bob Reselman][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://deis.com/blog +[1]:http://deis.com/blog/2015/developer-journey-linux-containers +[2]:https://github.com/rsms/node-imagemagick +[3]:https://www.docker.com/toolbox +[4]:https://docs.docker.com/reference/commandline/run/ +[5]:https://docs.docker.com/reference/commandline/rm/ +[6]:https://docs.docker.com/reference/commandline/rmi/ +[7]:http://twitter.com/RazielTabib \ No newline at end of file From 44d038aae0ea965fe4331f4c6778c85419b8b1cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Thu, 19 Nov 2015 18:17:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 110/176] Update 20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md --- .../20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md | 6 ++++-- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md b/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md index aca1f1be71..efea02a5fa 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md @@ -2,12 +2,14 @@ translating by ezio How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7 ================================================================================ -Hi everyone, today Redis is the subject of our article, we are going to install it on CentOS 7. Build sources files, install the binaries, create and install files. After installing its components, we will set its configuration as well as some operating system parameters to make it more reliable and faster. + +大家好，Redis 是本文的主题，我们将要在CentOS 7 上安装它。编译源代码，安装二进制文件，创建、安装文件。然后安装组建，我们还会配置redis ，就像配置操作系统参数一样，目标就是让redis 运行的更加可靠和快速。 ![Runnins Redis](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/run-redis-standalone.jpg) -Redis server +Redis 服务器 +Redis 是一个开源的多平台数据存储软件，使用ANSI C 编写，直接在内存使用数据集，这使得它得以实现非常高的效率。Redis 支持多种编程语言，包括Lua, C, Java, Python, Perl, PHP 和其他很多语言。redis 的代码量很小，只有约3万行，它只做很少的事，但是做的很好。尽管你在内存里工作，但是数据持久化问题还是存在的，而且这也有一个很合理的理由来支撑： Redis is an open source multi-platform data store written in ANSI C, that uses datasets directly from memory achieving extremely high performance. It supports various programming languages, including Lua, C, Java, Python, Perl, PHP and many others. It is based on simplicity, about 30k lines of code that do "few" things, but do them well. Despite you work on memory, persistence may exist and it has a fairly reasonable support for high availability and clustering, which does good in keeping your data safe. ### Building Redis ### From 23330c69384881179ded4d0e8e73a9807cfff967 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Thu, 19 Nov 2015 21:01:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 111/176] Update 20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md --- ...How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md | 70 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md b/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md index efea02a5fa..b2ccd85183 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md @@ -1,130 +1,128 @@ translating by ezio -How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7 + ================================================================================ -大家好，Redis 是本文的主题，我们将要在CentOS 7 上安装它。编译源代码，安装二进制文件，创建、安装文件。然后安装组建，我们还会配置redis ，就像配置操作系统参数一样，目标就是让redis 运行的更加可靠和快速。 +大家好， 本文的主题是Redis，我们将要在CentOS 7 上安装它。编译源代码，安装二进制文件，创建、安装文件。然后安装组建，我们还会配置redis ，就像配置操作系统参数一样，目标就是让redis 运行的更加可靠和快速。 ![Runnins Redis](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/run-redis-standalone.jpg) Redis 服务器 -Redis 是一个开源的多平台数据存储软件，使用ANSI C 编写，直接在内存使用数据集，这使得它得以实现非常高的效率。Redis 支持多种编程语言，包括Lua, C, Java, Python, Perl, PHP 和其他很多语言。redis 的代码量很小，只有约3万行，它只做很少的事，但是做的很好。尽管你在内存里工作，但是数据持久化问题还是存在的，而且这也有一个很合理的理由来支撑： -Redis is an open source multi-platform data store written in ANSI C, that uses datasets directly from memory achieving extremely high performance. It supports various programming languages, including Lua, C, Java, Python, Perl, PHP and many others. It is based on simplicity, about 30k lines of code that do "few" things, but do them well. Despite you work on memory, persistence may exist and it has a fairly reasonable support for high availability and clustering, which does good in keeping your data safe. +Redis 是一个开源的多平台数据存储软件，使用ANSI C 编写，直接在内存使用数据集，这使得它得以实现非常高的效率。Redis 支持多种编程语言，包括Lua, C, Java, Python, Perl, PHP 和其他很多语言。redis 的代码量很小，只有约3万行，它只做很少的事，但是做的很好。尽管你在内存里工作，但是对数据持久化的需求还是存在的，而redis 的可靠性就很高，同时也支持集群，这儿些可以很好的保证你的数据安全。 -### Building Redis ### +### 构建 Redis ### -There is no official RPM package available, we need to build it from sources, in order to do this you will need install Make and GCC. +redis 目前没有官方RPM 安装包，我们需要从牙UN代码编译，而为了要编译就需要安装Make 和GCC。 -Install GNU Compiler Collection and Make with yum if it is not already installed +如果没有安装过GCC 和Make，那么就使用yum 安装。 yum install gcc make -Download the tarball from [redis download page][1]. +从[官网][1]下载tar 压缩包。 curl http://download.redis.io/releases/redis-3.0.4.tar.gz -o redis-3.0.4.tar.gz -Extract the tarball contents +解压缩。 tar zxvf redis-3.0.4.tar.gz -Enter Redis the directory we have extracted +进入解压后的目录。 cd redis-3.0.4 -Use Make to build the source files +使用Make 编译源文件。 make -### Install ### +### 安装 ### -Enter on the src directory +进入源文件的目录。 cd src -Copy Redis server and client to /usr/local/bin +复制 Redis server 和 client 到 /usr/local/bin cp redis-server redis-cli /usr/local/bin -Its good also to copy sentinel, benchmark and check as well. +最好也把sentinel，benchmark 和check 复制过去。 cp redis-sentinel redis-benchmark redis-check-aof redis-check-dump /usr/local/bin -Make Redis config directory +创建redis 配置文件夹。 mkdir /etc/redis -Create a working and data directory under /var/lib/redis +在`/var/lib/redis` 下创建有效的保存数据的目录 mkdir -p /var/lib/redis/6379 -#### System parameters #### +#### 系统参数 #### -In order to Redis work correctly you need to set some kernel options +为了让redis 正常工作需要配置一些内核参数。 -Set the vm.overcommit_memory to 1, which means always, this will avoid data to be truncated, take a look [here][2] for more. +配置vm.overcommit_memory 为1，它的意思是一直避免数据被截断，详情[见此][2]. sysctl -w vm.overcommit_memory=1 -Change the maximum of backlog connections some value higher than the value on tcp-backlog option of redis.conf, which defaults to 511. You can find more on sysctl based ip networking "tunning" on [kernel.org][3] website. +修改backlog 连接数的最大值超过redis.conf 中的tcp-backlog 值，即默认值511。你可以在[kernel.org][3] 找到更多有关基于sysctl 的ip 网络隧道的信息。 sysctl -w net.core.somaxconn=512. -Disable transparent huge pages support, that is known to cause latency and memory access issues with Redis. +禁止支持透明大页，，因为这会造成redis 使用过程产生延时和内存访问问题。 echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled ### redis.conf ### +Redis.conf 是redis 的配置文件，然而你会看到这个文件的名字是6379.conf ，而这个数字就是redis 监听的网络端口。这个名字是告诉你可以运行超过一个redis 实例。 -Redis.conf is the Redis configuration file, however you will see the file named as 6379.conf here, where the number is the same as the network port is listening to. This name is recommended if you are going to run more than one Redis instance. - -Copy sample redis.conf to **/etc/redis/6379.conf**. +复制redis.conf 的示例到 **/etc/redis/6379.conf**. cp redis.conf /etc/redis/6379.conf -Now edit the file and set at some of its parameters. +现在编辑这个文件并且配置参数。 vi /etc/redis/6379.conf -#### daemonize #### +#### 守护程序 #### -Set daemonize to no, systemd need it to be in foreground, otherwise Redis will suddenly die. +设置daemonize 为no，systemd 需要它运行在前台，否则redis 会突然挂掉。 daemonize no #### pidfile #### -Set the pidfile to redis_6379.pid under /var/run. +设置pidfile 为/var/run/redis_6379.pid。 pidfile /var/run/redis_6379.pid #### port #### -Change the network port if you are not going to use the default +如果不准备用默认端口，可以修改。 port 6379 #### loglevel #### -Set your loglevel. +设置日志级别。 loglevel notice #### logfile #### -Set the logfile to /var/log/redis_6379.log +修改日志文件路径。 logfile /var/log/redis_6379.log #### dir #### -Set the directory to /var/lib/redis/6379 +设置目录为 /var/lib/redis/6379 dir /var/lib/redis/6379 -### Security ### +### 安全 ### -Here are some actions that you can take to enforce the security. +下面有几个操作可以提高安全性。 #### Unix sockets #### @@ -226,7 +224,7 @@ That's enough to start, with these settings you will be able to deploy Redis ser via: http://linoxide.com/storage/install-redis-server-centos-7/ 作者：[Carlos Alberto][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[ezio](https://github.com/oska874) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 841446e4287e85b4ed8a90a37ee6058ea6c7e255 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Thu, 19 Nov 2015 21:44:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 112/176] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...he Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md | 15 ++++++++------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/share/20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md b/translated/share/20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md index ef2e031afa..6ffe067ef6 100644 --- a/translated/share/20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md +++ b/translated/share/20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md @@ -2,13 +2,14 @@ N1：下一代开源邮件客户端 ================================================================================ ![N1 Open Source email client](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/N1-email-client.png) -[Evolution][3]。为了挑战这些大咖的权威，一个新的邮件客户端正在进入市场。 +当我们谈论到Linux中的邮件客户端，通常上 Thunderbird、Geary 和 [Evolution][3] 会出现在我们的脑海。作为对这些大咖们的挑战，一款新的开源邮件客户端正在涌入市场。 + ### 设计和功能 ### -[N1][4]是一个同时聚焦设计和功能的下一代开源邮件客户端。作为一个开源软件，N1同时可以在Linux和Mac OSX上获得到，Windows的版本还在开发中。 +[N1][4]是一个同时聚焦设计和功能的下一代开源邮件客户端。作为一个开源软件，N1目前支持 Linux 和 Mac OS X，Windows的版本还在开发中。 -N1宣传它自己为“可扩展的开源邮件客户端”，因为它包含了Javascript插件架构，它可以让任何人创建新的功能。可扩展是一个非常流行的功能，它帮助[开源编辑器Atom][5]变得流行。N1同样强调了它。 +N1宣传它自己为“可扩展的开源邮件客户端”，因为它包含了 Javascript 插件架构，任何人都可以为它创建强大的新功能。可扩展是一个非常流行的功能，它帮助[开源编辑器Atom][5]变得流行。N1同样把重点放在了可扩展上面。 除了可扩展性，N1同样着重设计了程序的外观。下面N1的截图就是个很好的例子： @@ -16,18 +17,18 @@ N1宣传它自己为“可扩展的开源邮件客户端”，因为它包含了 Mac OS X上的N1客户端。图片来自：N1 -除了这个功能，N1兼容上百的邮件提供商包括Gmail、Yahoo、iCloud、Microsoft Exchange等等、桌面程序提供离线能力。 +除了这个功能，N1兼容上百的邮件提供商包括Gmail、Yahoo、iCloud、Microsoft Exchange等等，桌面应用提供离线功能。 ### 目前只能邀请使用 ### -我不知道为什么没人都选择了OnePlus的‘只能邀请使用’的市场策略。目前，N1桌面端只能被邀请才能下载。你可以用下面的链接请求一个邀请。N1团队会在几天内邮件给你下载链接。 +我不知道为什么每个人都选择了 OnePlus 的‘只能邀请使用’的市场策略。目前，N1桌面端只能被邀请才能下载。你可以用下面的链接请求一个邀请。N1团队会在几天内邮件给你下载链接。 - [请求N1邀请][6] ### 感兴趣了么? ### -我并不是桌面邮件客户端的粉丝，但是N1的确引起了我的兴趣想要试试。你呢？ +我并不是桌面邮件客户端的粉丝，但是 N1 的确引起了我的兴趣，让我想要试一试。你呢？ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ via: http://itsfoss.com/n1-open-source-email-client/ 作者：[Abhishek][a] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 75f5dadee4ff9ecfa3441dd1296f527db06fdb31 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Thu, 19 Nov 2015 21:45:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 113/176] Update 20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md --- ...How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md | 56 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md b/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md index b2ccd85183..cde50aef87 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md @@ -1,6 +1,4 @@ -translating by ezio - - +如何在CentOS 7上安装Redis 服务 ================================================================================ 大家好， 本文的主题是Redis，我们将要在CentOS 7 上安装它。编译源代码，安装二进制文件，创建、安装文件。然后安装组建，我们还会配置redis ，就像配置操作系统参数一样，目标就是让redis 运行的更加可靠和快速。 @@ -126,33 +124,33 @@ Redis.conf 是redis 的配置文件，然而你会看到这个文件的名字是 #### Unix sockets #### -In many cases, the client application resides on the same machine as the server, so there is no need to listen do network sockets. If this is the case you may want to use unix sockets instead, for this you need to set the **port** option to 0, and then enable unix sockets with the following options. +在很多情况下，客户端程序和服务器端程序运行在同一个机器上，所以不需要监听网络上的socket。如果这和你的使用情况类似，你就可以使用unix socket 替代网络socket ，为此你需要配置**port** 为0，然后配置下面的选项来使能unix socket。 -Set the path to the socket file +设置unix socket 的套接字文件。 unixsocket /tmp/redis.sock -Set restricted permission to the socket file +限制socket 文件的权限。 unixsocketperm 700 -Now, to have access with redis-cli you should use the -s flag pointing to the socket file +现在为了获取redis-cli 的访问权限，应该使用-s 参数指向socket 文件。 redis-cli -s /tmp/redis.sock -#### requirepass #### +#### 密码 #### -You may need remote access, if so, you should use a password, that will be required before any operation. +你可能需要远程访问，如果是，那么你应该设置密码，这样子每次操作之前要求输入密码。 requirepass "bTFBx1NYYWRMTUEyNHhsCg" -#### rename-command #### +#### 重命名命令 #### -Imagine the output of the next command. Yes, it will dump the configuration of the server, so you should deny access to this kind information whenever is possible. +想象一下下面一条条指令的输出。使得，这回输出服务器的配置，所以你应该在任何可能的情况下拒绝这种信息。 CONFIG GET * -To restrict, or even disable this and other commands by using the **rename-command**. You must provide a command name and a replacement. To disable, set the replacement string to "" (blank), this is more secure as it will prevent someone from guessing the command name. +为了限制甚至禁止这条或者其他指令可以使用**rename-command** 命令。你必须提供一个命令名和替代的名字。要禁止的话需要设置replacement 为空字符串，这样子禁止任何人猜测命令的名字会比较安全。 rename-command FLUSHDB "FLUSHDB_MY_SALT_G0ES_HERE09u09u" rename-command FLUSHALL "" @@ -160,39 +158,39 @@ To restrict, or even disable this and other commands by using the **rename-comma ![Access Redis through unix with password and command changes](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/redis-security-test.jpg) -Access through unix sockets with password and command changes +通过密码和修改命令来访问unix socket。 -#### Snapshots #### +#### 快照 #### -By default Redis will periodically dump its datasets to **dump.rdb** on the data directory we set. You can configure how often the rdb file will be updated by the save command, the first parameter is a timeframe in seconds and the second is a number of changes performed on the data file. - -Every 15 hours if there was at least 1 key change +默认情况下，redis 会周期性的将数据集转储到我们设置的目录下的文件**dump.rdb**。你可以使用save 命令配置转储的频率，他的第一个参数是以秒为单位的时间帧（译注：按照下文的意思单位应该是分钟），第二个参数是在数据文件上进行修改的数量。 +每隔15小时并且最少修改过一次键。 save 900 1 -Every 5 hours if there was at least 10 key changes +每隔5小时并且最少修改过10次键。 save 300 10 -Every minute if there was at least 10000 key changes +每隔1小时并且最少修改过10000次键。 save 60 10000 -The **/var/lib/redis/6379/dump.rdb** file contains a dump of the dataset on memory since last save. Since it creates a temporary file and then replace the original file, there is no problem of corruption and you can always copy it directly without fear. +文件**/var/lib/redis/6379/dump.rdb** 包含了内存里经过上次保存命令的转储数据。因为他创建了临时文件并且替换了源文件，这里没有被破坏的问题，而且你不用担心直接复制这个文件。 -### Starting at boot ### +### 开机时启动 ### You may use systemd to add Redis to the system startup +你可以使用systemd 将redis 添加到系统开机启动列表。 -Copy sample init_script to /etc/init.d, note also the number of the port on the script name +复制init_script 示例文件到/etc/init.d，注意脚本名所代表的端口号。 cp utils/redis_init_script /etc/init.d/redis_6379 -We are going to use systemd, so create a unit file named redis_6379.service under **/etc/systems/system** +现在我们来使用systemd，所以在**/etc/systems/system** 下创建一个单位文件名字为redis_6379.service。 vi /etc/systemd/system/redis_6379.service -Put this content, try man systemd.service for details +填写下面的内容，详情可见systemd.service。 [Unit] Description=Redis on port 6379 @@ -205,20 +203,18 @@ Put this content, try man systemd.service for details [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target -Now add the memory overcommit and maximum backlog options we have set before to the **/etc/sysctl.conf** file. +现在添加我之前在**/etc/sysctl.conf** 里面修改多的内存过分提交和backlog 最大值的选项。 vm.overcommit_memory = 1 net.core.somaxconn=512 -For the transparent huge pages support there is no sysctl directive, so you can put the command at the end of /etc/rc.local - +对于透明大页支持，并没有直接sysctl 命令可以控制，所以需要将下面的命令放到/etc/rc.local 的结尾。 echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled -### Conclusion ### - -That's enough to start, with these settings you will be able to deploy Redis server for many simpler scenarios, however there is many options on redis.conf for more complex environments. On some cases, you may use [replication][4] and [Sentinel][5] to provide high availability, [split the data][6] across servers, create a cluster of servers. Thanks for reading! +### 总结 ### +这些足够启动了，通过设置这些选项你将足够部署redis 服务到很多简单的场景，然而在redis.conf 还有很多为复杂环境准备的redis 的选项。在一些情况下，你可以使用[replication][4] 和 [Sentinel][5] 来提高可用性，或者[将数据分散][6]在多个服务器上，创建服务器集群 。谢谢阅读。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://linoxide.com/storage/install-redis-server-centos-7/ From 921b87b2a25615242ceed0fbd17a04ee5e98fa19 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Thu, 19 Nov 2015 21:48:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 114/176] Create 20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md --- ...How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md | 236 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 236 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md b/translated/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..eb872a2719 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md @@ -0,0 +1,236 @@ +How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md + +如何在CentOS 7上安装Redis 服务 +================================================================================ + +大家好， 本文的主题是Redis，我们将要在CentOS 7 上安装它。编译源代码，安装二进制文件，创建、安装文件。然后安装组建，我们还会配置redis ，就像配置操作系统参数一样，目标就是让redis 运行的更加可靠和快速。 + +![Runnins Redis](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/run-redis-standalone.jpg) + +Redis 服务器 + +Redis 是一个开源的多平台数据存储软件，使用ANSI C 编写，直接在内存使用数据集，这使得它得以实现非常高的效率。Redis 支持多种编程语言，包括Lua, C, Java, Python, Perl, PHP 和其他很多语言。redis 的代码量很小，只有约3万行，它只做很少的事，但是做的很好。尽管你在内存里工作，但是对数据持久化的需求还是存在的，而redis 的可靠性就很高，同时也支持集群，这儿些可以很好的保证你的数据安全。 + +### 构建 Redis ### + +redis 目前没有官方RPM 安装包，我们需要从牙UN代码编译，而为了要编译就需要安装Make 和GCC。 + +如果没有安装过GCC 和Make，那么就使用yum 安装。 + + yum install gcc make + +从[官网][1]下载tar 压缩包。 + + curl http://download.redis.io/releases/redis-3.0.4.tar.gz -o redis-3.0.4.tar.gz + +解压缩。 + + tar zxvf redis-3.0.4.tar.gz + +进入解压后的目录。 + + cd redis-3.0.4 + +使用Make 编译源文件。 + + make + +### 安装 ### + +进入源文件的目录。 + + cd src + +复制 Redis server 和 client 到 /usr/local/bin + + cp redis-server redis-cli /usr/local/bin + +最好也把sentinel，benchmark 和check 复制过去。 + + cp redis-sentinel redis-benchmark redis-check-aof redis-check-dump /usr/local/bin + +创建redis 配置文件夹。 + + mkdir /etc/redis + +在`/var/lib/redis` 下创建有效的保存数据的目录 + + mkdir -p /var/lib/redis/6379 + +#### 系统参数 #### + +为了让redis 正常工作需要配置一些内核参数。 + +配置vm.overcommit_memory 为1，它的意思是一直避免数据被截断，详情[见此][2]. + + sysctl -w vm.overcommit_memory=1 + +修改backlog 连接数的最大值超过redis.conf 中的tcp-backlog 值，即默认值511。你可以在[kernel.org][3] 找到更多有关基于sysctl 的ip 网络隧道的信息。 + + sysctl -w net.core.somaxconn=512. + +禁止支持透明大页，，因为这会造成redis 使用过程产生延时和内存访问问题。 + + echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled + +### redis.conf ### +Redis.conf 是redis 的配置文件，然而你会看到这个文件的名字是6379.conf ，而这个数字就是redis 监听的网络端口。这个名字是告诉你可以运行超过一个redis 实例。 + +复制redis.conf 的示例到 **/etc/redis/6379.conf**. + + cp redis.conf /etc/redis/6379.conf + +现在编辑这个文件并且配置参数。 + + vi /etc/redis/6379.conf + +#### 守护程序 #### + +设置daemonize 为no，systemd 需要它运行在前台，否则redis 会突然挂掉。 + + daemonize no + +#### pidfile #### + +设置pidfile 为/var/run/redis_6379.pid。 + + pidfile /var/run/redis_6379.pid + +#### port #### + +如果不准备用默认端口，可以修改。 + + port 6379 + +#### loglevel #### + +设置日志级别。 + + loglevel notice + +#### logfile #### + +修改日志文件路径。 + + logfile /var/log/redis_6379.log + +#### dir #### + +设置目录为 /var/lib/redis/6379 + + dir /var/lib/redis/6379 + +### 安全 ### + +下面有几个操作可以提高安全性。 + +#### Unix sockets #### + +在很多情况下，客户端程序和服务器端程序运行在同一个机器上，所以不需要监听网络上的socket。如果这和你的使用情况类似，你就可以使用unix socket 替代网络socket ，为此你需要配置**port** 为0，然后配置下面的选项来使能unix socket。 + +设置unix socket 的套接字文件。 + + unixsocket /tmp/redis.sock + +限制socket 文件的权限。 + + unixsocketperm 700 + +现在为了获取redis-cli 的访问权限，应该使用-s 参数指向socket 文件。 + + redis-cli -s /tmp/redis.sock + +#### 密码 #### + +你可能需要远程访问，如果是，那么你应该设置密码，这样子每次操作之前要求输入密码。 + + requirepass "bTFBx1NYYWRMTUEyNHhsCg" + +#### 重命名命令 #### + +想象一下下面一条条指令的输出。使得，这回输出服务器的配置，所以你应该在任何可能的情况下拒绝这种信息。 + + CONFIG GET * + +为了限制甚至禁止这条或者其他指令可以使用**rename-command** 命令。你必须提供一个命令名和替代的名字。要禁止的话需要设置replacement 为空字符串，这样子禁止任何人猜测命令的名字会比较安全。 + + rename-command FLUSHDB "FLUSHDB_MY_SALT_G0ES_HERE09u09u" + rename-command FLUSHALL "" + rename-command CONFIG "CONFIG_MY_S4LT_GO3S_HERE09u09u" + +![Access Redis through unix with password and command changes](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/redis-security-test.jpg) + +通过密码和修改命令来访问unix socket。 + +#### 快照 #### + +默认情况下，redis 会周期性的将数据集转储到我们设置的目录下的文件**dump.rdb**。你可以使用save 命令配置转储的频率，他的第一个参数是以秒为单位的时间帧（译注：按照下文的意思单位应该是分钟），第二个参数是在数据文件上进行修改的数量。 + +每隔15小时并且最少修改过一次键。 + save 900 1 + +每隔5小时并且最少修改过10次键。 + + save 300 10 + +每隔1小时并且最少修改过10000次键。 + + save 60 10000 + +文件**/var/lib/redis/6379/dump.rdb** 包含了内存里经过上次保存命令的转储数据。因为他创建了临时文件并且替换了源文件，这里没有被破坏的问题，而且你不用担心直接复制这个文件。 + +### 开机时启动 ### + +You may use systemd to add Redis to the system startup +你可以使用systemd 将redis 添加到系统开机启动列表。 + +复制init_script 示例文件到/etc/init.d，注意脚本名所代表的端口号。 + + cp utils/redis_init_script /etc/init.d/redis_6379 + +现在我们来使用systemd，所以在**/etc/systems/system** 下创建一个单位文件名字为redis_6379.service。 + + vi /etc/systemd/system/redis_6379.service + +填写下面的内容，详情可见systemd.service。 + + [Unit] + Description=Redis on port 6379 + + [Service] + Type=forking + ExecStart=/etc/init.d/redis_6379 start + ExecStop=/etc/init.d/redis_6379 stop + + [Install] + WantedBy=multi-user.target + +现在添加我之前在**/etc/sysctl.conf** 里面修改多的内存过分提交和backlog 最大值的选项。 + + vm.overcommit_memory = 1 + + net.core.somaxconn=512 + +对于透明大页支持，并没有直接sysctl 命令可以控制，所以需要将下面的命令放到/etc/rc.local 的结尾。 + echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled + +### 总结 ### + +这些足够启动了，通过设置这些选项你将足够部署redis 服务到很多简单的场景，然而在redis.conf 还有很多为复杂环境准备的redis 的选项。在一些情况下，你可以使用[replication][4] 和 [Sentinel][5] 来提高可用性，或者[将数据分散][6]在多个服务器上，创建服务器集群 。谢谢阅读。 +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/storage/install-redis-server-centos-7/ + +作者：[Carlos Alberto][a] +译者：[ezio](https://github.com/oska874) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/carlosal/ +[1]:http://redis.io/download +[2]:https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/vm/overcommit-accounting +[3]:https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt +[4]:http://redis.io/topics/replication +[5]:http://redis.io/topics/sentinel +[6]:http://redis.io/topics/partitioning From 6e2c37645ee49e649cfd6001b3a6d60075e91e7d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Thu, 19 Nov 2015 21:50:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 115/176] Delete 20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md --- ...How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md | 234 ------------------ 1 file changed, 234 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md b/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md deleted file mode 100644 index cde50aef87..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20151104 How to Install Redis Server on CentOS 7.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,234 +0,0 @@ -如何在CentOS 7上安装Redis 服务 -================================================================================ - -大家好， 本文的主题是Redis，我们将要在CentOS 7 上安装它。编译源代码，安装二进制文件，创建、安装文件。然后安装组建，我们还会配置redis ，就像配置操作系统参数一样，目标就是让redis 运行的更加可靠和快速。 - -![Runnins Redis](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/run-redis-standalone.jpg) - -Redis 服务器 - -Redis 是一个开源的多平台数据存储软件，使用ANSI C 编写，直接在内存使用数据集，这使得它得以实现非常高的效率。Redis 支持多种编程语言，包括Lua, C, Java, Python, Perl, PHP 和其他很多语言。redis 的代码量很小，只有约3万行，它只做很少的事，但是做的很好。尽管你在内存里工作，但是对数据持久化的需求还是存在的，而redis 的可靠性就很高，同时也支持集群，这儿些可以很好的保证你的数据安全。 - -### 构建 Redis ### - -redis 目前没有官方RPM 安装包，我们需要从牙UN代码编译，而为了要编译就需要安装Make 和GCC。 - -如果没有安装过GCC 和Make，那么就使用yum 安装。 - - yum install gcc make - -从[官网][1]下载tar 压缩包。 - - curl http://download.redis.io/releases/redis-3.0.4.tar.gz -o redis-3.0.4.tar.gz - -解压缩。 - - tar zxvf redis-3.0.4.tar.gz - -进入解压后的目录。 - - cd redis-3.0.4 - -使用Make 编译源文件。 - - make - -### 安装 ### - -进入源文件的目录。 - - cd src - -复制 Redis server 和 client 到 /usr/local/bin - - cp redis-server redis-cli /usr/local/bin - -最好也把sentinel，benchmark 和check 复制过去。 - - cp redis-sentinel redis-benchmark redis-check-aof redis-check-dump /usr/local/bin - -创建redis 配置文件夹。 - - mkdir /etc/redis - -在`/var/lib/redis` 下创建有效的保存数据的目录 - - mkdir -p /var/lib/redis/6379 - -#### 系统参数 #### - -为了让redis 正常工作需要配置一些内核参数。 - -配置vm.overcommit_memory 为1，它的意思是一直避免数据被截断，详情[见此][2]. - - sysctl -w vm.overcommit_memory=1 - -修改backlog 连接数的最大值超过redis.conf 中的tcp-backlog 值，即默认值511。你可以在[kernel.org][3] 找到更多有关基于sysctl 的ip 网络隧道的信息。 - - sysctl -w net.core.somaxconn=512. - -禁止支持透明大页，，因为这会造成redis 使用过程产生延时和内存访问问题。 - - echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled - -### redis.conf ### -Redis.conf 是redis 的配置文件，然而你会看到这个文件的名字是6379.conf ，而这个数字就是redis 监听的网络端口。这个名字是告诉你可以运行超过一个redis 实例。 - -复制redis.conf 的示例到 **/etc/redis/6379.conf**. - - cp redis.conf /etc/redis/6379.conf - -现在编辑这个文件并且配置参数。 - - vi /etc/redis/6379.conf - -#### 守护程序 #### - -设置daemonize 为no，systemd 需要它运行在前台，否则redis 会突然挂掉。 - - daemonize no - -#### pidfile #### - -设置pidfile 为/var/run/redis_6379.pid。 - - pidfile /var/run/redis_6379.pid - -#### port #### - -如果不准备用默认端口，可以修改。 - - port 6379 - -#### loglevel #### - -设置日志级别。 - - loglevel notice - -#### logfile #### - -修改日志文件路径。 - - logfile /var/log/redis_6379.log - -#### dir #### - -设置目录为 /var/lib/redis/6379 - - dir /var/lib/redis/6379 - -### 安全 ### - -下面有几个操作可以提高安全性。 - -#### Unix sockets #### - -在很多情况下，客户端程序和服务器端程序运行在同一个机器上，所以不需要监听网络上的socket。如果这和你的使用情况类似，你就可以使用unix socket 替代网络socket ，为此你需要配置**port** 为0，然后配置下面的选项来使能unix socket。 - -设置unix socket 的套接字文件。 - - unixsocket /tmp/redis.sock - -限制socket 文件的权限。 - - unixsocketperm 700 - -现在为了获取redis-cli 的访问权限，应该使用-s 参数指向socket 文件。 - - redis-cli -s /tmp/redis.sock - -#### 密码 #### - -你可能需要远程访问，如果是，那么你应该设置密码，这样子每次操作之前要求输入密码。 - - requirepass "bTFBx1NYYWRMTUEyNHhsCg" - -#### 重命名命令 #### - -想象一下下面一条条指令的输出。使得，这回输出服务器的配置，所以你应该在任何可能的情况下拒绝这种信息。 - - CONFIG GET * - -为了限制甚至禁止这条或者其他指令可以使用**rename-command** 命令。你必须提供一个命令名和替代的名字。要禁止的话需要设置replacement 为空字符串，这样子禁止任何人猜测命令的名字会比较安全。 - - rename-command FLUSHDB "FLUSHDB_MY_SALT_G0ES_HERE09u09u" - rename-command FLUSHALL "" - rename-command CONFIG "CONFIG_MY_S4LT_GO3S_HERE09u09u" - -![Access Redis through unix with password and command changes](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/redis-security-test.jpg) - -通过密码和修改命令来访问unix socket。 - -#### 快照 #### - -默认情况下，redis 会周期性的将数据集转储到我们设置的目录下的文件**dump.rdb**。你可以使用save 命令配置转储的频率，他的第一个参数是以秒为单位的时间帧（译注：按照下文的意思单位应该是分钟），第二个参数是在数据文件上进行修改的数量。 - -每隔15小时并且最少修改过一次键。 - save 900 1 - -每隔5小时并且最少修改过10次键。 - - save 300 10 - -每隔1小时并且最少修改过10000次键。 - - save 60 10000 - -文件**/var/lib/redis/6379/dump.rdb** 包含了内存里经过上次保存命令的转储数据。因为他创建了临时文件并且替换了源文件，这里没有被破坏的问题，而且你不用担心直接复制这个文件。 - -### 开机时启动 ### - -You may use systemd to add Redis to the system startup -你可以使用systemd 将redis 添加到系统开机启动列表。 - -复制init_script 示例文件到/etc/init.d，注意脚本名所代表的端口号。 - - cp utils/redis_init_script /etc/init.d/redis_6379 - -现在我们来使用systemd，所以在**/etc/systems/system** 下创建一个单位文件名字为redis_6379.service。 - - vi /etc/systemd/system/redis_6379.service - -填写下面的内容，详情可见systemd.service。 - - [Unit] - Description=Redis on port 6379 - - [Service] - Type=forking - ExecStart=/etc/init.d/redis_6379 start - ExecStop=/etc/init.d/redis_6379 stop - - [Install] - WantedBy=multi-user.target - -现在添加我之前在**/etc/sysctl.conf** 里面修改多的内存过分提交和backlog 最大值的选项。 - - vm.overcommit_memory = 1 - - net.core.somaxconn=512 - -对于透明大页支持，并没有直接sysctl 命令可以控制，所以需要将下面的命令放到/etc/rc.local 的结尾。 - echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled - -### 总结 ### - -这些足够启动了，通过设置这些选项你将足够部署redis 服务到很多简单的场景，然而在redis.conf 还有很多为复杂环境准备的redis 的选项。在一些情况下，你可以使用[replication][4] 和 [Sentinel][5] 来提高可用性，或者[将数据分散][6]在多个服务器上，创建服务器集群 。谢谢阅读。 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://linoxide.com/storage/install-redis-server-centos-7/ - -作者：[Carlos Alberto][a] -译者：[ezio](https://github.com/oska874) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/carlosal/ -[1]:http://redis.io/download -[2]:https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/vm/overcommit-accounting -[3]:https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt -[4]:http://redis.io/topics/replication -[5]:http://redis.io/topics/sentinel -[6]:http://redis.io/topics/partitioning From 8f5941fc1ceaecacc60eb65ca72315da04558186 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: struggling <630441839@qq.com> Date: Fri, 20 Nov 2015 00:13:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 116/176] Delete 20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Node.js on Linux.md --- ...nswers--How to install Node.js on Linux.md | 92 ------------------- 1 file changed, 92 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Node.js on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Node.js on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Node.js on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 146c918d1d..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Node.js on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,92 +0,0 @@ -translation by strugglingyouth - -Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Node.js on Linux -================================================================================ -> **Question**: How can I install Node.js on [insert your Linux distro]? - -[Node.js][1] is a server-side software platform built on Google's V8 JavaScript engine. Node.js has become a popular choice for building high-performance server-side applications all in JavaScript. What makes Node.js even more attractive for backend server development is the [huge ecosystem][2] of Node.js libraries and applications. Node.js comes with a command line utility called npm which allows you to easily install, version-control, and manage dependencies of Node.js libraries and applications from the vast npm online repository. - -In this tutorial, I will describe **how to install Node.js on major Linux distros including Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora and CentOS**. - -Node.js is available as a pre-built package on some distros (e.g., Fedora or Ubuntu), while you need to install it from its source on other distros. As Node.js is fast evolving, it is recommended to install the latest Node.js from its source, instead of installing an outdated pre-built package. The lasted Node.js comes with npm (Node.js package manager) bundled, allowing you to install external Node.js modules easily. - -### Install Node.js on Debian ### - -Starting from Debian 8 (Jessie), Node.js is available in the official repositories. Thus you can install it with: - - $ sudo apt-get install npm - -On Debian 7 (Wheezy) or earlier, you can install Node.js from its source as follows. - - $ sudo apt-get install python g++ make - $ wget http://nodejs.org/dist/node-latest.tar.gz - $ tar xvfvz node-latest.tar.gz - $ cd node-v0.10.21 (replace a version with your own) - $ ./configure - $ make - $ sudo make install - -### Install Node.js on Ubuntu or Linux Mint ### - -Node.js is included in Ubuntu (13.04 and higher). Thus installation is straightforward. The following will install Node.js and npm. - - $ sudo apt-get install npm - $ sudo ln -s /usr/bin/nodejs /usr/bin/node - -While stock Ubuntu ships Node.js, you can install a more recent version from [its PPA][3]. - - $ sudo apt-get install python-software-properties python g++ make - $ sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:chris-lea/node.js - $ sudo apt-get update - $ sudo apt-get install npm - -### Install Node.js on Fedora ### - -Node.js is included in the base repository of Fedora. Therefore you can use yum to install Node.js on Fedora. - - $ sudo yum install npm - -If you want to install the latest version of Node.js, you can build it from its source as follows. - - $ sudo yum groupinstall 'Development Tools' - $ wget http://nodejs.org/dist/node-latest.tar.gz - $ tar xvfvz node-latest.tar.gz - $ cd node-v0.10.21 (replace a version with your own) - $ ./configure - $ make - $ sudo make install - -### Install Node.js on CentOS or RHEL ### - -To install Node.js with yum package manager on CentOS, first enable EPEL repository, and then run: - - $ sudo yum install npm - -If you want to build the latest Node.js on CentOS, follow the same procedure as in Fedora. - -### Install Node.js on Arch Linux ### - -Node.js is available in the Arch Linux community repository. Thus installation is as simple as running: - - $ sudo pacman -S nodejs npm - -### Check the Version of Node.js ### - -Once you have installed Node.js, you can check Node.js version as follows. - - $ node --version - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-node-js-linux.html - -作者：[Dan Nanni][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/author/nanni -[1]:http://nodejs.org/ -[2]:https://www.npmjs.com/ -[3]:https://launchpad.net/~chris-lea/+archive/node.js From 8c14d8eec880f25add7ec71ee50b3ca7e7743c09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: struggling <630441839@qq.com> Date: Fri, 20 Nov 2015 00:14:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 117/176] Create 20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Node.js on Linux.md --- ...nswers--How to install Node.js on Linux.md | 92 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 92 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Node.js on Linux.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Node.js on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Node.js on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8ccca22632 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20151116 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to install Node.js on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +Linux 有问必答 - 如何在 Linux 上安装 Node.js +================================================================================ +> **问题**: 如何在你的 Linux 发行版上安装 Node.js？ + +[Node.js][1] 是建立在谷歌的 V8 JavaScript 引擎服务器端的软件平台上。在构建高性能的服务器端应用程序上，Node.js 在 JavaScript 中已是首选方案。是什么让使用 Node.js 库和应用程序的 [庞大生态系统][2] 来开发服务器后台变得如此流行。Node.js 自带一个被称为 npm 的命令行工具可以让你轻松地安装它，进行版本控制并使用 npm 的在线仓库来管理 Node.js 库和应用程序的依赖关系。 + +在本教程中，我将介绍 **如何在主流 Linux 发行版上安装 Node.js，包括Debian，Ubuntu，Fedora 和 CentOS** 。 + +Node.js 在一些发行版上作为预构建的程序包（如，Fedora 或 Ubuntu），而在其他发行版上你需要源码安装。由于 Node.js 发展比较快，建议从源码安装最新版而不是安装一个过时的预构建的程序包。最新的 Node.js 自带 npm（Node.js 的包管理器），让你可以轻松的安装 Node.js 的外部模块。 + +### 在 Debian 上安装 Node.js on ### + +从 Debian 8 (Jessie)开始，Node.js 已被纳入官方软​​件仓库。因此，你可以使用如下方式安装它： + + $ sudo apt-get install npm + +在 Debian 7 (Wheezy) 以前的版本中,你需要使用下面的方式来源码安装： + + $ sudo apt-get install python g++ make + $ wget http://nodejs.org/dist/node-latest.tar.gz + $ tar xvfvz node-latest.tar.gz + $ cd node-v0.10.21 (replace a version with your own) + $ ./configure + $ make + $ sudo make install + +### 在 Ubuntu 或 Linux Mint 中安装 Node.js ### + +Node.js 被包含在 Ubuntu（13.04 及更高版本）。因此，安装非常简单。以下方式将安装 Node.js 和 npm。 + + $ sudo apt-get install npm + $ sudo ln -s /usr/bin/nodejs /usr/bin/node + +而 Ubuntu 中的 Node.js 可能版本比较老，你可以从 [其 PPA][3] 中安装最新的版本。 + + $ sudo apt-get install python-software-properties python g++ make + $ sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:chris-lea/node.js + $ sudo apt-get update + $ sudo apt-get install npm + +### 在 Fedora 中安装 Node.js ### + +Node.js 被包含在 Fedora 的 base 仓库中。因此，你可以在 Fedora 中用 yum 安装 Node.js。 + + $ sudo yum install npm + +如果你想安装 Node.js 的最新版本，可以按照以下步骤使用源码来安装。 + + $ sudo yum groupinstall 'Development Tools' + $ wget http://nodejs.org/dist/node-latest.tar.gz + $ tar xvfvz node-latest.tar.gz + $ cd node-v0.10.21 (replace a version with your own) + $ ./configure + $ make + $ sudo make install + +### 在 CentOS 或 RHEL 中安装 Node.js ### + +在 CentOS 使用 yum 包管理器来安装 Node.js，首先启用 EPEL 软件库，然后运行： + + $ sudo yum install npm + +如果你想在 CentOS 中安装最新版的 Node.js，其安装步骤和在 Fedora 中的相同。 + +### 在 Arch Linux 上安装 Node.js ### + +Node.js is available in the Arch Linux community repository. Thus installation is as simple as running: + +Node.js 在 Arch Linux 的社区库中可以找到。所以安装很简单，只要运行： + + $ sudo pacman -S nodejs npm + +### 检查 Node.js 的版本 ### + +一旦你已经安装了 Node.js，你可以使用如下所示的方法检查 Node.js 的版本。 + + $ node --version + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-node-js-linux.html + +作者：[Dan Nanni][a] +译者：[strugglingyou](https://github.com/strugglingyou) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/author/nanni +[1]:http://nodejs.org/ +[2]:https://www.npmjs.com/ +[3]:https://launchpad.net/~chris-lea/+archive/node.js From 2d06043b7e806d333848ed1fb0e52ce15ebc60c3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Fri, 20 Nov 2015 01:18:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 118/176] translating by ezio --- .../tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md index a899284450..99086f1163 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +translating by ezio + 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance ================================================================================ Improving web application performance is more critical than ever. The share of economic activity that’s online is growing; more than 5% of the developed world’s economy is now on the Internet (see Resources below for statistics). And our always-on, hyper-connected modern world means that user expectations are higher than ever. If your site does not respond instantly, or if your app does not work without delay, users quickly move on to your competitors. @@ -274,4 +276,4 @@ via: https://www.nginx.com/blog/10-tips-for-10x-application-performance/?hmsr=to [50]:http://www.statista.com/statistics/250703/forecast-of-internet-economy-as-percentage-of-gdp-in-g-20-countries/ [51]:http://blog.loadimpact.com/blog/how-bad-performance-impacts-ecommerce-sales-part-i/ [52]:https://blog.kissmetrics.com/loading-time/?wide=1 -[53]:https://econsultancy.com/blog/10936-site-speed-case-studies-tips-and-tools-for-improving-your-conversion-rate/ \ No newline at end of file +[53]:https://econsultancy.com/blog/10936-site-speed-case-studies-tips-and-tools-for-improving-your-conversion-rate/ From 2dde570650a0c049eedfd181a208c812b5158db2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Fri, 20 Nov 2015 20:51:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 119/176] Update 20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md --- ...of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md | 9 ++++++--- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md b/sources/tech/20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md index 8ecf772a21..6b97771f06 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md @@ -1,17 +1,20 @@ -translating by ezio - How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command + +如何监控linux 命令行的命令执行进度 ================================================================================ ![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/11/pv-featured-1.jpg) If you’re a Linux system admin, there’s no doubt that you must be spending most of your work time on the command line – installing and removing packages; monitoring system stats; copying, moving, deleting stuff; debugging problems; and more. There are times when you fire a command, and it takes a while before the operation completes. However, there are also times when the command you executed just hangs, leaving you guessing as to what’s actually happening behind the scenes. +如果你是一个linux 系统管理员，那么毫无疑问你必须花费大量的工作时间在命令行上：安装和卸载软件，监视系统状态，复制、移动、删除文件，查错，等等。很多时候都是你输入一个命令，然后等待很长时间直到执行完成。也有的时候你执行的命令挂起了，而你只能猜测命令执行的实际情况。 Usually, Linux commands provide no information related to the progress of the ongoing operation, something that is very important especially when you have limited time. However, that doesn’t mean you’re helpless – there exists a command, dubbed pv, that displays useful progress information related to the ongoing command line operation. In this article we will discuss this command as well as its features through some easy-to-understand examples. +通常linux命令不提供和进度相关的信息，而这些信息特别重要，尤其当你只有有限的时间时。然而这并不意味着你是无助的-现在有一个命令，pv，他会显示当前在命令行执行的命令的进度信息。在本文我们会讨论它并用几个简单的例子说明种特性。 -### PV Command ### +### PV 命令 ### Developed by Andrew Wood, [PV][1] – which stands for Pipe Viewer – displays information related to the progress of data through a pipeline. The information includes time elapsed, percentage completed (with progress bar), current throughput rate, total data transferred, and ETA. + > “To use it, insert it in a pipeline between two processes, with the appropriate options. Its standard input will be passed through to its standard output and progress will be shown on standard error,” The above explains the command’s man page. From 8bd6b0043da9443fbcb17dab6447e288e165facf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 20 Nov 2015 22:58:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 120/176] PUB:20151012 How to Monitor Stock Prices from Ubuntu Command Line Using Mop @oska874 --- ...ices from Ubuntu Command Line Using Mop.md | 39 +++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20151012 How to Monitor Stock Prices from Ubuntu Command Line Using Mop.md (50%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20151012 How to Monitor Stock Prices from Ubuntu Command Line Using Mop.md b/published/20151012 How to Monitor Stock Prices from Ubuntu Command Line Using Mop.md similarity index 50% rename from translated/tech/20151012 How to Monitor Stock Prices from Ubuntu Command Line Using Mop.md rename to published/20151012 How to Monitor Stock Prices from Ubuntu Command Line Using Mop.md index a5207c3813..50e64ca9ad 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20151012 How to Monitor Stock Prices from Ubuntu Command Line Using Mop.md +++ b/published/20151012 How to Monitor Stock Prices from Ubuntu Command Line Using Mop.md @@ -1,22 +1,25 @@ -命令行下使用Mop 监视股票价格 +命令行下使用 Mop 监视股票价格 ================================================================================ -有一份隐性收入通常很不错，特别是当你可以轻松的协调业余和全职工作。如果你的日常工作使用了联网的电脑，交易股票是一个很流行的选项来获取额外收入。 +![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/09/mop-featured-new.jpg) + +有一份隐性收入通常很不错，特别是当你可以轻松的协调业余和全职工作。如果你的日常工作使用了联网的电脑，交易股票就是一个获取额外收入的很流行的选项。 + +但是目前只有很少的股票监视软件可以运行在 linux 上，其中大多数还是基于图形界面的。如果你是一个 Linux 专家，并且大量的工作时间是在没有图形界面的电脑上呢？你是不是就没办法了？不，还是有一些命令行下的股票追踪工具，包括Mop，也就是本文要聊一聊的工具。 -但是目前只有很少的股票监视软件可以用在linux 上，其中大多数还是基于图形界面的。如果你是一个Linux 专家，并且大量的工作时间是在没有图形界面的电脑上呢？你是不是就没办法了？不，这里还有一个命令行下的股票追踪工具，包括Mop，也就是本文要聊一聊的工具。 ### Mop ### -Mop，如上所述，是一个命令行下连续显示和更新美股和独立股票信息的工具。使用GO 实现的，是Michael Dvorkin 大脑的产物。 +Mop，如上所述，是一个命令行下连续显示和更新美股和独立股票信息的工具。使用 GO 语言实现的，是 Michael Dvorkin 的智慧结晶。 + ### 下载安装 ### - -因为这个工程使用GO 实现的，所以你要做的第一步是在你的计算机上安装这种编程语言，下面就是在Debian 系系统，比如Ubuntu上安装GO的步骤： +因为这个项目使用 GO 实现的，所以你要做的第一步是在你的计算机上安装这种编程语言，下面就是在 Debian 系的系统，比如 Ubuntu 上安装 GO 的步骤： sudo apt-get install golang mkdir ~/workspace echo 'export GOPATH="$HOME/workspace"' >> ~/.bashrc source ~/.bashrc -GO 安装好后的下一步是安装Mop 工具和配置环境，你要做的是运行下面的命令： +GO 安装好后的下一步是安装 Mop 工具和配置环境，你要做的是运行下面的命令： sudo apt-get install git go get github.com/michaeldv/mop @@ -24,12 +27,13 @@ GO 安装好后的下一步是安装Mop 工具和配置环境，你要做的是 make install export PATH="$PATH:$GOPATH/bin" -完成之后就可以运行下面的命令执行Mop： +完成之后就可以运行下面的命令执行 Mop： + cmd ### 特性 ### -当你第一次运行Mop 时，你会看到类似下面的输出信息： +当你第一次运行 Mop 时，你会看到类似下面的输出信息： ![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/09/mop-first-run.jpg) @@ -37,19 +41,19 @@ GO 安装好后的下一步是安装Mop 工具和配置环境，你要做的是 ### 添加删除股票 ### -Mop 允许你轻松的从输出列表上添加/删除个股信息。要添加，你全部要做的是按”+“和输入股票名称。举个例子，下图就是添加Facebook (FB) 到列表里。 +Mop 允许你轻松的从输出列表上添加/删除个股信息。要添加，你全部要做的是按“+”和输入股票名称。举个例子，下图就是添加 Facebook (FB) 到列表里。 ![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/09/mop-add-stock.png) -因为我按下了”+“键，一列包含文本”Add tickers：“出现了，提示我添加股票名称—— 我添加了FB 然后按下回车。输出列表更新了，我添加的新股票也出现在列表了： +我按下了“+”键，就出现了包含文本“Add tickers：”的一列，提示我添加股票名称—— 我添加了 FB 然后按下回车。输出列表更新了，我添加的新股票也出现在列表了： ![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/09/mop-stock-added.png) -类似的，你可以使用”-“ 键和提供股票名称删除一个股票。 +类似的，你可以使用“-”键和提供股票名称删除一个股票。 #### 根据价格分组 #### -还有一个把股票分组的办法：依据他们的股价升跌，你索要做的就是按下”g“ 键。接下来，股票会分组显示：升的在一起使用绿色字体显示，而下跌的股票会黑色字体显示。 +还有一个把股票分组的办法：依据他们的股价升跌，你所要做的就是按下“g”键。接下来，股票会分组显示：升的在一起使用绿色字体显示，而下跌的股票会黑色字体显示。 如下所示： @@ -57,7 +61,7 @@ Mop 允许你轻松的从输出列表上添加/删除个股信息。要添加， #### 列排序 #### -Mop 同时也允许你根据不同的列类型改变排序规则。这种用法需要你按下”o“（这个命令默认使用第一列的值来排序），然后使用左右键来选择你要使用的列。完成之后按下回车对内容重新排序。 +Mop 同时也允许你根据不同的列类型改变排序规则。这种用法需要你按下“o”（这个命令默认使用第一列的值来排序），然后使用左右键来选择你要排序的列。完成之后按下回车对内容重新排序。 举个例子，下面的截图就是根据输出内容的第一列、按照字母表排序之后的结果。 @@ -67,12 +71,13 @@ Mop 同时也允许你根据不同的列类型改变排序规则。这种用法 #### 其他选项 #### -其它的可用选项包括”p“：暂停市场和股票信息更新，”q“ 或者”esc“ 来退出命令行程序，”？“ 显示帮助页。 +其它的可用选项包括“p”：暂停市场和股票信息更新，“q”或者“esc” 来退出命令行程序，“?”显示帮助页。 + ![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/09/mop-help.png) ### 结论 ### -Mop 是一个基础的股票监控工具，并没有提供太多的特性，只提供了他声称的功能。很明显，这个工具并不是为专业股票交易者提供的，而仅仅为你在只有命令行的机器上得体的提供了一个跟踪股票信息的选择。 +Mop 是一个基础的股票监控工具，并没有提供太多的特性，只提供了它所声称的功能。很明显，这个工具并不是为专业股票交易者提供的，而仅仅为你在只有命令行的机器上得体的提供了一个跟踪股票信息的选择。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -80,7 +85,7 @@ via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/monitor-stock-prices-ubuntu-command-line/ 作者：[Himanshu Arora][a] 译者：[oska874](https://github.com/oska874) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From d98e271c0e5a423c9c98845720bb167f33f07cad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 20 Nov 2015 23:21:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 121/176] PUB:20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up @geekpi --- ...File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md | 16 ++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md (63%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md b/published/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md similarity index 63% rename from translated/talk/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md rename to published/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md index b9f0762cbe..46bde42b91 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md +++ b/published/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ -Nautilus的文件搜索将迎来巨大提升 +Nautilus 的文件搜索将迎来巨大提升 ================================================================================ ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/nautilus-new-search-filters.jpg) -**在Nautilus中搜索零散文件和文件夹将会将会变得相当简单。** +*在Nautilus中搜索零散文件和文件夹将会将会变得相当简单。* -[GNOME文件管理器][1]中一个新的**搜索过滤器**正在开发中。它大量使用 GNOME 漂亮的弹出式菜单努力提供一个简单的方法缩小搜索结果并精确找到你需要的。 +[GNOME文件管理器][1]中正在开发一个新的**搜索过滤器**。它大量使用 GNOME 漂亮的弹出式菜单，以通过简单的方法来缩小搜索结果并精确地找到你所需要的。 -开发者Georges Stavracas正致力于新的UI并[描述][2]新的编辑器为“更干净、更合理、更直观”。 +开发者Georges Stavracas正致力于开发新的UI，他[说][2]这个新的界面“更干净、更合理、更直观”。 -根据他[上传到Youtube][3]的视频来展示新的方式-他还没有嵌入它-他没有错。 +根据他[上传到Youtube][3]的视频来展示的新方式-他还没有嵌入它-他没有错。 -> 他在他的博客中写到：“ Nautilus 有非常复杂但是强大的内部组成，它允许我们做很多事情。事实上有代码可提供很多选择。那么，为何它曾经看上去这么糟糕？” +> 他在他的博客中写到：“ Nautilus 有非常复杂但是强大的内部组成，它允许我们做很多事情。事实上在代码上存在各种可能。那么，为何它曾经看上去这么糟糕？” -问题有部分比较夸张；新的搜索过滤器界面向用户展示了“强大的内部组成”。搜索结果可以根据类型、名字或者日期范围来进行过滤。 +这个问题的部分原因比较令人吃惊：新的搜索过滤器界面向用户展示了“强大的内部组成”。搜索结果可以根据类型、名字或者日期范围来进行过滤。 对于像 Nautilus 这类 app 的任何修改有可能让一些用户不安，因此像这样帮助性的、直接的新UI会带来一些争议。 虽然对于不满的担心貌似会影响进度（毫无疑问，虽然像[移除类型优先搜索][4]的争议自2014年以来一直在争论）。GNOME 3.18 在[上个月发布了][5]，给 Nautilus 引入了新的文件进度对话框，以及远程共享的更好整合，包括 Google Drive。 -Stavracas 的搜索过滤器还没被合并进 Files 的 trunk，但是重做的搜索 UI 已经初步计划在明年春天的 GNOME 3.20 中实现。 +Stavracas 的搜索过滤器还没被合并进 Files 的 trunk 中，但是复刻的搜索 UI 已经初步计划在明年春天的 GNOME 3.20 中实现。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 155a5867959e05965d85f30d333ca1f610dc47c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 20 Nov 2015 23:30:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 122/176] =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BF=AE=E6=AD=A3?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...51019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/published/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md b/published/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md index 46bde42b91..b38d77c28e 100644 --- a/published/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md +++ b/published/20151019 Nautilus File Search Is About To Get A Big Power Up.md @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Nautilus 的文件搜索将迎来巨大提升 对于像 Nautilus 这类 app 的任何修改有可能让一些用户不安，因此像这样帮助性的、直接的新UI会带来一些争议。 -虽然对于不满的担心貌似会影响进度（毫无疑问，虽然像[移除类型优先搜索][4]的争议自2014年以来一直在争论）。GNOME 3.18 在[上个月发布了][5]，给 Nautilus 引入了新的文件进度对话框，以及远程共享的更好整合，包括 Google Drive。 +虽然对于不满的担心貌似会影响进度（毫无疑问，虽然像[移除输入优先搜索][4]的争议自2014年以来一直在争论）。GNOME 3.18 在[上个月发布了][5]，给 Nautilus 引入了新的文件进度对话框，以及远程共享的更好整合，包括 Google Drive。 Stavracas 的搜索过滤器还没被合并进 Files 的 trunk 中，但是复刻的搜索 UI 已经初步计划在明年春天的 GNOME 3.20 中实现。 From 052eba3dd383f08f4686e79daca1a1f2d42e87bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Sat, 21 Nov 2015 22:27:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 123/176] Update 20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md --- ...Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md | 46 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md b/sources/tech/20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md index 6b97771f06..2003bcff47 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md @@ -1,80 +1,76 @@ -How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command - 如何监控linux 命令行的命令执行进度 ================================================================================ + ![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/11/pv-featured-1.jpg) -If you’re a Linux system admin, there’s no doubt that you must be spending most of your work time on the command line – installing and removing packages; monitoring system stats; copying, moving, deleting stuff; debugging problems; and more. There are times when you fire a command, and it takes a while before the operation completes. However, there are also times when the command you executed just hangs, leaving you guessing as to what’s actually happening behind the scenes. 如果你是一个linux 系统管理员，那么毫无疑问你必须花费大量的工作时间在命令行上：安装和卸载软件，监视系统状态，复制、移动、删除文件，查错，等等。很多时候都是你输入一个命令，然后等待很长时间直到执行完成。也有的时候你执行的命令挂起了，而你只能猜测命令执行的实际情况。 -Usually, Linux commands provide no information related to the progress of the ongoing operation, something that is very important especially when you have limited time. However, that doesn’t mean you’re helpless – there exists a command, dubbed pv, that displays useful progress information related to the ongoing command line operation. In this article we will discuss this command as well as its features through some easy-to-understand examples. 通常linux命令不提供和进度相关的信息，而这些信息特别重要，尤其当你只有有限的时间时。然而这并不意味着你是无助的-现在有一个命令，pv，他会显示当前在命令行执行的命令的进度信息。在本文我们会讨论它并用几个简单的例子说明种特性。 ### PV 命令 ### -Developed by Andrew Wood, [PV][1] – which stands for Pipe Viewer – displays information related to the progress of data through a pipeline. The information includes time elapsed, percentage completed (with progress bar), current throughput rate, total data transferred, and ETA. +[PV][1] 由Andrew Wood 开发，是Pipe Viewer 的简称，意思是通过管道显示数据处理进度的信息。这些信息包括已经耗费的时间，完成的百分比（通过进度条显示），当前的速度，要传输的全部数据，以及估计剩余的时间。 +>"要使用PV，需要配合合适的选项，把它放置在两个进程之间的管道。命令的标准输入将会通过标准输出传进来的，而进度会被输出到标准错误输出。” -> “To use it, insert it in a pipeline between two processes, with the appropriate options. Its standard input will be passed through to its standard output and progress will be shown on standard error,” +上面解释了命令的主页（？） -The above explains the command’s man page. +### 下载和安装 ### -### Download and Installation ### - -Users of Debian-based systems like Ubuntu can easily install the utility by running the following command in terminal: +Debian 系的操作系统，如Ubuntu，可以简单的使用下面的命令安装PV： sudo apt-get install pv -If you’re using any other Linux distro, you can install the command using the package manager installed on your system. Once installed successfully you can use the command line utility in various scenarios (see the following section). It’s worth mentioning that pv version 1.2.0 has been used in all the examples mentioned in this article. +如果你使用了其他发行版本，你可以使用各自的包管理软件在你的系统上安装PV。一旦PV 安装好了你就可以在各种场合使用它（详见下文）。需要注意的是下面所有例子都可以正常的鱼pv 1.2.0 工作。 -### Features and Usage ### +### 特性和用法 ### -A very common scenario that probably most of us (who work on the command line in Linux) would relate to is copying a movie file from a USB drive to your computer. If you try to complete the aforementioned operation using the cp command, you’ll have to blindly wait until the copying is complete or some error is thrown. +我们（在linux 上使用命令行的用户）的大多数使用场景都会用到的命令是从一个USB 驱动器拷贝电影文件到你的电脑。如果你使用cp 来完成上面的任务，你会什么情况都不清楚知道整个复制过程结束或者出错。 -However, the pv command can be helpful in this case. Here is an example: +然而pv 命令在这种情景下很有帮助。比如： pv /media/himanshu/1AC2-A8E3/fNf.mkv > ./Desktop/fnf.mkv -And here’s the output: +输出如下： ![pv-copy](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/pv-copy.png) -So, as you can see above, the command shows a lot of useful information related to the ongoing operation, including the amount of data that has been transferred, time elapsed, rate of transfer, progress bar, progress in percentage, and the amount of time left. +所以，如你所见，这个命令显示了很多和操作有关的有用信息，包括已经传输了的数据量，花费的时间，传输速率，进度条，进度的百分比，已经剩余的时间。 -The `pv` command provides various display switches. For example, you can use `-p` for displaying percentage, `-t` for timer, `-r` for rate of transfer, `-e` for eta, and -b for byte counter. The good thing is that you won’t have to remember any of them, as all of them are enabled by default. However, should you exclusively require information related to only a particular display switch in the output, you can pass that switch in the pv command. +`pv` 命令提供了多种显示选项开关。比如，你可以使用`-p` 来显示百分比，`-t` 来显示时间，`-r` 表示传输速率，`-e` 代表eta（译注：估计剩余的时间）。好事是你不必记住某一个选项，因为默认这几个选项都是使能的。但是，如果你只要其中某一个信息，那么可以通过控制这几个选项来完成任务。 -There’s also a `-n` display switch that allows the command to display an integer percentage, one per line on standard error, instead of the regular visual progress indicator. The following is an example of this switch in action: +整理还有一个`-n` 选项来允许pv 命令显示整数百分比，在标准错误输出上每行显示一个数字，用来替代通常的视觉进度条。下面是一个例子： pv -n /media/himanshu/1AC2-A8E3/fNf.mkv > ./Desktop/fnf.mkv ![pv-numeric](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/pv-numeric.png) -This particular display switch is suitable in scenarios where you want to pipe the output into the [dialog][2] command. +这个特殊的选项非常合适某些情境下的需求，如你想把用管道把输出传给[dialog][2] 命令。 -Moving on, there’s also a command line option, `-L`, that lets you modify the data transfer rate of the pv command. For example, I used -L to limit the data transfer rate to 2MB/s. +接下来还有一个命令行选项，`-L` 可以让你修改pv 命令的传输速率。举个例子，使用-L 选项来限制传输速率为2MB/s。 pv -L 2m /media/himanshu/1AC2-A8E3/fNf.mkv > ./Desktop/fnf.mkv ![pv-ratelimit](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/pv-ratelimit.png) -As can be seen in the screenshot above, the data transfer rate was capped according to my direction. +如上图所见，数据传输速度按照我们的要求被限制了。 -Another scenario where `pv` can help is while compressing files. Here is an example of how you can use this command while compressing files using Gzip: +另一个pv 可以帮上忙的情景是压缩文件。这里有一个例子可以向你解释如何与压缩软件Gzip 一起工作。 pv /media/himanshu/1AC2-A8E3/fnf.mkv | gzip > ./Desktop/fnf.log.gz ![pv-gzip](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/pv-gzip.png) -### Conclusion ### +### 结论 ### -As you have observed, pv is a useful little utility that could help you save your precious time in case a command line operation isn’t behaving as expected. Plus, the information it displays can also be used in shell scripts. I’d strongly recommend this command; it’s worth giving a try. +如上所述，pv 是一个非常有用的小工具，它可以在命令没有按照预期执行的情况下帮你节省你宝贵的时间。而且这些现实的信息还可以用在shell 脚本里。我强烈的推荐你使用这个命令，他值得你一试。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/monitor-progress-linux-command-line-operation/ 作者：[Himanshu Arora][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[ezio](https://github.com/oska874) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From c6d2fdc8cd9c4a7a49eea70b03aed7e1554fbf30 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Sat, 21 Nov 2015 22:29:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 124/176] Create 20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md --- ...Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md | 80 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 80 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md b/translated/tech/20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2003bcff47 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +如何监控linux 命令行的命令执行进度 +================================================================================ + +![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/11/pv-featured-1.jpg) + +如果你是一个linux 系统管理员，那么毫无疑问你必须花费大量的工作时间在命令行上：安装和卸载软件，监视系统状态，复制、移动、删除文件，查错，等等。很多时候都是你输入一个命令，然后等待很长时间直到执行完成。也有的时候你执行的命令挂起了，而你只能猜测命令执行的实际情况。 + +通常linux命令不提供和进度相关的信息，而这些信息特别重要，尤其当你只有有限的时间时。然而这并不意味着你是无助的-现在有一个命令，pv，他会显示当前在命令行执行的命令的进度信息。在本文我们会讨论它并用几个简单的例子说明种特性。 + +### PV 命令 ### + +[PV][1] 由Andrew Wood 开发，是Pipe Viewer 的简称，意思是通过管道显示数据处理进度的信息。这些信息包括已经耗费的时间，完成的百分比（通过进度条显示），当前的速度，要传输的全部数据，以及估计剩余的时间。 + +>"要使用PV，需要配合合适的选项，把它放置在两个进程之间的管道。命令的标准输入将会通过标准输出传进来的，而进度会被输出到标准错误输出。” + +上面解释了命令的主页（？） + +### 下载和安装 ### + +Debian 系的操作系统，如Ubuntu，可以简单的使用下面的命令安装PV： + + sudo apt-get install pv + +如果你使用了其他发行版本，你可以使用各自的包管理软件在你的系统上安装PV。一旦PV 安装好了你就可以在各种场合使用它（详见下文）。需要注意的是下面所有例子都可以正常的鱼pv 1.2.0 工作。 + +### 特性和用法 ### + +我们（在linux 上使用命令行的用户）的大多数使用场景都会用到的命令是从一个USB 驱动器拷贝电影文件到你的电脑。如果你使用cp 来完成上面的任务，你会什么情况都不清楚知道整个复制过程结束或者出错。 + +然而pv 命令在这种情景下很有帮助。比如： + + pv /media/himanshu/1AC2-A8E3/fNf.mkv > ./Desktop/fnf.mkv + +输出如下： + +![pv-copy](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/pv-copy.png) + +所以，如你所见，这个命令显示了很多和操作有关的有用信息，包括已经传输了的数据量，花费的时间，传输速率，进度条，进度的百分比，已经剩余的时间。 + +`pv` 命令提供了多种显示选项开关。比如，你可以使用`-p` 来显示百分比，`-t` 来显示时间，`-r` 表示传输速率，`-e` 代表eta（译注：估计剩余的时间）。好事是你不必记住某一个选项，因为默认这几个选项都是使能的。但是，如果你只要其中某一个信息，那么可以通过控制这几个选项来完成任务。 + +整理还有一个`-n` 选项来允许pv 命令显示整数百分比，在标准错误输出上每行显示一个数字，用来替代通常的视觉进度条。下面是一个例子： + + pv -n /media/himanshu/1AC2-A8E3/fNf.mkv > ./Desktop/fnf.mkv + +![pv-numeric](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/pv-numeric.png) + +这个特殊的选项非常合适某些情境下的需求，如你想把用管道把输出传给[dialog][2] 命令。 + +接下来还有一个命令行选项，`-L` 可以让你修改pv 命令的传输速率。举个例子，使用-L 选项来限制传输速率为2MB/s。 + + pv -L 2m /media/himanshu/1AC2-A8E3/fNf.mkv > ./Desktop/fnf.mkv + +![pv-ratelimit](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/pv-ratelimit.png) + +如上图所见，数据传输速度按照我们的要求被限制了。 + +另一个pv 可以帮上忙的情景是压缩文件。这里有一个例子可以向你解释如何与压缩软件Gzip 一起工作。 + + pv /media/himanshu/1AC2-A8E3/fnf.mkv | gzip > ./Desktop/fnf.log.gz + +![pv-gzip](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/pv-gzip.png) + +### 结论 ### + +如上所述，pv 是一个非常有用的小工具，它可以在命令没有按照预期执行的情况下帮你节省你宝贵的时间。而且这些现实的信息还可以用在shell 脚本里。我强烈的推荐你使用这个命令，他值得你一试。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/monitor-progress-linux-command-line-operation/ + +作者：[Himanshu Arora][a] +译者：[ezio](https://github.com/oska874) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/himanshu/ +[1]:http://linux.die.net/man/1/pv +[2]:http://linux.die.net/man/1/dialog From 93b08a073dc0afea501d27bbaec565509f7c8586 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Sat, 21 Nov 2015 22:30:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 125/176] Delete 20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md --- ...Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md | 80 ------------------- 1 file changed, 80 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md b/sources/tech/20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2003bcff47..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20151109 How to Monitor the Progress of a Linux Command Line Operation Using PV Command.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,80 +0,0 @@ -如何监控linux 命令行的命令执行进度 -================================================================================ - -![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/11/pv-featured-1.jpg) - -如果你是一个linux 系统管理员，那么毫无疑问你必须花费大量的工作时间在命令行上：安装和卸载软件，监视系统状态，复制、移动、删除文件，查错，等等。很多时候都是你输入一个命令，然后等待很长时间直到执行完成。也有的时候你执行的命令挂起了，而你只能猜测命令执行的实际情况。 - -通常linux命令不提供和进度相关的信息，而这些信息特别重要，尤其当你只有有限的时间时。然而这并不意味着你是无助的-现在有一个命令，pv，他会显示当前在命令行执行的命令的进度信息。在本文我们会讨论它并用几个简单的例子说明种特性。 - -### PV 命令 ### - -[PV][1] 由Andrew Wood 开发，是Pipe Viewer 的简称，意思是通过管道显示数据处理进度的信息。这些信息包括已经耗费的时间，完成的百分比（通过进度条显示），当前的速度，要传输的全部数据，以及估计剩余的时间。 - ->"要使用PV，需要配合合适的选项，把它放置在两个进程之间的管道。命令的标准输入将会通过标准输出传进来的，而进度会被输出到标准错误输出。” - -上面解释了命令的主页（？） - -### 下载和安装 ### - -Debian 系的操作系统，如Ubuntu，可以简单的使用下面的命令安装PV： - - sudo apt-get install pv - -如果你使用了其他发行版本，你可以使用各自的包管理软件在你的系统上安装PV。一旦PV 安装好了你就可以在各种场合使用它（详见下文）。需要注意的是下面所有例子都可以正常的鱼pv 1.2.0 工作。 - -### 特性和用法 ### - -我们（在linux 上使用命令行的用户）的大多数使用场景都会用到的命令是从一个USB 驱动器拷贝电影文件到你的电脑。如果你使用cp 来完成上面的任务，你会什么情况都不清楚知道整个复制过程结束或者出错。 - -然而pv 命令在这种情景下很有帮助。比如： - - pv /media/himanshu/1AC2-A8E3/fNf.mkv > ./Desktop/fnf.mkv - -输出如下： - -![pv-copy](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/pv-copy.png) - -所以，如你所见，这个命令显示了很多和操作有关的有用信息，包括已经传输了的数据量，花费的时间，传输速率，进度条，进度的百分比，已经剩余的时间。 - -`pv` 命令提供了多种显示选项开关。比如，你可以使用`-p` 来显示百分比，`-t` 来显示时间，`-r` 表示传输速率，`-e` 代表eta（译注：估计剩余的时间）。好事是你不必记住某一个选项，因为默认这几个选项都是使能的。但是，如果你只要其中某一个信息，那么可以通过控制这几个选项来完成任务。 - -整理还有一个`-n` 选项来允许pv 命令显示整数百分比，在标准错误输出上每行显示一个数字，用来替代通常的视觉进度条。下面是一个例子： - - pv -n /media/himanshu/1AC2-A8E3/fNf.mkv > ./Desktop/fnf.mkv - -![pv-numeric](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/pv-numeric.png) - -这个特殊的选项非常合适某些情境下的需求，如你想把用管道把输出传给[dialog][2] 命令。 - -接下来还有一个命令行选项，`-L` 可以让你修改pv 命令的传输速率。举个例子，使用-L 选项来限制传输速率为2MB/s。 - - pv -L 2m /media/himanshu/1AC2-A8E3/fNf.mkv > ./Desktop/fnf.mkv - -![pv-ratelimit](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/pv-ratelimit.png) - -如上图所见，数据传输速度按照我们的要求被限制了。 - -另一个pv 可以帮上忙的情景是压缩文件。这里有一个例子可以向你解释如何与压缩软件Gzip 一起工作。 - - pv /media/himanshu/1AC2-A8E3/fnf.mkv | gzip > ./Desktop/fnf.log.gz - -![pv-gzip](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/pv-gzip.png) - -### 结论 ### - -如上所述，pv 是一个非常有用的小工具，它可以在命令没有按照预期执行的情况下帮你节省你宝贵的时间。而且这些现实的信息还可以用在shell 脚本里。我强烈的推荐你使用这个命令，他值得你一试。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/monitor-progress-linux-command-line-operation/ - -作者：[Himanshu Arora][a] -译者：[ezio](https://github.com/oska874) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/himanshu/ -[1]:http://linux.die.net/man/1/pv -[2]:http://linux.die.net/man/1/dialog From 9a512afeaa21b5c7f2aacbdd252fb1cdfbc7721a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ictlyh Date: Sat, 21 Nov 2015 23:13:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 126/176] Translating sources/tech/20151117 Install PostgreSQL 9.4 And phpPgAdmin On Ubuntu 15.10.md --- ...1117 Install PostgreSQL 9.4 And phpPgAdmin On Ubuntu 15.10.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151117 Install PostgreSQL 9.4 And phpPgAdmin On Ubuntu 15.10.md b/sources/tech/20151117 Install PostgreSQL 9.4 And phpPgAdmin On Ubuntu 15.10.md index a7847c46d4..de05f067b5 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151117 Install PostgreSQL 9.4 And phpPgAdmin On Ubuntu 15.10.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151117 Install PostgreSQL 9.4 And phpPgAdmin On Ubuntu 15.10.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +ictlyh Translating Install PostgreSQL 9.4 And phpPgAdmin On Ubuntu 15.10 ================================================================================ ![](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/postgresql.png) From 651c07774553f84a1403df3bf5ccb9facb29536b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Sun, 22 Nov 2015 02:50:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 127/176] translating by ezio --- ...51119 Going Beyond Hello World Containers is Hard Stuff.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151119 Going Beyond Hello World Containers is Hard Stuff.md b/sources/tech/20151119 Going Beyond Hello World Containers is Hard Stuff.md index 0bdd6abadb..3a2fd08d6f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151119 Going Beyond Hello World Containers is Hard Stuff.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151119 Going Beyond Hello World Containers is Hard Stuff.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +translating by ezio + Going Beyond Hello World Containers is Hard Stuff ================================================================================ In [my previous post][1], I provided the basic concepts behind Linux container technology. I wrote as much for you as I did for me. Containers are new to me. And I figured having the opportunity to blog about the subject would provide the motivation to really learn the stuff. @@ -325,4 +327,4 @@ via: https://deis.com/blog/2015/beyond-hello-world-containers-hard-stuff [4]:https://docs.docker.com/reference/commandline/run/ [5]:https://docs.docker.com/reference/commandline/rm/ [6]:https://docs.docker.com/reference/commandline/rmi/ -[7]:http://twitter.com/RazielTabib \ No newline at end of file +[7]:http://twitter.com/RazielTabib From cfeb8b4c95534c0fec6e92915ebc5ca7ce490664 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Sun, 22 Nov 2015 03:09:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 128/176] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=B7=BB=E5=8A=A0=E6=96=B0=E7=9A=84?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=BA=90=E6=96=87=E4=BB=B6?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Doubly linked list in the Linux Kernel.md | 257 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 257 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151122 Doubly linked list in the Linux Kernel.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151122 Doubly linked list in the Linux Kernel.md b/sources/tech/20151122 Doubly linked list in the Linux Kernel.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e6b5c97a77 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151122 Doubly linked list in the Linux Kernel.md @@ -0,0 +1,257 @@ +Data Structures in the Linux Kernel +================================================================================ + +Doubly linked list +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Linux kernel provides its own implementation of doubly linked list, which you can find in the [include/linux/list.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/include/linux/list.h). We will start `Data Structures in the Linux kernel` from the doubly linked list data structure. Why? Because it is very popular in the kernel, just try to [search](http://lxr.free-electrons.com/ident?i=list_head) + +First of all, let's look on the main structure in the [include/linux/types.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/include/linux/types.h): + +```C +struct list_head { + struct list_head *next, *prev; +}; +``` + +You can note that it is different from many implementations of doubly linked list which you have seen. For example, this doubly linked list structure from the [glib](http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/) library looks like : + +```C +struct GList { + gpointer data; + GList *next; + GList *prev; +}; +``` + +Usually a linked list structure contains a pointer to the item. The implementation of linked list in Linux kernel does not. So the main question is - `where does the list store the data?`. The actual implementation of linked list in the kernel is - `Intrusive list`. An intrusive linked list does not contain data in its nodes - A node just contains pointers to the next and previous node and list nodes part of the data that are added to the list. This makes the data structure generic, so it does not care about entry data type anymore. + +For example: + +```C +struct nmi_desc { + spinlock_t lock; + struct list_head head; +}; +``` + +Let's look at some examples to understand how `list_head` is used in the kernel. As I already wrote about, there are many, really many different places where lists are used in the kernel. Let's look for an example in miscellaneous character drivers. Misc character drivers API from the [drivers/char/misc.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/drivers/char/misc.c) is used for writing small drivers for handling simple hardware or virtual devices. Those drivers share same major number: + +```C +#define MISC_MAJOR 10 +``` + +but have their own minor number. For example you can see it with: + +``` +ls -l /dev | grep 10 +crw------- 1 root root 10, 235 Mar 21 12:01 autofs +drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 200 Mar 21 12:01 cpu +crw------- 1 root root 10, 62 Mar 21 12:01 cpu_dma_latency +crw------- 1 root root 10, 203 Mar 21 12:01 cuse +drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 100 Mar 21 12:01 dri +crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 10, 229 Mar 21 12:01 fuse +crw------- 1 root root 10, 228 Mar 21 12:01 hpet +crw------- 1 root root 10, 183 Mar 21 12:01 hwrng +crw-rw----+ 1 root kvm 10, 232 Mar 21 12:01 kvm +crw-rw---- 1 root disk 10, 237 Mar 21 12:01 loop-control +crw------- 1 root root 10, 227 Mar 21 12:01 mcelog +crw------- 1 root root 10, 59 Mar 21 12:01 memory_bandwidth +crw------- 1 root root 10, 61 Mar 21 12:01 network_latency +crw------- 1 root root 10, 60 Mar 21 12:01 network_throughput +crw-r----- 1 root kmem 10, 144 Mar 21 12:01 nvram +brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 10 Mar 21 12:01 ram10 +crw--w---- 1 root tty 4, 10 Mar 21 12:01 tty10 +crw-rw---- 1 root dialout 4, 74 Mar 21 12:01 ttyS10 +crw------- 1 root root 10, 63 Mar 21 12:01 vga_arbiter +crw------- 1 root root 10, 137 Mar 21 12:01 vhci +``` + +Now let's have a close look at how lists are used in the misc device drivers. First of all, let's look on `miscdevice` structure: + +```C +struct miscdevice +{ + int minor; + const char *name; + const struct file_operations *fops; + struct list_head list; + struct device *parent; + struct device *this_device; + const char *nodename; + mode_t mode; +}; +``` + +We can see the fourth field in the `miscdevice` structure - `list` which is a list of registered devices. In the beginning of the source code file we can see the definition of misc_list: + +```C +static LIST_HEAD(misc_list); +``` + +which expands to the definition of variables with `list_head` type: + +```C +#define LIST_HEAD(name) \ + struct list_head name = LIST_HEAD_INIT(name) +``` + +and initializes it with the `LIST_HEAD_INIT` macro, which sets previous and next entries with the address of variable - name: + +```C +#define LIST_HEAD_INIT(name) { &(name), &(name) } +``` + +Now let's look on the `misc_register` function which registers a miscellaneous device. At the start it initializes `miscdevice->list` with the `INIT_LIST_HEAD` function: + +```C +INIT_LIST_HEAD(&misc->list); +``` + +which does the same as the `LIST_HEAD_INIT` macro: + +```C +static inline void INIT_LIST_HEAD(struct list_head *list) +{ + list->next = list; + list->prev = list; +} +``` + +In the next step after a device is created by the `device_create` function, we add it to the miscellaneous devices list with: + +``` +list_add(&misc->list, &misc_list); +``` + +Kernel `list.h` provides this API for the addition of a new entry to the list. Let's look at its implementation: + +```C +static inline void list_add(struct list_head *new, struct list_head *head) +{ + __list_add(new, head, head->next); +} +``` + +It just calls internal function `__list_add` with the 3 given parameters: + +* new - new entry. +* head - list head after which the new item will be inserted. +* head->next - next item after list head. + +Implementation of the `__list_add` is pretty simple: + +```C +static inline void __list_add(struct list_head *new, + struct list_head *prev, + struct list_head *next) +{ + next->prev = new; + new->next = next; + new->prev = prev; + prev->next = new; +} +``` + +Here we add a new item between `prev` and `next`. So `misc` list which we defined at the start with the `LIST_HEAD_INIT` macro will contain previous and next pointers to the `miscdevice->list`. + +There is still one question: how to get list's entry. There is a special macro: + +```C +#define list_entry(ptr, type, member) \ + container_of(ptr, type, member) +``` + +which gets three parameters: + +* ptr - the structure list_head pointer; +* type - structure type; +* member - the name of the list_head within the structure; + +For example: + +```C +const struct miscdevice *p = list_entry(v, struct miscdevice, list) +``` + +After this we can access to any `miscdevice` field with `p->minor` or `p->name` and etc... Let's look on the `list_entry` implementation: + +```C +#define list_entry(ptr, type, member) \ + container_of(ptr, type, member) +``` + +As we can see it just calls `container_of` macro with the same arguments. At first sight, the `container_of` looks strange: + +```C +#define container_of(ptr, type, member) ({ \ + const typeof( ((type *)0)->member ) *__mptr = (ptr); \ + (type *)( (char *)__mptr - offsetof(type,member) );}) +``` + +First of all you can note that it consists of two expressions in curly brackets. The compiler will evaluate the whole block in the curly braces and use the value of the last expression. + +For example: + +``` +#include + +int main() { + int i = 0; + printf("i = %d\n", ({++i; ++i;})); + return 0; +} +``` + +will print `2`. + +The next point is `typeof`, it's simple. As you can understand from its name, it just returns the type of the given variable. When I first saw the implementation of the `container_of` macro, the strangest thing I found was the zero in the `((type *)0)` expression. Actually this pointer magic calculates the offset of the given field from the address of the structure, but as we have `0` here, it will be just a zero offset along with the field width. Let's look at a simple example: + +```C +#include + +struct s { + int field1; + char field2; + char field3; +}; + +int main() { + printf("%p\n", &((struct s*)0)->field3); + return 0; +} +``` + +will print `0x5`. + +The next `offsetof` macro calculates offset from the beginning of the structure to the given structure's field. Its implementation is very similar to the previous code: + +```C +#define offsetof(TYPE, MEMBER) ((size_t) &((TYPE *)0)->MEMBER) +``` + +Let's summarize all about `container_of` macro. The `container_of` macro returns the address of the structure by the given address of the structure's field with `list_head` type, the name of the structure field with `list_head` type and type of the container structure. At the first line this macro declares the `__mptr` pointer which points to the field of the structure that `ptr` points to and assigns `ptr` to it. Now `ptr` and `__mptr` point to the same address. Technically we don't need this line but it's useful for type checking. The first line ensures that the given structure (`type` parameter) has a member called `member`. In the second line it calculates offset of the field from the structure with the `offsetof` macro and subtracts it from the structure address. That's all. + +Of course `list_add` and `list_entry` is not the only functions which `` provides. Implementation of the doubly linked list provides the following API: + +* list_add +* list_add_tail +* list_del +* list_replace +* list_move +* list_is_last +* list_empty +* list_cut_position +* list_splice +* list_for_each +* list_for_each_entry + +and many more. + + +via: https://github.com/0xAX/linux-insides/edit/master/DataStructures/dlist.md + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 40b098d7bdde51550376c9aba83b3908796b695d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 22 Nov 2015 17:23:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 129/176] PUB:20151012 How to Setup Red Hat Ceph Storage on CentOS 7.0 @ictlyh --- ...etup Red Hat Ceph Storage on CentOS 7.0.md | 47 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20151012 How to Setup Red Hat Ceph Storage on CentOS 7.0.md (81%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20151012 How to Setup Red Hat Ceph Storage on CentOS 7.0.md b/published/20151012 How to Setup Red Hat Ceph Storage on CentOS 7.0.md similarity index 81% rename from translated/tech/20151012 How to Setup Red Hat Ceph Storage on CentOS 7.0.md rename to published/20151012 How to Setup Red Hat Ceph Storage on CentOS 7.0.md index 7e6ed0d2c2..4f00be2f90 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20151012 How to Setup Red Hat Ceph Storage on CentOS 7.0.md +++ b/published/20151012 How to Setup Red Hat Ceph Storage on CentOS 7.0.md @@ -1,9 +1,8 @@ 如何在 CentOS 7.0 上配置 Ceph 存储 -How to Setup Red Hat Ceph Storage on CentOS 7.0 ================================================================================ -Ceph 是一个将数据存储在单一分布式计算机集群上的开源软件平台。当你计划构建一个云时，你首先需要决定如何实现你的存储。开源的 CEPH 是红帽原生技术之一，它基于称为 RADOS 的对象存储系统，用一组网关 API 表示块、文件、和对象模式中的数据。由于它自身开源的特性，这种便携存储平台能在公有和私有云上安装和使用。Ceph 集群的拓扑结构是按照备份和信息分布设计的，这内在设计能提供数据完整性。它的设计目标就是容错、通过正确配置能运行于商业硬件和一些更高级的系统。 +Ceph 是一个将数据存储在单一分布式计算机集群上的开源软件平台。当你计划构建一个云时，你首先需要决定如何实现你的存储。开源的 Ceph 是红帽原生技术之一，它基于称为 RADOS 的对象存储系统，用一组网关 API 表示块、文件、和对象模式中的数据。由于它自身开源的特性，这种便携存储平台能在公有云和私有云上安装和使用。Ceph 集群的拓扑结构是按照备份和信息分布设计的，这种内在设计能提供数据完整性。它的设计目标就是容错、通过正确配置能运行于商业硬件和一些更高级的系统。 -Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它要求最近的内核以及其它最新的库。在这篇指南中，我们会使用最小化安装的 CentOS-7.0。 +Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它需要最近的内核以及其它最新的库。在这篇指南中，我们会使用最小化安装的 CentOS-7.0。 ### 系统资源 ### @@ -25,11 +24,11 @@ Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它要 ### 安装前的配置 ### -在安装 CEPH 存储之前，我们要在每个节点上完成一些步骤。第一件事情就是确保每个节点的网络已经配置好并且能相互访问。 +在安装 Ceph 存储之前，我们要在每个节点上完成一些步骤。第一件事情就是确保每个节点的网络已经配置好并且能相互访问。 **配置 Hosts** -要在每个节点上配置 hosts 条目，要像下面这样打开默认的 hosts 配置文件。 +要在每个节点上配置 hosts 条目，要像下面这样打开默认的 hosts 配置文件（LCTT 译注：或者做相应的 DNS 解析）。 # vi /etc/hosts @@ -46,9 +45,9 @@ Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它要 **配置防火墙** -如果你正在使用启用了防火墙的限制性环境，确保在你的 CEPH 存储管理节点和客户端节点中开放了以下的端口。 +如果你正在使用启用了防火墙的限制性环境，确保在你的 Ceph 存储管理节点和客户端节点中开放了以下的端口。 -你必须在你的 Admin Calamari 节点开放 80、2003、以及4505-4506 端口，并且允许通过 80 号端口到 CEPH 或 Calamari 管理节点，以便你网络中的客户端能访问 Calamari web 用户界面。 + 你必须在你的 Admin Calamari 节点开放 80、2003、以及4505-4506 端口，并且允许通过 80 号端口到 CEPH 或 Calamari 管理节点，以便你网络中的客户端能访问 Calamari web 用户界面。 你可以使用下面的命令在 CentOS 7 中启动并启用防火墙。 @@ -62,7 +61,7 @@ Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它要 #firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=4505-4506/tcp --permanent #firewall-cmd --reload -在 CEPH Monitor 节点，你要在防火墙中允许通过以下端口。 +在 Ceph Monitor 节点，你要在防火墙中允许通过以下端口。 #firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=6789/tcp --permanent @@ -82,9 +81,9 @@ Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它要 #yum update #shutdown -r 0 -### 设置 CEPH 用户 ### +### 设置 Ceph 用户 ### -现在我们会新建一个单独的 sudo 用户用于在每个节点安装 ceph-deploy工具，并允许该用户无密码访问每个节点，因为它需要在 CEPH 节点上安装软件和配置文件而不会有输入密码提示。 +现在我们会新建一个单独的 sudo 用户用于在每个节点安装 ceph-deploy工具，并允许该用户无密码访问每个节点，因为它需要在 Ceph 节点上安装软件和配置文件而不会有输入密码提示。 运行下面的命令在 ceph-storage 主机上新建有独立 home 目录的新用户。 @@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它要 ### 设置 SSH 密钥 ### -现在我们会在 ceph 管理节点生成 SSH 密钥并把密钥复制到每个 Ceph 集群节点。 +现在我们会在 Ceph 管理节点生成 SSH 密钥并把密钥复制到每个 Ceph 集群节点。 在 ceph-node 运行下面的命令复制它的 ssh 密钥到 ceph-storage。 @@ -125,7 +124,8 @@ Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它要 ### 配置 PID 数目 ### -要配置 PID 数目的值，我们会使用下面的命令检查默认的内核值。默认情况下，是一个小的最大线程数 32768. +要配置 PID 数目的值，我们会使用下面的命令检查默认的内核值。默认情况下，是一个小的最大线程数 32768。 + 如下图所示通过编辑系统配置文件配置该值为一个更大的数。 ![更改 PID 值](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/3-PID-value.png) @@ -142,9 +142,9 @@ Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它要 #rpm -Uhv http://ceph.com/rpm-giant/el7/noarch/ceph-release-1-0.el7.noarch.rpm -![添加 EPEL](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/k1.png) +![添加 Ceph 仓仓库](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/k1.png) -或者创建一个新文件并更新 CEPH 库参数，别忘了替换你当前的 Release 和版本号。 +或者创建一个新文件并更新 Ceph 库参数，别忘了替换你当前的 Release 和版本号。 [root@ceph-storage ~]# vi /etc/yum.repos.d/ceph.repo @@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它要 之后更新你的系统并安装 ceph-deploy 软件包。 -### 安装 CEPH-Deploy 软件包 ### +### 安装 ceph-deploy 软件包 ### 我们运行下面的命令以及 ceph-deploy 安装命令来更新系统以及最新的 ceph 库和其它软件包。 @@ -181,15 +181,16 @@ Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它要 ![设置 ceph 集群](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/k4.png) 如果成功执行了上面的命令，你会看到它新建了配置文件。 -现在配置 CEPH 默认的配置文件，用任意编辑器打开它并在会影响你公共网络的 global 参数下面添加以下两行。 + +现在配置 Ceph 默认的配置文件，用任意编辑器打开它并在会影响你公共网络的 global 参数下面添加以下两行。 #vim ceph.conf osd pool default size = 1 public network = 45.79.0.0/16 -### 安装 CEPH ### +### 安装 Ceph ### -现在我们准备在和 CEPH 集群相关的每个节点上安装 CEPH。我们使用下面的命令在 ceph-storage 和 ceph-node 上安装 CEPH。 +现在我们准备在和 Ceph 集群相关的每个节点上安装 Ceph。我们使用下面的命令在 ceph-storage 和 ceph-node 上安装 Ceph。 #ceph-deploy install ceph-node ceph-storage @@ -201,7 +202,7 @@ Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它要 #ceph-deploy mon create-initial -![CEPH 初始化监视器](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/k6.png) +![Ceph 初始化监视器](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/k6.png) ### 设置 OSDs 和 OSD 守护进程 ### @@ -223,9 +224,9 @@ Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它要 #ceph-deploy admin ceph-node ceph-storage -### 测试 CEPH ### +### 测试 Ceph ### -我们几乎完成了 CEPH 集群设置，让我们在 ceph 管理节点上运行下面的命令检查正在运行的 ceph 状态。 +我们快完成了 Ceph 集群设置，让我们在 ceph 管理节点上运行下面的命令检查正在运行的 ceph 状态。 #ceph status #ceph health @@ -235,7 +236,7 @@ Ceph 能在任何 Linux 发行版上安装，但为了能正确运行，它要 ### 总结 ### -在这篇详细的文章中我们学习了如何使用两台安装了 CentOS 7 的虚拟机设置 CEPH 存储集群，这能用于备份或者作为用于处理其它虚拟机的本地存储。我们希望这篇文章能对你有所帮助。当你试着安装的时候记得分享你的经验。 +在这篇详细的文章中我们学习了如何使用两台安装了 CentOS 7 的虚拟机设置 Ceph 存储集群，这能用于备份或者作为用于处理其它虚拟机的本地存储。我们希望这篇文章能对你有所帮助。当你试着安装的时候记得分享你的经验。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -243,7 +244,7 @@ via: http://linoxide.com/storage/setup-red-hat-ceph-storage-centos-7-0/ 作者：[Kashif Siddique][a] 译者：[ictlyh](http://mutouxiaogui.cn/blog/) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 08cee56e88eaaa6c2b5c3e9b6cba1016508305e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 22 Nov 2015 17:58:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 130/176] PUB:20151007-Fix-Shell-Script-Opens-In-Text Editor In Ubuntu @geekpi --- ...hell-Script-Opens-In-Text Editor In Ubuntu.md | 16 ++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20151007-Fix-Shell-Script-Opens-In-Text Editor In Ubuntu.md (52%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20151007-Fix-Shell-Script-Opens-In-Text Editor In Ubuntu.md b/published/20151007-Fix-Shell-Script-Opens-In-Text Editor In Ubuntu.md similarity index 52% rename from translated/tech/20151007-Fix-Shell-Script-Opens-In-Text Editor In Ubuntu.md rename to published/20151007-Fix-Shell-Script-Opens-In-Text Editor In Ubuntu.md index f1d9f7253f..da44814e11 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20151007-Fix-Shell-Script-Opens-In-Text Editor In Ubuntu.md +++ b/published/20151007-Fix-Shell-Script-Opens-In-Text Editor In Ubuntu.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -修复Sheell脚本在Ubuntu中用文本编辑器打开的方式 +修复 Shell 脚本在 Ubuntu 中的默认打开方式 ================================================================================ ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Run-Shell-Script-on-Double-Click.jpg) -当你双击一个脚本(.sh文件)的时候，你想要做的是什么？通常的想法是执行它。但是在Ubuntu下面却不是这样，或者我应该更确切地说是在Files(Nautilus)中。你可能会疯狂地大叫“运行文件，运行文件”，但是文件没有运行而是用Gedit打开了。 +当你双击一个脚本（.sh文件）的时候，你想要做的是什么？通常的想法是执行它。但是在Ubuntu下面却不是这样，或者我应该更确切地说是在Files（Nautilus）中。你可能会疯狂地大叫“运行文件，运行文件”，但是文件没有运行而是用Gedit打开了。 -我知道你也许会说文件有可执行权限么？我会说是的。脚本有可执行权限但是当我双击它的时候，它还是用文本编辑器打开了。我不希望这样如果你遇到了同样的问题，我想你也许也不需要这样。 +我知道你也许会说文件有可执行权限么？我会说是的。脚本有可执行权限但是当我双击它的时候，它还是用文本编辑器打开了。我不希望这样，如果你遇到了同样的问题，我想你也许也想要这样。 -我知道你或许已经被建议在终端下面运行，我知道这个可行但是这不是一个在GUI下不能运行的借口是么？ +我知道你或许已经被建议在终端下面执行，我知道这个可行，但是这不是一个在GUI下不能运行的借口是么？ 这篇教程中，我们会看到**如何在双击后运行shell脚本。** #### 修复在Ubuntu中shell脚本用文本编辑器打开的方式 #### -shell脚本用文件编辑器打开的原因是Files（Ubuntu中的文件管理器）中的默认行为设置。在更早的版本中，它或许会询问你是否运行文件或者用编辑器打开。默认的行位在新的版本中被修改了。 +shell脚本用文件编辑器打开的原因是Files（Ubuntu中的文件管理器）中的默认行为设置。在更早的版本中，它或许会询问你是否运行文件或者用编辑器打开。默认的行为在新的版本中被修改了。 要修复这个，进入文件管理器，并在菜单中点击**选项**： ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/execute-shell-program-ubuntu-1.png) -接下来在**文件选项**中进入**行为**标签中，你会看到**文本文件执行**选项。 +接下来在**文件选项（Files Preferences）**中进入**行为（Behavior）**标签中，你会看到**可执行的文本文件（Executable Text Files）**选项。 -默认情况下，它被设置成“在打开是显示文本文件”。我建议你把它改成“每次询问”，这样你可以选择是执行还是编辑了，当然了你也可以选择默认执行。你可以自行选择。 +默认情况下，它被设置成“在打开时显示文本文件（View executable text files when they are opend）”。我建议你把它改成“每次询问（Ask each time）”，这样你可以选择是执行还是编辑了，当然了你也可以选择“在打开时云可执行文本文件（Run executable text files when they are opend）”。你可以自行选择。 ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/execute-shell-program-ubuntu-2.png) @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ via: http://itsfoss.com/shell-script-opens-text-editor/ 作者：[Abhishek][a] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 3fadc7eaceee5d6dde121184b7b7af16f6e6ce62 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Sun, 22 Nov 2015 21:43:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 131/176] Update 20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md --- ...10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md | 28 +++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md index 99086f1163..9765949a2e 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md @@ -1,16 +1,20 @@ -translating by ezio - 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance + +将程序性能提高十倍的10条建议 ================================================================================ Improving web application performance is more critical than ever. The share of economic activity that’s online is growing; more than 5% of the developed world’s economy is now on the Internet (see Resources below for statistics). And our always-on, hyper-connected modern world means that user expectations are higher than ever. If your site does not respond instantly, or if your app does not work without delay, users quickly move on to your competitors. +提高web 应用的性能从来没有比现在更关键过。网络经济的比重一直在增长；全球经济超过5% 的价值是在因特网上产生的（数据参见下面的资料）。我们的永远在线、超级连接的世界意味着用户的期望值也处于历史上的最高点。如果你的网站不能及时的响应，或者你的app 不能无延时的工作，用户会很快的投奔到你的竞争对手那里。 For example, a study done by Amazon almost 10 years ago proved that, even then, a 100-millisecond decrease in page-loading time translated to a 1% increase in its revenue. Another recent study highlighted the fact that that more than half of site owners surveyed said they lost revenue or customers due to poor application performance. +举一个例子，一份亚马逊十年前做过的研究可以证明，甚至在那个时候，网页加载时间每减少100毫秒，收入就会增加1%。另一个最近的研究特别强调一个事实，即超过一半的网站拥有着在调查中说他们会因为应用程序性能的问题流失用户。 How fast does a website need to be? For each second a page takes to load, about 4% of users abandon it. Top e-commerce sites offer a time to first interaction ranging from one to three seconds, which offers the highest conversion rate. It’s clear that the stakes for web application performance are high and likely to grow. +网站到底需要多块呢？对于页面加载，每增加1秒钟就有4%的用户放弃使用。顶级的电子商务站点的页面在第一次交互时可以做到1秒到3秒加载时间，而这是提供最高舒适度的速度。很明显这种利害关系对于web 应用来说很高，而且在不断的增加。 Wanting to improve performance is easy, but actually seeing results is difficult. To help you on your journey, this blog post offers you ten tips to help you increase your website performance by as much as 10x. It’s the first in a series detailing how you can increase your application performance with the help of some well-tested optimization techniques, and with a little support from NGINX. This series also outlines potential improvements in security that you can gain along the way. +想要提高效率很简单，但是看到实际结果很难。要在旅途上帮助你，这篇blog 会给你提供10条最高可以10倍的提升网站性能的建议。这是系列介绍提高应用程序性能的第一篇文章，包括测试充分的优化技术和一点NGIX 的帮助。这个系列给出了潜在的提高安全性的帮助。 -### Tip #1: Accelerate and Secure Applications with a Reverse Proxy Server ### +### Tip #1: 通过反向代理来提高性能和增加安全性 ### If your web application runs on a single machine, the solution to performance problems might seem obvious: just get a faster machine, with more processor, more RAM, a fast disk array, and so on. Then the new machine can run your WordPress server, Node.js application, Java application, etc., faster than before. (If your application accesses a database server, the solution might still seem simple: get two faster machines, and a faster connection between them.) @@ -32,7 +36,7 @@ NGINX software is specifically designed for use as a reverse proxy server, with ![NGINX Worker Process helps increase application performance](https://www.nginx.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Graph-11.png) -### Tip #2: Add a Load Balancer ### +### Tip #2: 添加负载平衡 ### Adding a [load balancer][5] is a relatively easy change which can create a dramatic improvement in the performance and security of your site. Instead of making a core web server bigger and more powerful, you use a load balancer to distribute traffic across a number of servers. Even if an application is poorly written, or has problems with scaling, a load balancer can improve the user experience without any other changes. @@ -46,7 +50,7 @@ The same server or servers used for load balancing can also handle several other NGINX is often used for load balancing; to learn more, please see our [overview blog post][10], [configuration blog post][11], [ebook][12] and associated [webinar][13], and [documentation][14]. Our commercial version, [NGINX Plus][15], supports more specialized load balancing features such as load routing based on server response time and the ability to load balance on Microsoft’s NTLM protocol. -### Tip #3: Cache Static and Dynamic Content ### +### Tip #3: 缓存静态和动态的内容 ### Caching improves web application performance by delivering content to clients faster. Caching can involve several strategies: preprocessing content for fast delivery when needed, storing content on faster devices, storing content closer to the client, or a combination. @@ -75,7 +79,7 @@ For more information on caching with NGINX, see the [reference documentation][20 **Note**: Caching crosses organizational lines between people who develop applications, people who make capital investment decisions, and people who run networks in real time. Sophisticated caching strategies, like those alluded to here, are a good example of the value of a [DevOps perspective][22], in which application developer, architectural, and operations perspectives are merged to help meet goals for site functionality, response time, security, and business results, )such as completed transactions or sales. -### Tip #4: Compress Data ### +### Tip #4: 压缩数据 ### Compression is a huge potential performance accelerator. There are carefully engineered and highly effective compression standards for photos (JPEG and PNG), videos (MPEG-4), and music (MP3), among others. Each of these standards reduces file size by an order of magnitude or more. @@ -87,7 +91,7 @@ If you use SSL, compression reduces the amount of data that has to be SSL-encode Methods for compressing text data vary. For example, see the [section on HTTP/2][23] for a novel text compression scheme, adapted specifically for header data. As another example of text compression you can [turn on][24] GZIP compression in NGINX. After you [pre-compress text data][25] on your services, you can serve the compressed .gz version directly using the gzip_static directive. -### Tip #5: Optimize SSL/TLS ### +### Tip #5: 优化 SSL/TLS ### The Secure Sockets Layer ([SSL][26]) protocol and its successor, the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol, are being used on more and more websites. SSL/TLS encrypts the data transported from origin servers to users to help improve site security. Part of what may be influencing this trend is that Google now uses the presence of SSL/TLS as a positive influence on search engine rankings. @@ -108,7 +112,7 @@ In addition, see [this blog post][30] for details on ways to increase SSL/TLS pe NGINX and NGINX Plus can be used for SSL/TLS termination – handling encryption and decyption for client traffic, while communicating with other servers in clear text. Use [these steps][32] to set up NGINX or NGINX Plus to handle SSL/TLS termination. Also, here are [specific steps][33] for NGINX Plus when used with servers that accept TCP connections. -### Tip #6: Implement HTTP/2 or SPDY ### +### Tip #6: 使用 HTTP/2 或 SPDY ### For sites that already use SSL/TLS, HTTP/2 and SPDY are very likely to improve performance, because the single connection requires just one handshake. For sites that don’t yet use SSL/TLS, HTTP/2 and SPDY makes a move to SSL/TLS (which normally slows performance) a wash from a responsiveness point of view. @@ -128,7 +132,7 @@ As an example of support for these protocols, NGINX has supported SPDY from earl Over time, we at NGINX expect most sites to fully enable SSL and to move to HTTP/2. This will lead to increased security and, as new optimizations are found and implemented, simpler code that performs better. -### Tip #7: Update Software Versions ### +### Tip #7: 升级软件版本 ### One simple way to boost application performance is to select components for your software stack based on their reputation for stability and performance. In addition, because developers of high-quality components are likely to pursue performance enhancements and fix bugs over time, it pays to use the latest stable version of software. New releases receive more attention from developers and the user community. Newer builds also take advantage of new compiler optimizations, including tuning for new hardware. @@ -138,7 +142,7 @@ Staying with older software can also prevent you from taking advantage of new ca NGINX users can start by moving to the [[latest version of the NGINX open source software][38] or [NGINX Plus][39]; they include new capabilities such as socket sharding and thread pools (see below), and both are constantly being tuned for performance. Then look at the software deeper in your stack and move to the most recent version wherever you can. -### Tip #8: Tune Linux for Performance ### +### Tip #8: linux 系统性能调优 ### Linux is the underlying operating system for most web server implementations today, and as the foundation of your infrastructure, Linux represents a significant opportunity to improve performance. By default, many Linux systems are conservatively tuned to use few resources and to match a typical desktop workload. This means that web application use cases require at least some degree of tuning for maximum performance. @@ -150,7 +154,7 @@ Linux optimizations are web server-specific. Using NGINX as an example, here are For NGINX, check out the [NGINX performance tuning guides][40] to learn how to optimize your Linux system so that it can cope with large volumes of network traffic without breaking a sweat! -### Tip #9: Tune Your Web Server for Performance ### +### Tip #9: web 服务器性能调优 ### Whatever web server you use, you need to tune it for web application performance. The following recommendations apply generally to any web server, but specific settings are given for NGINX. Key optimizations include: @@ -169,7 +173,7 @@ Whatever web server you use, you need to tune it for web application performance See this [blog post][45] for more details on tuning NGINX. -### Tip #10: Monitor Live Activity to Resolve Issues and Bottlenecks ### +### Tip #10: 监视系统活动来解决问题和瓶颈 ### The key to a high-performance approach to application development and delivery is watching your application’s real-world performance closely and in real time. You must be able to monitor activity within specific devices and across your web infrastructure. From d4764701e186dc6a846e0540928ff9a026bc42e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Sun, 22 Nov 2015 22:12:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 132/176] Update 20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md --- ...10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md | 19 ++++++++++++++++--- 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md index 9765949a2e..84a046c682 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md @@ -17,20 +17,33 @@ Wanting to improve performance is easy, but actually seeing results is difficult ### Tip #1: 通过反向代理来提高性能和增加安全性 ### If your web application runs on a single machine, the solution to performance problems might seem obvious: just get a faster machine, with more processor, more RAM, a fast disk array, and so on. Then the new machine can run your WordPress server, Node.js application, Java application, etc., faster than before. (If your application accesses a database server, the solution might still seem simple: get two faster machines, and a faster connection between them.) +如果你的web 应用运行在单个机器上，那么这个办法会明显的提升性能：只需要添加一个更快的机器，更好的处理器，更多的内存，更快的磁盘阵列，等等。然后新机器就可以更快的运行你的WordPress 服务器, Node.js 程序, Java 程序，以及其它程序。（如果你的程序要访问数据库服务器，那么这个办法还是很简单：添加两个更快的机器，以及在两台电脑之间使用一个更快的链路。） Trouble is, machine speed might not be the problem. Web applications often run slowly because the computer is switching among different kinds of tasks: interacting with users on thousands of connections, accessing files from disk, and running application code, among others. The application server may be thrashing – running out of memory, swapping chunks of memory out to disk, and making many requests wait on a single task such as disk I/O. +问题是，机器速度可能并不是问题。web 程序运行慢经常是因为计算机一直在不同的任务之间切换：和用户的成千上万的连接，从磁盘访问文件，运行代码，等等。应用服务器可能会抖动-内存不足，将内存数据写会磁盘，以及多个请求等待一个任务完成，如磁盘I/O。 Instead of upgrading your hardware, you can take an entirely different approach: adding a reverse proxy server to offload some of these tasks. A [reverse proxy server][1] sits in front of the machine running the application and handles Internet traffic. Only the reverse proxy server is connected directly to the Internet; communication with the application servers is over a fast internal network. +你可以采取一个完全不同的方案来替代升级硬件：添加一个反向代理服务器来分担部分任务。[反向代理服务器][1] 位于运行应用的机器的前端，是用来处理网络流量的。只有反向代理服务器是直接连接到互联网的；和程序的通讯都是通过一个快速的内部网络完成的。 Using a reverse proxy server frees the application server from having to wait for users to interact with the web app and lets it concentrate on building pages for the reverse proxy server to send across the Internet. The application server, which no longer has to wait for client responses, can run at speeds close to those achieved in optimized benchmarks. +使用反向代理服务器可以将应用服务器从等待用户与web 程序交互解放出来，这样应用服务器就可以专注于为反向代理服务器构建网页，让其能够传输到互联网上。而应用服务器就不需要在能带客户端的响应，可以运行与接近优化过的性能水平。 Adding a reverse proxy server also adds flexibility to your web server setup. For instance, if a server of a given type is overloaded, another server of the same type can easily be added; if a server is down, it can easily be replaced. +添加方向代理服务器还可以给你的web 服务器安装带来灵活性。比如，一个已知类型的服务器已经超载了，那么就可以轻松的添加另一个相同的服务器；如果某个机器宕机了，也可以很容易的被替代。 Because of the flexibility it provides, a reverse proxy server is also a prerequisite for many other performance-boosting capabilities, such as: +因为反向代理带来的灵活性，所以方向代理也是一些性能加速功能的必要前提，比如： -- **Load balancing** (see [Tip #2][2]) – A load balancer runs on a reverse proxy server to share traffic evenly across a number of application servers. With a load balancer in place, you can add application servers without changing your application at all. -- **Caching static files** (see [Tip #3][3]) – Files that are requested directly, such as image files or code files, can be stored on the reverse proxy server and sent directly to the client, which serves assets more quickly and offloads the application server, allowing the application to run faster. -- **Securing your site** – The reverse proxy server can be configured for high security and monitored for fast recognition and response to attacks, keeping the application servers protected. +- **Load balancing** (参见 [Tip #2][2]) – 负载均衡运行在方向代理服务器上，用来将流量均衡分配给一批应用。有了合适的负载均衡，你就可以在不改变程序的前提下添加应用服务器。 + +- A load balancer runs on a reverse proxy server to share traffic evenly across a number of application servers. With a load balancer in place, you can add application servers without changing your application at all. + +- **Caching static files** (参见 [Tip #3][3]) – 直接读取的文件，比如图像或者代码，可以保存在方向代理服务器，然后直接发给客户端，这样就可以提高速度、分担应用服务器的负载，可以让应用运行的更快 + +Files that are requested directly, such as image files or code files, can be stored on the reverse proxy server and sent directly to the client, which serves assets more quickly and offloads the application server, allowing the application to run faster. + +- **Securing your site** – 反响代理服务器可以被设置的提高安全性， +The reverse proxy server can be configured for high security and monitored for fast recognition and response to attacks, keeping the application servers protected. NGINX software is specifically designed for use as a reverse proxy server, with the additional capabilities described above. NGINX uses an event-driven processing approach which is more efficient than traditional servers. NGINX Plus adds more advanced reverse proxy features, such as application [health checks][4], specialized request routing, advanced caching, and support. From 50438a3535f4260c330f74586fec2f22e01b12bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Sun, 22 Nov 2015 22:14:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 133/176] Update 20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md --- .../tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md index 84a046c682..8e696a12ae 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md @@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ We hope you try out these techniques for yourself. We want to hear the kind of a via: https://www.nginx.com/blog/10-tips-for-10x-application-performance/?hmsr=toutiao.io&utm_medium=toutiao.io&utm_source=toutiao.io 作者：[Floyd Smith][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[Ezio]](https://github.com/oska874) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 053330a32942b937892fb5d7675d2edc13e2d2f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 22 Nov 2015 23:23:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 134/176] PUB:20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client @geekpi --- ...1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md | 11 +++++------ 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) rename {translated/share => published}/20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md (77%) diff --git a/translated/share/20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md b/published/20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md similarity index 77% rename from translated/share/20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md rename to published/20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md index 6ffe067ef6..b2cbb4c4ea 100644 --- a/translated/share/20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md +++ b/published/20151117 N1--The Next Generation Open Source Email Client.md @@ -2,22 +2,21 @@ N1：下一代开源邮件客户端 ================================================================================ ![N1 Open Source email client](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/N1-email-client.png) -当我们谈论到Linux中的邮件客户端，通常上 Thunderbird、Geary 和 [Evolution][3] 会出现在我们的脑海。作为对这些大咖们的挑战，一款新的开源邮件客户端正在涌入市场。 - +当我们谈论到Linux中的邮件客户端，通常 Thunderbird、Geary 和 [Evolution][3] 就会出现在我们的脑海。作为对这些大咖们的挑战，一款新的开源邮件客户端正在涌入市场。 ### 设计和功能 ### -[N1][4]是一个同时聚焦设计和功能的下一代开源邮件客户端。作为一个开源软件，N1目前支持 Linux 和 Mac OS X，Windows的版本还在开发中。 +[N1][4]是一个设计与功能并重的新一代开源邮件客户端。作为一个开源软件，N1目前支持 Linux 和 Mac OS X，Windows的版本还在开发中。 -N1宣传它自己为“可扩展的开源邮件客户端”，因为它包含了 Javascript 插件架构，任何人都可以为它创建强大的新功能。可扩展是一个非常流行的功能，它帮助[开源编辑器Atom][5]变得流行。N1同样把重点放在了可扩展上面。 +N1宣传它自己为“可扩展的开源邮件客户端”，因为它包含了 Javascript 插件框架，任何人都可以为它创建强大的新功能。可扩展是一个非常流行的功能，它帮助[开源编辑器Atom][5]变得流行。N1同样把重点放在了可扩展上面。 除了可扩展性，N1同样着重设计了程序的外观。下面N1的截图就是个很好的例子： ![N1 Open Source email client on Mac OS X](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/N1-email-client-1.jpeg) -Mac OS X上的N1客户端。图片来自：N1 +*Mac OS X上的N1客户端。图片来自：N1* -除了这个功能，N1兼容上百的邮件提供商包括Gmail、Yahoo、iCloud、Microsoft Exchange等等，桌面应用提供离线功能。 +除了这个功能，N1兼容上百个邮件服务提供商，包括Gmail、Yahoo、iCloud、Microsoft Exchange等等，这个桌面应用提供了离线功能。 ### 目前只能邀请使用 ### From 8b6b3c2d77cde27a69d1b2c1297ad413e2b4f0e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 22 Nov 2015 23:24:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 135/176] PUB:20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application @Ricky-Gong --- ...our To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md (91%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md b/published/20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md similarity index 91% rename from translated/tech/20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md rename to published/20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md index 9671ff2ecd..81a298a227 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md +++ b/published/20151105 How to Manage Your To-Do Lists in Ubuntu Using Go For It Application.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -如何在 Ubuntu 上用 Go For It 管理您的待办清单 (To-Do Lists) +如何在 Ubuntu 上用 Go For It 管理您的待办清单 ================================================================================ ![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/gfi-featured1.jpg) @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ ### Go For It ### -[Go For It][1] (GFI) 由 Manuel Kehl 开发，他声称：“这是款简单易用且时尚优雅的生产力软件，以待办清单（To-Do List）为主打特色，并整合了一个能让你专注于当前事务的定时器。”这款软件的定时器功能尤其有趣，它还可以确保您在继续工作之前暂停下来，放松一段时间。 +[Go For It][1] (GFI) 由 Manuel Kehl 开发，他声称：“这是款简单易用且时尚优雅的生产力软件，以待办清单（To-Do List）为主打特色，并整合了一个能让你专注于当前事务的定时器。”这款软件的定时器功能尤其有趣，它还可以让您在继续工作之前暂停下来，放松一段时间。 ### 下载并安装 ### @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ GFI 也能让您稍微调整一些它的设置。例如，下图所示的设置 ### 结论### -正如您所看到的，GFI 是一款简洁明了且易于使用的任务管理软件。虽然它不提供非常丰富的功能，但它实现了它的承诺，定时器的整合特别有用。如果您正在寻找一款实现了基础功能，并且开源的 Linux 任务管理软件，Go For It 值得您一试。 +正如您所看到的，GFI 是一款简洁明了且易于使用的任务管理软件。虽然它没有提供非常丰富的功能，但它实现了它的承诺，定时器的整合特别有用。如果您正在寻找一款实现了基础功能，并且开源的 Linux 任务管理软件，Go For It 值得您一试。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 3d6c93c457e15e06b9f84951e2efc18d6e506b81 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Sun, 22 Nov 2015 23:45:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 136/176] tips 1 done --- .../20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md | 7 ++++--- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md index 8e696a12ae..e967a94e02 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md @@ -34,18 +34,19 @@ Adding a reverse proxy server also adds flexibility to your web server setup. Fo Because of the flexibility it provides, a reverse proxy server is also a prerequisite for many other performance-boosting capabilities, such as: 因为反向代理带来的灵活性，所以方向代理也是一些性能加速功能的必要前提，比如： -- **Load balancing** (参见 [Tip #2][2]) – 负载均衡运行在方向代理服务器上，用来将流量均衡分配给一批应用。有了合适的负载均衡，你就可以在不改变程序的前提下添加应用服务器。 +- **负载均衡** (参见 [Tip #2][2]) – 负载均衡运行在方向代理服务器上，用来将流量均衡分配给一批应用。有了合适的负载均衡，你就可以在不改变程序的前提下添加应用服务器。 - A load balancer runs on a reverse proxy server to share traffic evenly across a number of application servers. With a load balancer in place, you can add application servers without changing your application at all. -- **Caching static files** (参见 [Tip #3][3]) – 直接读取的文件，比如图像或者代码，可以保存在方向代理服务器，然后直接发给客户端，这样就可以提高速度、分担应用服务器的负载，可以让应用运行的更快 +- **缓存静态文件** (参见 [Tip #3][3]) – 直接读取的文件，比如图像或者代码，可以保存在方向代理服务器，然后直接发给客户端，这样就可以提高速度、分担应用服务器的负载，可以让应用运行的更快 Files that are requested directly, such as image files or code files, can be stored on the reverse proxy server and sent directly to the client, which serves assets more quickly and offloads the application server, allowing the application to run faster. -- **Securing your site** – 反响代理服务器可以被设置的提高安全性， +- **网站安全** – 反响代理服务器可以提高网站安全性，以及快速的发现和响应攻击，保证应用服务器处于被保护状态。 The reverse proxy server can be configured for high security and monitored for fast recognition and response to attacks, keeping the application servers protected. NGINX software is specifically designed for use as a reverse proxy server, with the additional capabilities described above. NGINX uses an event-driven processing approach which is more efficient than traditional servers. NGINX Plus adds more advanced reverse proxy features, such as application [health checks][4], specialized request routing, advanced caching, and support. +NGINX 软件是一个专门设计的反响代理服务器，也包含了上述的多种功能。NGINX 使用事件驱动的方式处理问题，着回避传统的服务器更加有效率。NGINX plus 天价了更多高级的反向代理特性，比如程序[健康度检查][4]，专门用来处理request 路由，高级缓冲和相关支持。 ![NGINX Worker Process helps increase application performance](https://www.nginx.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Graph-11.png) From 838a0e1353f06b48636b28aa2162887a7936f6a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 22 Nov 2015 23:50:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 137/176] PUB:20150831 How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux @ictlyh --- ...orkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md | 165 ++++++++++++++ ...orkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md | 202 ------------------ 2 files changed, 165 insertions(+), 202 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20150831 How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md delete mode 100644 translated/tech/20150831 How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md diff --git a/published/20150831 How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md b/published/20150831 How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..658d6c033d --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20150831 How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,165 @@ +如何在 Linux 上从 NetworkManager 切换为 systemd-network +================================================================================ +在 Linux 世界里，对 [systemd][1] 的采用一直是激烈争论的主题，它的支持者和反对者之间的战火仍然在燃烧。到了今天，大部分主流 Linux 发行版都已经采用了 systemd 作为默认的初始化（init）系统。 + +正如其作者所说，作为一个 “从未完成、从未完善、但一直追随技术进步” 的系统，systemd 已经不只是一个初始化进程，它被设计为一个更广泛的系统以及服务管理平台，这个平台是一个包含了不断增长的核心系统进程、库和工具的生态系统。 + +**systemd** 的其中一部分是 **systemd-networkd**，它负责 systemd 生态中的网络配置。使用 systemd-networkd，你可以为网络设备配置基础的 DHCP/静态 IP 网络。它还可以配置虚拟网络功能，例如网桥、隧道和 VLAN。systemd-networkd 目前还不能直接支持无线网络，但你可以使用 wpa_supplicant 服务配置无线适配器，然后把它和 **systemd-networkd** 联系起来。 + +在很多 Linux 发行版中，NetworkManager 仍然作为默认的网络配置管理器。和 NetworkManager 相比，**systemd-networkd** 仍处于积极的开发状态，还缺少一些功能。例如，它还不能像 NetworkManager 那样能让你的计算机在任何时候通过多种接口保持连接。它还没有为更高层面的脚本编程提供 ifup/ifdown 钩子函数。但是，systemd-networkd 和其它 systemd 组件（例如用于域名解析的 **resolved**、NTP 的**timesyncd**，用于命名的 udevd）结合的非常好。随着时间增长，**systemd-networkd**只会在 systemd 环境中扮演越来越重要的角色。 + +如果你对 **systemd-networkd** 的进步感到高兴，从 NetworkManager 切换到 systemd-networkd 是值得你考虑的一件事。如果你强烈反对 systemd，对 NetworkManager 或[基础网络服务][2]感到很满意，那也很好。 + +但对于那些想尝试 systemd-networkd 的人，可以继续看下去，在这篇指南中学会在 Linux 中怎么从 NetworkManager 切换到 systemd-networkd。 + +### 需求 ### + +systemd 210 及其更高版本提供了 systemd-networkd。因此诸如 Debian 8 "Jessie" (systemd 215)、 Fedora 21 (systemd 217)、 Ubuntu 15.04 (systemd 219) 或更高版本的 Linux 发行版和 systemd-networkd 兼容。 + +对于其它发行版，在开始下一步之前先检查一下你的 systemd 版本。 + + $ systemctl --version + +### 从 NetworkManager 切换到 Systemd-networkd ### + +从 NetworkManager 切换到 systemd-networkd 其实非常简答（反过来也一样）。 + +首先，按照下面这样先停用 NetworkManager 服务，然后启用 systemd-networkd。 + + $ sudo systemctl disable NetworkManager + $ sudo systemctl enable systemd-networkd + +你还要启用 **systemd-resolved** 服务，systemd-networkd用它来进行域名解析。该服务还实现了一个缓存式 DNS 服务器。 + + $ sudo systemctl enable systemd-resolved + $ sudo systemctl start systemd-resolved + +当启动后，**systemd-resolved** 就会在 /run/systemd 目录下某个地方创建它自己的 resolv.conf。但是，把 DNS 解析信息存放在 /etc/resolv.conf 是更普遍的做法，很多应用程序也会依赖于 /etc/resolv.conf。因此为了兼容性，按照下面的方式创建一个到 /etc/resolv.conf 的符号链接。 + + $ sudo rm /etc/resolv.conf + $ sudo ln -s /run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf + +### 用 systemd-networkd 配置网络连接 ### + +要用 systemd-networkd 配置网络服务，你必须指定带.network 扩展名的配置信息文本文件。这些网络配置文件保存到 /etc/systemd/network 并从这里加载。当有多个文件时，systemd-networkd 会按照字母顺序一个个加载并处理。 + +首先创建 /etc/systemd/network 目录。 + + $ sudo mkdir /etc/systemd/network + +#### DHCP 网络 #### + +首先来配置 DHCP 网络。对于此，先要创建下面的配置文件。文件名可以任意，但记住文件是按照字母顺序处理的。 + + $ sudo vi /etc/systemd/network/20-dhcp.network + +---------- + + [Match] + Name=enp3* + + [Network] + DHCP=yes + +正如你上面看到的，每个网络配置文件包括了一个或多个 “sections”，每个 “section”都用 [XXX] 开头。每个 section 包括了一个或多个键值对。`[Match]` 部分决定这个配置文件配置哪个（些）网络设备。例如，这个文件匹配所有名称以 ens3 开头的网络设备（例如 enp3s0、 enp3s1、 enp3s2 等等）对于匹配的接口，然后启用 [Network] 部分指定的 DHCP 网络配置。 + +### 静态 IP 网络 ### + +如果你想给网络设备分配一个静态 IP 地址，那就新建下面的配置文件。 + + $ sudo vi /etc/systemd/network/10-static-enp3s0.network + +---------- + + [Match] + Name=enp3s0 + + [Network] + Address=192.168.10.50/24 + Gateway=192.168.10.1 + DNS=8.8.8.8 + +正如你猜测的， enp3s0 接口地址会被指定为 192.168.10.50/24，默认网关是 192.168.10.1， DNS 服务器是 8.8.8.8。这里微妙的一点是，接口名 enp3s0 事实上也匹配了之前 DHCP 配置中定义的模式规则。但是，根据词汇顺序，文件 "10-static-enp3s0.network" 在 "20-dhcp.network" 之前被处理，对于 enp3s0 接口静态配置比 DHCP 配置有更高的优先级。 + +一旦你完成了创建配置文件，重启 systemd-networkd 服务或者重启机器。 + + $ sudo systemctl restart systemd-networkd + +运行以下命令检查服务状态： + + $ systemctl status systemd-networkd + $ systemctl status systemd-resolved + +![](https://farm1.staticflickr.com/719/21010813392_76abe123ed_c.jpg) + +### 用 systemd-networkd 配置虚拟网络设备 ### + +**systemd-networkd** 同样允许你配置虚拟网络设备，例如网桥、VLAN、隧道、VXLAN、绑定等。你必须在用 .netdev 作为扩展名的文件中配置这些虚拟设备。 + +这里我展示了如何配置一个桥接接口。 + +#### Linux 网桥 #### + +如果你想创建一个 Linux 网桥(br0) 并把物理接口(eth1) 添加到网桥，你可以新建下面的配置。 + + $ sudo vi /etc/systemd/network/bridge-br0.netdev + +---------- + + [NetDev] + Name=br0 + Kind=bridge + +然后按照下面这样用 .network 文件配置网桥接口 br0 和从接口 eth1。 + + $ sudo vi /etc/systemd/network/bridge-br0-slave.network + +---------- + + [Match] + Name=eth1 + + [Network] + Bridge=br0 + +---------- + + $ sudo vi /etc/systemd/network/bridge-br0.network + +---------- + + [Match] + Name=br0 + + [Network] + Address=192.168.10.100/24 + Gateway=192.168.10.1 + DNS=8.8.8.8 + +最后，重启 systemd-networkd。 + + $ sudo systemctl restart systemd-networkd + +你可以用 [brctl 工具][3] 来验证是否创建好了网桥 br0。 + +### 总结 ### + +当 systemd 誓言成为 Linux 的系统管理器时，有类似 systemd-networkd 的东西来管理网络配置也就不足为奇。但是在现阶段，systemd-networkd 看起来更适合于网络配置相对稳定的服务器环境。对于桌面/笔记本环境，它们有多种临时有线/无线接口，NetworkManager 仍然是比较好的选择。 + +对于想进一步了解 systemd-networkd 的人，可以参考官方[man 手册][4]了解完整的支持列表和关键点。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/switch-from-networkmanager-to-systemd-networkd.html + +作者：[Dan Nanni][a] +译者：[ictlyh](http://mutouxiaogui.cn/blog) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/nanni +[1]:http://xmodulo.com/use-systemd-system-administration-debian.html +[2]:http://xmodulo.com/disable-network-manager-linux.html +[3]:http://xmodulo.com/how-to-configure-linux-bridge-interface.html +[4]:http://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.network.html diff --git a/translated/tech/20150831 How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20150831 How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 1a1fe6b35a..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/20150831 How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,202 +0,0 @@ -如何在 Linux 中从 NetworkManager 切换为 systemd-network -How to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux -================================================================================ -在 Linux 世界里， [systemd][1] 的采用一直是激烈争论的主题，它的支持者和反对者之间的战火仍然在燃烧。到了今天，大部分主流 Linux 发行版都已经采用了 systemd 作为默认初始化系统。 -In the world of Linux, adoption of [systemd][1] has been a subject of heated controversy, and the debate between its proponents and critics is still going on. As of today, most major Linux distributions have adopted systemd as a default init system. - -正如其作者所说，作为一个 “从未完成、从未完善、但一直追随技术进步” 的系统，systemd 已经不只是一个初始化进程，它被设计为一个更广泛的系统以及服务管理平台，这个；平台包括了不断增长的核心系统进程、库和工具的生态系统。 -Billed as a "never finished, never complete, but tracking progress of technology" by its author, systemd is not just the init daemon, but is designed as a more broad system and service management platform which encompasses the growing ecosystem of core system daemons, libraries and utilities. - -**systemd** 的其中一部分是 **systemd-networkd**，它负责 systemd 生态中的网络配置。使用 systemd-networkd，你可以为网络设备配置基础的 DHCP/静态 IP 网络。它还可以配置虚拟网络功能，例如网桥、隧道和 VLAN。systemd-networkd 目前还不能直接支持无线网络，但你可以使用 wpa_supplicant 服务配置无线适配器，然后用 **systemd-networkd** 挂钩起来。 -One of many additions to **systemd** is **systemd-networkd**, which is responsible for network configuration within the systemd ecosystem. Using systemd-networkd, you can configure basic DHCP/static IP networking for network devices. It can also configure virtual networking features such as bridges, tunnels or VLANs. Wireless networking is not directly handled by systemd-networkd, but you can use wpa_supplicant service to configure wireless adapters, and then hook it up with **systemd-networkd**. - -在很多 Linux 发行版中，NetworkManager 仍然作为默认的网络配置管理器。和 NetworkManager 相比，**systemd-networkd** 仍处于活跃的开发状态，还缺少一些功能。例如，它还不能像 NetworkManager 那样能在任何时候让你的计算机在多种接口之间保持连接。它还没有为高级脚本提供 ifup/ifdown 钩子函数。但是，systemd-networkd 和其它 systemd 组件（例如用于域名解析的 **resolved**、NTP 的**timesyncd**，用于命名的 udevd）结合的非常好。随着时间增长，**systemd-networkd**只会在 systemd 环境中扮演越来越重要的角色。 -On many Linux distributions, NetworkManager has been and is still used as a default network configuration manager. Compared to NetworkManager, **systemd-networkd** is still under active development, and missing features. For example, it does not have NetworkManager's intelligence to keep your computer connected across various interfaces at all times. It does not provide ifup/ifdown hooks for advanced scripting. Yet, systemd-networkd is integrated well with the rest of systemd components (e.g., **resolved** for DNS, **timesyncd** for NTP, udevd for naming), and the role of **systemd-networkd** may only grow over time in the systemd environment. - -如果你对 **systemd-networkd** 的进步感到高兴，从 NetworkManager 切换到 systemd-networkd 是值得你考虑的一件事。如果你强烈反对 systemd，对 NetworkManager 或[基础网络服务][2]感到很满意，那也很好。 -If you are happy with the way **systemd** is evolving, one thing you can consider is to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd. If you are feverishly against systemd, and perfectly happy with NetworkManager or [basic network service][2], that is totally cool. - -但对于那些想尝试 systemd-networkd 的人，可以继续看下去，在这篇指南中学会在 Linux 中怎么从 NetworkManager 切换到 systemd-networkd。 -But for those of you who want to try out systemd-networkd, you can read on, and find out in this tutorial how to switch from NetworkManager to systemd-networkd on Linux. - -### 需求 ### -### Requirement ### - -systemd 210 或更高版本提供了 systemd-networkd。因此诸如 Debian 8 "Jessie" (systemd 215)、 Fedora 21 (systemd 217)、 Ubuntu 15.04 (systemd 219) 或更高版本的 Linux 发行版和 systemd-networkd 兼容。 -systemd-networkd is available in systemd version 210 and higher. Thus distributions like Debian 8 "Jessie" (systemd 215), Fedora 21 (systemd 217), Ubuntu 15.04 (systemd 219) or later are compatible with systemd-networkd. - -对于其它发行版，在开始下一步之前先检查一下你的 systemd 版本。 -For other distributions, check the version of your systemd before proceeding. - - $ systemctl --version - -### 从 NetworkManager 切换到 Systemd-networkd ### -### Switch from Network Manager to Systemd-Networkd ### - -从 NetworkManager 切换到 systemd-networkd 其实非常简答（反过来也一样）。 -It is relatively straightforward to switch from Network Manager to systemd-networkd (and vice versa). - -首先，按照下面这样先停用 NetworkManager 服务，然后启用 systemd-networkd。 -First, disable Network Manager service, and enable systemd-networkd as follows. - - $ sudo systemctl disable NetworkManager - $ sudo systemctl enable systemd-networkd - -你还要启用 **systemd-resolved** 服务，systemd-networkd用它来进行域名解析。该服务还实现了一个缓存式 DNS 服务器。 -You also need to enable **systemd-resolved** service, which is used by systemd-networkd for network name resolution. This service implements a caching DNS server. - - $ sudo systemctl enable systemd-resolved - $ sudo systemctl start systemd-resolved - -一旦启动，**systemd-resolved** 就会在 /run/systemd 目录下某个地方创建它自己的 resolv.conf。但是，把 DNS 解析信息存放在 /etc/resolv.conf 是更普遍的做法，很多应用程序也会依赖于 /etc/resolv.conf。因此为了兼容性，按照下面的方式创建一个到 /etc/resolv.conf 的符号链接。 -Once started, **systemd-resolved** will create its own resolv.conf somewhere under /run/systemd directory. However, it is a common practise to store DNS resolver information in /etc/resolv.conf, and many applications still rely on /etc/resolv.conf. Thus for compatibility reason, create a symlink to /etc/resolv.conf as follows. - - $ sudo rm /etc/resolv.conf - $ sudo ln -s /run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf - -### 用 systemd-networkd 配置网络连接 ### -### Configure Network Connections with Systemd-networkd ### - -要用 systemd-networkd 配置网络服务，你必须指定带.network 扩展名的配置信息文本文件。这些网络配置文件保存到 /etc/systemd/network 并从这里加载。当有多个文件时，systemd-networkd 会按照词汇顺序一个个加载并处理。 -To configure network devices with systemd-networkd, you must specify configuration information in text files with .network extension. These network configuration files are then stored and loaded from /etc/systemd/network. When there are multiple files, systemd-networkd loads and processes them one by one in lexical order. - -首先创建 /etc/systemd/network 目录。 -Let's start by creating a folder /etc/systemd/network. - - $ sudo mkdir /etc/systemd/network - -#### DHCP 网络 #### -#### DHCP Networking #### - -首先来配置 DHCP 网络。对于此，先要创建下面的配置文件。文件名可以任意，但记住文件是按照词汇顺序处理的。 -Let's configure DHCP networking first. For this, create the following configuration file. The name of a file can be arbitrary, but remember that files are processed in lexical order. - - $ sudo vi /etc/systemd/network/20-dhcp.network - ----------- - - [Match] - Name=enp3* - - [Network] - DHCP=yes - -正如你上面看到的，每个网络配置文件包括了一个多多个 “sections”，每个 “section”都用 [XXX] 开头。每个 section 包括了一个或多个键值对。[Match] 部分决定这个配置文件配置哪个（些）网络设备。例如，这个文件匹配所有名称以 ens3 开头的网络设备（例如 enp3s0、 enp3s1、 enp3s2 等等）对于匹配的接口，然后启用 [Network] 部分指定的 DHCP 网络配置。 -As you can see above, each network configuration file contains one or more "sections" with each section preceded by [XXX] heading. Each section contains one or more key/value pairs. The [Match] section determine which network device(s) are configured by this configuration file. For example, this file matches any network interface whose name starts with ens3 (e.g., enp3s0, enp3s1, enp3s2, etc). For matched interface(s), it then applies DHCP network configuration specified under [Network] section. - -### 静态 IP 网络 ### -### Static IP Networking ### - -如果你想给网络设备分配一个静态 IP 地址，那就新建下面的配置文件。 -If you want to assign a static IP address to a network interface, create the following configuration file. - - $ sudo vi /etc/systemd/network/10-static-enp3s0.network - ----------- - - [Match] - Name=enp3s0 - - [Network] - Address=192.168.10.50/24 - Gateway=192.168.10.1 - DNS=8.8.8.8 - -正如你猜测的， enp3s0 接口地址会被指定为 192.168.10.50/24，默认网关是 192.168.10.1， DNS 服务器是 8.8.8.8。这里微妙的一点是，接口名 enp3s0 事实上也匹配了之前 DHCP 配置中定义的模式规则。但是，根据词汇顺序，文件 "10-static-enp3s0.network" 在 "20-dhcp.network" 之前被处理，对于 enp3s0 接口静态配置比 DHCP 配置有更高的优先级。 -As you can guess, the interface enp3s0 will be assigned an address 192.168.10.50/24, a default gateway 192.168.10.1, and a DNS server 8.8.8.8. One subtlety here is that the name of an interface enp3s0, in facts, matches the pattern rule defined in the earlier DHCP configuration as well. However, since the file "10-static-enp3s0.network" is processed before "20-dhcp.network" according to lexical order, the static configuration takes priority over DHCP configuration in case of enp3s0 interface. - -一旦你完成了创建配置文件，重启 systemd-networkd 服务或者重启机器。 -Once you are done with creating configuration files, restart systemd-networkd service or reboot. - - $ sudo systemctl restart systemd-networkd - -运行以下命令检查服务状态： -Check the status of the service by running: - - $ systemctl status systemd-networkd - $ systemctl status systemd-resolved - -![](https://farm1.staticflickr.com/719/21010813392_76abe123ed_c.jpg) - -### 用 systemd-networkd 配置虚拟网络设备 ### -### Configure Virtual Network Devices with Systemd-networkd ### - -**systemd-networkd** 同样允许你配置虚拟网络设备，例如网桥、VLAN、隧道、VXLAN、绑定等。你必须在用 .netdev 作为扩展名的文件中配置这些虚拟设备。 -**systemd-networkd** also allows you to configure virtual network devices such as bridges, VLANs, tunnel, VXLAN, bonding, etc. You must configure these virtual devices in files with .netdev extension. - -这里我展示了如何配置一个桥接接口。 -Here I'll show how to configure a bridge interface. - -#### Linux 网桥 #### -#### Linux Bridge #### - -如果你想创建一个 Linux 网桥(br0) 并把物理接口(eth1) 添加到网桥，你可以新建下面的配置。 -If you want to create a Linux bridge (br0) and add a physical interface (eth1) to the bridge, create the following configuration. - - $ sudo vi /etc/systemd/network/bridge-br0.netdev - ----------- - - [NetDev] - Name=br0 - Kind=bridge - -然后按照下面这样用 .network 文件配置网桥接口 br0 和从接口 eth1。 -Then configure the bridge interface br0 and the slave interface eth1 using .network files as follows. - - $ sudo vi /etc/systemd/network/bridge-br0-slave.network - ----------- - - [Match] - Name=eth1 - - [Network] - Bridge=br0 - ----------- - - $ sudo vi /etc/systemd/network/bridge-br0.network - ----------- - - [Match] - Name=br0 - - [Network] - Address=192.168.10.100/24 - Gateway=192.168.10.1 - DNS=8.8.8.8 - -最后，重启 systemd-networkd。 -Finally, restart systemd-networkd: - - $ sudo systemctl restart systemd-networkd - -你可以用 [brctl 工具][3] 来验证是否创建了网桥 br0。 -You can use [brctl tool][3] to verify that a bridge br0 has been created. - -### 总结 ### -### Summary ### - -当 systemd 誓言成为 Linux 的系统管理器时，有类似 systemd-networkd 的东西来管理网络配置也就不足为奇。但是在现阶段，systemd-networkd 看起来更适合于网络配置相对稳定的服务器环境。对于桌面/笔记本环境，它们有多种临时有线/无线接口，NetworkManager 仍然是比较好的选择。 -When systemd promises to be a system manager for Linux, it is no wonder something like systemd-networkd came into being to manage network configurations. At this stage, however, systemd-networkd seems more suitable for a server environment where network configurations are relatively stable. For desktop/laptop environments which involve various transient wired/wireless interfaces, NetworkManager may still be a preferred choice. - -对于想进一步了解 systemd-networkd 的人，可以参考官方[man 手册][4]了解完整的支持列表和关键点。 -For those who want to check out more on systemd-networkd, refer to the official [man page][4] for a complete list of supported sections and keys. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://xmodulo.com/switch-from-networkmanager-to-systemd-networkd.html - -作者：[Dan Nanni][a] -译者：[ictlyh](http://mutouxiaogui.cn/blog) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/nanni -[1]:http://xmodulo.com/use-systemd-system-administration-debian.html -[2]:http://xmodulo.com/disable-network-manager-linux.html -[3]:http://xmodulo.com/how-to-configure-linux-bridge-interface.html -[4]:http://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.network.html From 7feb1a38e32e9b146ffc71aa6f149278b40ee84f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ezio Date: Mon, 23 Nov 2015 00:09:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 138/176] tips 2 done --- .../20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md | 7 +++++++ 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md index e967a94e02..e40c6bdc5b 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md @@ -53,16 +53,22 @@ NGINX 软件是一个专门设计的反响代理服务器，也包含了上述 ### Tip #2: 添加负载平衡 ### Adding a [load balancer][5] is a relatively easy change which can create a dramatic improvement in the performance and security of your site. Instead of making a core web server bigger and more powerful, you use a load balancer to distribute traffic across a number of servers. Even if an application is poorly written, or has problems with scaling, a load balancer can improve the user experience without any other changes. +添加一个[负载均衡服务器][5] 是一个相当简单的用来提高性能和网站安全性的的方法。使用负载均衡讲流量分配到多个服务器，是用来替代只使用一个巨大且高性能web 服务器的方案。即使程序写的不好，或者在扩容方面有困难，只使用负载均衡服务器就可以很好的提高用户体验。 A load balancer is, first, a reverse proxy server (see [Tip #1][6]) – it receives Internet traffic and forwards requests to another server. The trick is that the load balancer supports two or more application servers, using [a choice of algorithms][7] to split requests between servers. The simplest load balancing approach is round robin, with each new request sent to the next server on the list. Other methods include sending requests to the server with the fewest active connections. NGINX Plus has [capabilities][8] for continuing a given user session on the same server, which is called session persistence. +负载均衡服务器首先是一个反响代理服务器（参见[Tip #1][6]）——它接收来自互联网的流量，然后转发请求给另一个服务器。小戏法是负载均衡服务器支持两个或多个应用服务器，使用[分配算法][7]将请求转发给不同服务器。最简单的负载均衡方法是轮转法，只需要将新的请求发给列表里的下一个服务器。其它的方法包括将请求发给负载最小的活动连接。NGINX plus 拥有将特定用户的会话分配给同一个服务器的[能力][8]. Load balancers can lead to strong improvements in performance because they prevent one server from being overloaded while other servers wait for traffic. They also make it easy to expand your web server capacity, as you can add relatively low-cost servers and be sure they’ll be put to full use. +负载均衡可以很好的提高性能是因为它可以避免某个服务器过载而另一些服务器却没有流量来处理。它也可以简单的扩展服务器规模，因为你可以添加多个价格相对便宜的服务器并且保证它们被充分利用了。 Protocols that can be load balanced include HTTP, HTTPS, SPDY, HTTP/2, WebSocket, [FastCGI][9], SCGI, uwsgi, memcached, and several other application types, including TCP-based applications and other Layer 4 protocols. Analyze your web applications to determine which you use and where performance is lagging. +可以进行负载均衡的协议包括HTTP, HTTPS, SPDY, HTTP/2, WebSocket，[FastCGI][9],SCGI,uwsgi, memcached，以及集中其它的应用类型，包括采用TCP 第4层协议的程序。分析你的web 应用来决定那些你要使用以及那些地方的性能不足。 The same server or servers used for load balancing can also handle several other tasks, such as SSL termination, support for HTTP/1/x and HTTP/2 use by clients, and caching for static files. +相同的服务器或服务器群可以被用来进行负载均衡，也可以用来处理其它的任务，如SSL 终止，提供对客户端使用的HTTP/1/x 和 HTTP/2 ，以及缓存静态文件。 NGINX is often used for load balancing; to learn more, please see our [overview blog post][10], [configuration blog post][11], [ebook][12] and associated [webinar][13], and [documentation][14]. Our commercial version, [NGINX Plus][15], supports more specialized load balancing features such as load routing based on server response time and the ability to load balance on Microsoft’s NTLM protocol. +NGINX 经常被用来进行负载均衡；要想了解更多的情况可以访问我们的[overview blog post][10], [configuration blog post][11], [ebook][12] 以及相关网站 [webinar][13], 和 [documentation][14]。我们的商业版本 [NGINX Plus][15] 支持更多优化了的负载均衡特性，如基于服务器响应时间的加载路由和Microsoft’s NTLM 协议上的负载均衡。 ### Tip #3: 缓存静态和动态的内容 ### @@ -295,3 +301,4 @@ via: https://www.nginx.com/blog/10-tips-for-10x-application-performance/?hmsr=to [51]:http://blog.loadimpact.com/blog/how-bad-performance-impacts-ecommerce-sales-part-i/ [52]:https://blog.kissmetrics.com/loading-time/?wide=1 [53]:https://econsultancy.com/blog/10936-site-speed-case-studies-tips-and-tools-for-improving-your-conversion-rate/ + From 4b96693e9fe5991d1d36c564dfc288fbb145f4d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ezio Date: Mon, 23 Nov 2015 00:35:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 139/176] update --- .../20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md | 9 +++++++++ 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md index e40c6bdc5b..27881a2b5b 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md @@ -73,19 +73,28 @@ NGINX 经常被用来进行负载均衡；要想了解更多的情况可以访 ### Tip #3: 缓存静态和动态的内容 ### Caching improves web application performance by delivering content to clients faster. Caching can involve several strategies: preprocessing content for fast delivery when needed, storing content on faster devices, storing content closer to the client, or a combination. +缓存通过加速内容的传输速度来提高web 应用的性能。它可以采用一下集中策略：当需要的时候预处理要传输的内容，保存数据到速度更快的设备，把数据存储在距离客户端更近的位置，或者结合起来使用。 There are two different types of caching to consider: +下面要考虑两种不同类型数据的缓冲： - **Caching of static content**. Infrequently changing files, such as image files (JPEG, PNG) and code files (CSS, JavaScript), can be stored on an edge server for fast retrieval from memory or disk. +- **静态内容缓存**。不经常变化的文件，比如图像(JPEG,PNG) 和代码(CSS,JavaScript)，可以保存在边缘服务器，这样就可以快速的从内存和磁盘上提取。 - **Caching of dynamic content**. Many Web applications generate fresh HTML for each page request. By briefly caching one copy of the generated HTML for a brief period of time, you can dramatically reduce the total number of pages that have to be generated while still delivering content that’s fresh enough to meet your requirements. +- **动态内容缓存**。很多web 应用回针对每个网页请求生成不同的HTML 页面。在短时间内简单的缓存每个生成HTML 内容，就可以很好的减少要生成的内容的数量，这完全可以达到你的要求。 If a page gets ten views per second, for instance, and you cache it for one second, 90% of requests for the page will come from the cache. If you separately cache static content, even the freshly generated versions of the page might be made up largely of cached content. +举个例子，如果一个页面每秒会被浏览10次，你将它缓存1 秒，99%请求的页面都会直接从缓存提取。如果你将将数据分成静态内容，甚至新生成的页面可能都是由这些缓存构成的。 There are three main techniques for caching content generated by web applications: +下面由是web 应用发明的三种主要的缓存技术： - **Moving content closer to users**. Keeping a copy of content closer to the user reduces its transmission time. +- **缩短数据与用户的距离**。把一份内容的拷贝放的离用户更近点来减少传输时间。 - **Moving content to faster machines**. Content can be kept on a faster machine for faster retrieval. +- **提高内容服务器的速度**。内容可以保存在一个更快的服务器上来减少提取文件的时间。 - **Moving content off of overused machines**. Machines sometimes operate much slower than their benchmark performance on a particular task because they are busy with other tasks. Caching on a different machine improves performance for the cached resources and also for non-cached resources, because the host machine is less overloaded. +- **从过载服务器拿走数据**。机器经常因为要完成某些其它的任务而造成某个任务的执行速度比测试结果要差。将数据缓存在不同的机器上可以提高缓存资源和非缓存资源的效率，而这知识因为主机没有被过度使用。 Caching for web applications can be implemented from the inside – the web application server – out. First, caching is used for dynamic content, to reduce the load on application servers. Then, caching is used for static content (including temporary copies of what would otherwise be dynamic content), further off-loading application servers. And caching is then moved off of application servers and onto machines that are faster and/or closer to the user, unburdening the application servers, and reducing retrieval and transmission times. From 98e4c3d9f04783565e992d4c41a7f93d6462f606 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Mon, 23 Nov 2015 09:50:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 140/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151123-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ve Adserver on Ubuntu 15.04 or CentOS 7.md | 242 ++++++++++++++++++ ... Fedora or CentOS or RHEL or Arch Linux.md | 148 +++++++++++ 2 files changed, 390 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151119 How to Install Revive Adserver on Ubuntu 15.04 or CentOS 7.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151123 How to Install Cockpit in Fedora or CentOS or RHEL or Arch Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151119 How to Install Revive Adserver on Ubuntu 15.04 or CentOS 7.md b/sources/tech/20151119 How to Install Revive Adserver on Ubuntu 15.04 or CentOS 7.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3b6277da80 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151119 How to Install Revive Adserver on Ubuntu 15.04 or CentOS 7.md @@ -0,0 +1,242 @@ +How to Install Revive Adserver on Ubuntu 15.04 / CentOS 7 +================================================================================ +Revive AdserverHow to Install Revive Adserver on Ubuntu 15.04 / CentOS 7 is a free and open source advertisement management system that enables publishers, ad networks and advertisers to serve ads on websites, apps, videos and manage campaigns for multiple advertiser with many features. Revive Adserver is licensed under GNU Public License which is also known as OpenX Source. It features an integrated banner management interface, URL targeting, geo-targeting and tracking system for gathering statistics. This application enables website owners to manage banners from both in-house advertisement campaigns as well as from paid or third-party sources, such as Google's AdSense. Here, in this tutorial, we'll gonna install Revive Adserver in our machine running Ubuntu 15.04 or CentOS 7. + +### 1. Installing LAMP Stack ### + +First of all, as Revive Adserver requires a complete LAMP Stack to work, we'll gonna install it. LAMP Stack is the combination of Apache Web Server, MySQL/MariaDB Database Server and PHP modules. To run Revive properly, we'll need to install some PHP modules like apc, zlib, xml, pcre, mysql and mbstring. To setup LAMP Stack, we'll need to run the following command with respect to the distribution of linux we are currently running. + +#### On Ubuntu 15.04 #### + + # apt-get install apache2 mariadb-server php5 php5-gd php5-mysql php5-curl php-apc zlibc zlib1g zlib1g-dev libpcre3 libpcre3-dev libapache2-mod-php5 zip + +#### On CentOS 7 #### + + # yum install httpd mariadb php php-gd php-mysql php-curl php-mbstring php-xml php-apc zlibc zlib1g zlib1g-dev libpcre3 libpcre3-dev zip + +### 2. Starting Apache and MariaDB server ### + +We’ll now start our newly installed Apache web server and MariaDB database server in our linux machine. To do so, we'll need to execute the following commands. + +#### On Ubuntu 15.04 #### + +Ubuntu 15.04 is shipped with Systemd as its default init system, so we'll need to execute the following commands to start apache and mariadb daemons. + + # systemctl start apache2 mysql + +After its started, we'll now make it able to start automatically in every system boot by running the following command. + + # systemctl enable apache2 mysql + + Synchronizing state for apache2.service with sysvinit using update-rc.d... + Executing /usr/sbin/update-rc.d apache2 defaults + Executing /usr/sbin/update-rc.d apache2 enable + Synchronizing state for mysql.service with sysvinit using update-rc.d... + Executing /usr/sbin/update-rc.d mysql defaults + Executing /usr/sbin/update-rc.d mysql enable + +#### On CentOS 7 #### + +Also in CentOS 7, systemd is the default init system so, we'll run the following command to start them. + + # systemctl start httpd mariadb + +Next, we'll enable them to start automatically in every startup of init system using the following command. + + # systemctl enable httpd mariadb + + ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service' '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/httpd.service' + ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service' '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mariadb.service' + +### 3. Configuring MariaDB ### + +#### On CentOS 7/Ubuntu 15.04 #### + +Now, as we are starting MariaDB for the first time and no password has been assigned for MariaDB so, we’ll first need to configure a root password for it. Then, we’ll gonna create a new database so that it can store data for our Revive Adserver installation. + +To configure MariaDB and assign a root password, we’ll need to run the following command. + + # mysql_secure_installation + +This will ask us to enter the password for root but as we haven’t set any password before and its our first time we’ve installed mariadb, we’ll simply press enter and go further. Then, we’ll be asked to set root password, here we’ll hit Y and enter our password for root of MariaDB. Then, we’ll simply hit enter to set the default values for the further configurations. + + …. + so you should just press enter here. + + Enter current password for root (enter for none): + OK, successfully used password, moving on… + + Setting the root password ensures that nobody can log into the MariaDB + root user without the proper authorisation. + + Set root password? [Y/n] y + New password: + Re-enter new password: + Password updated successfully! + Reloading privilege tables.. + … Success! + … + installation should now be secure. + Thanks for using MariaDB! + +![Configuring MariaDB](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/configuring-mariadb.png) + +### 4. Creating new Database ### + +After we have assigned the password to our root user of mariadb server, we'll now create a new database for Revive Adserver application so that it can store its data into the database server. To do so, first we'll need to login to our MariaDB console by running the following command. + + # mysql -u root -p + +Then, it will ask us to enter the password of root user which we had just set in the above step. Then, we'll be welcomed into the MariaDB console in which we'll create our new database, database user and assign its password and grant all privileges to create, remove and edit the tables and data stored in it. + + > CREATE DATABASE revivedb; + > CREATE USER 'reviveuser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'Pa$$worD123'; + > GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON revivedb.* TO 'reviveuser'@'localhost'; + > FLUSH PRIVILEGES; + > EXIT; + +![Creating Mariadb Revive Database](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/creating-mariadb-revive-database.png) + +### 5. Downloading Revive Adserver Package ### + +Next, we'll download the latest release of Revive Adserver ie version 3.2.2 in the time of writing this article. So, we'll first get the download link from the official Download Page of Revive Adserver ie [http://www.revive-adserver.com/download/][1] then we'll download the compressed zip file using wget command under /tmp/ directory as shown bellow. + + # cd /tmp/ + # wget http://download.revive-adserver.com/revive-adserver-3.2.2.zip + + --2015-11-09 17:03:48-- http://download.revive-adserver.com/revive-adserver-3.2.2.zip + Resolving download.revive-adserver.com (download.revive-adserver.com)... 54.230.119.219, 54.239.132.177, 54.230.116.214, ... + Connecting to download.revive-adserver.com (download.revive-adserver.com)|54.230.119.219|:80... connected. + HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK + Length: 11663620 (11M) [application/zip] + Saving to: 'revive-adserver-3.2.2.zip' + revive-adserver-3.2 100%[=====================>] 11.12M 1.80MB/s in 13s + 2015-11-09 17:04:02 (906 KB/s) - 'revive-adserver-3.2.2.zip' saved [11663620/11663620] + +After the file is downloaded, we'll simply extract its files and directories using unzip command. + + # unzip revive-adserver-3.2.2.zip + +Then, we'll gonna move the entire Revive directories including every files from /tmp to the default webroot of Apache Web Server ie /var/www/html/ directory. + + # mv revive-adserver-3.2.2 /var/www/html/reviveads + +### 6. Configuring Apache Web Server ### + +We'll now configure our Apache Server so that revive will run with proper configuration. To do so, we'll create a new virtualhost by creating a new configuration file named reviveads.conf . The directory here may differ from one distribution to another, here is how we create in the following distributions of linux. + +#### On Ubuntu 15.04 #### + + # touch /etc/apache2/sites-available/reviveads.conf + # ln -s /etc/apache2/sites-available/reviveads.conf /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/reviveads.conf + # nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/reviveads.conf + +Now, we'll gonna add the following lines of configuration into this file using our favorite text editor. + + + ServerAdmin info@reviveads.linoxide.com + DocumentRoot /var/www/html/reviveads/ + ServerName reviveads.linoxide.com + ServerAlias www.reviveads.linoxide.com + + Options FollowSymLinks + AllowOverride All + + ErrorLog /var/log/apache2/reviveads.linoxide.com-error_log + CustomLog /var/log/apache2/reviveads.linoxide.com-access_log common + + +![Configuring Apache2 Ubuntu](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/configuring-apache2-ubuntu.png) + +After done, we'll gonna save the file and exit our text editor. Then, we'll restart our Apache Web server. + + # systemctl restart apache2 + +#### On CentOS 7 #### + +In CentOS, we'll directly create the file reviveads.conf under /etc/httpd/conf.d/ directory using our favorite text editor. + + # nano /etc/httpd/conf.d/reviveads.conf + +Then, we'll gonna add the following lines of configuration into the file. + + + ServerAdmin info@reviveads.linoxide.com + DocumentRoot /var/www/html/reviveads/ + ServerName reviveads.linoxide.com + ServerAlias www.reviveads.linoxide.com + + Options FollowSymLinks + AllowOverride All + + ErrorLog /var/log/httpd/reviveads.linoxide.com-error_log + CustomLog /var/log/httpd/reviveads.linoxide.com-access_log common + + +![Configuring httpd Centos](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/configuring-httpd-centos.png) + +Once done, we'll simply save the file and exit the editor. And then, we'll gonna restart our apache web server. + + # systemctl restart httpd + +### 7. Fixing Permissions and Ownership ### + +Now, we'll gonna fix some file permissions and ownership of the installation path. First, we'll gonna set the ownership of the installation directory to Apache process owner so that apache web server will have full access of the files and directories to edit, create and delete. + +#### On Ubuntu 15.04 #### + + # chown www-data: -R /var/www/html/reviveads + +#### On CentOS 7 #### + + # chown apache: -R /var/www/html/reviveads + +### 8. Allowing Firewall ### + +Now, we'll gonna configure our firewall programs to allow port 80 (http) so that our apache web server running Revive Adserver will be accessible from other machines in the network across the default http port ie 80. + +#### On Ubuntu 15.04/CentOS 7 #### + +As CentOS 7 and Ubuntu 15.04 both has systemd installed by default, it contains firewalld running as firewall program. In order to open the port 80 (http service) on firewalld, we'll need to execute the following commands. + + # firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http + + success + + # firewall-cmd --reload + + success + +### 9. Web Installation ### + +Finally, after everything is done as expected, we'll now be able to access the web interface of the application using a web browser. We can go further towards the web installation, by pointing the web browser to the web server we are running in our linux machine. To do so, we'll need to point our web browser to http://ip-address/ or http://domain.com assigned to our linux machine. Here, in this tutorial, we'll point our browser to http://reviveads.linoxide.com/ . + +Here, we'll see the Welcome page of the installation of Revive Adserver with the GNU General Public License V2 as Revive Adserver is released under this license. Then, we'll simply click on I agree button in order to continue the installation. + +In the next page, we'll need to enter the required database information in order to connect Revive Adserver with the MariaDB database server. Here, we'll need to enter the database name, user and password that we had set in the above step. In this tutorial, we entered database name, user and password as revivedb, reviveuser and Pa$$worD123 respectively then, we set the hostname as localhost and continue further. + +![Configuring Revive Adserver](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/configuring-revive-adserver.png) + +We'll now enter the required information like administration username, password and email address so that we can use these information to login to the dashboard of our Adserver. After done, we'll head towards the Finish page in which we'll see that we have successfully installed Revive Adserver in our server. + +Next, we'll be redirected to the Adverstiser page where we'll add new Advertisers and manage them. Then, we'll be able to navigate to our Dashboard, add new users to the adserver, add new campaign for our advertisers, banners, websites, video ads and everything that its built with. + +For enabling more configurations and access towards the administrative settings, we can switch our Dashboard user to the Administrator account. This will add new administrative menus in the dashboard like Plugins, Configuration through which we can add and manage plugins and configure many features and elements of Revive Adserver. + +### Conclusion ### + +In this article, we learned some information on what is Revive Adserver and how we can setup on linux machine running Ubuntu 15.04 and CentOS 7 distributions. Though Revive Adserver's initial source code was bought from OpenX, currently the code base for OpenX Enterprise and Revive Adserver are completely separate. To extend more features, we can install more plugins which we can also find from [http://www.adserverplugins.com/][2] . Really, this piece of software has changed the way of managing the ads for websites, apps, videos and made it very easy and efficient. If you have any questions, suggestions, feedback please write them in the comment box below so that we can improve or update our contents. Thank you ! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/install-revive-adserver-ubuntu-15-04-centos-7/ + +作者：[Arun Pyasi][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/arunp/ +[1]:http://www.revive-adserver.com/download/ +[2]:http://www.adserverplugins.com/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20151123 How to Install Cockpit in Fedora or CentOS or RHEL or Arch Linux.md b/sources/tech/20151123 How to Install Cockpit in Fedora or CentOS or RHEL or Arch Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3f2f392efb --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151123 How to Install Cockpit in Fedora or CentOS or RHEL or Arch Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,148 @@ +How to Install Cockpit in Fedora / CentOS / RHEL/ Arch Linux +================================================================================ +Cockpit is a free and open source server management software that makes us easy to administer our GNU/Linux servers via its beautiful web interface frontend. Cockpit helps make linux system administrator, system maintainers and DevOps easy to manage their server and to perform simple tasks, such as administering storage, inspecting journals, starting and stopping services and more. Its journal interface adds aroma in flower making people easy to switch between the terminal and web interface. And moreover, it makes easy to manage not only one server but several multiple networked servers from a single place at the same time with just a single click. It is very light weight and has easy to use web based interface. In this tutorial, we'll learn how we can setup Cockpit and use it to manage our server running Fedora, CentOS, Arch Linux and RHEL distributions as their operating system software. Some of the awesome benefits of Cockpit in our GNU/Linux servers are as follows: + +1. It consist of systemd service manager for ease. +1. It has a Journal log viewer to perform troubleshoots and log analysis. +1. Storage setup including LVM was never easier before. +1. Basic Network configuration can be applied with Cockpit +1. We can easily add and remove local users and manage multiple servers. + +### 1. Installing Cockpit ### + +First of all, we'll need to setup Cockpit in our linux based server. In most of the distributions, the cockpit package is already available in their official repositories. Here, in this tutorial, we'll setup Cockpit in Fedora 22, CentOS 7, Arch Linux and RHEL 7 from their official repositories. + +#### On CentOS / RHEL #### + +Cockpit is available in the official repository of CenOS and RHEL. So, we'll simply install it using yum manager. To do so, we'll simply run the following command under sudo/root access. + + # yum install cockpit + +![Install Cockpit Centos](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/install-cockpit-centos.png) + +#### On Fedora 22/21 #### + +Alike, CentOS, it is also available by default in Fedora's official repository, we'll simply install cockpit using dnf package manager. + + # dnf install cockpit + +![Install Cockpit Fedora](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/install-cockpit-fedora.png) + +#### On Arch Linux #### + +Cockpit is currently not available in the official repository of Arch Linux but it is available in the Arch User Repository also know as AUR. So, we'll simply run the following yaourt command to install it. + + # yaourt cockpit + +![Install Cockpit Archlinux](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/install-cockpit-archlinux.png) + +### 2. Starting and Enabling Cockpit ### + +After we have successfully installed it, we'll gonna start the cockpit server with our service/daemon manager. As of 2015, most of the linux distributions have adopted Systemd whereas some of the linux distributions still run SysVinit to manage daemon, but Cockpit uses systemd for almost everything from running daemons to services. So, we can only setup Cockpit in the latest releases of linux distributions running Systemd. In order to start Cockpit and make it start in every boot of the system, we'll need to run the following command in a terminal or a console. + + # systemctl start cockpit + + # systemctl enable cockpit.socket + + Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/sockets.target.wants/cockpit.socket to /usr/lib/systemd/system/cockpit.socket. + +### 3. Allowing Firewall ### + +After we have started our cockpit server and enable it to start in every boot, we'll now go for configuring firewall. As we have firewall programs running in our server, we'll need to allow ports in order to make cockpit accessible outside of the server. + +#### On Firewalld #### + + # firewall-cmd --add-service=cockpit --permanent + + success + + # firewall-cmd --reload + + success + +![Cockpit Allowing Firewalld](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/cockpit-allowing-firewalld.png) + +#### On Iptables #### + + # iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT + + # service iptables save + +### 4. Accessing Cockpit Web Interface ### + +Next, we'll gonna finally access the Cockpit web interface using a web browser. We'll simply need to point our web browser to https://ip-address:9090 or https://server.domain.com:9090 according to the configuration. Here, in our tutorial, we'll gonna point our browser to https://128.199.114.17:9090 as shown in the image below. + +![Cockpit Webserver SSL Proceed](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/cockpit-webserver-ssl-proceed.png) + +We'll be displayed an SSL certification warning as we are using a self-signed SSL certificate. So, we'll simply ignore it and go forward towards the login page, in chrome/chromium, we'll need to click on Show Advanced and then we'll need to click on **Proceed to 128.199.114.17 (unsafe)** . + +![Cockpit Login Screen](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/cockpit-login-screen.png) + +Now, we'll be asked to enter the login details in order to enter into the dashboard. Here, the username and password is the same as that of the login details we use to login to our linux server. After we enter the login details and click on Log In button, we will be welcomed into the Cockpit Dashboard. + +![Cockpit Dashboard](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/cockpit-dashboard.png) + +Here, we'll see all the menu and visualization of CPU, Disk, Network, Storage usages of the server. We'll see the dashboard as shown above. + +#### Services #### + +To manage services, we'll need to click on Services button on the menu situated in the right side of the web page. Then, we'll see the services under 5 categories, Targets, System Services, Sockets, Timers and Paths. + +![Cockpit Services](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/cockpit-services.png) + +#### Docker Containers #### + +We can even manage docker containers with Cockpit. It is pretty easy to monitor and administer Docker containers with Cockpit. As docker isn't installed and running in our server, we'll need to click on Start Docker. + +![Cockpit Container](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/cockpit-container.png) + +Cockpit will automatically install and run docker in our server. After its running, we see the following screen. Then, we can manage the docker images, containers as per our requirement. + +![Cockpit Containers Mangement](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/cockpit-containers-mangement.png) + +#### Journal Log Viewer #### + +Cockpit has a managed log viewer which separates the Errors, Warnings, Notices into different tabs. And we also have a tab All where we can see them all in a single place. + +![Cockpit Journal Logs](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/cockpit-journal-logs.png) + +#### Networking #### + +Under the networking section, we see two graphs in which there is the visualization of Sending and Receiving speed. And we can see there the list of available interfaces with option to Add Bond, Bridge, VLAN. If we need to configure an interface, we can do so by simply clicking on the interface name. Below everything, we can see the Journal Log Viewer for Networking. + +![Cockpit Network](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/cockpit-network.png) + +#### Storage #### + +Now, its easy with Cockpit to see the R/W speed of our hard disk. We can see the Journal log of the Storage in order to perform troubleshoot and fixes. A clear visualization bar of how much space is occupied is shown in the page. We can even Unmount, Format, Delete a partition of a Hard Disk and more. Features like creating RAID Device, Volume Group is also available in it. + +![Cockpit Storage](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/cockpit-storage.png) + +#### Account Management #### + +We can easily create new accounts with Cockpit Web Interface. The accounts created in it is applied to the system's user account. We can change password, specify roles, delete, rename user accounts with it. + +![Cockpit Accounts](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/cockpit-accounts.png) + +#### Live Terminal #### + +This is an awesome feature built-in with Cockpit. Yes, we can execute commands, do stuffs with the live terminal provided by Cockpit interface. This makes us really easy to switch between the web interface and terminal according to our need. + +![Cockpit Terminal](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/cockpit-terminal.png) + +### Conclusion ### + +Cockpit is a good free and open source software developed by [Red Hat][1] for making the server management easy and simple. It is best for performing simple system administration tasks and is good for the new system administrators. It is still under pre-release as its stable release hasn't been released yet. So, it is not suitable for production. It is currently developed on the latest release of Fedora, CentOS, Arch Linux, RHEL where systemd is installed by default. If you are willing to install Cockpit in Ubuntu, you can get the PPA access but is currently outdated. If you have any questions, suggestions, feedback please write them in the comment box below so that we can improve or update our contents. Thank You ! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/install-cockpit-fedora-centos-rhel-arch-linux/ + +作者：[Arun Pyasi][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/arunp/ +[1]:http://www.redhat.com/ \ No newline at end of file From ff441bdb17853306475eae063526f4e49c07634a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ezio Date: Mon, 23 Nov 2015 10:01:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 141/176] tip 3 done --- .../20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md | 9 +++++++-- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md index 27881a2b5b..143528a16f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md @@ -97,16 +97,22 @@ There are three main techniques for caching content generated by web application - **从过载服务器拿走数据**。机器经常因为要完成某些其它的任务而造成某个任务的执行速度比测试结果要差。将数据缓存在不同的机器上可以提高缓存资源和非缓存资源的效率，而这知识因为主机没有被过度使用。 Caching for web applications can be implemented from the inside – the web application server – out. First, caching is used for dynamic content, to reduce the load on application servers. Then, caching is used for static content (including temporary copies of what would otherwise be dynamic content), further off-loading application servers. And caching is then moved off of application servers and onto machines that are faster and/or closer to the user, unburdening the application servers, and reducing retrieval and transmission times. +对web 应用的缓存机制可以web 应用服务器内部实现。第一，缓存动态内容是用来减少应用服务器加载动态内容的时间。然后，缓存静态内容（包括动态内容的临时拷贝）是为了更进一步的分担应用服务器的负载。而且缓存之后会从应用服务器转移到对用户而言更快、更近的机器，从而减少应用服务器的压力，减少提取数据和传输数据的时间。 Improved caching can speed up applications tremendously. For many web pages, static data, such as large image files, makes up more than half the content. It might take several seconds to retrieve and transmit such data without caching, but only fractions of a second if the data is cached locally. +改进过的缓存方案可以极大的提高应用的速度。对于大多数网页来说，静态数据，比如大图像文件，构成了超过一半的内容。如果没有缓存，那么这可能会花费几秒的时间来提取和传输这类数据，但是采用了缓存之后不到1秒就可以完成。 As an example of how caching is used in practice, NGINX and NGINX Plus use two directives to [set up caching][16]: proxy_cache_path and proxy_cache. You specify the cache location and size, the maximum time files are kept in the cache, and other parameters. Using a third (and quite popular) directive, proxy_cache_use_stale, you can even direct the cache to supply stale content when the server that supplies fresh content is busy or down, giving the client something rather than nothing. From the user’s perspective, this may strongly improves your site or application’s uptime. +举一个在实际中缓存是如何使用的例子， NGINX 和NGINX Plus使用了两条指令来[设置缓存机制][16]：proxy_cache_path 和 proxy_cache。你可以指定缓存的位置和大小，文件在缓存中保存的最长时间和其他一些参数。使用第三条（而且是相当受欢迎的一条）指令，proxy_cache_use_stale，如果服务器提供新鲜内容是忙或者挂掉之类的信息，你甚至可以让缓存提供旧的内容，这样客户端就不会一无所得。从用户的角度来看这可以很好的提高你的网站或者应用的上线时间。 NGINX Plus has [advanced caching features][17], including support for [cache purging][18] and visualization of cache status on a [dashboard][19] for live activity monitoring. +NGINX plus 拥有[高级缓存特性][17]，包括对[缓存清除][18]的支持和在[仪表盘][19]上显示缓存状态信息。 For more information on caching with NGINX, see the [reference documentation][20] and [NGINX Content Caching][21] in the NGINX Plus Admin Guide. +要想获得更多关于NGINX 的缓存机制的信息可以浏览NGINX Plus 管理员指南中的 [reference documentation][20] 和 [NGINX Content Caching][21] 。 -**Note**: Caching crosses organizational lines between people who develop applications, people who make capital investment decisions, and people who run networks in real time. Sophisticated caching strategies, like those alluded to here, are a good example of the value of a [DevOps perspective][22], in which application developer, architectural, and operations perspectives are merged to help meet goals for site functionality, response time, security, and business results, )such as completed transactions or sales. +**Note**: Caching crosses lines between people who develop applications, people who make capital investment decisions, and people who run networks in real time. Sophisticated caching strategies, like those alluded to here, are a good example of the value of a [DevOps perspective][22], in which application developer, architectural, and operations perspectives are merged to help meet goals for site functionality, response time, security, and business results, such as completed transactions or sales. +**注意**：缓存机制分布于应用开发者、投资决策者以及实际的系统运维人员之间。本文提到的一些复杂的缓存机制从[DevOps 的角度][22]来看很具有价值，即对集应用开发者、架构师以及运维操作人员的功能为一体的工程师来说可以满足他们对站点功能性、响应时间、安全性和商业结果，如完成的交易数。 ### Tip #4: 压缩数据 ### @@ -310,4 +316,3 @@ via: https://www.nginx.com/blog/10-tips-for-10x-application-performance/?hmsr=to [51]:http://blog.loadimpact.com/blog/how-bad-performance-impacts-ecommerce-sales-part-i/ [52]:https://blog.kissmetrics.com/loading-time/?wide=1 [53]:https://econsultancy.com/blog/10936-site-speed-case-studies-tips-and-tools-for-improving-your-conversion-rate/ - From b0a0b404e9de349ad4099e5ad6cf7b26803159ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Mon, 23 Nov 2015 10:24:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 142/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151123-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...onfigure Apache Solr on Ubuntu 14 or 15.md | 133 +++++++++++++++++ ...roid Studio on Ubuntu 15.04 or CentOS 7.md | 139 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 272 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151123 How to Configure Apache Solr on Ubuntu 14 or 15.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151123 How to install Android Studio on Ubuntu 15.04 or CentOS 7.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151123 How to Configure Apache Solr on Ubuntu 14 or 15.md b/sources/tech/20151123 How to Configure Apache Solr on Ubuntu 14 or 15.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e73bdbeb0a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151123 How to Configure Apache Solr on Ubuntu 14 or 15.md @@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ +How to Configure Apache Solr on Ubuntu 14 / 15 +================================================================================ +Hello and welcome to our today's article on Apache Solr. The brief description about Apache Solr is that it is an Open Source most famous search platform with Apache Lucene at the back end for Web sites that enables you to easily create search engines which searches websites, databases and files. It can index and search multiple sites and return recommendations for related contents based on the searched text. + +Solr works with HTTP Extensible Markup Language (XML) that offers application program interfaces (APIs) for Javascript Object Notation, Python, and Ruby. According to the Apache Lucene Project, Solr offers capabilities that have made it popular with administrators including it many featuring like: + +- Full Text Search +- Faceted Navigation +- Snippet generation/highting +- Spell Suggestion/Auto complete +- Custom document ranking/ordering + +#### Prerequisites: #### + +On a fresh Linux Ubuntu 14/15 with minimal packages installed, you only have to take care of few prerequisites in order to install Apache Solr. + +### 1)System Update ### + +Login to your Ubuntu server with a non-root sudo user that will be used to perform all the steps to install and use Solr. + +After successful login, issue the following command to update your system with latest updates and patches. + + $ sudo apt-get update + +### 2) JRE Setup ### + +The Solr setup needs Java Runtime Environment to be installed on the system as its basic requirement because solr and tomcat both are the Java based applications. So, we need to install and configure its home environment with latest Java. + +To install the latest version on Oracle Java 8, we need to install Python Software Properties using the below command. + + $ sudo apt-get install python-software-properties + +Upon completion, run the setup its the repository for the latest version of Java 8. + + $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/java + +Now you are able to install the latest version of Oracle Java 8 with 'wget' by issuing the below commands to update the packages source list and then to install Java. + + $ sudo apt-get update + +---------- + + $ sudo apt-get install oracle-java8-installer + +Accept the Oracle Binary Code License Agreement for the Java SE Platform Products and JavaFX as you will be asked during the Java installation and configuration process by a click on the 'OK' button. + +When the installation process complete, run the below command to test the successful installation of Java and check its version. + + kash@solr:~$ java -version + java version "1.8.0_66" + Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_66-b17) + Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.66-b17, mixed mode) + +The output indicates that we have successfully fulfilled the basic requirement of Solr by installing the Java. Now move to the next step to install Solr. + +### Installing Solr ### + +Installing Solr on Ubuntu can be done by using two different ways but in this article we prefer to install its latest package from the source. + +To install Solr from its source, download its available package with latest version from there Official [Web Page][1], copy the link address and get it using 'wget' command. + + $ wget http://www.us.apache.org/dist/lucene/solr/5.3.1/solr-5.3.1.tgz + +Run the command below to extract the archived service into '/bin' folder. + + $ tar -xzf solr-5.3.1.tgz solr-5.3.1/bin/install_solr_service.sh --strip-components=2 + +Then run the script to start Solr service that will creates a new 'solr' user and then installs solr as a service. + + $ sudo bash ./install_solr_service.sh solr-5.3.1.tgz + +![Solr Installation](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/12.png) + +To check the status of Solr service, you use the below command. + + $ service solr status + +![Solr Status](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/22.png) + +### Creating Solr Collection: ### + +Now we can create multiple collections using Solr user. To do so just run the below command by mentioning the name of the collection you want to create and by specifying its configuration set as shown. + + $ sudo su - solr -c "/opt/solr/bin/solr create -c myfirstcollection -n data_driven_schema_configs" + +![creating collection](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/32.png) + +We have successfully created the new core instance directory for our our first collection where we can add new data in it. To view its default schema file in directory '/opt/solr/server/solr/configsets/data_driven_schema_configs/conf' . + +### Using Solr Web ### + +Apache Solr can be accessible on the default port of Solr that 8983. Open your favorite browser and navigate to http://your_server_ip:8983/solr or http://your-domain.com:8983/solr. Make sure that the port is allowed in your firewall. + + http://172.25.10.171:8983/solr/ + +![Solr Web Access](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/42.png) + +From the Solr Web Console click on the 'Core Admin' button from the left bar, then you will see your first collection that we created earlier using CLI. While you can also create new cores by pointing on the 'Add Core' button. + +![Adding Core](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/52.png) + +You can also add the document and query from the document as shown in below image by selecting your particular collection and pointing the document. Add the data in the specified format as shown in the box. + + { + "number": 1, + "Name": "George Washington", + "birth_year": 1989, + "Starting_Job": 2002, + "End_Job": "2009-04-30", + "Qualification": "Graduation", + "skills": "Linux and Virtualization" + } + +After adding the document click on the 'Submit Document' button. + +![adding Document](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/62.png) + +### Conclusion ### + +You are now able to insert and query data using the Solr web interface after its successful installation on Ubuntu. Now add more collections and insert you own data and documents that you wish to put and manage through Solr. We hope you have got this article much helpful and enjoyed reading this. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/ubuntu-how-to/configure-apache-solr-ubuntu-14-15/ + +作者：[Kashif][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/kashifs/ +[1]:http://lucene.apache.org/solr/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20151123 How to install Android Studio on Ubuntu 15.04 or CentOS 7.md b/sources/tech/20151123 How to install Android Studio on Ubuntu 15.04 or CentOS 7.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..29569329c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151123 How to install Android Studio on Ubuntu 15.04 or CentOS 7.md @@ -0,0 +1,139 @@ +How to install Android Studio on Ubuntu 15.04 / CentOS 7 +================================================================================ +With the advancement of smart phones in the recent years, Android has become one of the biggest phone platforms and all the tools required to build Android applications are also freely available. Android Studio is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for developing Android applications based on [IntelliJ IDEA][1]. It is a free and open source software by Google released in 2014 and succeeds Eclipse as the main IDE. + +In this article, we will learn how to install Android Studio on Ubuntu 15.04 and CentOS 7. + +### Installation on Ubuntu 15.04 ### + +We can install Android Studio in two ways. One is to set up the required repository and install it; other is to download it from the official Android site and install it locally. In the following example, we will be setting up the repo using command line and install it. Before proceeding, we need to make sure that we have JDK version1.6 or greater installed. + +Here, I'm installing JDK 1.8. + + $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/java + + $ sudo apt-get update + + $ sudo apt-get install oracle-java8-installer oracle-java8-set-default + +Verify if java installation was successful: + + poornima@poornima-Lenovo:~$ java -version + +Now, setup the repo for installing Android Studio + + $ sudo apt-add-repository ppa:paolorotolo/android-studio + +![Android-Studio-repo](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Android-studio-repo.png) + + $ sudo apt-get update + + $ sudo apt-get install android-studio + +Above install command will install android-studio in the directory /opt. + +Now, run the following command to start the setup wizard: + + $ /opt/android-studio/bin/studio.sh + +This will invoke the setup screen. Following are the screen shots that follow to set up Android studio: + +![Android Studio setup](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Studio-setup.png) + +![Install-type](Android Studio setup) + +![Emulator Settings](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Emulator-settings.png) + +Once you press the Finish button, Licence agreement will be displayed. After you accept the licence, it starts downloading the required components. + +![Download components](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Download.png) + +Android studio installation will be complete after this step. When you relaunch Android studio, you will be shown the following welcome screen from where you will be able to start working with your Android Studio. + +![Welcome screen](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Welcome-screen.png) + +### Installation on CentOS 7 ### + +Let us now learn how to install Android Studio on CentOS 7. Here also, you need to install JDK 1.6 or later. Remember to use 'sudo' before the commands if you are not a root user. You can download the [latest version][2] of JDK. In case you already have an older version installed, remove the same before installing the new one. In the below example, I will be installing JDK version 1.8.0_65 by downloading the required rpm. + + [root@li1260-39 ~]# rpm -ivh jdk-8u65-linux-x64.rpm + Preparing... ################################# [100%] + Updating / installing... + 1:jdk1.8.0_65-2000:1.8.0_65-fcs ################################# [100%] + Unpacking JAR files... + tools.jar... + plugin.jar... + javaws.jar... + deploy.jar... + rt.jar... + jsse.jar... + charsets.jar... + localedata.jar... + jfxrt.jar... + +If Java path is not set properly, you will get error messages. Hence, set the correct path: + + export JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/jdk1.8.0_25/ + export PATH=$PATH:$JAVA_HOME + +Check if the correct version has been installed: + + [root@li1260-39 ~]# java -version + java version "1.8.0_65" + Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_65-b17) + Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.65-b01, mixed mode) + +If you notice any error message of the sort "unable-to-run-mksdcard-sdk-tool:" while trying to install Android Studio, you might also have to install the following packages on CentOS 7 64-bit: + + glibc.i686 + + glibc-devel.i686 + + libstdc++.i686 + + zlib-devel.i686 + + ncurses-devel.i686 + + libX11-devel.i686 + + libXrender.i686 + + libXrandr.i686 + +Let us know install studio by downloading the ide file from [Android site][3] and unzipping the same. + + [root@li1260-39 tmp]# unzip android-studio-ide-141.2343393-linux.zip + +Move android-studio directory to /opt directory + + [root@li1260-39 tmp]# mv /tmp/android-studio/ /opt/ + +You can create a simlink to the studio executable to quickly start it whenever you need it. + + [root@li1260-39 tmp]# ln -s /opt/android-studio/bin/studio.sh /usr/local/bin/android-studio + +Now launch the studio from a terminal: + + [root@localhost ~]#studio + +The screens that follow for completing the installation are same as the ones shown above for Ubuntu. When the installation completes, you can start creating your own Android applications. + +### Conclusion ### + +Within a year of its release, Android Studio has taken over as the primary IDE for Android development by eclipsing Eclipse. It is the only official IDE tool that will support future Android SDKs and other Android features that will be provided by Google. So, what are you waiting for? Go install Android Studio and have fun developing Android apps. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/tools/install-android-studio-ubuntu-15-04-centos-7/ + +作者：[B N Poornima][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/bnpoornima/ +[1]:https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/ +[2]:http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/jdk8-downloads-2133151.html +[3]:http://developer.android.com/sdk/index.html \ No newline at end of file From 96c9448df87ff6a989c6787855dd03c8f682f218 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ezio Date: Mon, 23 Nov 2015 10:24:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 143/176] tip 4 done --- .../20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md | 7 ++++++- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md index 143528a16f..195cb781c2 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md @@ -112,19 +112,24 @@ For more information on caching with NGINX, see the [reference documentation][20 要想获得更多关于NGINX 的缓存机制的信息可以浏览NGINX Plus 管理员指南中的 [reference documentation][20] 和 [NGINX Content Caching][21] 。 **Note**: Caching crosses lines between people who develop applications, people who make capital investment decisions, and people who run networks in real time. Sophisticated caching strategies, like those alluded to here, are a good example of the value of a [DevOps perspective][22], in which application developer, architectural, and operations perspectives are merged to help meet goals for site functionality, response time, security, and business results, such as completed transactions or sales. -**注意**：缓存机制分布于应用开发者、投资决策者以及实际的系统运维人员之间。本文提到的一些复杂的缓存机制从[DevOps 的角度][22]来看很具有价值，即对集应用开发者、架构师以及运维操作人员的功能为一体的工程师来说可以满足他们对站点功能性、响应时间、安全性和商业结果，如完成的交易数。 +**注意**：缓存机制分布于应用开发者、投资决策者以及实际的系统运维人员之间。本文提到的一些复杂的缓存机制从[DevOps 的角度][23]来看很具有价值，即对集应用开发者、架构师以及运维操作人员的功能为一体的工程师来说可以满足他们对站点功能性、响应时间、安全性和商业结果，如完成的交易数。 ### Tip #4: 压缩数据 ### Compression is a huge potential performance accelerator. There are carefully engineered and highly effective compression standards for photos (JPEG and PNG), videos (MPEG-4), and music (MP3), among others. Each of these standards reduces file size by an order of magnitude or more. +压缩是一个具有很大潜力的提高性能的加速方法。现在已经有一些针对照片（JPEG 和PNG）、视频（MPEG-4）和音乐（MP3）等各类文件精心设计和高压缩率的标准。每一个标准都或多或少的减少了文件的大小。 Text data – including HTML (which includes plain text and HTML tags), CSS, and code such as JavaScript – is often transmitted uncompressed. Compressing this data can have a disproportionate impact on perceived web application performance, especially for clients with slow or constrained mobile connections. +文本数据 —— 包括HTML（包含了纯文本和HTL 标签），CSS和代码，比如Javascript —— 经常是未经压缩就传输的。压缩这类数据会在对应用程序性能的感觉上，特别是处于慢速或受限的移动网络的客户端，产生不成比例的影响。 That’s because text data is often sufficient for a user to interact with a page, where multimedia data may be more supportive or decorative. Smart content compression can reduce the bandwidth requirements of HTML, Javascript, CSS and other text-based content, typically by 30% or more, with a corresponding reduction in load time. +这是因为文本数据经常是用户与网页交互的有效数据，而多媒体数据可能更多的是起提供支持或者装饰的作用。聪明的内容压缩可以减少HTML，Javascript，CSS和其他文本内容对贷款的要求，通常可以减少30% 甚至更多的带宽和相应的页面加载时间。 If you use SSL, compression reduces the amount of data that has to be SSL-encoded, which offsets some of the CPU time it takes to compress the data. +如果你是用SSL，压缩可以减少需要进行SSL 编码的的数据量，而这些编码操作会占用一些CPU时间而抵消了压缩数据减少的时间。 Methods for compressing text data vary. For example, see the [section on HTTP/2][23] for a novel text compression scheme, adapted specifically for header data. As another example of text compression you can [turn on][24] GZIP compression in NGINX. After you [pre-compress text data][25] on your services, you can serve the compressed .gz version directly using the gzip_static directive. +压缩文本数据的方法很多，举个例子，在定义小说文本压缩模式的[HTTP/2 部分]就专门为适应头数据。另一个例子是可以在NGINX 里打开使用GZIP 压缩文本。你在你的服务里[预压缩文本数据][25]之后，你就可以直接使用gzip_static 指令来处理压缩过的.gz 版本。 ### Tip #5: 优化 SSL/TLS ### From 9ff96f3d364d5933e381aca5c454a289e8135848 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Mon, 23 Nov 2015 11:21:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 144/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151123-3=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...l Microsoft Visual Studio Code on Linux.md | 113 ++++++++++++++++++ ...123 LNAV--Ncurses based log file viewer.md | 83 +++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 196 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151123 How To Install Microsoft Visual Studio Code on Linux.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151123 LNAV--Ncurses based log file viewer.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151123 How To Install Microsoft Visual Studio Code on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20151123 How To Install Microsoft Visual Studio Code on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..30257ba0cd --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151123 How To Install Microsoft Visual Studio Code on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +How To Install Microsoft Visual Studio Code on Linux +================================================================================ +Visual Studio code (VScode) is the cross-platform Chromium-based code editor is being open sourced today by Microsoft. How do I install Microsoft Visual Studio Code on a Debian or Ubuntu or Fedora Linux desktop? + +Visual Studio supports debugging Linux apps and code editor now open source by Microsoft. It is a preview (beta) version but you can test it and use it on your own Linux based desktop. + +### Why use Visual Studio Code? ### + +From the project website: + +> Visual Studio Code provides developers with a new choice of developer tool that combines the simplicity and streamlined experience of a code editor with the best of what developers need for their core code-edit-debug cycle. Visual Studio Code is the first code editor, and first cross-platform development tool - supporting OS X, Linux, and Windows - in the Visual Studio family. If you use Unity, ASP.NET 5, NODE.JS or related tool, give it a try. + +### Requirements for Visual Studio Code on Linux ### + +1. Ubuntu Desktop version 14.04 +1. GLIBCXX version 3.4.15 or later +1. GLIBC version 2.15 or later + +The following installation instructions are tested on: + +1. Fedora Linux 22 and 23 +1. Debian Linux 8 +1. Ubuntu Linux 14.04 LTS + +### Download Visual Studio Code ### + +Visit [this page][1] to grab the latest version and save it to ~/Downloads/ folder on Linux desktop: + +![Fig.01: Download Visual Studio Code For Linux](http://s0.cyberciti.org/uploads/faq/2015/11/download-visual-studio-code.jpg) + +Fig.01: Download Visual Studio Code For Linux + +Make a new folder (say $HOME/VSCode) and extract VSCode-linux-x64.zip inside that folder or in /usr/local/ folder. Unzip VSCode-linux64.zip to that folder. + +Make a new folder (say $HOME/VSCode) and extract VSCode-linux-x64.zip inside that folder or in /usr/local/ folder. Unzip VSCode-linux64.zip to that folder. + +### Alternate install method ### + +You can use the wget command to download VScode as follows: + + $ wget 'https://az764295.vo.msecnd.net/public/0.10.1-release/VSCode-linux64.zip' + +Sample outputs: + + --2015-11-18 13:55:23-- https://az764295.vo.msecnd.net/public/0.10.1-release/VSCode-linux64.zip + Resolving az764295.vo.msecnd.net (az764295.vo.msecnd.net)... 93.184.215.200, 2606:2800:11f:179a:1972:2405:35b:459 + Connecting to az764295.vo.msecnd.net (az764295.vo.msecnd.net)|93.184.215.200|:443... connected. + HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK + Length: 64638315 (62M) [application/octet-stream] + Saving to: 'VSCode-linux64.zip' + + 100%[======================================>] 64,638,315 84.9MB/s in 0.7s + + 2015-11-18 13:55:23 (84.9 MB/s) - 'VSCode-linux64.zip' saved [64638315/64638315] + +### Install VScode using the command line ### + +Cd to ~/Download/ location, enter: + + $ cd ~/Download/ + $ ls -l + +Sample outputs: + +![Fig.02: VSCode downloaded to my ~/Downloads/ folder](http://s0.cyberciti.org/uploads/faq/2015/11/list-vscode-linux.jpg) + +Fig.02: VSCode downloaded to my ~/Downloads/ folder + +Unzip VSCode-linux64.zip in /usr/local/ directory, enter: + + $ sudo unzip VSCode-linux64.zip -d /usr/local/ + +Cd into /usr/local/ to create the soft-link as follows using the ln command for the Code executable. This is useful to run VSCode from the terminal application: + + $ su - + # cd /usr/local/ + # ls -l + # cd bin/ + # ln -s ../VSCode-linux-x64/Code code + # exit + +Sample session: + +![Fig.03 Create the sym-link with the absolute path to the Code executable](http://s0.cyberciti.org/uploads/faq/2015/11/verify-and-ln-vscode.jpg) + +Fig.03 Create the sym-link with the absolute path to the Code executable + +### How do I use VSCode on Linux? ### + +Open the Terminal app and type the following command: + + $ /usr/local/bin/code + +Sample outputs: + +![Fig.04: VSCode in action on Linux](http://s0.cyberciti.org/uploads/faq/2015/11/vscode-welcome.jpg) + +Fig.04: VSCode in action on Linux + +And, there you have it, the VSCode installed and working correctly on the latest version of Debian, Ubuntu and Fedora Linux. I suggest that you read [getting started pages from Microsoft][2] to understand the core concepts that will make you more productive writing and navigating your code. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/debian-ubuntu-fedora-linux-installing-visual-studio-code/ + +作者：Vivek Gite +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://code.visualstudio.com/Download +[2]:https://code.visualstudio.com/docs \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20151123 LNAV--Ncurses based log file viewer.md b/sources/tech/20151123 LNAV--Ncurses based log file viewer.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0ceb06c252 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151123 LNAV--Ncurses based log file viewer.md @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +LNAV – Ncurses based log file viewer +================================================================================ +The Logfile Navigator, lnav for short, is a curses-based tool for viewing and analyzing log files. The value added by lnav over text viewers / editors is that it takes advantage of any semantic information that can be gleaned from the log file, such as timestamps and log levels. Using this extra semantic information, lnav can do things like: interleaving messages from different files; generate histograms of messages over time; and providing hotkeys for navigating through the file. It is hoped that these features will allow the user to quickly and efficiently zero-in on problems. + +### lnav Features ### + +#### Support for the following log file formats: #### + +Syslog, Apache access log, strace, tcsh history, and generic log files with timestamps. The file format is automatically detected when the file is read in. + +#### Histogram view: #### + +Displays the number of log messages per bucket-of-time. Useful for getting an overview of what was happening over a long period of time. + +#### Filters: #### + +Display only lines that match or do not match a set of regular expressions. Useful for removing extraneous log lines that you are not interested in. + +#### "Live" operation: #### + +Searches are done as you type; new log lines are automatically loaded and searched as they are added; filters apply to lines as they are loaded; and, SQL queries are checked for correctness as you type. + +#### Automatic tailing: #### + +The log file view automatically scrolls down to follow new lines that are added to files. Simply scroll up to lock the view in place and then scroll down to the bottom to resume tailing. + +#### Time-of-day ordering of lines: #### + +The log lines from all the files are loaded and then sorted by time-of-day. Relieves you of having to manually line up log messages from different files. + +#### Syntax highlighting: #### + +Errors and warnings are colored in red and yellow, respectively. Highlights are also applied to: SQL keywords, XML tags, file and line numbers in Java backtraces, and quoted strings. + +#### Navigation: #### + +There are hotkeys for jumping to the next or previous error or warning and moving forward or backward by an amount of time. + +#### Use SQL to query logs: #### + +Each log file line is treated as a row in a database that can be queried using SQL. The columns that are available depend on logs file types being viewed. + +#### Command and search history: #### + +Your previously entered commands and searches are saved so you can access them between sessions. + +#### Compressed files: #### + +Compressed log files are automatically detected and uncompressed on the fly. + +### Install lnav on ubuntu 15.10 ### + +Open the terminal and run the following command + + sudo apt-get install lnav + +### Using lnav ### + +If you want to view logs using lnav you can do using the following command by default it shows syslogs + + lnav + +![](http://www.ubuntugeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/51.png) + +If you want to view specific logs provide the path + +If you want to view CUPS logs run the following command from your terminal + + lnav /var/log/cups + +![](http://www.ubuntugeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/6.png) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.ubuntugeek.com/lnav-ncurses-based-log-file-viewer.html + +作者：[ruchi][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.ubuntugeek.com/author/ubuntufix \ No newline at end of file From 12593961ca71ca4db1ddc19f1bfc2a6a9316e91a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ezio Date: Mon, 23 Nov 2015 14:00:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 145/176] tip 5 done --- ...0151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md | 11 +++++++++++ 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md index 195cb781c2..5c5d232017 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md @@ -134,23 +134,34 @@ Methods for compressing text data vary. For example, see the [section on HTTP/2] ### Tip #5: 优化 SSL/TLS ### The Secure Sockets Layer ([SSL][26]) protocol and its successor, the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol, are being used on more and more websites. SSL/TLS encrypts the data transported from origin servers to users to help improve site security. Part of what may be influencing this trend is that Google now uses the presence of SSL/TLS as a positive influence on search engine rankings. +安全套接字（[SSL][26]) 协议和它的继承者，传输层安全（TLS）协议正在被越来越多的网站采用。SSL/TLS 对从原始服务器发往用户的数据进行加密提高了网站的安全性。影响这个趋势的部分原因是Google 正在使用SSL/TLS，这在搜索引擎排名上是一个正面的影响因素。 Despite rising popularity, the performance hit involved in SSL/TLS is a sticking point for many sites. SSL/TLS slows website performance for two reasons: +尽管SSL/TLS 越来越流行，但是使用加密对速度的影响也让很多网站望而却步。SSL/TLS 之所以让网站变的更慢，原因有二： 1. The initial handshake required to establish encryption keys whenever a new connection is opened. The way that browsers using HTTP/1.x establish multiple connections per server multiplies that hit. +1. 任何一个连接第一次连接时的握手过程都需要传递密钥。而采用HTTP/1.x 协议的浏览器在建立多个连接时会对每个连接重复上述操作。 1. Ongoing overhead from encrypting data on the server and decrypting it on the client. +2. 数据在传输过程中需要不断的在服务器加密、在客户端解密。 To encourage the use of SSL/TLS, the authors of HTTP/2 and SPDY (described in the [next section][27]) designed these protocols so that browsers need just one connection per browser session. This greatly reduces one of the two major sources of SSL overhead. However, even more can be done today to improve the performance of applications delivered over SSL/TLS. +要鼓励使用SSL/TLS，HTTP/2 和SPDY（在[下一章][27]会描述）的作者设计新的协议来让浏览器只需要对一个浏览器会话使用一个连接。这会大大的减少上述两个原因中的一个浪费的时间。然而现在可以用来提高应用程序使用SSL/TLS 传输数据的性能的方法不止这些。 The mechanism for optimizing SSL/TLS varies by web server. As an example, NGINX uses [OpenSSL][28], running on standard commodity hardware, to provide performance similar to dedicated hardware solutions. NGINX [SSL performance][29] is well-documented and minimizes the time and CPU penalty from performing SSL/TLS encryption and decryption. +web 服务器有对应的机制优化SSL/TLS 传输。举个例子，NGINX 使用[OpenSSL][28]运行在普通的硬件上提供接近专用硬件的传输性能。NGINX [SSL 性能][29] 有详细的文档，而且把对SSL/TLS 数据进行加解密的时间和CPU 占用率降低了很多。 In addition, see [this blog post][30] for details on ways to increase SSL/TLS performance. To summarize briefly, the techniques are: +更进一步，在这篇[blog][30]有详细的说明如何提高SSL/TLS 性能，可以总结为一下几点： - **Session caching**. Uses the [ssl_session_cache][31] directive to cache the parameters used when securing each new connection with SSL/TLS. +- **会话缓冲**。使用指令[ssl_session_cache][31]可以缓存每个新的SSL/TLS 连接使用的参数。 - **Session tickets or IDs**. These store information about specific SSL/TLS sessions in a ticket or ID so a connection can be reused smoothly, without new handshaking. +- **会话票据或者ID**。把SSL/TLS 的信息保存在一个票据或者ID 里可以流畅的复用而不需要重新握手。 - **OCSP stapling**. Cuts handshaking time by caching SSL/TLS certificate information. +- **OCSP 分割**。通过缓存SSL/TLS 证书信息来减少握手时间。 NGINX and NGINX Plus can be used for SSL/TLS termination – handling encryption and decyption for client traffic, while communicating with other servers in clear text. Use [these steps][32] to set up NGINX or NGINX Plus to handle SSL/TLS termination. Also, here are [specific steps][33] for NGINX Plus when used with servers that accept TCP connections. +NGINX 和NGINX Plus 可以被用作SSL/TLS 终结——处理客户端流量的加密和解密，而同时和其他服务器进行明文通信。使用[这几步][32] 来设置NGINX 和NGINX Plus 处理SSL/TLS 终止。同时，这里还有一些NGINX Plus 和接收TCP 连接的服务器一起使用时的[特有的步骤][33] ### Tip #6: 使用 HTTP/2 或 SPDY ### From c3edee6f88d293946b3c1631f53d38e50d7e4fe1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ezio Date: Mon, 23 Nov 2015 14:05:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 146/176] clear --- ...10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md | 56 +------------------ 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 55 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md index 5c5d232017..9fa6a98bc2 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md @@ -2,165 +2,111 @@ 将程序性能提高十倍的10条建议 ================================================================================ -Improving web application performance is more critical than ever. The share of economic activity that’s online is growing; more than 5% of the developed world’s economy is now on the Internet (see Resources below for statistics). And our always-on, hyper-connected modern world means that user expectations are higher than ever. If your site does not respond instantly, or if your app does not work without delay, users quickly move on to your competitors. + 提高web 应用的性能从来没有比现在更关键过。网络经济的比重一直在增长；全球经济超过5% 的价值是在因特网上产生的（数据参见下面的资料）。我们的永远在线、超级连接的世界意味着用户的期望值也处于历史上的最高点。如果你的网站不能及时的响应，或者你的app 不能无延时的工作，用户会很快的投奔到你的竞争对手那里。 -For example, a study done by Amazon almost 10 years ago proved that, even then, a 100-millisecond decrease in page-loading time translated to a 1% increase in its revenue. Another recent study highlighted the fact that that more than half of site owners surveyed said they lost revenue or customers due to poor application performance. 举一个例子，一份亚马逊十年前做过的研究可以证明，甚至在那个时候，网页加载时间每减少100毫秒，收入就会增加1%。另一个最近的研究特别强调一个事实，即超过一半的网站拥有着在调查中说他们会因为应用程序性能的问题流失用户。 -How fast does a website need to be? For each second a page takes to load, about 4% of users abandon it. Top e-commerce sites offer a time to first interaction ranging from one to three seconds, which offers the highest conversion rate. It’s clear that the stakes for web application performance are high and likely to grow. 网站到底需要多块呢？对于页面加载，每增加1秒钟就有4%的用户放弃使用。顶级的电子商务站点的页面在第一次交互时可以做到1秒到3秒加载时间，而这是提供最高舒适度的速度。很明显这种利害关系对于web 应用来说很高，而且在不断的增加。 -Wanting to improve performance is easy, but actually seeing results is difficult. To help you on your journey, this blog post offers you ten tips to help you increase your website performance by as much as 10x. It’s the first in a series detailing how you can increase your application performance with the help of some well-tested optimization techniques, and with a little support from NGINX. This series also outlines potential improvements in security that you can gain along the way. 想要提高效率很简单，但是看到实际结果很难。要在旅途上帮助你，这篇blog 会给你提供10条最高可以10倍的提升网站性能的建议。这是系列介绍提高应用程序性能的第一篇文章，包括测试充分的优化技术和一点NGIX 的帮助。这个系列给出了潜在的提高安全性的帮助。 ### Tip #1: 通过反向代理来提高性能和增加安全性 ### -If your web application runs on a single machine, the solution to performance problems might seem obvious: just get a faster machine, with more processor, more RAM, a fast disk array, and so on. Then the new machine can run your WordPress server, Node.js application, Java application, etc., faster than before. (If your application accesses a database server, the solution might still seem simple: get two faster machines, and a faster connection between them.) 如果你的web 应用运行在单个机器上，那么这个办法会明显的提升性能：只需要添加一个更快的机器，更好的处理器，更多的内存，更快的磁盘阵列，等等。然后新机器就可以更快的运行你的WordPress 服务器, Node.js 程序, Java 程序，以及其它程序。（如果你的程序要访问数据库服务器，那么这个办法还是很简单：添加两个更快的机器，以及在两台电脑之间使用一个更快的链路。） -Trouble is, machine speed might not be the problem. Web applications often run slowly because the computer is switching among different kinds of tasks: interacting with users on thousands of connections, accessing files from disk, and running application code, among others. The application server may be thrashing – running out of memory, swapping chunks of memory out to disk, and making many requests wait on a single task such as disk I/O. 问题是，机器速度可能并不是问题。web 程序运行慢经常是因为计算机一直在不同的任务之间切换：和用户的成千上万的连接，从磁盘访问文件，运行代码，等等。应用服务器可能会抖动-内存不足，将内存数据写会磁盘，以及多个请求等待一个任务完成，如磁盘I/O。 -Instead of upgrading your hardware, you can take an entirely different approach: adding a reverse proxy server to offload some of these tasks. A [reverse proxy server][1] sits in front of the machine running the application and handles Internet traffic. Only the reverse proxy server is connected directly to the Internet; communication with the application servers is over a fast internal network. 你可以采取一个完全不同的方案来替代升级硬件：添加一个反向代理服务器来分担部分任务。[反向代理服务器][1] 位于运行应用的机器的前端，是用来处理网络流量的。只有反向代理服务器是直接连接到互联网的；和程序的通讯都是通过一个快速的内部网络完成的。 -Using a reverse proxy server frees the application server from having to wait for users to interact with the web app and lets it concentrate on building pages for the reverse proxy server to send across the Internet. The application server, which no longer has to wait for client responses, can run at speeds close to those achieved in optimized benchmarks. 使用反向代理服务器可以将应用服务器从等待用户与web 程序交互解放出来，这样应用服务器就可以专注于为反向代理服务器构建网页，让其能够传输到互联网上。而应用服务器就不需要在能带客户端的响应，可以运行与接近优化过的性能水平。 -Adding a reverse proxy server also adds flexibility to your web server setup. For instance, if a server of a given type is overloaded, another server of the same type can easily be added; if a server is down, it can easily be replaced. 添加方向代理服务器还可以给你的web 服务器安装带来灵活性。比如，一个已知类型的服务器已经超载了，那么就可以轻松的添加另一个相同的服务器；如果某个机器宕机了，也可以很容易的被替代。 -Because of the flexibility it provides, a reverse proxy server is also a prerequisite for many other performance-boosting capabilities, such as: 因为反向代理带来的灵活性，所以方向代理也是一些性能加速功能的必要前提，比如： - **负载均衡** (参见 [Tip #2][2]) – 负载均衡运行在方向代理服务器上，用来将流量均衡分配给一批应用。有了合适的负载均衡，你就可以在不改变程序的前提下添加应用服务器。 - -- A load balancer runs on a reverse proxy server to share traffic evenly across a number of application servers. With a load balancer in place, you can add application servers without changing your application at all. - - **缓存静态文件** (参见 [Tip #3][3]) – 直接读取的文件，比如图像或者代码，可以保存在方向代理服务器，然后直接发给客户端，这样就可以提高速度、分担应用服务器的负载，可以让应用运行的更快 - -Files that are requested directly, such as image files or code files, can be stored on the reverse proxy server and sent directly to the client, which serves assets more quickly and offloads the application server, allowing the application to run faster. - - **网站安全** – 反响代理服务器可以提高网站安全性，以及快速的发现和响应攻击，保证应用服务器处于被保护状态。 -The reverse proxy server can be configured for high security and monitored for fast recognition and response to attacks, keeping the application servers protected. -NGINX software is specifically designed for use as a reverse proxy server, with the additional capabilities described above. NGINX uses an event-driven processing approach which is more efficient than traditional servers. NGINX Plus adds more advanced reverse proxy features, such as application [health checks][4], specialized request routing, advanced caching, and support. NGINX 软件是一个专门设计的反响代理服务器，也包含了上述的多种功能。NGINX 使用事件驱动的方式处理问题，着回避传统的服务器更加有效率。NGINX plus 天价了更多高级的反向代理特性，比如程序[健康度检查][4]，专门用来处理request 路由，高级缓冲和相关支持。 ![NGINX Worker Process helps increase application performance](https://www.nginx.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Graph-11.png) ### Tip #2: 添加负载平衡 ### -Adding a [load balancer][5] is a relatively easy change which can create a dramatic improvement in the performance and security of your site. Instead of making a core web server bigger and more powerful, you use a load balancer to distribute traffic across a number of servers. Even if an application is poorly written, or has problems with scaling, a load balancer can improve the user experience without any other changes. 添加一个[负载均衡服务器][5] 是一个相当简单的用来提高性能和网站安全性的的方法。使用负载均衡讲流量分配到多个服务器，是用来替代只使用一个巨大且高性能web 服务器的方案。即使程序写的不好，或者在扩容方面有困难，只使用负载均衡服务器就可以很好的提高用户体验。 -A load balancer is, first, a reverse proxy server (see [Tip #1][6]) – it receives Internet traffic and forwards requests to another server. The trick is that the load balancer supports two or more application servers, using [a choice of algorithms][7] to split requests between servers. The simplest load balancing approach is round robin, with each new request sent to the next server on the list. Other methods include sending requests to the server with the fewest active connections. NGINX Plus has [capabilities][8] for continuing a given user session on the same server, which is called session persistence. 负载均衡服务器首先是一个反响代理服务器（参见[Tip #1][6]）——它接收来自互联网的流量，然后转发请求给另一个服务器。小戏法是负载均衡服务器支持两个或多个应用服务器，使用[分配算法][7]将请求转发给不同服务器。最简单的负载均衡方法是轮转法，只需要将新的请求发给列表里的下一个服务器。其它的方法包括将请求发给负载最小的活动连接。NGINX plus 拥有将特定用户的会话分配给同一个服务器的[能力][8]. -Load balancers can lead to strong improvements in performance because they prevent one server from being overloaded while other servers wait for traffic. They also make it easy to expand your web server capacity, as you can add relatively low-cost servers and be sure they’ll be put to full use. 负载均衡可以很好的提高性能是因为它可以避免某个服务器过载而另一些服务器却没有流量来处理。它也可以简单的扩展服务器规模，因为你可以添加多个价格相对便宜的服务器并且保证它们被充分利用了。 -Protocols that can be load balanced include HTTP, HTTPS, SPDY, HTTP/2, WebSocket, [FastCGI][9], SCGI, uwsgi, memcached, and several other application types, including TCP-based applications and other Layer 4 protocols. Analyze your web applications to determine which you use and where performance is lagging. 可以进行负载均衡的协议包括HTTP, HTTPS, SPDY, HTTP/2, WebSocket，[FastCGI][9],SCGI,uwsgi, memcached，以及集中其它的应用类型，包括采用TCP 第4层协议的程序。分析你的web 应用来决定那些你要使用以及那些地方的性能不足。 -The same server or servers used for load balancing can also handle several other tasks, such as SSL termination, support for HTTP/1/x and HTTP/2 use by clients, and caching for static files. 相同的服务器或服务器群可以被用来进行负载均衡，也可以用来处理其它的任务，如SSL 终止，提供对客户端使用的HTTP/1/x 和 HTTP/2 ，以及缓存静态文件。 -NGINX is often used for load balancing; to learn more, please see our [overview blog post][10], [configuration blog post][11], [ebook][12] and associated [webinar][13], and [documentation][14]. Our commercial version, [NGINX Plus][15], supports more specialized load balancing features such as load routing based on server response time and the ability to load balance on Microsoft’s NTLM protocol. NGINX 经常被用来进行负载均衡；要想了解更多的情况可以访问我们的[overview blog post][10], [configuration blog post][11], [ebook][12] 以及相关网站 [webinar][13], 和 [documentation][14]。我们的商业版本 [NGINX Plus][15] 支持更多优化了的负载均衡特性，如基于服务器响应时间的加载路由和Microsoft’s NTLM 协议上的负载均衡。 ### Tip #3: 缓存静态和动态的内容 ### -Caching improves web application performance by delivering content to clients faster. Caching can involve several strategies: preprocessing content for fast delivery when needed, storing content on faster devices, storing content closer to the client, or a combination. 缓存通过加速内容的传输速度来提高web 应用的性能。它可以采用一下集中策略：当需要的时候预处理要传输的内容，保存数据到速度更快的设备，把数据存储在距离客户端更近的位置，或者结合起来使用。 -There are two different types of caching to consider: 下面要考虑两种不同类型数据的缓冲： -- **Caching of static content**. Infrequently changing files, such as image files (JPEG, PNG) and code files (CSS, JavaScript), can be stored on an edge server for fast retrieval from memory or disk. - **静态内容缓存**。不经常变化的文件，比如图像(JPEG,PNG) 和代码(CSS,JavaScript)，可以保存在边缘服务器，这样就可以快速的从内存和磁盘上提取。 -- **Caching of dynamic content**. Many Web applications generate fresh HTML for each page request. By briefly caching one copy of the generated HTML for a brief period of time, you can dramatically reduce the total number of pages that have to be generated while still delivering content that’s fresh enough to meet your requirements. - **动态内容缓存**。很多web 应用回针对每个网页请求生成不同的HTML 页面。在短时间内简单的缓存每个生成HTML 内容，就可以很好的减少要生成的内容的数量，这完全可以达到你的要求。 -If a page gets ten views per second, for instance, and you cache it for one second, 90% of requests for the page will come from the cache. If you separately cache static content, even the freshly generated versions of the page might be made up largely of cached content. 举个例子，如果一个页面每秒会被浏览10次，你将它缓存1 秒，99%请求的页面都会直接从缓存提取。如果你将将数据分成静态内容，甚至新生成的页面可能都是由这些缓存构成的。 -There are three main techniques for caching content generated by web applications: 下面由是web 应用发明的三种主要的缓存技术： -- **Moving content closer to users**. Keeping a copy of content closer to the user reduces its transmission time. - **缩短数据与用户的距离**。把一份内容的拷贝放的离用户更近点来减少传输时间。 -- **Moving content to faster machines**. Content can be kept on a faster machine for faster retrieval. - **提高内容服务器的速度**。内容可以保存在一个更快的服务器上来减少提取文件的时间。 -- **Moving content off of overused machines**. Machines sometimes operate much slower than their benchmark performance on a particular task because they are busy with other tasks. Caching on a different machine improves performance for the cached resources and also for non-cached resources, because the host machine is less overloaded. - **从过载服务器拿走数据**。机器经常因为要完成某些其它的任务而造成某个任务的执行速度比测试结果要差。将数据缓存在不同的机器上可以提高缓存资源和非缓存资源的效率，而这知识因为主机没有被过度使用。 -Caching for web applications can be implemented from the inside – the web application server – out. First, caching is used for dynamic content, to reduce the load on application servers. Then, caching is used for static content (including temporary copies of what would otherwise be dynamic content), further off-loading application servers. And caching is then moved off of application servers and onto machines that are faster and/or closer to the user, unburdening the application servers, and reducing retrieval and transmission times. 对web 应用的缓存机制可以web 应用服务器内部实现。第一，缓存动态内容是用来减少应用服务器加载动态内容的时间。然后，缓存静态内容（包括动态内容的临时拷贝）是为了更进一步的分担应用服务器的负载。而且缓存之后会从应用服务器转移到对用户而言更快、更近的机器，从而减少应用服务器的压力，减少提取数据和传输数据的时间。 -Improved caching can speed up applications tremendously. For many web pages, static data, such as large image files, makes up more than half the content. It might take several seconds to retrieve and transmit such data without caching, but only fractions of a second if the data is cached locally. 改进过的缓存方案可以极大的提高应用的速度。对于大多数网页来说，静态数据，比如大图像文件，构成了超过一半的内容。如果没有缓存，那么这可能会花费几秒的时间来提取和传输这类数据，但是采用了缓存之后不到1秒就可以完成。 -As an example of how caching is used in practice, NGINX and NGINX Plus use two directives to [set up caching][16]: proxy_cache_path and proxy_cache. You specify the cache location and size, the maximum time files are kept in the cache, and other parameters. Using a third (and quite popular) directive, proxy_cache_use_stale, you can even direct the cache to supply stale content when the server that supplies fresh content is busy or down, giving the client something rather than nothing. From the user’s perspective, this may strongly improves your site or application’s uptime. 举一个在实际中缓存是如何使用的例子， NGINX 和NGINX Plus使用了两条指令来[设置缓存机制][16]：proxy_cache_path 和 proxy_cache。你可以指定缓存的位置和大小，文件在缓存中保存的最长时间和其他一些参数。使用第三条（而且是相当受欢迎的一条）指令，proxy_cache_use_stale，如果服务器提供新鲜内容是忙或者挂掉之类的信息，你甚至可以让缓存提供旧的内容，这样客户端就不会一无所得。从用户的角度来看这可以很好的提高你的网站或者应用的上线时间。 -NGINX Plus has [advanced caching features][17], including support for [cache purging][18] and visualization of cache status on a [dashboard][19] for live activity monitoring. NGINX plus 拥有[高级缓存特性][17]，包括对[缓存清除][18]的支持和在[仪表盘][19]上显示缓存状态信息。 -For more information on caching with NGINX, see the [reference documentation][20] and [NGINX Content Caching][21] in the NGINX Plus Admin Guide. 要想获得更多关于NGINX 的缓存机制的信息可以浏览NGINX Plus 管理员指南中的 [reference documentation][20] 和 [NGINX Content Caching][21] 。 -**Note**: Caching crosses lines between people who develop applications, people who make capital investment decisions, and people who run networks in real time. Sophisticated caching strategies, like those alluded to here, are a good example of the value of a [DevOps perspective][22], in which application developer, architectural, and operations perspectives are merged to help meet goals for site functionality, response time, security, and business results, such as completed transactions or sales. **注意**：缓存机制分布于应用开发者、投资决策者以及实际的系统运维人员之间。本文提到的一些复杂的缓存机制从[DevOps 的角度][23]来看很具有价值，即对集应用开发者、架构师以及运维操作人员的功能为一体的工程师来说可以满足他们对站点功能性、响应时间、安全性和商业结果，如完成的交易数。 ### Tip #4: 压缩数据 ### -Compression is a huge potential performance accelerator. There are carefully engineered and highly effective compression standards for photos (JPEG and PNG), videos (MPEG-4), and music (MP3), among others. Each of these standards reduces file size by an order of magnitude or more. 压缩是一个具有很大潜力的提高性能的加速方法。现在已经有一些针对照片（JPEG 和PNG）、视频（MPEG-4）和音乐（MP3）等各类文件精心设计和高压缩率的标准。每一个标准都或多或少的减少了文件的大小。 -Text data – including HTML (which includes plain text and HTML tags), CSS, and code such as JavaScript – is often transmitted uncompressed. Compressing this data can have a disproportionate impact on perceived web application performance, especially for clients with slow or constrained mobile connections. 文本数据 —— 包括HTML（包含了纯文本和HTL 标签），CSS和代码，比如Javascript —— 经常是未经压缩就传输的。压缩这类数据会在对应用程序性能的感觉上，特别是处于慢速或受限的移动网络的客户端，产生不成比例的影响。 -That’s because text data is often sufficient for a user to interact with a page, where multimedia data may be more supportive or decorative. Smart content compression can reduce the bandwidth requirements of HTML, Javascript, CSS and other text-based content, typically by 30% or more, with a corresponding reduction in load time. 这是因为文本数据经常是用户与网页交互的有效数据，而多媒体数据可能更多的是起提供支持或者装饰的作用。聪明的内容压缩可以减少HTML，Javascript，CSS和其他文本内容对贷款的要求，通常可以减少30% 甚至更多的带宽和相应的页面加载时间。 -If you use SSL, compression reduces the amount of data that has to be SSL-encoded, which offsets some of the CPU time it takes to compress the data. 如果你是用SSL，压缩可以减少需要进行SSL 编码的的数据量，而这些编码操作会占用一些CPU时间而抵消了压缩数据减少的时间。 -Methods for compressing text data vary. For example, see the [section on HTTP/2][23] for a novel text compression scheme, adapted specifically for header data. As another example of text compression you can [turn on][24] GZIP compression in NGINX. After you [pre-compress text data][25] on your services, you can serve the compressed .gz version directly using the gzip_static directive. 压缩文本数据的方法很多，举个例子，在定义小说文本压缩模式的[HTTP/2 部分]就专门为适应头数据。另一个例子是可以在NGINX 里打开使用GZIP 压缩文本。你在你的服务里[预压缩文本数据][25]之后，你就可以直接使用gzip_static 指令来处理压缩过的.gz 版本。 ### Tip #5: 优化 SSL/TLS ### -The Secure Sockets Layer ([SSL][26]) protocol and its successor, the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol, are being used on more and more websites. SSL/TLS encrypts the data transported from origin servers to users to help improve site security. Part of what may be influencing this trend is that Google now uses the presence of SSL/TLS as a positive influence on search engine rankings. 安全套接字（[SSL][26]) 协议和它的继承者，传输层安全（TLS）协议正在被越来越多的网站采用。SSL/TLS 对从原始服务器发往用户的数据进行加密提高了网站的安全性。影响这个趋势的部分原因是Google 正在使用SSL/TLS，这在搜索引擎排名上是一个正面的影响因素。 -Despite rising popularity, the performance hit involved in SSL/TLS is a sticking point for many sites. SSL/TLS slows website performance for two reasons: 尽管SSL/TLS 越来越流行，但是使用加密对速度的影响也让很多网站望而却步。SSL/TLS 之所以让网站变的更慢，原因有二： -1. The initial handshake required to establish encryption keys whenever a new connection is opened. The way that browsers using HTTP/1.x establish multiple connections per server multiplies that hit. 1. 任何一个连接第一次连接时的握手过程都需要传递密钥。而采用HTTP/1.x 协议的浏览器在建立多个连接时会对每个连接重复上述操作。 -1. Ongoing overhead from encrypting data on the server and decrypting it on the client. 2. 数据在传输过程中需要不断的在服务器加密、在客户端解密。 -To encourage the use of SSL/TLS, the authors of HTTP/2 and SPDY (described in the [next section][27]) designed these protocols so that browsers need just one connection per browser session. This greatly reduces one of the two major sources of SSL overhead. However, even more can be done today to improve the performance of applications delivered over SSL/TLS. 要鼓励使用SSL/TLS，HTTP/2 和SPDY（在[下一章][27]会描述）的作者设计新的协议来让浏览器只需要对一个浏览器会话使用一个连接。这会大大的减少上述两个原因中的一个浪费的时间。然而现在可以用来提高应用程序使用SSL/TLS 传输数据的性能的方法不止这些。 -The mechanism for optimizing SSL/TLS varies by web server. As an example, NGINX uses [OpenSSL][28], running on standard commodity hardware, to provide performance similar to dedicated hardware solutions. NGINX [SSL performance][29] is well-documented and minimizes the time and CPU penalty from performing SSL/TLS encryption and decryption. web 服务器有对应的机制优化SSL/TLS 传输。举个例子，NGINX 使用[OpenSSL][28]运行在普通的硬件上提供接近专用硬件的传输性能。NGINX [SSL 性能][29] 有详细的文档，而且把对SSL/TLS 数据进行加解密的时间和CPU 占用率降低了很多。 -In addition, see [this blog post][30] for details on ways to increase SSL/TLS performance. To summarize briefly, the techniques are: 更进一步，在这篇[blog][30]有详细的说明如何提高SSL/TLS 性能，可以总结为一下几点： -- **Session caching**. Uses the [ssl_session_cache][31] directive to cache the parameters used when securing each new connection with SSL/TLS. - **会话缓冲**。使用指令[ssl_session_cache][31]可以缓存每个新的SSL/TLS 连接使用的参数。 -- **Session tickets or IDs**. These store information about specific SSL/TLS sessions in a ticket or ID so a connection can be reused smoothly, without new handshaking. - **会话票据或者ID**。把SSL/TLS 的信息保存在一个票据或者ID 里可以流畅的复用而不需要重新握手。 -- **OCSP stapling**. Cuts handshaking time by caching SSL/TLS certificate information. - **OCSP 分割**。通过缓存SSL/TLS 证书信息来减少握手时间。 -NGINX and NGINX Plus can be used for SSL/TLS termination – handling encryption and decyption for client traffic, while communicating with other servers in clear text. Use [these steps][32] to set up NGINX or NGINX Plus to handle SSL/TLS termination. Also, here are [specific steps][33] for NGINX Plus when used with servers that accept TCP connections. NGINX 和NGINX Plus 可以被用作SSL/TLS 终结——处理客户端流量的加密和解密，而同时和其他服务器进行明文通信。使用[这几步][32] 来设置NGINX 和NGINX Plus 处理SSL/TLS 终止。同时，这里还有一些NGINX Plus 和接收TCP 连接的服务器一起使用时的[特有的步骤][33] ### Tip #6: 使用 HTTP/2 或 SPDY ### From 24be9bf8ac91bad5236f3b0dc2569ea9a989f622 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Mon, 23 Nov 2015 14:13:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 147/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151123-4=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98(?= =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=9F=E7=BF=BB)?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...20 Years of GIMP release of GIMP 2.8.16.md | 53 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 53 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20151123 20 Years of GIMP release of GIMP 2.8.16.md diff --git a/sources/news/20151123 20 Years of GIMP release of GIMP 2.8.16.md b/sources/news/20151123 20 Years of GIMP release of GIMP 2.8.16.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ed6bf9ac3d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20151123 20 Years of GIMP release of GIMP 2.8.16.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +20 Years of GIMP, release of GIMP 2.8.16 +================================================================================ +This week the GIMP project celebrates its 20th anniversary. + +Back in 1995, University of California students, Peter Mattis and Kimball Spencer, were members of the eXperimental Computing Facility, a Berkeley campus organization of undergraduate students enthusiastic about computers and programming. In June of that year, the two hinted at their intentions to write a free graphical image manipulation program as a means of giving back to the free software community. + +On November 21st, 20 years ago today, Peter Mattis [announced the availability][1] of the “General Image Manipulation Program” on Usenet (later on, the acronym would be redefined to stand for the “GNU Image Manipulation Program”). + +![Wilber Birthday Strip](http://www.gimp.org/news/images/201512birthday_975.png) + +Since its public release the project has been evolving in many ways as a testbed for new ideas, which was considerably assisted by adding plug-in architecture. Over the years, GIMP amassed a huge amount of new features designed for all kinds of users and practical applications: general image editing, retouching and color grading, digital painting, graphic design, science imaging etc. + +Between 2006 and 2012, the team collaborated with Peter Sikking of man+machine works to define [product vision][2] and improve user experience. Thanks to this collaboration GIMP’s user interface has become more conventional for professional users, and various tools have become more powerful and easy to use. But more importantly, we got a much better idea how to design good interfaces. + +In the past several years we’ve been working hard on porting GIMP to a newer image processing engine called GEGL. The switch to GEGL made us rewrite or at least tweak pretty much every part of GIMP’s source code. Fortunately, this work is nearing completion, and you’ll soon be able to benefit from all the changes that it’s bringing. + +### New Releases and The Future ### + +To celebrate the 20th anniversary, we released an update of the current stable version of GIMP. Newly released [GIMP 2.8.16][3] features support for layer groups in OpenRaster files, fixes for layer groups support in PSD, various user inrterface improvements, OSX build system fixes, translation updates, and more changes. + +Our immediate future plans are to release first public version in the unstable 2.9.x series that will feature fully functional GEGL port, 16/32bit per channel processing, basic OpenEXR support, vastly improved color management implementation, new tools, on-canvas preview for many filters, and more. This release will encompass over three years of work and become the first milestone towards 2.10. + +Following v2.10 release, we shall complete the GTK+3 port that is required to bring back state of the art Wacom support for Windows users. When it’s done and GIMP 3.0 is out, we shall finally be able to get started on some very exciting and much anticipated features like non-destructive editing. Please refer to [Roadmap][4] for more details. + +### New website ### + +In conjunction with the 20th anniversary we have updated and revamped the website. The vast majority of the work on the new website was done by [Pat David][5]. + +The update (finally) includes some much needed improvements such as [news items][6] with permalinks and [full RSS/Atom feeds][7]. The site is also now responsive to adapt to various screen sizes. Try it on a mobile device or tablet! + +![Wilber Birthday Snapshot ](http://www.gimp.org/news/images/birthday2_500.png) + +Wilber & Co. comics courtesy of [Aryeom & Jehan][8]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.gimp.org/news/2015/11/22/20-years-of-gimp-release-of-gimp-2816/ + +作者：[Wilber][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.gimp.org/author/wilber.html +[1]:http://www.gimp.org/about/prehistory.html#november-1995-an-announcement +[2]:http://gui.gimp.org/index.php/GIMP_UI_Redesign#product_vision +[3]:http://www.gimp.org/downloads/ +[4]:http://wiki.gimp.org/wiki/Roadmap +[5]:http://blog.patdavid.net/ +[6]:http://www.gimp.org/news/ +[7]:http://www.gimp.org/feeds/atom.xml +[8]:http://libreart.info/ \ No newline at end of file From 6d681a315bc337828050f382c2b9bca847127840 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ezio Date: Mon, 23 Nov 2015 14:19:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 148/176] tip 7 done(6 not done) --- .../tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md | 4 ++++ 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md index 9fa6a98bc2..1bbc4870c8 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md @@ -132,12 +132,16 @@ Over time, we at NGINX expect most sites to fully enable SSL and to move to HTTP ### Tip #7: 升级软件版本 ### One simple way to boost application performance is to select components for your software stack based on their reputation for stability and performance. In addition, because developers of high-quality components are likely to pursue performance enhancements and fix bugs over time, it pays to use the latest stable version of software. New releases receive more attention from developers and the user community. Newer builds also take advantage of new compiler optimizations, including tuning for new hardware. +一个提高应用性能的简单办法是根据软件的稳定性和性能的评价来选在你的软件栈。进一步说，因为高性能组件的开发者更愿意追求更高的性能和解决bug ，所以值得使用最新版本的软件。新版本往往更受开发者和用户社区的关注。更新的版本往往会利用到新的编译器优化，包括对新硬件的调优。 Stable new releases are typically more compatible and higher-performing than older releases. It’s also easier to keep on top of tuning optimizations, bug fixes, and security alerts when you stay on top of software updates. +稳定的新版本通常比旧版本具有更好的兼容性和更高的性能。一直进行软件更新，可以非常简单的保持软件保持最佳的优化，解决掉bug，以及安全性的提高。 Staying with older software can also prevent you from taking advantage of new capabilities. For example, HTTP/2, described above, currently requires OpenSSL 1.0.1. Starting in mid-2016, HTTP/2 will require OpenSSL 1.0.2, which was released in January 2015. +一直使用旧版软件也会组织你利用新的特性。比如上面说到的HTTP/2，目前要求OpenSSL 1.0.1.在2016 年中期开始将会要求1.0.2 ，而这是在2015年1月才发布的。 NGINX users can start by moving to the [[latest version of the NGINX open source software][38] or [NGINX Plus][39]; they include new capabilities such as socket sharding and thread pools (see below), and both are constantly being tuned for performance. Then look at the software deeper in your stack and move to the most recent version wherever you can. +NGINX 用户可以开始迁移到[NGINX 最新的开源软件][38] 或者[NGINX Plus][39];他们都包含了罪行的能力，如socket分区和线程池（见下文），这些都已经为性能优化过了。然后好好看看的你软件栈，把他们升级到你能能升级道德最新版本吧。 ### Tip #8: linux 系统性能调优 ### From a23af842e0f30f90623aabd35cdc4445028d9db2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Mon, 23 Nov 2015 14:35:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 149/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151123-4=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=92=A4=E9=94=80=EF=BC=88=E5=B7=B2=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=E6=96=87?= =?UTF-8?q?=E7=AB=A0=EF=BC=89?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...20 Years of GIMP release of GIMP 2.8.16.md | 53 ------------------- 1 file changed, 53 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20151123 20 Years of GIMP release of GIMP 2.8.16.md diff --git a/sources/news/20151123 20 Years of GIMP release of GIMP 2.8.16.md b/sources/news/20151123 20 Years of GIMP release of GIMP 2.8.16.md deleted file mode 100644 index ed6bf9ac3d..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20151123 20 Years of GIMP release of GIMP 2.8.16.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,53 +0,0 @@ -20 Years of GIMP, release of GIMP 2.8.16 -================================================================================ -This week the GIMP project celebrates its 20th anniversary. - -Back in 1995, University of California students, Peter Mattis and Kimball Spencer, were members of the eXperimental Computing Facility, a Berkeley campus organization of undergraduate students enthusiastic about computers and programming. In June of that year, the two hinted at their intentions to write a free graphical image manipulation program as a means of giving back to the free software community. - -On November 21st, 20 years ago today, Peter Mattis [announced the availability][1] of the “General Image Manipulation Program” on Usenet (later on, the acronym would be redefined to stand for the “GNU Image Manipulation Program”). - -![Wilber Birthday Strip](http://www.gimp.org/news/images/201512birthday_975.png) - -Since its public release the project has been evolving in many ways as a testbed for new ideas, which was considerably assisted by adding plug-in architecture. Over the years, GIMP amassed a huge amount of new features designed for all kinds of users and practical applications: general image editing, retouching and color grading, digital painting, graphic design, science imaging etc. - -Between 2006 and 2012, the team collaborated with Peter Sikking of man+machine works to define [product vision][2] and improve user experience. Thanks to this collaboration GIMP’s user interface has become more conventional for professional users, and various tools have become more powerful and easy to use. But more importantly, we got a much better idea how to design good interfaces. - -In the past several years we’ve been working hard on porting GIMP to a newer image processing engine called GEGL. The switch to GEGL made us rewrite or at least tweak pretty much every part of GIMP’s source code. Fortunately, this work is nearing completion, and you’ll soon be able to benefit from all the changes that it’s bringing. - -### New Releases and The Future ### - -To celebrate the 20th anniversary, we released an update of the current stable version of GIMP. Newly released [GIMP 2.8.16][3] features support for layer groups in OpenRaster files, fixes for layer groups support in PSD, various user inrterface improvements, OSX build system fixes, translation updates, and more changes. - -Our immediate future plans are to release first public version in the unstable 2.9.x series that will feature fully functional GEGL port, 16/32bit per channel processing, basic OpenEXR support, vastly improved color management implementation, new tools, on-canvas preview for many filters, and more. This release will encompass over three years of work and become the first milestone towards 2.10. - -Following v2.10 release, we shall complete the GTK+3 port that is required to bring back state of the art Wacom support for Windows users. When it’s done and GIMP 3.0 is out, we shall finally be able to get started on some very exciting and much anticipated features like non-destructive editing. Please refer to [Roadmap][4] for more details. - -### New website ### - -In conjunction with the 20th anniversary we have updated and revamped the website. The vast majority of the work on the new website was done by [Pat David][5]. - -The update (finally) includes some much needed improvements such as [news items][6] with permalinks and [full RSS/Atom feeds][7]. The site is also now responsive to adapt to various screen sizes. Try it on a mobile device or tablet! - -![Wilber Birthday Snapshot ](http://www.gimp.org/news/images/birthday2_500.png) - -Wilber & Co. comics courtesy of [Aryeom & Jehan][8]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.gimp.org/news/2015/11/22/20-years-of-gimp-release-of-gimp-2816/ - -作者：[Wilber][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.gimp.org/author/wilber.html -[1]:http://www.gimp.org/about/prehistory.html#november-1995-an-announcement -[2]:http://gui.gimp.org/index.php/GIMP_UI_Redesign#product_vision -[3]:http://www.gimp.org/downloads/ -[4]:http://wiki.gimp.org/wiki/Roadmap -[5]:http://blog.patdavid.net/ -[6]:http://www.gimp.org/news/ -[7]:http://www.gimp.org/feeds/atom.xml -[8]:http://libreart.info/ \ No newline at end of file From c8e4fb274f325e3e65aa99c332d2935512a0ed65 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Mon, 23 Nov 2015 16:30:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 150/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151123-5=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... ways hackers can use Wi-Fi against you.md | 69 +++++ ...resses To One Interface On Ubuntu 15.10.md | 235 ++++++++++++++++++ ... 358.16 Driver in Ubuntu 15.10 or 14.04.md | 68 +++++ ...ntel Graphics Installer in Ubuntu 15.10.md | 46 ++++ 4 files changed, 418 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/share/20151123 7 ways hackers can use Wi-Fi against you.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151123 Assign Multiple IP Addresses To One Interface On Ubuntu 15.10.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151123 How to Install NVIDIA 358.16 Driver in Ubuntu 15.10 or 14.04.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151123 Install Intel Graphics Installer in Ubuntu 15.10.md diff --git a/sources/share/20151123 7 ways hackers can use Wi-Fi against you.md b/sources/share/20151123 7 ways hackers can use Wi-Fi against you.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cd39f6a5c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/share/20151123 7 ways hackers can use Wi-Fi against you.md @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +7 ways hackers can use Wi-Fi against you +================================================================================ +![Image courtesy Thinkstock](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2015/11/intro_title-100626673-orig.jpg) + +### 7 ways hackers can use Wi-Fi against you ### + +Wi-Fi — oh so convenient, yet oh so dangerous. Here are seven ways you could be giving away your identity through a Wi-Fi connection and what to do instead. + +![Image courtesy Thinkstock](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2015/11/1_free-hotspots-100626674-orig.jpg) + +### Using free hotspots ### + +They seem to be everywhere, and their numbers are expected to [quadruple over the next four years][1]. But many of them are untrustworthy, created just so your login credentials, to email or even more sensitive accounts, can be picked up by hackers using “sniffers” — software that captures any information you submit over the connection. The best defense against sniffing hackers is to use a VPN (virtual private network). A VPN keeps your private data protected because it encrypts what you input. + +![Image courtesy Thinkstock](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2015/11/2_online-banking-100626675-orig.jpg) + +### Banking online ### + +You might think that no one needs to be warned against banking online using free Wi-Fi, but cybersecurity firm Kaspersky Lab says that [more than 100 banks worldwide have lost $900 million][2] from cyberhacking, so it would seem that a lot of people are doing it. If you want to use the free Wi-Fi in a coffee shop because you’re confident it will be legitimate, confirm the exact network name with the barista. It’s pretty easy for [someone else in the shop with a router to set up an open connection][3] with a name that seems like it would be the name of the shop’s Wi-Fi. + +![Image courtesy Thinkstock](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2015/11/3_keeping-wifi-on-100626676-orig.jpg) + +### Keeping Wi-Fi on all the time ### + +When your phone’s Wi-Fi is automatically enabled, you can be connected to an unsecure network without even realizing it. Use your phone’s [location-based Wi-Fi feature][4], if it’s available. It will turn off your Wi-Fi when you’re away from your saved networks and will turn back on when you’re within range. + +![Image courtesy Thinkstock](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2015/11/4_not-using-firewall-100626677-orig.jpg) + +### Not using a firewall ### + +A firewall is your first line of defense against malicious intruders. It’s meant to let good traffic through your computer on a network and keep hackers and malware out. You should turn it off only when your antivirus software has its own firewall. + +![Image courtesy Thinkstock](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2015/11/5_browsing-unencrypted-sites-100626678-orig.jpg) + +### Browsing unencrypted websites ### + +Sad to say, [55% of the Web’s top 1 million sites don’t offer encryption][5]. An unencrypted website allows all data transmissions to be viewed by the prying eyes of hackers. Your browser will indicate when a site is secure (you’ll see a gray padlock with Mozilla Firefox, for example, and a green lock icon with Chrome). But even a secure website can’t protect you from sidejackers, who can steal the cookies from a website you visited, whether it’s a valid site or not, through a public network. + +![Image courtesy Thinkstock](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2015/11/6_updating-security-software-100626679-orig.jpg) + +### Not updating your security software ### + +If you want to ensure that your own network is well protected, upgrade the firmware of your router. All you have to do is go to your router’s administration page to check. Normally, you can download the newest firmware right from the manufacturer’s site. + +![Image courtesy Thinkstock](http://core0.staticworld.net/images/article/2015/11/7_securing-home-wifi-100626680-orig.jpg) + +### Not securing your home Wi-Fi ### + +Needless to say, it is important to set up a password that is not too easy to guess, and change your connection’s default name. You can also filter your MAC address so your router will recognize only certain devices. + +**Josh Althuser** is an open software advocate, Web architect and tech entrepreneur. Over the past 12 years, he has spent most of his time advocating for open-source software and managing teams and projects, as well as providing enterprise-level consultancy for Web applications and helping bring their products to the market. You may connect with him on [Twitter][6]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.networkworld.com/article/3003170/mobile-security/7-ways-hackers-can-use-wi-fi-against-you.html + +作者：[Josh Althuser][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://twitter.com/JoshAlthuser +[1]:http://www.pcworld.com/article/243464/number_of_wifi_hotspots_to_quadruple_by_2015_says_study.html +[2]:http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/15/world/bank-hackers-steal-millions-via-malware.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=first-column-region%C2%AEion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=3 +[3]:http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/upgrade-your-life/banking-online-not-hacked-182159934.html +[4]:http://pocketnow.com/2014/10/15/should-you-leave-your-smartphones-wifi-on-or-turn-it-off +[5]:http://www.cnet.com/news/chrome-becoming-tool-in-googles-push-for-encrypted-web/ +[6]:https://twitter.com/JoshAlthuser \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20151123 Assign Multiple IP Addresses To One Interface On Ubuntu 15.10.md b/sources/tech/20151123 Assign Multiple IP Addresses To One Interface On Ubuntu 15.10.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3440a99876 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151123 Assign Multiple IP Addresses To One Interface On Ubuntu 15.10.md @@ -0,0 +1,235 @@ +Assign Multiple IP Addresses To One Interface On Ubuntu 15.10 +================================================================================ +Some times you might want to use more than one IP address for your network interface card. What will you do in such cases? Buy an extra network card and assign new IP? No, It’s not necessary(at least in the small networks). We can now assign multiple IP addresses to one interface on Ubuntu systems. Curious to know how? Well, Follow me, It is not that difficult. + +This method will work on Debian and it’s derivatives too. + +### Add additional IP addresses temporarily ### + +First, let us find the IP address of the network card. In my Ubuntu 15.10 server, I use only one network card. + +Run the following command to find out the IP address: + + sudo ip addr + +**Sample output:** + + 1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default + link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 + inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo + valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever + inet6 ::1/128 scope host + valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever + 2: enp0s3: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000 + link/ether 08:00:27:2a:03:4b brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff + inet 192.168.1.103/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global enp0s3 + valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever + inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe2a:34e/64 scope link + valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever + +Or + + sudo ifconfig + +**Sample output:** + + enp0s3 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:2a:03:4b + inet addr:192.168.1.103 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 + inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe2a:34e/64 Scope:Link + UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 + RX packets:186 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 + TX packets:70 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 + collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 + RX bytes:21872 (21.8 KB) TX bytes:9666 (9.6 KB) + lo Link encap:Local Loopback + inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 + inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host + UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1 + RX packets:217 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 + TX packets:217 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 + collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 + RX bytes:38793 (38.7 KB) TX bytes:38793 (38.7 KB) + +As you see in the above output, my network card name is **enp0s3**, and its IP address is **192.168.1.103**. + +Now let us add an additional IP address, for example **192.168.1.104**, to the Interface card. + +Open your Terminal and run the following command to add additional IP. + + sudo ip addr add 192.168.1.104/24 dev enp0s3 + +Now, let us check if the IP is added using command: + + sudo ip address show enp0s3 + +**Sample output:** + + 2: enp0s3: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000 + link/ether 08:00:27:2a:03:4e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff + inet 192.168.1.103/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global enp0s3 + valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever + inet 192.168.1.104/24 scope global secondary enp0s3 + valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever + inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe2a:34e/64 scope link + valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever + +Similarly, you can add as many IP addresses as you want. + +Let us ping the IP address to verify it. + + sudo ping 192.168.1.104 + +**Sample output:** + + PING 192.168.1.104 (192.168.1.104) 56(84) bytes of data. + 64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.901 ms + 64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.571 ms + 64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.521 ms + 64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.524 ms + +Yeah, It’s working!! + +To remove the IP, just run: + + sudo ip addr del 192.168.1.104/24 dev enp0s3 + +Let us check if it is removed. + + sudo ip address show enp0s3 + +**Sample output:** + + 2: enp0s3: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000 + link/ether 08:00:27:2a:03:4e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff + inet 192.168.1.103/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global enp0s3 + valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever + inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe2a:34e/64 scope link + valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever + +See, It’s gone!! + +Well, as you may know, the changes will lost after you reboot your system. How do I make it permanent? That’s easy too. + +### Add additional IP addresses permanently ### + +The network card configuration file of your Ubuntu system is **/etc/network/interfaces**. + +Let us check the details of the above file. + + sudo cat /etc/network/interfaces + +**Sample output:** + + # This file describes the network interfaces available on your system + # and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5). + source /etc/network/interfaces.d/* + # The loopback network interface + auto lo + iface lo inet loopback + # The primary network interface + auto enp0s3 + iface enp0s3 inet dhcp + +As you see in the above output, the Interface is DHCP enabled. + +Okay, now we will assign an additional address, for example **192.168.1.104/24**. + +Edit file **/etc/network/interfaces**: + + sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces + +Add additional IP address as shown in the black letters. + + # This file describes the network interfaces available on your system + # and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5). + source /etc/network/interfaces.d/* + # The loopback network interface + auto lo + iface lo inet loopback + # The primary network interface + auto enp0s3 + iface enp0s3 inet dhcp + iface enp0s3 inet static + address 192.168.1.104/24 + +Save and close the file. + +Run the following file to take effect the changes without rebooting. + + sudo ifdown enp0s3 && sudo ifup enp0s3 + +**Sample output:** + + Killed old client process + Internet Systems Consortium DHCP Client 4.3.1 + Copyright 2004-2014 Internet Systems Consortium. + All rights reserved. + For info, please visit https://www.isc.org/software/dhcp/ + Listening on LPF/enp0s3/08:00:27:2a:03:4e + Sending on LPF/enp0s3/08:00:27:2a:03:4e + Sending on Socket/fallback + DHCPRELEASE on enp0s3 to 192.168.1.1 port 67 (xid=0x225f35) + Internet Systems Consortium DHCP Client 4.3.1 + Copyright 2004-2014 Internet Systems Consortium. + All rights reserved. + For info, please visit https://www.isc.org/software/dhcp/ + Listening on LPF/enp0s3/08:00:27:2a:03:4e + Sending on LPF/enp0s3/08:00:27:2a:03:4e + Sending on Socket/fallback + DHCPDISCOVER on enp0s3 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 3 (xid=0xdfb94764) + DHCPREQUEST of 192.168.1.103 on enp0s3 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 (xid=0x6447b9df) + DHCPOFFER of 192.168.1.103 from 192.168.1.1 + DHCPACK of 192.168.1.103 from 192.168.1.1 + bound to 192.168.1.103 -- renewal in 35146 seconds. + +**Note**: It is **very important** to run the above two commands into **one** line if you are remoting into the server because the first one will drop your connection. Given in this way the ssh-session will survive. + +Now, let us check if IP is added using command: + + sudo ip address show enp0s3 + +**Sample output:** + + 2: enp0s3: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000 + link/ether 08:00:27:2a:03:4e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff + inet 192.168.1.103/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global enp0s3 + valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever + inet 192.168.1.104/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global secondary enp0s3 + valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever + inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe2a:34e/64 scope link + valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever + +Cool! Additional IP has been added. + +Well then let us ping the IP address to verify. + + sudo ping 192.168.1.104 + +**Sample output:** + + PING 192.168.1.104 (192.168.1.104) 56(84) bytes of data. + 64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.137 ms + 64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.050 ms + 64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.054 ms + 64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.067 ms + +Voila! It’s working. That’s it. + +Want to know how to add additional IP addresses on CentOS/RHEL/Scientific Linux/Fedora systems, check the following link. + +- [Assign Multiple IP Addresses To Single Network Interface Card On CentOS 7][1] + +Happy weekend! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/assign-multiple-ip-addresses-to-one-interface-on-ubuntu-15-10/ + +作者：[SK][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/sk/ +[1]:http://www.unixmen.com/linux-basics-assign-multiple-ip-addresses-single-network-interface-card-centos-7/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20151123 How to Install NVIDIA 358.16 Driver in Ubuntu 15.10 or 14.04.md b/sources/tech/20151123 How to Install NVIDIA 358.16 Driver in Ubuntu 15.10 or 14.04.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4610917275 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151123 How to Install NVIDIA 358.16 Driver in Ubuntu 15.10 or 14.04.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +How to Install NVIDIA 358.16 Driver in Ubuntu 15.10, 14.04 +================================================================================ +![nvidia-logo-1](http://ubuntuhandbook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/nvidia-logo-1.png) + +[NVIDIA 358.16][1], the first stable release in NVIDIA 358 series, has been announced with some fixes to 358.09 (Beta) and other small features. + +NVIDIA 358 added a new **nvidia-modeset.ko** kernel module that works in conjunction with the nvidia.ko kernel module to program the display engine of the GPU. In a later driver release, the **nvidia-modeset.ko** kernel driver will be used as a basis for the mode-setting interface provided by the kernel’s direct rendering manager (DRM). + +Thew new driver also has new GLX protocol extensions and a new system memory allocation mechanism for large allocations in the OpenGL driver. New GPUs **GeForce 805A** and **GeForce GTX 960A** are supported. NVIDIA 358.16 also supports X.Org Server 1.18 and OpenGL 4.3 + +### How to Install NVIDIA 358.16 in Ubuntu: ### + +> Please don’t do it on production machines unless you know what you’re doing and how to undo it. + +For the official binaries, please go to [nvidia.com/object/unix.html][1]. + +For those who prefer an Ubuntu PPA, I’d recommend the [Graphics Drivers PPA][2]. So far, Ubuntu 16.04, Ubuntu 15.10, Ubuntu 15.04, Ubuntu 14.04 are supported. + +**1. Add PPA.** + +Open terminal from Unity Dash, App Launcher, or via Ctrl+Alt+T shortcut key. When it opens, paste below command and hit enter: + + sudo add-apt-repository ppa:graphics-drivers/ppa + +![nvidia-ppa](http://ubuntuhandbook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/nvidia-ppa.jpg) + +Type your password when it asks. No visual feedback, just type in mind and hit Enter to continue. + +**2. Refresh and install new driver.** + +After adding PPA, run below commands one by one to refresh repository cache and install new driver packages: + + sudo apt-get update + + sudo apt-get install nvidia-358 nvidia-settings + +### (Optional) Uninstall: ### + +Boot into the recovery mode from the grub menu, and drop into root console. Then run below commands one by one: + +Remount the file system as writable: + + mount -o remount,rw / + +Remove all nvidia packages: + + apt-get purge nvidia* + +Finally back to menu and reboot: + + reboot + +To disable/remove the graphics driver PPA, launch **Software & Updates** and navigate to **Other Software** tab. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/2015/11/install-nvidia-358-16-driver-ubuntu-15-10/ + +作者：[Ji m][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/about/ +[1]:http://www.nvidia.com/Download/driverResults.aspx/95921/en-us +[2]:http://www.nvidia.com/object/unix.html +[3]:https://launchpad.net/~graphics-drivers/+archive/ubuntu/ppa \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20151123 Install Intel Graphics Installer in Ubuntu 15.10.md b/sources/tech/20151123 Install Intel Graphics Installer in Ubuntu 15.10.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d9b8554c4e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151123 Install Intel Graphics Installer in Ubuntu 15.10.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +Install Intel Graphics Installer in Ubuntu 15.10 +================================================================================ +![Intel graphics installer](http://ubuntuhandbook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/intel_logo.jpg) + +Intel has announced a new release of its Linux graphics installer recently. Ubuntu 15.10 Wily is required and support for Ubuntu 15.04 is deprecated in the new release. + +> The Intel® Graphics Installer for Linux* allows you to easily install the latest graphics and video drivers for your Intel graphics hardware. This allows you to stay current with the latest enhancements, optimizations, and fixes to the Intel® Graphics Stack to ensure the best user experience with your Intel® graphics hardware. The Intel® Graphics Installer for Linux* is available for the latest version of Ubuntu*. + +![intel-graphics-installer](http://ubuntuhandbook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/intel-graphics-installer.jpg) + +### How to Install: ### + +**1.** Download the installer from [the link page][1]. The current is version 1.2.1 for Ubuntu 15.10. Check your OS type, 32-bit or 64-bit, via **System Settings -> Details**. + +![download-intel-graphics-installer](http://ubuntuhandbook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/download-intel-graphics-installer.jpg) + +**2.** Once the download process finished, go to your Download folder and click open the .deb package with Ubuntu Software Center and finally click the install button. + +![install-via-software-center](http://ubuntuhandbook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/install-via-software-center.jpg) + +**3.** In order to trust the Intel Graphics Installer, you will need to add keys via below commands. + +Open terminal from Unity Dash, App Launcher, or via Ctrl+Alt+T shortcut key. When it opens, paste below commands and run one by one: + + wget --no-check-certificate https://download.01.org/gfx/RPM-GPG-KEY-ilg -O - | sudo apt-key add - + + wget --no-check-certificate https://download.01.org/gfx/RPM-GPG-KEY-ilg-2 -O - | sudo apt-key add - + +![trust-intel](http://ubuntuhandbook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/trust-intel.jpg) + +NOTE: While running the first command, if the cursor is stuck and blinking after downloading the key, as above picture shows, type your password (no visual feedback) and hit enter to continue. + +Finally launch Intel Graphics Installer via Unity Dash or Application launcher. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/2015/11/install-intel-graphics-installer-in-ubuntu-15-10/ + +作者：[Ji m][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/about/ +[1]:https://01.org/linuxgraphics/downloads \ No newline at end of file From c57500862157b16b44070bcbb2518f33688cba4d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Mon, 23 Nov 2015 16:34:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 151/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151123-5=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BF=AE=E6=AD=A3?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ign Multiple IP Addresses To One Interface On Ubuntu 15.10.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151123 Assign Multiple IP Addresses To One Interface On Ubuntu 15.10.md b/sources/tech/20151123 Assign Multiple IP Addresses To One Interface On Ubuntu 15.10.md index 3440a99876..a045ab953f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151123 Assign Multiple IP Addresses To One Interface On Ubuntu 15.10.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151123 Assign Multiple IP Addresses To One Interface On Ubuntu 15.10.md @@ -217,6 +217,7 @@ Voila! It’s working. That’s it. Want to know how to add additional IP addresses on CentOS/RHEL/Scientific Linux/Fedora systems, check the following link. +注：此篇文章以前做过选题：20150205 Linux Basics--Assign Multiple IP Addresses To Single Network Interface Card On CentOS 7.md - [Assign Multiple IP Addresses To Single Network Interface Card On CentOS 7][1] Happy weekend! From f664fe0193898f821bde0b07ee771f9610ec29fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Mon, 23 Nov 2015 16:45:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 152/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151123-6=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Dropbox from the command line in Linux.md | 97 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 97 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151123 How to access Dropbox from the command line in Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151123 How to access Dropbox from the command line in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20151123 How to access Dropbox from the command line in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d4d2c8af3a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151123 How to access Dropbox from the command line in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +How to access Dropbox from the command line in Linux +================================================================================ +Cloud storage is everywhere in today's multi-device environment, where people want to access content across multiple devices wherever they go. Dropbox is the most widely used cloud storage service thanks to its elegant UI and flawless multi-platform compatibility. The popularity of Dropbox has led to a flurry of official or unofficial Dropbox clients that are available across different operating system platforms. + +Linux has its own share of Dropbox clients: CLI clients as well as GUI-based clients. [Dropbox Uploader][1] is an easy-to-use Dropbox CLI client written in BASH scripting language. In this tutorial, I describe** how to access Dropbox from the command line in Linux by using Dropbox Uploader**. + +### Install and Configure Dropbox Uploader on Linux ### + +To use Dropbox Uploader, download the script and make it executable. + + $ wget https://raw.github.com/andreafabrizi/Dropbox-Uploader/master/dropbox_uploader.sh + $ chmod +x dropbox_uploader.sh + +Make sure that you have installed curl on your system, since Dropbox Uploader runs Dropbox APIs via curl. + +To configure Dropbox Uploader, simply run dropbox_uploader.sh. When you run the script for the first time, it will ask you to grant the script access to your Dropbox account. + + $ ./dropbox_uploader.sh + +![](https://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5739/22860931599_10c08ff15f_c.jpg) + +As instructed above, go to [https://www.dropbox.com/developers/apps][2] on your web browser, and create a new Dropbox app. Fill in the information of the new app as shown below, and enter the app name as generated by Dropbox Uploader. + +![](https://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5745/22932921350_4123d2dbee_c.jpg) + +After you have created a new app, you will see app key/secret on the next page. Make a note of them. + +![](https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/736/22932962610_7db51aa718_c.jpg) + +Enter the app key and secret in the terminal window where dropbox_uploader.sh is running. dropbox_uploader.sh will then generate an oAUTH URL (e.g., https://www.dropbox.com/1/oauth/authorize?oauth_token=XXXXXXXXXXXX). + +![](https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/563/22601635533_423738baed_c.jpg) + +Go to the oAUTH URL generated above on your web browser, and allow access to your Dropbox account. + +![](https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/675/23202598606_6110c1a31b_c.jpg) + +This completes Dropbox Uploader configuration. To check whether Dropbox Uploader is successfully authenticated, run the following command. + + $ ./dropbox_uploader.sh info + +---------- + + Dropbox Uploader v0.12 + + > Getting info... + + Name: Dan Nanni + UID: XXXXXXXXXX + Email: my@email_address + Quota: 2048 Mb + Used: 13 Mb + Free: 2034 Mb + +### Dropbox Uploader Examples ### + +To list all contents in the top-level directory: + + $ ./dropbox_uploader.sh list + +To list all contents in a specific folder: + + $ ./dropbox_uploader.sh list Documents/manuals + +To upload a local file to a remote Dropbox folder: + + $ ./dropbox_uploader.sh upload snort.pdf Documents/manuals + +To download a remote file from Dropbox to a local file: + + $ ./dropbox_uploader.sh download Documents/manuals/mysql.pdf ./mysql.pdf + +To download an entire remote folder from Dropbox to a local folder: + + $ ./dropbox_uploader.sh download Documents/manuals ./manuals + +To create a new remote folder on Dropbox: + + $ ./dropbox_uploader.sh mkdir Documents/whitepapers + +To delete an entire remote folder (including all its contents) on Dropbox: + + $ ./dropbox_uploader.sh delete Documents/manuals + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/access-dropbox-command-line-linux.html + +作者：[Dan Nanni][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/nanni +[1]:http://www.andreafabrizi.it/?dropbox_uploader +[2]:https://www.dropbox.com/developers/apps \ No newline at end of file From 3903a528232bde37a9baf05eed8f99c89d8fc3c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: struggling <630441839@qq.com> Date: Mon, 23 Nov 2015 17:32:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 153/176] Update 20151123 How to Install NVIDIA 358.16 Driver in Ubuntu 15.10 or 14.04.md --- ...o Install NVIDIA 358.16 Driver in Ubuntu 15.10 or 14.04.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151123 How to Install NVIDIA 358.16 Driver in Ubuntu 15.10 or 14.04.md b/sources/tech/20151123 How to Install NVIDIA 358.16 Driver in Ubuntu 15.10 or 14.04.md index 4610917275..93e3985d53 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151123 How to Install NVIDIA 358.16 Driver in Ubuntu 15.10 or 14.04.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151123 How to Install NVIDIA 358.16 Driver in Ubuntu 15.10 or 14.04.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +translation by strugglingyouth + How to Install NVIDIA 358.16 Driver in Ubuntu 15.10, 14.04 ================================================================================ ![nvidia-logo-1](http://ubuntuhandbook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/nvidia-logo-1.png) @@ -65,4 +67,4 @@ via: http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/2015/11/install-nvidia-358-16-driver-ub [a]:http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/about/ [1]:http://www.nvidia.com/Download/driverResults.aspx/95921/en-us [2]:http://www.nvidia.com/object/unix.html -[3]:https://launchpad.net/~graphics-drivers/+archive/ubuntu/ppa \ No newline at end of file +[3]:https://launchpad.net/~graphics-drivers/+archive/ubuntu/ppa From 165237a1651783e78b81bc5b533b352a3d5f3ce9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Mon, 23 Nov 2015 22:21:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 154/176] tip 6 done --- .../20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md | 8 ++++++++ 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md index 1bbc4870c8..c570706ef4 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md @@ -112,22 +112,30 @@ NGINX 和NGINX Plus 可以被用作SSL/TLS 终结——处理客户端流量的 ### Tip #6: 使用 HTTP/2 或 SPDY ### For sites that already use SSL/TLS, HTTP/2 and SPDY are very likely to improve performance, because the single connection requires just one handshake. For sites that don’t yet use SSL/TLS, HTTP/2 and SPDY makes a move to SSL/TLS (which normally slows performance) a wash from a responsiveness point of view. +对于已经使用了SSL/TLS 的站点，HTTP/2 和SPDY 可以很好的提高性能，因为每个连接只需要一次握手。而对于没有使用SSL/TLS 的站点来说，HTTP/2 和SPDY会在响应速度上有些影响（通常会将度效率）。 Google introduced SPDY in 2012 as a way to achieve faster performance on top of HTTP/1.x. HTTP/2 is the recently approved IETF standard based on SPDY. SPDY is broadly supported, but is soon to be deprecated, replaced by HTTP/2. +Google 在2012年开始把SPDY 作为一个比HTTP/1.x 更快速的协议来推荐。HTTP/2 是目前IETF 标准，他也基于SPDY。SPDY 已经被广泛的支持了，但是很快就会被HTTP/2 替代。 The key feature of SPDY and HTTP/2 is the use of a single connection rather than multiple connections. The single connection is multiplexed, so it can carry pieces of multiple requests and responses at the same time. +SPDY 和HTTP/2 的关键是用单连接来替代多路连接。单个连接是被复用的，所以它可以同时携带多个请求和响应的分片。 By getting the most out of one connection, these protocols avoid the overhead of setting up and managing multiple connections, as required by the way browsers implement HTTP/1.x. The use of a single connection is especially helpful with SSL, because it minimizes the time-consuming handshaking that SSL/TLS needs to set up a secure connection. +通过使用一个连接这些协议可以避免过多的设置和管理多个连接，就像浏览器实现了HTTP/1.x 一样。单连接在对SSL 特别有效，这是因为它可以最小化SSL/TLS 建立安全链接时的握手时间。 The SPDY protocol required the use of SSL/TLS; HTTP/2 does not officially require it, but all browsers so far that support HTTP/2 use it only if SSL/TLS is enabled. That is, a browser that supports HTTP/2 uses it only if the website is using SSL and its server accepts HTTP/2 traffic. Otherwise, the browser communicates over HTTP/1.x. +SPDY 协议需要使用SSL/TLS， 而HTTP/2 官方并不需要，但是目前所有支持HTTP/2的浏览器只有在使能了SSL/TLS 的情况下才会使用它。这就意味着支持HTTP/2 的浏览器只有在网站使用了SSL 并且服务器接收HTTP/2 流量的情况下才会启用HTTP/2。否则的话浏览器就会使用HTTP/1.x 协议。 When you implement SPDY or HTTP/2, you no longer need typical HTTP performance optimizations such as domain sharding, resource merging, and image spriting. These changes make your code and deployments simpler and easier to manage. To learn more about the changes that HTTP/2 is bringing about, read our [white paper][34]. +当你实现SPDY 或者HTTP/2时，你不再需要通常的HTTP 性能优化方案，比如域分隔资源聚合，以及图像登记。这些改变可以让你的代码和部署变得更简单和更易于管理。要了解HTTP/2 带来的这些变化可以浏览我们的[白皮书][34]。 ![NGINX Supports SPDY and HTTP/2 for increased web application performance](https://www.nginx.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/http2-27.png) As an example of support for these protocols, NGINX has supported SPDY from early on, and [most sites][35] that use SPDY today run on NGINX. NGINX is also [pioneering support][36] for HTTP/2, with [support][37] for HTTP/2 in NGINX open source and NGINX Plus as of September 2015. +作为支持这些协议的一个样例，NGINX 已经从一开始就支持了SPDY，而且[大部分使用SPDY 协议的网站][35]都运行的是NGINX。NGINX 同时也[很早][36]对HTTP/2 的提供了支持,从2015 年9月开始开源NGINX 和NGINX Plus 就[支持][37]它了。 Over time, we at NGINX expect most sites to fully enable SSL and to move to HTTP/2. This will lead to increased security and, as new optimizations are found and implemented, simpler code that performs better. +经过一段时间，我们NGINX 希望更多的站点完全是能SSL 并且向HTTP/2 迁移。这将会提高安全性，同时新的优化手段也会被发现和实现，更简单的代码表现的更加优异。 ### Tip #7: 升级软件版本 ### From 3fd404a802f7983527f48fddfabbe8a07f003627 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Mon, 23 Nov 2015 22:39:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 155/176] tip 8 done --- .../20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md | 6 ++++++ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md index c570706ef4..7fc96c65ea 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md @@ -154,14 +154,20 @@ NGINX 用户可以开始迁移到[NGINX 最新的开源软件][38] 或者[NGINX ### Tip #8: linux 系统性能调优 ### Linux is the underlying operating system for most web server implementations today, and as the foundation of your infrastructure, Linux represents a significant opportunity to improve performance. By default, many Linux systems are conservatively tuned to use few resources and to match a typical desktop workload. This means that web application use cases require at least some degree of tuning for maximum performance. +linux 是大多数web 服务器使用操作系统，而且作为你的架构的基础，Linux 表现出明显可以提高性能的机会。默认情况下，很多linux 系统都被设置为使用很少的资源，匹配典型的桌面应用负载。这就意味着web 应用需要最少一些等级的调优才能达到最大效能。 Linux optimizations are web server-specific. Using NGINX as an example, here are a few highlights of changes you can consider to speed up Linux: +Linux 优化是转变们针对web 服务器方面的。以NGINX 为例，这里有一些在加速linux 时需要强调的变化： - **Backlog queue**. If you have connections that appear to be stalling, consider increasing net.core.somaxconn, the maximum number of connections that can be queued awaiting attention from NGINX. You will see error messages if the existing connection limit is too small, and you can gradually increase this parameter until the error messages stop. +- **缓冲队列**。如果你有挂起的连接，那么你应该考虑增加net.core.somaxconn 的值，它代表了可以缓存的连接的最大数量。如果连接线直太小，那么你将会看到错误信息，而你可以逐渐的增加这个参数知道错误信息停止出现。 - **File descriptors**. NGINX uses up to two file descriptors for each connection. If your system is serving a lot of connections, you might need to increase sys.fs.file_max, the system-wide limit for file descriptors, and nofile, the user file descriptor limit, to support the increased load. +- **文件描述符**。NGINX 对一个连接使用最多2个文件描述符。如果你的系统有很多连接，你可能就需要提高sys.fs.file_max ，增加系统对文件描述符数量整体的限制，这样子才能支持不断增加的负载需求。 - **Ephemeral ports**. When used as a proxy, NGINX creates temporary (“ephemeral”) ports for each upstream server. You can increase the range of port values, set by net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range, to increase the number of ports available. You can also reduce the timeout before an inactive port gets reused with the net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout setting, allowing for faster turnover. +- **短暂端口**。当使用代理时，NGINX 会为每个上游服务器创建临时端口。你可以设置net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range 来提高这些端口的范围，增加可用的端口。你也可以减少非活动的端口的超时判断来重复使用端口，这可以通过net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout 来设置，这可以快速的提高流量。 For NGINX, check out the [NGINX performance tuning guides][40] to learn how to optimize your Linux system so that it can cope with large volumes of network traffic without breaking a sweat! +对于NGINX 来说，可以查阅[NGINX 性能调优指南][40]来学习如果优化你的Linux 系统，这样子它就可以很好的适应大规模网络流量而不会超过工作极限。 ### Tip #9: web 服务器性能调优 ### From 3d653e9bef89192b05da09cc3ea711430974c7d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Mon, 23 Nov 2015 22:52:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 156/176] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E7=B4=AF=E4=BA=86?= =?UTF-8?q?=EF=BC=8C=E4=BC=91=E6=81=AF=E4=B8=80=E4=BC=9A?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md | 10 ++++++++++ 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md index 7fc96c65ea..62891f33d9 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md @@ -172,19 +172,29 @@ For NGINX, check out the [NGINX performance tuning guides][40] to learn how to o ### Tip #9: web 服务器性能调优 ### Whatever web server you use, you need to tune it for web application performance. The following recommendations apply generally to any web server, but specific settings are given for NGINX. Key optimizations include: +无论你是用哪种web 服务器，你都需要对它进行优化来提高性能。下面的推荐手段可以用于任何web 服务器，但是一些设置是针对NGINX的。关键的优化手段包括： - **Access logging**. Instead of writing a log entry for every request to disk immediately, you can buffer entries in memory and write them to disk as a group. For NGINX, add the *buffer=size* parameter to the *access_log* directive to write log entries to disk when the memory buffer fills up. If you add the **flush=time** parameter, the buffer contents are also be written to disk after the specified amount of time. +- **f访问日志**。不要把每个请求的日志都直接写回磁盘，你可以在内存将日志缓存起来然后一批写回磁盘。对于NGINX 来说添加给指令*access_log* 添加参数 *buffer=size* 可以让系统在缓存满了的情况下才把日志写到此哦按。如果你添加了参数**flush=time** ，那么缓存内容会每隔一段时间再写回磁盘。 - **Buffering**. Buffering holds part of a response in memory until the buffer fills, which can make communications with the client more efficient. Responses that don’t fit in memory are written to disk, which can slow performance. When NGINX buffering is [on][42], you use the *proxy_buffer_size* and *proxy_buffers* directives to manage it. +- **缓存**。缓存掌握了内存中的部分资源知道满了位置，这可以让与客户端的通信更加高效。与内存中缓存不匹配的响应会写回磁盘，而这就会降低效能。当NGINX [启用][42]了缓存机制后，你可以使用指令*proxy_buffer_size* 和 *proxy_buffers* 来管理缓存。 - **Client keepalives**. Keepalive connections reduce overhead, especially when SSL/TLS is in use. For NGINX, you can increase the maximum number of *keepalive_requests* a client can make over a given connection from the default of 100, and you can increase the *keepalive_timeout* to allow the keepalive connection to stay open longer, resulting in faster subsequent requests. +- **客户端保活**。 - **Upstream keepalives**. Upstream connections – connections to application servers, database servers, and so on – benefit from keepalive connections as well. For upstream connections, you can increase *keepalive*, the number of idle keepalive connections that remain open for each worker process. This allows for increased connection reuse, cutting down on the need to open brand new connections. For more information about keepalives, refer to this [blog post][41]. +- **上游保活**。 - **Limits**. Limiting the resources that clients use can improve performance and security. For NGINX,the *limit_conn* and *limit_conn_zone* directives restrict the number of connections from a given source, while *limit_rate* constrains bandwidth. These settings can stop a legitimate user from “hogging” resources and also help prevent against attacks. The *limit_req* and *limit_req_zone* directives limit client requests. For connections to upstream servers, use the max_conns parameter to the server directive in an upstream configuration block. This limits connections to an upstream server, preventing overloading. The associated queue directive creates a queue that holds a specified number of requests for a specified length of time after the *max_conns* limit is reached. +- **限制**。 - **Worker processes**. Worker processes are responsible for the processing of requests. NGINX employs an event-based model and OS-dependent mechanisms to efficiently distribute requests among worker processes. The recommendation is to set the value of *worker_processes* to one per CPU. The maximum number of worker_connections (512 by default) can safely be raised on most systems if needed; experiment to find the value that works best for your system. +- **工人进程**。 - **Socket sharding**. Typically, a single socket listener distributes new connections to all worker processes. Socket sharding creates a socket listener for each worker process, with the kernel assigning connections to socket listeners as they become available. This can reduce lock contention and improve performance on multicore systems. To enable [socket sharding][43], include the reuseport parameter on the listen directive. +- **套接字分割**。 - **Thread pools**. Any computer process can be held up by a single, slow operation. For web server software, disk access can hold up many faster operations, such as calculating or copying information in memory. When a thread pool is used, the slow operation is assigned to a separate set of tasks, while the main processing loop keeps running faster operations. When the disk operation completes, the results go back into the main processing loop. In NGINX, two operations – the read() system call and sendfile() – are offloaded to [thread pools][44]. +- **线程池**。 ![Thread pools help increase application performance by assigning a slow operation to a separate set of tasks](https://www.nginx.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Graph-17.png) **Tip**. When changing settings for any operating system or supporting service, change a single setting at a time, then test performance. If the change causes problems, or if it doesn’t make your site run faster, change it back. +**技巧**。 See this [blog post][45] for more details on tuning NGINX. From 5d3504c14e8be6954950bd29595426989dcf32a4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Mon, 23 Nov 2015 22:59:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 157/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151123=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 多一些硬文。 --- ...123 Data Structures in the Linux Kernel.md | 201 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 201 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151123 Data Structures in the Linux Kernel.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151123 Data Structures in the Linux Kernel.md b/sources/tech/20151123 Data Structures in the Linux Kernel.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..187b3ce9cd --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151123 Data Structures in the Linux Kernel.md @@ -0,0 +1,201 @@ +Data Structures in the Linux Kernel +================================================================================ + +Radix tree +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +As you already know linux kernel provides many different libraries and functions which implement different data structures and algorithms. In this part we will consider one of these data structures - [Radix tree](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radix_tree). There are two files which are related to `radix tree` implementation and API in the linux kernel: + +* [include/linux/radix-tree.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/include/linux/radix-tree.h) +* [lib/radix-tree.c](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/lib/radix-tree.c) + +Lets talk about what a `radix tree` is. Radix tree is a `compressed trie` where a [trie](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trie) is a data structure which implements an interface of an associative array and allows to store values as `key-value`. The keys are usually strings, but any data type can be used. A trie is different from an `n-tree` because of its nodes. Nodes of a trie do not store keys; instead, a node of a trie stores single character labels. The key which is related to a given node is derived by traversing from the root of the tree to this node. For example: + + +``` +               +-----------+ +               |           | +               |    " "    | + | | +        +------+-----------+------+ +        |                         | +        |                         | +   +----v------+            +-----v-----+ +   |           |            |           | +   |    g      |            |     c     | + | | | | +   +-----------+            +-----------+ +        |                         | +        |                         | +   +----v------+            +-----v-----+ +   |           |            |           | +   |    o      |            |     a     | + | | | | +   +-----------+            +-----------+ +                                  | +                                  | +                            +-----v-----+ +                            |           | +                            |     t     | + | | +                            +-----------+ +``` + +So in this example, we can see the `trie` with keys, `go` and `cat`. The compressed trie or `radix tree` differs from `trie` in that all intermediates nodes which have only one child are removed. + +Radix tree in linux kernel is the datastructure which maps values to integer keys. It is represented by the following structures from the file [include/linux/radix-tree.h](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/include/linux/radix-tree.h): + +```C +struct radix_tree_root { + unsigned int height; + gfp_t gfp_mask; + struct radix_tree_node __rcu *rnode; +}; +``` + +This structure presents the root of a radix tree and contains three fields: + +* `height` - height of the tree; +* `gfp_mask` - tells how memory allocations will be performed; +* `rnode` - pointer to the child node. + +The first field we will discuss is `gfp_mask`: + +Low-level kernel memory allocation functions take a set of flags as - `gfp_mask`, which describes how that allocation is to be performed. These `GFP_` flags which control the allocation process can have following values: (`GF_NOIO` flag) means sleep and wait for memory, (`__GFP_HIGHMEM` flag) means high memory can be used, (`GFP_ATOMIC` flag) means the allocation process has high-priority and can't sleep etc. + +* `GFP_NOIO` - can sleep and wait for memory; +* `__GFP_HIGHMEM` - high memory can be used; +* `GFP_ATOMIC` - allocation process is high-priority and can't sleep; + +etc. + +The next field is `rnode`: + +```C +struct radix_tree_node { + unsigned int path; + unsigned int count; + union { + struct { + struct radix_tree_node *parent; + void *private_data; + }; + struct rcu_head rcu_head; + }; + /* For tree user */ + struct list_head private_list; + void __rcu *slots[RADIX_TREE_MAP_SIZE]; + unsigned long tags[RADIX_TREE_MAX_TAGS][RADIX_TREE_TAG_LONGS]; +}; +``` + +This structure contains information about the offset in a parent and height from the bottom, count of the child nodes and fields for accessing and freeing a node. This fields are described below: + +* `path` - offset in parent & height from the bottom; +* `count` - count of the child nodes; +* `parent` - pointer to the parent node; +* `private_data` - used by the user of a tree; +* `rcu_head` - used for freeing a node; +* `private_list` - used by the user of a tree; + +The two last fields of the `radix_tree_node` - `tags` and `slots` are important and interesting. Every node can contains a set of slots which are store pointers to the data. Empty slots in the linux kernel radix tree implementation store `NULL`. Radix trees in the linux kernel also supports tags which are associated with the `tags` fields in the `radix_tree_node` structure. Tags allow individual bits to be set on records which are stored in the radix tree. + +Now that we know about radix tree structure, it is time to look on its API. + +Linux kernel radix tree API +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +We start from the datastructure initialization. There are two ways to initialize a new radix tree. The first is to use `RADIX_TREE` macro: + +```C +RADIX_TREE(name, gfp_mask); +```` + +As you can see we pass the `name` parameter, so with the `RADIX_TREE` macro we can define and initialize radix tree with the given name. Implementation of the `RADIX_TREE` is easy: + +```C +#define RADIX_TREE(name, mask) \ + struct radix_tree_root name = RADIX_TREE_INIT(mask) + +#define RADIX_TREE_INIT(mask) { \ + .height = 0, \ + .gfp_mask = (mask), \ + .rnode = NULL, \ +} +``` + +At the beginning of the `RADIX_TREE` macro we define instance of the `radix_tree_root` structure with the given name and call `RADIX_TREE_INIT` macro with the given mask. The `RADIX_TREE_INIT` macro just initializes `radix_tree_root` structure with the default values and the given mask. + +The second way is to define `radix_tree_root` structure by hand and pass it with mask to the `INIT_RADIX_TREE` macro: + +```C +struct radix_tree_root my_radix_tree; +INIT_RADIX_TREE(my_tree, gfp_mask_for_my_radix_tree); +``` + +where: + +```C +#define INIT_RADIX_TREE(root, mask) \ +do { \ + (root)->height = 0; \ + (root)->gfp_mask = (mask); \ + (root)->rnode = NULL; \ +} while (0) +``` + +makes the same initialziation with default values as it does `RADIX_TREE_INIT` macro. + +The next are two functions for inserting and deleting records to/from a radix tree: + +* `radix_tree_insert`; +* `radix_tree_delete`; + +The first `radix_tree_insert` function takes three parameters: + +* root of a radix tree; +* index key; +* data to insert; + +The `radix_tree_delete` function takes the same set of parameters as the `radix_tree_insert`, but without data. + +The search in a radix tree implemented in two ways: + +* `radix_tree_lookup`; +* `radix_tree_gang_lookup`; +* `radix_tree_lookup_slot`. + +The first `radix_tree_lookup` function takes two parameters: + +* root of a radix tree; +* index key; + +This function tries to find the given key in the tree and return the record associated with this key. The second `radix_tree_gang_lookup` function have the following signature + +```C +unsigned int radix_tree_gang_lookup(struct radix_tree_root *root, + void **results, + unsigned long first_index, + unsigned int max_items); +``` + +and returns number of records, sorted by the keys, starting from the first index. Number of the returned records will not be greater than `max_items` value. + +And the last `radix_tree_lookup_slot` function will return the slot which will contain the data. + +Links +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +* [Radix tree](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radix_tree) +* [Trie](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trie) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://github.com/0xAX/linux-insides/edit/master/DataStructures/radix-tree.md + +作者：[0xAX] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + From 1b51f163156a8d4c53555f9415ff161bcba7b06d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ictlyh Date: Mon, 23 Nov 2015 23:30:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 158/176] Translated sources/tech/20151117 Install PostgreSQL 9.4 And phpPgAdmin On Ubuntu 15.10.md --- ...eSQL 9.4 And phpPgAdmin On Ubuntu 15.10.md | 319 ------------------ ...eSQL 9.4 And phpPgAdmin On Ubuntu 15.10.md | 317 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 317 insertions(+), 319 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20151117 Install PostgreSQL 9.4 And phpPgAdmin On Ubuntu 15.10.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20151117 Install PostgreSQL 9.4 And phpPgAdmin On Ubuntu 15.10.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151117 Install PostgreSQL 9.4 And phpPgAdmin On Ubuntu 15.10.md b/sources/tech/20151117 Install PostgreSQL 9.4 And phpPgAdmin On Ubuntu 15.10.md deleted file mode 100644 index de05f067b5..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20151117 Install PostgreSQL 9.4 And phpPgAdmin On Ubuntu 15.10.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,319 +0,0 @@ -ictlyh Translating -Install PostgreSQL 9.4 And phpPgAdmin On Ubuntu 15.10 -================================================================================ -![](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/postgresql.png) - -### Introduction ### - -[PostgreSQL][1] is a powerful, open-source object-relational database system. It runs under all major operating systems, including Linux, UNIX (AIX, BSD, HP-UX, SGI IRIX, Mac OS, Solaris, Tru64), and Windows OS. - -Here is what **Mark Shuttleworth**, the founder of **Ubuntu**, says about PostgreSQL. - -> Postgres is a truly awesome database. When we started working on Launchpad I wasn’t sure if it would be up to the job. I was so wrong. It’s been robust, fast, and professional in every regard. -> -> — Mark Shuttleworth. - -In this handy tutorial, let us see how to install PostgreSQL 9.4 on Ubuntu 15.10 server. - -### Install PostgreSQL ### - -PostgreSQL is available in the default repositories. So enter the following command from the Terminal to install it. - - sudo apt-get install postgresql postgresql-contrib - -If you’re looking for other versions, add the PostgreSQL repository, and install it as shown below. - -The **PostgreSQL apt repository** supports LTS versions of Ubuntu (10.04, 12.04 and 14.04) on amd64 and i386 architectures as well as select non-LTS versions(14.10). While not fully supported, the packages often work on other non-LTS versions as well, by using the closest LTS version available. - -#### On Ubuntu 14.10 systems: #### - -Create the file **/etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgdg.list**; - - sudo vi /etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgdg.list - -Add a line for the repository: - - deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ utopic-pgdg main - -**Note**: The above repository will only work on Ubuntu 14.10. It is not updated yet to Ubuntu 15.04 and 15.10. - -**On Ubuntu 14.04**, add the following line: - - deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ trusty-pgdg main - -**On Ubuntu 12.04**, add the following line: - - deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ precise-pgdg main - -Import the repository signing key: - - wget --quiet -O - https://www.postgresql.org/media/keys/ACCC4CF8.asc - ----------- - - sudo apt-key add - - -Update the package lists: - - sudo apt-get update - -Then install the required version. - - sudo apt-get install postgresql-9.4 - -### Accessing PostgreSQL command prompt ### - -The default database name and database user are “**postgres**”. Switch to postgres user to perform postgresql related operations: - - sudo -u postgres psql postgres - -#### Sample Output: #### - - psql (9.4.5) - Type "help" for help. - postgres=# - -To exit from posgresql prompt, type **\q** in the **psql** prompt return back to the Terminal. - -### Set “postgres” user password ### - -Login to postgresql prompt, - - sudo -u postgres psql postgres - -.. and set postgres password with following command: - - postgres=# \password postgres - Enter new password: - Enter it again: - postgres=# \q - -To install PostgreSQL Adminpack, enter the command in postgresql prompt: - - sudo -u postgres psql postgres - ----------- - - postgres=# CREATE EXTENSION adminpack; - CREATE EXTENSION - -Type **\q** in the **psql** prompt to exit from posgresql prompt, and return back to the Terminal. - -### Create New User and Database ### - -For example, let us create a new user called “**senthil**” with password “**ubuntu**”, and database called “**mydb**”. - - sudo -u postgres createuser -D -A -P senthil - ----------- - - sudo -u postgres createdb -O senthil mydb - -### Delete Users and Databases ### - -To delete the database, switch to postgres user: - - sudo -u postgres psql postgres - -Enter command: - - $ drop database - -To delete a user, enter the following command: - - $ drop user - -### Configure PostgreSQL-MD5 Authentication ### - -**MD5 authentication** requires the client to supply an MD5-encrypted password for authentication. To do that, edit **/etc/postgresql/9.4/main/pg_hba.conf** file: - - sudo vi /etc/postgresql/9.4/main/pg_hba.conf - -Add or Modify the lines as shown below - - [...] - # TYPE DATABASE USER ADDRESS METHOD - # "local" is for Unix domain socket connections only - local all all md5 - # IPv4 local connections: - host all all 127.0.0.1/32 md5 - host all all 192.168.1.0/24 md5 - # IPv6 local connections: - host all all ::1/128 md5 - [...] - -Here, 192.168.1.0/24 is my local network IP address. Replace this value with your own address. - -Restart postgresql service to apply the changes: - - sudo systemctl restart postgresql - -Or, - - sudo service postgresql restart - -### Configure PostgreSQL-Configure TCP/IP ### - -By default, TCP/IP connection is disabled, so that the users from another computers can’t access postgresql. To allow to connect users from another computers, Edit file **/etc/postgresql/9.4/main/postgresql.conf:** - - sudo vi /etc/postgresql/9.4/main/postgresql.conf - -Find the lines: - - [...] - #listen_addresses = 'localhost' - [...] - #port = 5432 - [...] - -Uncomment both lines, and set the IP address of your postgresql server or set ‘*’ to listen from all clients as shown below. You should be careful to make postgreSQL to be accessible from all remote clients. - - [...] - listen_addresses = '*' - [...] - port = 5432 - [...] - -Restart postgresql service to save changes: - - sudo systemctl restart postgresql - -Or, - - sudo service postgresql restart - -### Manage PostgreSQL with phpPgAdmin ### - -[**phpPgAdmin**][2] is a web-based administration utility written in PHP for managing PosgreSQL. - -phpPgAdmin is available in default repositories. So, Install phpPgAdmin using command: - - sudo apt-get install phppgadmin - -By default, you can access phppgadmin using **http://localhost/phppgadmin** from your local system’s web browser. - -To access remote systems, do the following. -On Ubuntu 15.10 systems: - -Edit file **/etc/apache2/conf-available/phppgadmin.conf**, - - sudo vi /etc/apache2/conf-available/phppgadmin.conf - -Find the line **Require local** and comment it by adding a **#** in front of the line. - - #Require local - -And add the following line: - - allow from all - -Save and exit the file. - -Then, restart apache service. - - sudo systemctl restart apache2 - -On Ubuntu 14.10 and previous versions: - -Edit file **/etc/apache2/conf.d/phppgadmin**: - - sudo nano /etc/apache2/conf.d/phppgadmin - -Comment the following line: - - [...] - #allow from 127.0.0.0/255.0.0.0 ::1/128 - -Uncomment the following line to make phppgadmin from all systems. - - allow from all - -Edit **/etc/apache2/apache2.conf**: - - sudo vi /etc/apache2/apache2.conf - -Add the following line: - - Include /etc/apache2/conf.d/phppgadmin - -Then, restart apache service. - - sudo service apache2 restart - -### Configure phpPgAdmin ### - -Edit file **/etc/phppgadmin/config.inc.php**, and do the following changes. Most of these options are self-explanatory. Read them carefully to know why do you change these values. - - sudo nano /etc/phppgadmin/config.inc.php - -Find the following line: - - $conf['servers'][0]['host'] = ''; - -Change it as shown below: - - $conf['servers'][0]['host'] = 'localhost'; - -And find the line: - - $conf['extra_login_security'] = true; - -Change the value to **false**. - - $conf['extra_login_security'] = false; - -Find the line: - - $conf['owned_only'] = false; - -Set the value as **true**. - - $conf['owned_only'] = true; - -Save and close the file. Restart postgresql service and Apache services. - - sudo systemctl restart postgresql - ----------- - - sudo systemctl restart apache2 - -Or, - - sudo service postgresql restart - - sudo service apache2 restart - -Now open your browser and navigate to **http://ip-address/phppgadmin**. You will see the following screen. - -![phpPgAdmin – Google Chrome_001](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/phpPgAdmin-Google-Chrome_001.jpg) - -Login with users that you’ve created earlier. I already have created a user called “**senthil**” with password “**ubuntu**” before, so I log in with user “senthil”. - -![phpPgAdmin – Google Chrome_002](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/phpPgAdmin-Google-Chrome_002.jpg) - -Now, you will be able to access the phppgadmin dashboard. - -![phpPgAdmin – Google Chrome_003](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/phpPgAdmin-Google-Chrome_003.jpg) - -Log in with postgres user: - -![phpPgAdmin – Google Chrome_004](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/phpPgAdmin-Google-Chrome_004.jpg) - -That’s it. Now you’ll able to create, delete and alter databases graphically using phppgadmin. - -Cheers! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-postgresql-9-4-and-phppgadmin-on-ubuntu-15-10/ - -作者：[SK][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.twitter.com/ostechnix -[1]:http://www.postgresql.org/ -[2]:http://phppgadmin.sourceforge.net/doku.php \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/tech/20151117 Install PostgreSQL 9.4 And phpPgAdmin On Ubuntu 15.10.md b/translated/tech/20151117 Install PostgreSQL 9.4 And phpPgAdmin On Ubuntu 15.10.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7fd4414127 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20151117 Install PostgreSQL 9.4 And phpPgAdmin On Ubuntu 15.10.md @@ -0,0 +1,317 @@ +在 Ubuntu 15.10 上安装 PostgreSQL 9.4 和 phpPgAdmin +================================================================================ +![](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/postgresql.png) + +### 简介 ### + +[PostgreSQL][1] 是一款强大的，开源对象关系型数据库系统。它支持所有的主流操作系统，包括 Linux、Unix（AIX、BSD、HP-UX，SGI IRIX、Mac OS、Solaris、Tru64） 以及 Windows 操作系统。 + +下面是 **Ubuntu** 发起者 **Mark Shuttleworth** 对 PostgreSQL 的一段评价。 + +> PostgreSQL 真的是一款很好的数据库系统。刚开始我们使用它的时候，并不确定它能否胜任工作。但我错的太离谱了。它很强壮、快速，在各个方面都很专业。 +> +> — Mark Shuttleworth. + +在这篇简短的指南中，让我们来看看如何在 Ubuntu 15.10 服务器中安装 PostgreSQL 9.4。 + +### 安装 PostgreSQL ### + +默认仓库中就有可用的 PostgreSQL。在终端中输入下面的命令安装它。 + + sudo apt-get install postgresql postgresql-contrib + +如果你需要其它的版本，按照下面那样先添加 PostgreSQL 仓库然后再安装。 + +**PostgreSQL apt 仓库** 支持 amd64 和 i386 架构的 Ubuntu 长期支持版（10.04、12.04 和 14.04），以及非长期支持版（14.04）。对于其它非长期支持版，该软件包虽然不能完全支持，但使用和 LTS 版本近似的也能正常工作。 + +#### Ubuntu 14.10 系统： #### + +新建文件**/etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgdg.list**； + + sudo vi /etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgdg.list + +用下面一行添加仓库： + + deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ utopic-pgdg main + +**注意**： 上面的库只能用于 Ubuntu 14.10。还没有升级到 Ubuntu 15.04 和 15.10。 + +**Ubuntu 14.04**，添加下面一行： + + deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ trusty-pgdg main + +**Ubuntu 12.04**，添加下面一行： + + deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ precise-pgdg main + +导入库签名密钥： + + wget --quiet -O - https://www.postgresql.org/media/keys/ACCC4CF8.asc + +---------- + + sudo apt-key add - + +更新软件包列表： + + sudo apt-get update + +然后安装需要的版本。 + + sudo apt-get install postgresql-9.4 + +### 访问 PostgreSQL 命令窗口 ### + +默认的数据库名称和数据库用户名称都是 “**postgres**”。切换到 postgres 用户进行 postgresql 相关的操作： + + sudo -u postgres psql postgres + +#### 事例输出： #### + + psql (9.4.5) + Type "help" for help. + postgres=# + +要退出 postgresql 窗口，在 **psql** 窗口输入 **\q** 退出到终端。 + +### 设置 “postgres” 用户密码 ### + +登录到 postgresql 窗口， + + sudo -u postgres psql postgres + +用下面的命令为用户 postgres 设置密码： + + postgres=# \password postgres + Enter new password: + Enter it again: + postgres=# \q + +要安装 PostgreSQL Adminpack，在 postgresql 窗口输入下面的命令： + + sudo -u postgres psql postgres + +---------- + + postgres=# CREATE EXTENSION adminpack; + CREATE EXTENSION + +在 **psql** 窗口输入 **\q** 从 postgresql 窗口退回到终端。 + +### 创建新用户和数据库 ### + +例如，让我们创建一个新的用户，名为 “**senthil**”，密码是 “**ubuntu**”，以及名为 “**mydb**” 的数据库。 + + sudo -u postgres createuser -D -A -P senthil + +---------- + + sudo -u postgres createdb -O senthil mydb + +### 删除用户和数据库 ### + +要删除数据库，首先切换到 postgres 用户： + + sudo -u postgres psql postgres + +输入命令： + + $ drop database + +要删除一个用户，输入下面的命令： + + $ drop user + +### 配置 PostgreSQL-MD5 验证 ### + +**MD5 验证** 要求用户提供一个 MD5 加密的密码用于认证。首先编辑 **/etc/postgresql/9.4/main/pg_hba.conf** 文件： + + sudo vi /etc/postgresql/9.4/main/pg_hba.conf + +按照下面所示添加或修改行 + + [...] + # TYPE DATABASE USER ADDRESS METHOD + # "local" is for Unix domain socket connections only + local all all md5 + # IPv4 local connections: + host all all 127.0.0.1/32 md5 + host all all 192.168.1.0/24 md5 + # IPv6 local connections: + host all all ::1/128 md5 + [...] + +其中， 192.168.1.0/24 是我的本地网络 IP 地址。用你自己的地址替换。 + +重启 postgresql 服务以使更改生效： + + sudo systemctl restart postgresql + +或者， + + sudo service postgresql restart + +### 配置 PostgreSQL TCP/IP 配置 ### + +默认情况下，没有启用 TCP/IP 连接，因此其它计算机的用户不能访问 postgresql。为了允许其它计算机的用户访问，编辑文件 **/etc/postgresql/9.4/main/postgresql.conf:** + + sudo vi /etc/postgresql/9.4/main/postgresql.conf + +找到下面一行： + + [...] + #listen_addresses = 'localhost' + [...] + #port = 5432 + [...] + +取消改行的注释，然后设置你 postgresql 服务器的 IP 地址，或者设置为 ‘*’ 监听所有用户。你应该谨慎设置所有远程用户都可以访问 PostgreSQL。 + + [...] + listen_addresses = '*' + [...] + port = 5432 + [...] + +重启 postgresql 服务保存更改： + + sudo systemctl restart postgresql + +或者， + + sudo service postgresql restart + +### 用 phpPgAdmin 管理 PostgreSQL ### + +[**phpPgAdmin**][2] 是基于 web 用 PHP 写的 PostgreSQL 管理工具。 + +默认仓库中有可用的 phpPgAdmin。用下面的命令安装 phpPgAdmin： + + sudo apt-get install phppgadmin + +默认情况下，你可以在本地系统的 web 浏览器用 **http://localhost/phppgadmin** 访问 phppgadmin。 + +要访问远程系统，在 Ubuntu 15.10 上做如下操作： + +编辑文件 **/etc/apache2/conf-available/phppgadmin.conf**, + + sudo vi /etc/apache2/conf-available/phppgadmin.conf + +找到 **Require local** 的一行在这行前面添加 **#** 注释掉它。 + + #Require local + +添加下面的一行： + + allow from all + +保存并退出文件。 + +然后重启 apache 服务。 + + sudo systemctl restart apache2 + +对于 Ubuntu 14.10 及之前版本： + +编辑 **/etc/apache2/conf.d/phppgadmin**: + + sudo nano /etc/apache2/conf.d/phppgadmin + +注释掉下面一行： + + [...] + #allow from 127.0.0.0/255.0.0.0 ::1/128 + +取消下面一行的注释使所有系统都可以访问 phppgadmin。 + + allow from all + +编辑 **/etc/apache2/apache2.conf**: + + sudo vi /etc/apache2/apache2.conf + +添加下面一行： + + Include /etc/apache2/conf.d/phppgadmin + +然后重启 apache 服务。 + + sudo service apache2 restart + +### 配置 phpPgAdmin ### + +编辑文件 **/etc/phppgadmin/config.inc.php**， 做以下更改。下面大部分选项都带有解释。认真阅读以便了解为什么要更改这些值。 + + sudo nano /etc/phppgadmin/config.inc.php + +找到下面一行： + + $conf['servers'][0]['host'] = ''; + +按照下面这样更改： + + $conf['servers'][0]['host'] = 'localhost'; + +找到这一行： + + $conf['extra_login_security'] = true; + +更改值为 **false**。 + + $conf['extra_login_security'] = false; + +找到这一行： + + $conf['owned_only'] = false; + +更改值为 **true**。 + + $conf['owned_only'] = true; + +保存并关闭文件。重启 postgresql 服务和 Apache 服务。 + + sudo systemctl restart postgresql + +---------- + + sudo systemctl restart apache2 + +或者， + + sudo service postgresql restart + + sudo service apache2 restart + +现在打开你的浏览器并导航到 **http://ip-address/phppgadmin**。你会看到以下截图。 + +![phpPgAdmin – Google Chrome_001](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/phpPgAdmin-Google-Chrome_001.jpg) + +用你之前创建的用户登录。我之前已经创建了一个名为 “**senthil**” 的用户，密码是 “**ubuntu**”，因此我以 “senthil” 用户登录。 + +![phpPgAdmin – Google Chrome_002](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/phpPgAdmin-Google-Chrome_002.jpg) + +然后你就可以访问 phppgadmin 面板了。 + +![phpPgAdmin – Google Chrome_003](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/phpPgAdmin-Google-Chrome_003.jpg) + +用 postgres 用户登录： + +![phpPgAdmin – Google Chrome_004](http://1426826955.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/phpPgAdmin-Google-Chrome_004.jpg) + +就是这样。现在你可以用 phppgadmin 可视化创建、删除或者更改数据库了。 + +加油！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-postgresql-9-4-and-phppgadmin-on-ubuntu-15-10/ + +作者：[SK][a] +译者：[ictlyh](http://mutouxiaogui.cn/blog/) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.twitter.com/ostechnix +[1]:http://www.postgresql.org/ +[2]:http://phppgadmin.sourceforge.net/doku.php \ No newline at end of file From b4c9b68050e335a1703dad32cb7f291418c7a374 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 24 Nov 2015 02:02:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 159/176] PUB:20150909 Superclass--15 of the world's best living programmers MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @martin2011qi 翻译这篇辛苦啦！ --- ... of the world's best living programmers.md | 427 ++++++++++++++++++ ... of the world's best living programmers.md | 389 ---------------- 2 files changed, 427 insertions(+), 389 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20150909 Superclass--15 of the world's best living programmers.md delete mode 100644 translated/talk/20150909 Superclass--15 of the world's best living programmers.md diff --git a/published/20150909 Superclass--15 of the world's best living programmers.md b/published/20150909 Superclass--15 of the world's best living programmers.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..89a42d29d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20150909 Superclass--15 of the world's best living programmers.md @@ -0,0 +1,427 @@ +超神们：15 位健在的世界级程序员！ +================================================================================ + +当开发人员说起世界顶级程序员时，他们的名字往往会被提及。 + +好像现在程序员有很多，其中不乏有许多优秀的程序员。但是哪些程序员更好呢？ + +虽然这很难客观评价，不过在这个话题确实是开发者们津津乐道的。ITworld 深入程序员社区，避开四溅的争执口水，试图找出可能存在的所谓共识。事实证明，屈指可数的某些名字经常是讨论的焦点。 + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/09/superman-620x465-100611650-orig.jpg) + +*图片来源： [tom_bullock CC BY 2.0][1]* + +下面就让我们来看看这些世界顶级的程序员吧！ + +### 玛格丽特·汉密尔顿（Margaret Hamilton） ### + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/09/margaret_hamilton-620x465-100611764-orig.jpg) + +*图片来源： [NASA][2]* + +**成就： 阿波罗飞行控制软件背后的大脑** + +生平： 查尔斯·斯塔克·德雷珀实验室（Charles Stark Draper Laboratory）软件工程部的主任，以她为首的团队负责设计和打造 NASA 的阿波罗的舰载飞行控制器软件和空间实验室（Skylab）的任务。基于阿波罗这段的工作经历，她又后续开发了[通用系统语言（Universal Systems Language）][5]和[开发先于事实（ Development Before the Fact）][6]的范例。开创了[异步软件、优先调度和超可靠的软件设计][7]理念。被认为发明了“[软件工程（ software engineering）][8]”一词。1986年获[奥古斯塔·埃达·洛夫莱斯奖（Augusta Ada Lovelace Award）][9]，2003年获 [NASA 杰出太空行动奖（Exceptional Space Act Award）][10]。 + +评论： + +> “汉密尔顿发明了测试，使美国计算机工程规范了很多” —— [ford_beeblebrox][11] + +> “我认为在她之前（不敬地说，包括高德纳（Knuth）在内的）计算机编程是（另一种形式上留存的）数学分支。然而这个宇宙飞船的飞行控制系统明确地将编程带入了一个崭新的领域。” —— [Dan Allen][12] + +> “... 她引入了‘软件工程’这个术语 — 并作出了最好的示范。” —— [David Hamilton][13] + +> “真是个坏家伙” [Drukered][14] + + +### 唐纳德·克努斯（Donald Knuth），即 高德纳 ### + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_donald_knuth-620x465-100502872-orig.jpg) + +*图片来源： [vonguard CC BY-SA 2.0][15]* + +**成就： 《计算机程序设计艺术（The Art of Computer Programming，TAOCP）》 作者** + +生平： 撰写了[编程理论的权威书籍][16]。发明了数字排版系统 Tex。1971年，[ACM（美国计算机协会）葛丽丝·穆雷·霍普奖（Grace Murray Hopper Award）][17] 的首位获奖者。1974年获 ACM [图灵奖（A. M. Turing）][18]，1979年获[美国国家科学奖章（National Medal of Science）][19]，1995年获IEEE[约翰·冯·诺依曼奖章（John von Neumann Medal）][20]。1998年入选[计算机历史博物馆（Computer History Museum）名人录（Hall of Fellows）][21]。 + +评论： + +> “... 写的计算机编程艺术（The Art of Computer Programming，TAOCP）可能是有史以来计算机编程方面最大的贡献。”—— [佚名][22] + +> “唐·克努斯的 TeX 是我所用过的计算机程序中唯一一个几乎没有 bug 的。真是让人印象深刻！”—— [Jaap Weel][23] + +> “如果你要问我的话，我只能说太棒了！” —— [Mitch Rees-Jones][24] + +### 肯·汤普逊（Ken Thompson） ### + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_ken-thompson-620x465-100502874-orig.jpg) + +*图片来源： [Association for Computing Machinery][25]* + +**成就： Unix 之父** + +生平：与[丹尼斯·里奇（Dennis Ritchie）][26]共同创造了 Unix。创造了 [B 语言][27]、[UTF-8 字符编码方案][28]、[ed 文本编辑器][29]，同时也是 Go 语言的共同开发者。（和里奇）共同获得1983年的[图灵奖（A.M. Turing Award ）][30]，1994年获 [IEEE 计算机先驱奖（ IEEE Computer Pioneer Award）][31]，1998年获颁[美国国家科技奖章（ National Medal of Technology ）][32]。在1997年入选[计算机历史博物馆（Computer History Museum）名人录（Hall of Fellows）][33]。 + +评论： + +> “... 可能是有史以来最能成事的程序员了。Unix 内核，Unix 工具，国际象棋程序世界冠军 Belle，Plan 9，Go 语言。” —— [Pete Prokopowicz][34] + +> “肯所做出的贡献，据我所知无人能及，是如此的根本、实用、经得住时间的考验，时至今日仍在使用。” —— [Jan Jannink][35] + + +### 理查德·斯托曼（Richard Stallman） ### + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_richard_stallman-620x465-100502868-orig.jpg) + +*图片来源： [Jiel Beaumadier CC BY-SA 3.0][135]* + +**成就： Emacs 和 GCC 缔造者** + +生平： 成立了 [GNU 工程（GNU Project）] [36]，并创造了它的许多核心工具，如 [Emacs、GCC、GDB][37] 和 [GNU Make][38]。还创办了[自由软件基金会（Free Software Foundation）] [39]。1990年荣获 ACM 的[葛丽丝·穆雷·霍普奖（ Grace Murray Hopper Award）][40]，1998年获 [EFF 先驱奖（Pioneer Award）][41]. + +评论： + +> “... 在 Symbolics 对阵 LMI 的战斗中，独自一人与一众 Lisp 黑客好手对码。” —— [Srinivasan Krishnan][42] + +> “通过他在编程上的精湛造诣与强大信念，开辟了一整套编程与计算机的亚文化。” —— [Dan Dunay][43] + +> “我可以不赞同这位伟人的很多方面，不必盖棺论定，他不可否认都已经是一位伟大的程序员了。” —— [Marko Poutiainen][44] + +> “试想 Linux 如果没有 GNU 工程的前期工作会怎么样。（多亏了）斯托曼的炸弹！” —— [John Burnette][45] + +### 安德斯·海尔斯伯格（Anders Hejlsberg） ### + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_anders_hejlsberg-620x465-100502873-orig.jpg) + +*图片来源： [D.Begley CC BY 2.0][46]* + +**成就： 创造了Turbo Pascal** + +生平： [Turbo Pascal 的原作者][47]，是最流行的 Pascal 编译器和第一个集成开发环境。而后，[领导了 Turbo Pascal 的继任者 Delphi][48] 的构建。[C# 的主要设计师和架构师][49]。2001年荣获[ Dr. Dobb 的杰出编程奖（Dr. Dobb's Excellence in Programming Award ）][50]。 + +评论： + +> “他用汇编语言为当时两个主流的 PC 操作系统（DOS 和 CPM）编写了 [Pascal] 编译器。用它来编译、链接并运行仅需几秒钟而不是几分钟。” —— [Steve Wood][51] + +> “我佩服他 - 他创造了我最喜欢的开发工具，陪伴着我度过了三个关键的时期直至我成为一位专业的软件工程师。” —— [Stefan Kiryazov][52] + +### Doug Cutting ### + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_doug_cutting-620x465-100502871-orig.jpg) + +图片来源： [vonguard CC BY-SA 2.0][53] + +**成就： 创造了 Lucene** + +生平： [开发了 Lucene 搜索引擎以及 Web 爬虫 Nutch][54] 和用于大型数据集的分布式处理套件 [Hadoop][55]。一位强有力的开源支持者（Lucene、Nutch 以及 Hadoop 都是开源的）。前 [Apache 软件基金（Apache Software Foundation）的理事][56]。 + +评论： + + +> “...他就是那个既写出了优秀搜索框架（lucene/solr），又为世界开启大数据之门（hadoop）的男人。” —— [Rajesh Rao][57] + +> “他在 Lucene 和 Hadoop（及其它工程）的创造/工作中为世界创造了巨大的财富和就业...” —— [Amit Nithianandan][58] + +### Sanjay Ghemawat ### + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_sanjay_ghemawat-620x465-100502876-orig.jpg) + +*图片来源： [Association for Computing Machinery][59]* + +**成就： 谷歌核心架构师** + +生平： [协助设计和实现了一些谷歌大型分布式系统的功能][60]，包括 MapReduce、BigTable、Spanner 和谷歌文件系统（Google File System）。[创造了 Unix 的 ical ][61]日历系统。2009年入选[美国国家工程院（National Academy of Engineering）][62]。2012年荣获 [ACM-Infosys 基金计算机科学奖（ ACM-Infosys Foundation Award in the Computing Sciences）][63]。 + +评论： + + +> “Jeff Dean的僚机。” —— [Ahmet Alp Balkan][64] + +### Jeff Dean ### + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_jeff_dean-620x465-100502866-orig.jpg) + +*图片来源： [Google][65]* + +**成就： 谷歌搜索索引背后的大脑** + +生平：协助设计和实现了[许多谷歌大型分布式系统的功能][66]，包括网页爬虫，索引搜索，AdSense，MapReduce，BigTable 和 Spanner。2009年入选[美国国家工程院（ National Academy of Engineering）][67]。2012年荣获ACM 的[SIGOPS 马克·维瑟奖（ SIGOPS Mark Weiser Award）][68]及[ACM-Infosys基金计算机科学奖（ ACM-Infosys Foundation Award in the Computing Sciences）][69]。 + +评论： + +> “... 带来了在数据挖掘（GFS、MapReduce、BigTable）上的突破。” —— [Natu Lauchande][70] + +> “... 设计、构建并部署 MapReduce 和 BigTable，和以及数不清的其它东西” —— [Erik Goldman][71] + +### 林纳斯·托瓦兹（Linus Torvalds） ### + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/09/linus_torvalds-620x465-100611765-orig.jpg) + +*图片来源： [Krd CC BY-SA 4.0][72]* + +**成就： Linux缔造者** + +生平：创造了 [Linux 内核][73]与[开源的版本控制系统 Git][74]。收获了许多奖项和荣誉，包括有1998年的 [EFF 先驱奖（EFF Pioneer Award）][75]，2000年荣获[英国电脑学会（British Computer Society）授予的洛夫莱斯勋章（Lovelace Medal）][76]，2012年荣获[千禧技术奖（Millenium Technology Prize）][77]还有2014年[IEEE计算机学会（ IEEE Computer Society）授予的计算机先驱奖（Computer Pioneer Award）][78]。同样入选了2008年的[计算机历史博物馆（ Computer History Museum）名人录（Hall of Fellows）][79]与2012年的[互联网名人堂（Internet Hall of Fame ）][80]。 + +评论： + +> “他只用了几年的时间就写出了 Linux 内核，而 GNU Hurd（GNU 开发的内核）历经25年的开发却丝毫没有准备发布的意思。他的成就就是带来了希望。” —— [Erich Ficker][81] + +> “托沃兹可能是程序员的程序员。” —— [Dan Allen][82] + +> “他真的很棒。” —— [Alok Tripathy][83] + +### 约翰·卡马克（John Carmack） ### + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_john_carmack-620x465-100502867-orig.jpg) + +*图片来源： [QuakeCon CC BY 2.0][84]* + +**成就： 毁灭战士的缔造者** + +生平： ID 社联合创始人，打造了德军总部3D（Wolfenstein 3D）、毁灭战士（Doom）和雷神之锤（Quake）等所谓的即时 FPS 游戏。引领了[切片适配刷新（adaptive tile refresh）][86]， [二叉空间分割（binary space partitioning）][87]，表面缓存（surface caching）等开创性的计算机图像技术。2001年入选[互动艺术与科学学会名人堂（Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences Hall of Fame）][88]，2007年和2008年荣获工程技术类[艾美奖（Emmy awards）][89]并于2010年由[游戏开发者甄选奖（ Game Developers Choice Awards）][90]授予终生成就奖。 + +评论： + +> “他在写第一个渲染引擎的时候不到20岁。这家伙这是个天才。我若有他四分之一的天赋便心满意足了。” —— [Alex Dolinsky][91] + +> “... 德军总部3D（Wolfenstein 3D）、毁灭战士（Doom）还有雷神之锤（Quake）在那时都是革命性的，影响了一代游戏设计师。” —— [dniblock][92] + +> “一个周末他几乎可以写出任何东西....” —— [Greg Naughton][93] + +> “他是编程界的莫扎特... ” —— [Chris Morris][94] + +### 法布里斯·贝拉（Fabrice Bellard） ### + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_fabrice_bellard-620x465-100502870-orig.jpg) + +*图片来源： [Duff][95]* + +**成就： 创造了 QEMU** + +生平： 创造了[一系列耳熟能详的开源软件][96]，其中包括硬件模拟和虚拟化的平台 QEMU，用于处理多媒体数据的 FFmpeg，微型C编译器（Tiny C Compiler）和 一个可执行文件压缩软件 LZEXE。2000年和2001年[C语言混乱代码大赛（Obfuscated C Code Contest）的获胜者][97]并在2011年荣获[Google-O'Reilly 开源奖（Google-O'Reilly Open Source Award ）][98]。[计算 Pi 最多位数][99]的前世界纪录保持着。 + +评论： + + +> “我觉得法布里斯·贝拉做的每一件事都是那么显著而又震撼。” —— [raphinou][100] + +> “法布里斯·贝拉是世界上最高产的程序员...” —— [Pavan Yara][101] + +> “他就像软件工程界的尼古拉·特斯拉（Nikola Tesla）。” —— [Michael Valladolid][102] + +> “自80年代以来，他一直高产出一系列的成功作品。” —— [Michael Biggins][103] + +### Jon Skeet ### + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_jon_skeet-620x465-100502863-orig.jpg) + +*图片来源： [Craig Murphy CC BY 2.0][104]* + +**成就： Stack Overflow 的传说级贡献者** + +生平： Google 工程师，[深入解析C#（C# in Depth）][105]的作者。保持着[有史以来在 Stack Overflow 上最高的声誉][106]，平均每月解答390个问题。 + +评论： + + +> “他根本不需要调试器，只要他盯一下代码，错误之处自会原形毕露。” —— [Steven A. Lowe][107] + +> “如果他的代码没有通过编译，那编译器应该道歉。” —— [Dan Dyer][108] + +> “他根本不需要什么编程规范，他的代码就是编程规范。” —— [佚名][109] + +### 亚当·安捷罗（Adam D'Angelo） ### + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_image_adam_dangelo-620x465-100502875-orig.jpg) + +*图片来源： [Philip Neustrom CC BY 2.0][110]* + +**成就： Quora 的创办人之一** + +生平： 还是 Facebook 工程师时，[为其搭建了 news feed 功能的基础][111]。直至其离开并联合创始了 Quora，已经成为了 Facebook 的CTO和工程 VP。2001年以高中生的身份在[美国计算机奥林匹克（USA Computing Olympiad）上第八位完成比赛][112]。2004年ACM国际大学生编程大赛（International Collegiate Programming Contest）[获得银牌的团队 - 加利福尼亚技术研究所（ California Institute of Technology）][113]的成员。2005年入围 Topcoder 大学生[算法编程挑战赛（Algorithm Coding Competition）][114]。 + +评论： + +> “一位程序设计全才。” —— [佚名][115] + +> "我做的每个好东西，他都已有了六个。" —— [马克.扎克伯格（Mark Zuckerberg）][116] + +### Petr Mitrechev ### + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_petr_mitrichev-620x465-100502869-orig.jpg) + +*图片来源： [Facebook][117]* + +**成就： 有史以来最具竞技能力的程序员之一** + +生平： 在国际信息学奥林匹克（International Olympiad in Informatics）中[两次获得金牌][118]（2000，2002）。在2006，[赢得 Google Code Jam][119] 同时也是[TopCoder Open 算法大赛冠军][120]。也同样，两次赢得 Facebook黑客杯（Facebook Hacker Cup）（[2011][121]，[2013][122]）。写这篇文章的时候，[TopCoder 榜中排第二][123] （即：Petr）、在 [Codeforces 榜同样排第二][124]。 + +评论： + +> “他是竞技程序员的偶像，即使在印度也是如此...” —— [Kavish Dwivedi][125] + +### Gennady Korotkevich ### + +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_gennady_korot-620x465-100502864-orig.jpg) + +*图片来源： [Ishandutta2007 CC BY-SA 3.0][126]* + +**成就： 竞技编程小神童** + +生平： 国际信息学奥林匹克（International Olympiad in Informatics）中最小参赛者（11岁），[6次获得金牌][127] (2007-2012)。2013年 ACM 国际大学生编程大赛（International Collegiate Programming Contest）[获胜队伍][128]成员及[2014 Facebook 黑客杯（Facebook Hacker Cup）][129]获胜者。写这篇文章的时候，[Codeforces 榜排名第一][130] （即：Tourist）、[TopCoder榜第一][131]。 + +评论： + +> “一个编程神童！” —— [Prateek Joshi][132] + +> “Gennady 真是棒，也是为什么我在白俄罗斯拥有一个强大开发团队的例证。” —— [Chris Howard][133] + +> “Tourist 真是天才” —— [Nuka Shrinivas Rao][134] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.itworld.com/article/2823547/enterprise-software/158256-superclass-14-of-the-world-s-best-living-programmers.html#slide1 + +作者：[Phil Johnson][a] +译者：[martin2011qi](https://github.com/martin2011qi) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.itworld.com/author/Phil-Johnson/ +[1]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/tombullock/15713223772 +[2]:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Margaret_Hamilton_in_action.jpg +[3]:http://klabs.org/home_page/hamilton.htm +[4]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DWcITjqZtpU&feature=youtu.be&t=3m12s +[5]:http://www.htius.com/Articles/r12ham.pdf +[6]:http://www.htius.com/Articles/Inside_DBTF.htm +[7]:http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2003/sep/HQ_03281_Hamilton_Honor.html +[8]:http://www.nasa.gov/50th/50th_magazine/scientists.html 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file diff --git a/translated/talk/20150909 Superclass--15 of the world's best living programmers.md b/translated/talk/20150909 Superclass--15 of the world's best living programmers.md deleted file mode 100644 index 6f59aa13d9..0000000000 --- a/translated/talk/20150909 Superclass--15 of the world's best living programmers.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,389 +0,0 @@ -教父们: 15位举世瞩目的程序员 -================================================================================ -当开发人员讨论关于世界顶级程序员时，这些名字往往就会出现。 - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/09/superman-620x465-100611650-orig.jpg) - -图片来源： [tom_bullock CC BY 2.0][1] - -好像现在程序员有很多，其中不乏有许多优秀的程序员。但是期中哪些程序员更好呢？ - -虽然这很难客观评价，不过在这个话题确实是开发者们乐于津道的。ITworld针对程序员社区的输入和刷新试图找出可能存在的所谓共识。事实证明，屈指可数的某些名字经常是讨论的焦点。 - -Use the arrows above to read about 15 people commonly cited as the world’s best living programmer.下面就让我们来看看这些世界顶级的程序员吧！（没有箭头呢:P） - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/09/margaret_hamilton-620x465-100611764-orig.jpg) - -图片来源： [NASA][2] - -### 玛格丽特·汉密尔顿 ### - -**成就： 阿波罗飞行控制软件背后的大脑** - -生平： 查尔斯·斯塔克·德雷珀实验室软件工程部的主任，她为首的团队负责设计和打造NASA阿波罗的板载飞行控制器软件和Skylab任务。基于阿波罗这段的工作经历，她又后续开发了[通用系统语言][5]和[开发先于事实][6]的范例。开创了[异步软件、优先调度和超可靠的软件设计][7]理念。被认为发明了“[软件工程][8]”一词。1986年获[奥古斯塔·埃达·洛夫莱斯][9]奖，[2003年获NASA杰出太空行动奖][10]。 - -评论: “汉密尔顿发明了测试，使美国计算机工程规范了很多” [ford_beeblebrox][11] - -“我认为在她之前（不敬地说，包括高德纳在内的）计算机编程是（另一种形式上留存的）数学分支。然而宇宙飞船的飞行控制系统明确地将编程带入了一个崭新的领域。” [Dan Allen][12] - -“... 她引入了‘计算机工程’这个术语 — 并作出了最好的示范。” [David Hamilton][13] - -“真是个坏家伙” [Drukered][14] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_donald_knuth-620x465-100502872-orig.jpg) - -图片来源： [vonguard CC BY-SA 2.0][15] - -### 唐纳德·尔文·克努斯 ### - -**成就： 《计算机程序设计艺术》 作者** - -生平： 撰写了[编程理论的权威书籍][16]。发明了数字排版系统Tex。1971年获得[首次ACM（美国计算机协会）葛丽丝·穆雷·霍普奖][17]。1974年获ACM[图灵奖][18]奖，1979年获[国家科学奖章][19]，1995年获IEEE[约翰·冯·诺依曼奖章][20]。1998年入选[计算机历史博物馆名人录][21]。 - -评论: “... 写的计算器编程的艺术可能是有史以来计算机编程最大的贡献。”[佚名][22] - -“唐·克努斯的TeX是我所用过的计算机程序中唯一一个几乎没有bug的。真是让人印象深刻！” [Jaap Weel][23] - -“如果你要问我的话，我只能说太棒了！” [Mitch Rees-Jones][24] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_ken-thompson-620x465-100502874-orig.jpg) - -图片来源： [Association for Computing Machinery][25] - -### 肯尼斯·蓝·汤普逊 ### - -**成就： Unix之父** - -生平： 与[丹尼斯·里奇][26]共同创造了Unix。创造了[B语言][27]、[UTF-8字符编码方案][28]、[ed文本编辑器][29]，同时也是Go语言的合作开发人。（同里奇）共同获得1983年的[图灵奖][30]，1994年获[IEEE计算机先驱奖][31]，1998年获颁[美国国家科技创新奖章][32]。在1997年入选[计算机历史博物馆名人录][33]。 - -评论: “... 可能是有史以来最能成事的程序员了。Unix内核，Unix用具，国际象棋程序世界冠军Belle，Plan 9，Go语言。” [Pete Prokopowicz][34] - -“肯所做出的贡献，据我所知无人能及，是如此的根本、实用、经得住时间的考验，时至今日仍在使用。” [Jan Jannink][35] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_richard_stallman-620x465-100502868-orig.jpg) - -图片来源： Jiel Beaumadier CC BY-SA 3.0 - -### 理查德·斯托曼 ### - -**成就： Emacs和GCC缔造者** - -生平： 成立了[GNU工程] [36]，并创造了许多的核心工具，如[Emacs, GCC, GDB][37]和[GNU Make][38]。还创办了[自由软件基金会] [39]。1990 荣获ACM[葛丽丝·穆雷·霍普奖][40]，[1998获EFF先驱奖][41]. - -评论: “... 在Symbolics对阵LMI的战斗中，独自一人与一众Lisp黑客好手对码。” [Srinivasan Krishnan][42] - -“通过他在编程上的造诣与强大信念，开辟了一整套编程与计算机的亚文化。” [Dan Dunay][43] - -“我可以不赞同这位伟人的很多方面，但不可否认无论活着还是死去，他都已经是一位伟大的程序员了。” [Marko Poutiainen][44] - -“试想Linux如果没有GNU工程的前期工作。斯托曼就是这个炸弹包，哟。” [John Burnette][45] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_anders_hejlsberg-620x465-100502873-orig.jpg) - -图片来源： [D.Begley CC BY 2.0][46] - -### 安德斯·海尔斯伯格 ### - -**成就： 创造了Turbo Pascal** - -生平： [Turbo Pascal的原作者][47]，是最流行的Pascal编译器和第一个集成开发环境。而后，[领导了Delphi][48]和下一代Turbo Pascal的构建。[C#的主要设计师和架构师][49]。2001年荣获[Dr. Dobb's杰出编程奖][50]。 - -评论: “他用汇编在主流PC操作系统day（DOS and CPM）上编写了[Pascal]的编译器。用它来编译、链接并运行仅需几秒钟而不是几分钟。” [Steve Wood][51] - -“我佩服他 - 他创造了我最喜欢的开发工具，陪伴着我度过了三个关键的时期直至我成为一位专业的软件工程师。” [Stefan Kiryazov][52] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_doug_cutting-620x465-100502871-orig.jpg) - -图片来源： [vonguard CC BY-SA 2.0][53] - -### Doug Cutting ### - -**成就： 创造了Lucene** - -生平： [开发了Lucene搜索引擎、Web爬虫Nutch][54]和[对于大型数据集的分布式处理套件Hadoop][55]。一位强有力的开源支持者（Lucene、Nutch以及Hadoop都是开源的）。前[Apache软件基金的理事][56]。 - -评论: “...他就是那个即写出了优秀搜索框架(lucene/solr)，又为世界开启大数据之门(hadoop)的男人。” [Rajesh Rao][57] - -“他在Lucene和Hadoop（及其它工程）的创造/工作中为世界创造了巨大的财富和就业...” [Amit Nithianandan][58] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_sanjay_ghemawat-620x465-100502876-orig.jpg) - -图片来源： [Association for Computing Machinery][59] - -### Sanjay Ghemawat ### - -**成就： 谷歌核心架构师** - -生平： [协助设计和实现了一些谷歌大型分布式系统的功能][60]，包括MapReduce、BigTable、Spanner和谷歌文件系统。[创造了Unix的 ical][61]日历系统。2009年入选[国家工程院][62]。2012年荣获[ACM-Infosys基金计算机科学奖][63]。 - -评论： “Jeff Dean的僚机。” [Ahmet Alp Balkan][64] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_jeff_dean-620x465-100502866-orig.jpg) - -图片来源： [Google][65] - -### Jeff Dean ### - -**成就： 谷歌索引搜索背后的大脑** - -生平： 协助设计和实现了[许多谷歌大型分布式系统的功能][66]，包括网页爬虫，索引搜索，AdSense，MapReduce，BigTable和Spanner。2009年入选[国家工程院][67]。2012年荣获ACM [SIGOPS马克·维瑟奖][68]及[ACM-Infosys基金计算机科学奖][69]。 - -评论: “... 带来的在数据挖掘（GFS、MapReduce、BigTable）上的突破。” [Natu Lauchande][70] - -“... 设计、构建并部署MapReduce和BigTable，和以及数不清的东西” [Erik Goldman][71] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/09/linus_torvalds-620x465-100611765-orig.jpg) - -图片来源： [Krd CC BY-SA 4.0][72] - -### 林纳斯·托瓦兹 ### - -**成就： Linux缔造者** - -生平： 创造了[Linux内核][73]与[开源版本控制器Git][74]。收获了许多奖项和荣誉，包括有1998年的[EFF先驱奖][75]，2000年荣获[英国电脑学会授予的洛夫莱斯勋章][76]，2012年荣获[千禧技术奖][77]还有2014年[IEEE计算机学会授予的计算机先驱奖][78]。同样入选了2008年的[计算机历史博物馆名人录][79]与2012年的[网络名人堂][80]。 - -评论: “他只用了几年的时间就写出了Linux内核，而GNU Hurd（GNU开发的内核）历经25年的开发却丝毫没有准备发布的意思。他的成就就是带来了希望。” [Erich Ficker][81] - -“托沃兹可能是程序员的程序员。” [Dan Allen][82] - -“他真的很棒。” [Alok Tripathy][83] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_john_carmack-620x465-100502867-orig.jpg) - -图片来源： [QuakeCon CC BY 2.0][84] - -### 约翰·卡马克 ### - -**成就： 毁灭战士缔造者** - -生平： ID社联合创始人，打造了德军总部3D、毁灭战士和雷神之锤等所谓的即使FPS游戏。引领了[切片适配更新（adaptive tile refresh）][86]， [二叉空间分割（binary space partitioning）][87]，表面缓存（surface caching）等开创性的计算机图像技术。2001年入选[互动艺术与科学学会名人堂][88]，2007年和2008年荣获工程技术类[艾美奖][89]并于2010年由[游戏开发者甄选奖][90]授予终生成就奖。 - -评论: “他在写第一个渲染引擎的时候不到20岁。这家伙这是个天才。我若有他四分之一的天赋便心满意足了。” [Alex Dolinsky][91] - -“... 德军总部3D,、毁灭战士还有雷神之锤在那时都是革命性的，影响了一代游戏设计师。” [dniblock][92] - -“一个周末他几乎可以写出任何东西....” [Greg Naughton][93] - -“他是编程界的莫扎特... [Chris Morris][94] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_fabrice_bellard-620x465-100502870-orig.jpg) - -图片来源： [Duff][95] - -### 法布里斯·贝拉 ### - -**成就： 创造了QEMU** - -生平： 创造了[一系列耳熟能详的开源软件][96]，其中包括硬件模拟和虚拟化的平台QEMU，用于处理多媒体数据的FFmpeg，微型C编译器和 一个可执行文件压缩软件LZEXE。2000年和2001年[C语言混乱代码大赛的获胜者][97]并在2011年荣获[Google-O'Reilly开源奖][98]。[计算Pi最多位数][99]的前世界纪录保持着。 - -评论: “我觉得法布里斯·贝拉做的每一件事都是那么显著而又震撼。” [raphinou][100] - -“法布里斯·贝拉是世界上最高产的程序员...” [Pavan Yara][101] - -“他就像软件工程界的尼古拉·特斯拉。” [Michael Valladolid][102] - -“自80年代以来，他一直高产出一些列的成功作品。” [Michael Biggins][103] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_jon_skeet-620x465-100502863-orig.jpg) - -图片来源： [Craig Murphy CC BY 2.0][104] - -### Jon Skeet ### - -**成就： Stack Overflow传说级贡献者** - -生平： Google工程师[深入解析C#][105]的作者。保持着[有史以来在Stack Overflow上最高的声誉][106]，平均每月解答390个问题。 - -评论: “他根本不需要调试器，只要他盯一下代码，错误之处自会原形毕露。” [Steven A. Lowe][107] - -“如果他的代码没有通过编译，那编译器应该道歉。” [Dan Dyer][108] - -“他根本不需要什么编程规范，他的代码就是编程规范。” [Anonymous][109] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_image_adam_dangelo-620x465-100502875-orig.jpg) - -图片来源： [Philip Neustrom CC BY 2.0][110] - -### 亚当·安捷罗 ### - -**成就： Quora的创办人之一** - -生平： 还是Facebook工程师时，[为其搭建了news feed功能的基础][111]。直至其离开并联合创始了Quora，已经成为了Facebook的CTO和工程VP。2001年以高中生的身份在[美国计算机奥林匹克上第八位完成比赛][112]。2004年ACM国际大学生编程大赛[获得银牌的团队 - 加利福尼亚技术研究所][113]的成员。2005年入围Topcoder大学生[算法编程挑战赛][114]。 - -评论: “一位程序设计全才。” [Anonymous][115] - -"我做的每个好东西，他都已有了六个。" [Mark Zuckerberg][116] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_petr_mitrichev-620x465-100502869-orig.jpg) - -图片来源： [Facebook][117] - -### Petr Mitrechev ### - -**成就： 有史以来最具竞技能力的程序员之一** - -生平： 在国际信息学奥林匹克中[两次获得金牌][118]（2000，2002）。在2006，[赢得Google Code Jam][119]同时也是[TopCoder Open算法大赛冠军][120]。也同样，两次赢得Facebook黑客杯（[2011][121]，[2013][122]）。写这篇文章的时候，[TopCoder榜中排第二][123] （即：Petr）、在[Codeforces榜同样排第二][124]。 - -评论： “他是竞技程序员的偶像，即使在印度也是如此...[Kavish Dwivedi][125] - -![](http://images.techhive.com/images/idge/imported/imageapi/2014/10/08/17/slide_gennady_korot-620x465-100502864-orig.jpg) - -图片来源： [Ishandutta2007 CC BY-SA 3.0][126] - -### Gennady Korotkevich ### - -**成就： 竞技编程小神童** - -生平： 国际信息学奥林匹克中最小参赛者(11岁)[6次获得金牌][127] (2007-2012)。2013年ACM国际大学生编程大赛[获胜队伍][128]成员及[2014 Facebook黑客杯][129]获胜者。写这篇文章的时候，[Codeforces榜排名第一][130] （即：Tourist）、[TopCoder榜第一][131]。 - -评论: “一个编程神童！” [Prateek Joshi][132] - -“Gennady真是棒，也是为什么我在白俄罗斯拥有一个强大开发团队的例证。” [Chris Howard][133] - -“Tourist真是天才” [Nuka Shrinivas Rao][134] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.itworld.com/article/2823547/enterprise-software/158256-superclass-14-of-the-world-s-best-living-programmers.html#slide1 - -作者：[Phil Johnson][a] -译者：[martin2011qi](https://github.com/martin2011qi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 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-[131]:http://community.topcoder.com/tc?module=AlgoRank -[132]:http://www.quora.com/Computer-Programming/Who-is-the-best-programmer-in-the-world-right-now/answer/Prateek-Joshi -[133]:http://www.quora.com/Computer-Programming/Who-is-the-best-programmer-in-the-world-right-now/answer/Prateek-Joshi/comment/4720779 -[134]:http://www.quora.com/Computer-Programming/Who-is-the-best-programmer-in-the-world-right-now/answer/Prateek-Joshi/comment/4880549 From 66916e81bc287c57b520847a9873100e2037bffd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Tue, 24 Nov 2015 11:35:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 160/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151124-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ew--5 memory debuggers for Linux coding.md | 284 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 284 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20151124 Review--5 memory debuggers for Linux coding.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20151124 Review--5 memory debuggers for Linux coding.md b/sources/talk/20151124 Review--5 memory debuggers for Linux coding.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..db465e47cd --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20151124 Review--5 memory debuggers for Linux coding.md @@ -0,0 +1,284 @@ +Review: 5 memory debuggers for Linux coding +================================================================================ +![](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/11/penguinadmin-2400px-100627186-primary.idge.jpg) +Credit: [Moini][1] + +As a programmer, I'm aware that I tend to make mistakes -- and why not? Even programmers are human. Some errors are detected during code compilation, while others get caught during software testing. However, a category of error exists that usually does not get detected at either of these stages and that may cause the software to behave unexpectedly -- or worse, terminate prematurely. + +If you haven't already guessed it, I am talking about memory-related errors. Manually debugging these errors can be not only time-consuming but difficult to find and correct. Also, it's worth mentioning that these errors are surprisingly common, especially in software written in programming languages like C and C++, which were designed for use with [manual memory management][2]. + +Thankfully, several programming tools exist that can help you find memory errors in your software programs. In this roundup, I assess five popular, free and open-source memory debuggers that are available for Linux: Dmalloc, Electric Fence, Memcheck, Memwatch and Mtrace. I've used all five in my day-to-day programming, and so these reviews are based on practical experience. + +eviews are based on practical experience. + +### [Dmalloc][3] ### + +**Developer**: Gray Watson +**Reviewed version**: 5.5.2 +**Linux support**: All flavors +**License**: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 License + +Dmalloc is a memory-debugging tool developed by Gray Watson. It is implemented as a library that provides wrappers around standard memory management functions like **malloc(), calloc(), free()** and more, enabling programmers to detect problematic code. + +![cw dmalloc output](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/11/cw_dmalloc-output-100627040-large.idge.png) +Dmalloc + +As listed on the tool's Web page, the debugging features it provides includes memory-leak tracking, [double free][4] error tracking and [fence-post write detection][5]. Other features include file/line number reporting, and general logging of statistics. + +#### What's new #### + +Version 5.5.2 is primarily a [bug-fix release][6] containing corrections for a couple of build and install problems. + +#### What's good about it #### + +The best part about Dmalloc is that it's extremely configurable. For example, you can configure it to include support for C++ programs as well as threaded applications. A useful functionality it provides is runtime configurability, which means that you can easily enable/disable the features the tool provides while it is being executed. + +You can also use Dmalloc with the [GNU Project Debugger (GDB)][7] -- just add the contents of the dmalloc.gdb file (located in the contrib subdirectory in Dmalloc's source package) to the .gdbinit file in your home directory. + +Another thing that I really like about Dmalloc is its extensive documentation. Just head to the [documentation section][8] on its official website, and you'll get everything from how to download, install, run and use the library to detailed descriptions of the features it provides and an explanation of the output file it produces. There's also a section containing solutions to some common problems. + +#### Other considerations #### + +Like Mtrace, Dmalloc requires programmers to make changes to their program's source code. In this case you may, at the very least, want to add the **dmalloc.h** header, because it allows the tool to report the file/line numbers of calls that generate problems, something that is very useful as it saves time while debugging. + +In addition, the Dmalloc library, which is produced after the package is compiled, needs to be linked with your program while the program is being compiled. + +However, complicating things somewhat is the fact that you also need to set an environment variable, dubbed **DMALLOC_OPTION**, that the debugging tool uses to configure the memory debugging features -- as well as the location of the output file -- at runtime. While you can manually assign a value to the environment variable, beginners may find that process a bit tough, given that the Dmalloc features you want to enable are listed as part of that value, and are actually represented as a sum of their respective hexadecimal values -- you can read more about it [here][9]. + +An easier way to set the environment variable is to use the [Dmalloc Utility Program][10], which was designed for just that purpose. + +#### Bottom line #### + +Dmalloc's real strength lies in the configurability options it provides. It is also highly portable, having being successfully ported to many OSes, including AIX, BSD/OS, DG/UX, Free/Net/OpenBSD, GNU/Hurd, HPUX, Irix, Linux, MS-DOG, NeXT, OSF, SCO, Solaris, SunOS, Ultrix, Unixware and even Unicos (on a Cray T3E). Although the tool has a bit of a learning curve associated with it, the features it provides are worth it. + +### [Electric Fence][15] ### + +**Developer**: Bruce Perens +**Reviewed version**: 2.2.3 +**Linux support**: All flavors +**License**: GNU GPL (version 2) + +Electric Fence is a memory-debugging tool developed by Bruce Perens. It is implemented in the form of a library that your program needs to link to, and is capable of detecting overruns of memory allocated on a [heap][11] ) as well as memory accesses that have already been released. + +![cw electric fence output](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/11/cw_electric-fence-output-100627041-large.idge.png) +Electric Fence + +As the name suggests, Electric Fence creates a virtual fence around each allocated buffer in a way that any illegal memory access results in a [segmentation fault][12]. The tool supports both C and C++ programs. + +#### What's new #### + +Version 2.2.3 contains a fix for the tool's build system, allowing it to actually pass the -fno-builtin-malloc option to the [GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)][13]. + +#### What's good about it #### + +The first thing that I liked about Electric Fence is that -- unlike Memwatch, Dmalloc and Mtrace -- it doesn't require you to make any changes in the source code of your program. You just need to link your program with the tool's library during compilation. + +Secondly, the way the debugging tool is implemented makes sure that a segmentation fault is generated on the very first instruction that causes a bounds violation, which is always better than having the problem detected at a later stage. + +Electric Fence always produces a copyright message in output irrespective of whether an error was detected or not. This behavior is quite useful, as it also acts as a confirmation that you are actually running an Electric Fence-enabled version of your program. + +#### Other considerations #### + +On the other hand, what I really miss in Electric Fence is the ability to detect memory leaks, as it is one of the most common and potentially serious problems that software written in C/C++ has. In addition, the tool cannot detect overruns of memory allocated on the stack, and is not thread-safe. + +Given that the tool allocates an inaccessible virtual memory page both before and after a user-allocated memory buffer, it ends up consuming a lot of extra memory if your program makes too many dynamic memory allocations. + +Another limitation of the tool is that it cannot explicitly tell exactly where the problem lies in your programs' code -- all it does is produce a segmentation fault whenever it detects a memory-related error. To find out the exact line number, you'll have to debug your Electric Fence-enabled program with a tool like [The Gnu Project Debugger (GDB)][14], which in turn depends on the -g compiler option to produce line numbers in output. + +Finally, although Electric Fence is capable of detecting most buffer overruns, an exception is the scenario where the allocated buffer size is not a multiple of the word size of the system -- in that case, an overrun (even if it's only a few bytes) won't be detected. + +#### Bottom line #### + +Despite all its limitations, where Electric Fence scores is the ease of use -- just link your program with the tool once, and it'll alert you every time it detects a memory issue it's capable of detecting. However, as already mentioned, the tool requires you to use a source-code debugger like GDB. + +### [Memcheck][16] ### + +**Developer**: [Valgrind Developers][17] +**Reviewed version**: 3.10.1 +**Linux support**: All flavors +**License**: GPL + +[Valgrind][18] is a suite that provides several tools for debugging and profiling Linux programs. Although it works with programs written in many different languages -- such as Java, Perl, Python, Assembly code, Fortran, Ada and more -- the tools it provides are largely aimed at programs written in C and C++. + +The most popular Valgrind tool is Memcheck, a memory-error detector that can detect issues such as memory leaks, invalid memory access, uses of undefined values and problems related to allocation and deallocation of heap memory. + +#### What's new #### + +This [release][19] of the suite (3.10.1) is a minor one that primarily contains fixes to bugs reported in version 3.10.0. In addition, it also "backports fixes for all reported missing AArch64 ARMv8 instructions and syscalls from the trunk." + +#### What's good about it #### + +Memcheck, like all other Valgrind tools, is basically a command line utility. It's very easy to use: If you normally run your program on the command line in a form such as prog arg1 arg2, you just need to add a few values, like this: valgrind --leak-check=full prog arg1 arg2. + +![cw memcheck output](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/11/cw_memcheck-output-100627037-large.idge.png) +Memcheck + +(Note: You don't need to mention Memcheck anywhere in the command line because it's the default Valgrind tool. However, you do need to initially compile your program with the -g option -- which adds debugging information -- so that Memcheck's error messages include exact line numbers.) + +What I really like about Memcheck is that it provides a lot of command line options (such as the --leak-check option mentioned above), allowing you to not only control how the tool works but also how it produces the output. + +For example, you can enable the --track-origins option to see information on the sources of uninitialized data in your program. Enabling the --show-mismatched-frees option will let Memcheck match the memory allocation and deallocation techniques. For code written in C language, Memcheck will make sure that only the free() function is used to deallocate memory allocated by malloc(), while for code written in C++, the tool will check whether or not the delete and delete[] operators are used to deallocate memory allocated by new and new[], respectively. If a mismatch is detected, an error is reported. + +But the best part, especially for beginners, is that the tool even produces suggestions about which command line option the user should use to make the output more meaningful. For example, if you do not use the basic --leak-check option, it will produce an output suggesting: "Rerun with --leak-check=full to see details of leaked memory." And if there are uninitialized variables in the program, the tool will generate a message that says, "Use --track-origins=yes to see where uninitialized values come from." + +Another useful feature of Memcheck is that it lets you [create suppression files][20], allowing you to suppress certain errors that you can't fix at the moment -- this way you won't be reminded of them every time the tool is run. It's worth mentioning that there already exists a default suppression file that Memcheck reads to suppress errors in the system libraries, such as the C library, that come pre-installed with your OS. You can either create a new suppression file for your use, or edit the existing one (usually /usr/lib/valgrind/default.supp). + +For those seeking advanced functionality, it's worth knowing that Memcheck can also [detect memory errors][21] in programs that use [custom memory allocators][22]. In addition, it also provides [monitor commands][23] that can be used while working with Valgrind's built-in gdbserver, as well as a [client request mechanism][24] that allows you not only to tell the tool facts about the behavior of your program, but make queries as well. + +#### Other considerations #### + +While there's no denying that Memcheck can save you a lot of debugging time and frustration, the tool uses a lot of memory, and so can make your program execution significantly slower (around 20 to 30 times, [according to the documentation][25]). + +Aside from this, there are some other limitations, too. According to some user comments, Memcheck apparently isn't [thread-safe][26]; it doesn't detect [static buffer overruns][27]). Also, there are some Linux programs, like [GNU Emacs][28], that currently do not work with Memcheck. + +If you're interested in taking a look, an exhaustive list of Valgrind's limitations can be found [here][29]. + +#### Bottom line #### + +Memcheck is a handy memory-debugging tool for both beginners as well as those looking for advanced features. While it's very easy to use if all you need is basic debugging and error checking, there's a bit of learning curve if you want to use features like suppression files or monitor commands. + +Although it has a long list of limitations, Valgrind (and hence Memcheck) claims on its site that it is used by [thousands of programmers][30] across the world -- the team behind the tool says it's received feedback from users in over 30 countries, with some of them working on projects with up to a whopping 25 million lines of code. + +### [Memwatch][31] ### + +**Developer**: Johan Lindh +**Reviewed version**: 2.71 +**Linux support**: All flavors +**License**: GNU GPL + +Memwatch is a memory-debugging tool developed by Johan Lindh. Although it's primarily a memory-leak detector, it is also capable (according to its Web page) of detecting other memory-related issues like [double-free error tracking and erroneous frees][32], buffer overflow and underflow, [wild pointer][33] writes, and more. + +The tool works with programs written in C. Although you can also use it with C++ programs, it's not recommended (according to the Q&A file that comes with the tool's source package). + +#### What's new #### + +This version adds ULONG_LONG_MAX to detect whether a program is 32-bit or 64-bit. + +#### What's good about it #### + +Like Dmalloc, Memwatch comes with good documentation. You can refer to the USING file if you want to learn things like how the tool works; how it performs initialization, cleanup and I/O operations; and more. Then there is a FAQ file that is aimed at helping users in case they face any common error while using Memcheck. Finally, there is a test.c file that contains a working example of the tool for your reference. + +![cw memwatch output](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/11/cw_memwatch_output-100627038-large.idge.png) +Memwatch + +Unlike Mtrace, the log file to which Memwatch writes the output (usually memwatch.log) is in human-readable form. Also, instead of truncating, Memwatch appends the memory-debugging output to the file each time the tool is run, allowing you to easily refer to the previous outputs should the need arise. + +It's also worth mentioning that when you execute your program with Memwatch enabled, the tool produces a one-line output on [stdout][34] informing you that some errors were found -- you can then head to the log file for details. If no such error message is produced, you can rest assured that the log file won't contain any mistakes -- this actually saves time if you're running the tool several times. + +Another thing that I liked about Memwatch is that it also provides a way through which you can capture the tool's output from within the code, and handle it the way you like (refer to the mwSetOutFunc() function in the Memwatch source code for more on this). + +#### Other considerations #### + +Like Mtrace and Dmalloc, Memwatch requires you to add extra code to your source file -- you have to include the memwatch.h header file in your code. Also, while compiling your program, you need to either compile memwatch.c along with your program's source files or include the object module from the compile of the file, as well as define the MEMWATCH and MW_STDIO variables on the command line. Needless to say, the -g compiler option is also required for your program if you want exact line numbers in the output. + +There are some features that it doesn't contain. For example, the tool cannot detect attempts to write to an address that has already been freed or read data from outside the allocated memory. Also, it's not thread-safe. Finally, as I've already pointed out in the beginning, there is no guarantee on how the tool will behave if you use it with programs written in C++. + +#### Bottom line #### + +Memcheck can detect many memory-related problems, making it a handy debugging tool when dealing with projects written in C. Given that it has a very small source code, you can learn how the tool works, debug it if the need arises, and even extend or update its functionality as per your requirements. + +### [Mtrace][35] ### + +**Developers**: Roland McGrath and Ulrich Drepper +**Reviewed version**: 2.21 +**Linux support**: All flavors +**License**: GNU LGPL + +Mtrace is a memory-debugging tool included in [the GNU C library][36]. It works with both C and C++ programs on Linux, and detects memory leaks caused by unbalanced calls to the malloc() and free() functions. + +![cw mtrace output](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/11/cw_mtrace-output-100627039-large.idge.png) +Mtrace + +The tool is implemented in the form of a function called mtrace(), which traces all malloc/free calls made by a program and logs the information in a user-specified file. Because the file contains data in computer-readable format, a Perl script -- also named mtrace -- is used to convert and display it in human-readable form. + +#### What's new #### + +[The Mtrace source][37] and [the Perl file][38] that now come with the GNU C library (version 2.21) add nothing new to the tool aside from an update to the copyright dates. + +#### What's good about it #### + +The best part about Mtrace is that the learning curve for it isn't steep; all you need to understand is how and where to add the mtrace() -- and the corresponding muntrace() -- function in your code, and how to use the Mtrace Perl script. The latter is very straightforward -- all you have to do is run the mtrace() command. (For an example, see the last command in the screenshot above.) + +Another thing that I like about Mtrace is that it's scalable -- which means that you can not only use it to debug a complete program, but can also use it to detect memory leaks in individual modules of the program. Just call the mtrace() and muntrace() functions within each module. + +Finally, since the tool is triggered when the mtrace() function -- which you add in your program's source code -- is executed, you have the flexibility to enable the tool dynamically (during program execution) [using signals][39]. + +#### Other considerations #### + +Because the calls to mtrace() and mauntrace() functions -- which are declared in the mcheck.h file that you need to include in your program's source -- are fundamental to Mtrace's operation (the mauntrace() function is not [always required][40]), the tool requires programmers to make changes in their code at least once. + +Be aware that you need to compile your program with the -g option (provided by both the [GCC][41] and [G++][42] compilers), which enables the debugging tool to display exact line numbers in the output. In addition, some programs (depending on how big their source code is) can take a long time to compile. Finally, compiling with -g increases the size of the executable (because it produces extra information for debugging), so you have to remember that the program needs to be recompiled without -g after the testing has been completed. + +To use Mtrace, you need to have some basic knowledge of environment variables in Linux, given that the path to the user-specified file -- which the mtrace() function uses to log all the information -- has to be set as a value for the MALLOC_TRACE environment variable before the program is executed. + +Feature-wise, Mtrace is limited to detecting memory leaks and attempts to free up memory that was never allocated. It can't detect other memory-related issues such as illegal memory access or use of uninitialized memory. Also, [there have been complaints][43] that it's not [thread-safe][44]. + +### Conclusions ### + +Needless to say, each memory debugger that I've discussed here has its own qualities and limitations. So, which one is best suited for you mostly depends on what features you require, although ease of setup and use might also be a deciding factor in some cases. + +Mtrace is best suited for cases where you just want to catch memory leaks in your software program. It can save you some time, too, since the tool comes pre-installed on your Linux system, something which is also helpful in situations where the development machines aren't connected to the Internet or you aren't allowed to download a third party tool for any kind of debugging. + +Dmalloc, on the other hand, can not only detect more error types compared to Mtrace, but also provides more features, such as runtime configurability and GDB integration. Also, unlike any other tool discussed here, Dmalloc is thread-safe. Not to mention that it comes with detailed documentation, making it ideal for beginners. + +Although Memwatch comes with even more comprehensive documentation than Dmalloc, and can detect even more error types, you can only use it with software written in the C programming language. One of its features that stands out is that it lets you handle its output from within the code of your program, something that is helpful in case you want to customize the format of the output. + +If making changes to your program's source code is not what you want, you can use Electric Fence. However, keep in mind that it can only detect a couple of error types, and that doesn't include memory leaks. Plus, you also need to know GDB basics to make the most out of this memory-debugging tool. + +Memcheck is probably the most comprehensive of them all. It detects more error types and provides more features than any other tool discussed here -- and it doesn't require you to make any changes in your program's source code.But be aware that, while the learning curve is not very high for basic usage, if you want to use its advanced features, a level of expertise is definitely required. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.computerworld.com/article/3003957/linux/review-5-memory-debuggers-for-linux-coding.html + +作者：[Himanshu Arora][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.computerworld.com/author/Himanshu-Arora/ +[1]:https://openclipart.org/detail/132427/penguin-admin +[2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_memory_management +[3]:http://dmalloc.com/ +[4]:https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Double_Free +[5]:https://stuff.mit.edu/afs/sipb/project/gnucash-test/src/dmalloc-4.8.2/dmalloc.html#Fence-Post%20Overruns +[6]:http://dmalloc.com/releases/notes/dmalloc-5.5.2.html +[7]:http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/ +[8]:http://dmalloc.com/docs/ +[9]:http://dmalloc.com/docs/latest/online/dmalloc_26.html#SEC32 +[10]:http://dmalloc.com/docs/latest/online/dmalloc_23.html#SEC29 +[11]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management#Dynamic_memory_allocation +[12]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmentation_fault +[13]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection +[14]:http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/ +[15]:https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/electric-fence/2.2.3 +[16]:http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/mc-manual.html +[17]:http://valgrind.org/info/developers.html +[18]:http://valgrind.org/ +[19]:http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/dist.news.html +[20]:http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/mc-manual.html#mc-manual.suppfiles +[21]:http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/mc-manual.html#mc-manual.mempools +[22]:http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4642671/c-memory-allocators +[23]:http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/mc-manual.html#mc-manual.monitor-commands +[24]:http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/mc-manual.html#mc-manual.clientreqs +[25]:http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/valgrind_manual.pdf +[26]:http://sourceforge.net/p/valgrind/mailman/message/30292453/ +[27]:https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee798431%28v=cs.20%29.aspx +[28]:http://www.computerworld.com/article/2484425/linux/5-free-linux-text-editors-for-programming-and-word-processing.html?nsdr=true&page=2 +[29]:http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/manual-core.html#manual-core.limits +[30]:http://valgrind.org/info/ +[31]:http://www.linkdata.se/sourcecode/memwatch/ +[32]:http://www.cecalc.ula.ve/documentacion/tutoriales/WorkshopDebugger/007-2579-007/sgi_html/ch09.html +[33]:http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WildPointer +[34]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_streams#Standard_output_.28stdout.29 +[35]:http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Tracing-malloc.html +[36]:https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/ +[37]:https://sourceware.org/git/?p=glibc.git;a=history;f=malloc/mtrace.c;h=df10128b872b4adc4086cf74e5d965c1c11d35d2;hb=HEAD +[38]:https://sourceware.org/git/?p=glibc.git;a=history;f=malloc/mtrace.pl;h=0737890510e9837f26ebee2ba36c9058affb0bf1;hb=HEAD +[39]:http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:s6ywlLtkSqQJ:www.gnu.org/s/libc/manual/html_node/Tips-for-the-Memory-Debugger.html+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in&client=Ubuntu +[40]:http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Using-the-Memory-Debugger.html#Using-the-Memory-Debugger +[41]:http://linux.die.net/man/1/gcc +[42]:http://linux.die.net/man/1/g++ +[43]:https://sourceware.org/ml/libc-help/2014-05/msg00008.html +[44]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_safety \ No newline at end of file From eefcb0e5e64ca2bcd4388324c4c8c9ef5ef255ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chenj zhang <1134386961@qq.com> Date: Tue, 24 Nov 2015 17:03:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 161/176] Update 20151123 LNAV--Ncurses based log file viewer.md --- sources/tech/20151123 LNAV--Ncurses based log file viewer.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151123 LNAV--Ncurses based log file viewer.md b/sources/tech/20151123 LNAV--Ncurses based log file viewer.md index 0ceb06c252..08b7ee011a 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151123 LNAV--Ncurses based log file viewer.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151123 LNAV--Ncurses based log file viewer.md @@ -75,9 +75,9 @@ If you want to view CUPS logs run the following command from your terminal via: http://www.ubuntugeek.com/lnav-ncurses-based-log-file-viewer.html 作者：[ruchi][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[zky001](https://github.com/zky001) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[a]:http://www.ubuntugeek.com/author/ubuntufix \ No newline at end of file +[a]:http://www.ubuntugeek.com/author/ubuntufix From 80e6360096c5568ae19db1e00b4f78914bdafb82 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ezio Date: Tue, 24 Nov 2015 22:40:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 162/176] tip 9 done --- ...51028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md | 13 +++++++------ 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md index 62891f33d9..b27db20846 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md @@ -181,22 +181,23 @@ Whatever web server you use, you need to tune it for web application performance - **Client keepalives**. Keepalive connections reduce overhead, especially when SSL/TLS is in use. For NGINX, you can increase the maximum number of *keepalive_requests* a client can make over a given connection from the default of 100, and you can increase the *keepalive_timeout* to allow the keepalive connection to stay open longer, resulting in faster subsequent requests. - **客户端保活**。 - **Upstream keepalives**. Upstream connections – connections to application servers, database servers, and so on – benefit from keepalive connections as well. For upstream connections, you can increase *keepalive*, the number of idle keepalive connections that remain open for each worker process. This allows for increased connection reuse, cutting down on the need to open brand new connections. For more information about keepalives, refer to this [blog post][41]. -- **上游保活**。 +- **上游保活**。上游的连接——即连接到应用服务器、数据库服务器等机器的连接——同样也会收益于连接保活。对于上游连接老说，你可以增加*保活时间*，即每个工人进程的空闲保活连接个数。这就可以提高连接的复用次数，减少需要重新打开全新的连接次数。更多关于保活连接的信息可以参见[blog][41]. - **Limits**. Limiting the resources that clients use can improve performance and security. For NGINX,the *limit_conn* and *limit_conn_zone* directives restrict the number of connections from a given source, while *limit_rate* constrains bandwidth. These settings can stop a legitimate user from “hogging” resources and also help prevent against attacks. The *limit_req* and *limit_req_zone* directives limit client requests. For connections to upstream servers, use the max_conns parameter to the server directive in an upstream configuration block. This limits connections to an upstream server, preventing overloading. The associated queue directive creates a queue that holds a specified number of requests for a specified length of time after the *max_conns* limit is reached. -- **限制**。 +- **限制**。限制客户端使用的资源可以提高性能和安全性。对于NGINX 来说指令*limit_conn* 和 *limit_conn_zone* 限制了每个源的连接数量，而*limit_rate* 限制了带宽。这些限制都可以阻止合法用户*攫取* 资源，同时夜避免了攻击。指令*limit_req* 和 *limit_req_zone* 限制了客户端请求。对于上游服务器来说，可以在上游服务器的配置块里使用max_conns 可以限制连接到上游服务器的连接。 这样可以避免服务器过载。关联的队列指令会创建一个队列来在连接数抵达*max_conn* 限制时在指定的长度的时间内保存特定数量的请求。 - **Worker processes**. Worker processes are responsible for the processing of requests. NGINX employs an event-based model and OS-dependent mechanisms to efficiently distribute requests among worker processes. The recommendation is to set the value of *worker_processes* to one per CPU. The maximum number of worker_connections (512 by default) can safely be raised on most systems if needed; experiment to find the value that works best for your system. -- **工人进程**。 +- **工人进程**。工人进程负责处理请求。NGINX 采用事件驱动模型和依赖操作系统的机制来有效的讲请求分发给不同的工人进程。这条建议推荐设置每个CPU 的参数*worker_processes* 。如果需要的话，工人连接的最大数（默认512）可以安全在大部分系统增加，是指找到最适合你的系统的值。 - **Socket sharding**. Typically, a single socket listener distributes new connections to all worker processes. Socket sharding creates a socket listener for each worker process, with the kernel assigning connections to socket listeners as they become available. This can reduce lock contention and improve performance on multicore systems. To enable [socket sharding][43], include the reuseport parameter on the listen directive. -- **套接字分割**。 +- **套接字分割**。通常一个套接字监听器会把新连接分配给所有工人进程。套接字分割会未每个工人进程创建一个套接字监听器，这样一来以内核分配连接给套接字就成为可能了。折可以减少锁竞争，并且提高多核系统的性能，要使能[套接字分隔][43]需要在监听指令里面加上复用端口参数。 - **Thread pools**. Any computer process can be held up by a single, slow operation. For web server software, disk access can hold up many faster operations, such as calculating or copying information in memory. When a thread pool is used, the slow operation is assigned to a separate set of tasks, while the main processing loop keeps running faster operations. When the disk operation completes, the results go back into the main processing loop. In NGINX, two operations – the read() system call and sendfile() – are offloaded to [thread pools][44]. -- **线程池**。 +- **线程池**。一个计算机进程可以处理一个缓慢的操作。对于web 服务器软件来说磁盘访问会影响很多更快的操作，比如计算或者在内存中拷贝。使用了线程池之后慢操作可以分配到不同的任务集，而主进程可以一直运行快速操作。当磁盘操作完成后结果会返回给主进程的循环。在NGINX理有两个操作——read()系统调用和sendfile() ——被分配到了[线程池][44] ![Thread pools help increase application performance by assigning a slow operation to a separate set of tasks](https://www.nginx.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Graph-17.png) **Tip**. When changing settings for any operating system or supporting service, change a single setting at a time, then test performance. If the change causes problems, or if it doesn’t make your site run faster, change it back. -**技巧**。 +**技巧**。当改变任务操作系统或支持服务的设置时，一次只改变一个参数然后测试性能。如果修改引起问题了，或者不能让你的系统更快那么就改回去。 See this [blog post][45] for more details on tuning NGINX. +在[blog][45]可以看到更详细的NGINX 调优方法。 ### Tip #10: 监视系统活动来解决问题和瓶颈 ### From 6d222a5ade91ecfc291963e00e4f5c454c685f47 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ezio Date: Tue, 24 Nov 2015 23:03:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 163/176] tip 10 done --- .../20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md | 9 +++++++++ 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md index b27db20846..b8e88b3b5c 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md @@ -202,19 +202,28 @@ See this [blog post][45] for more details on tuning NGINX. ### Tip #10: 监视系统活动来解决问题和瓶颈 ### The key to a high-performance approach to application development and delivery is watching your application’s real-world performance closely and in real time. You must be able to monitor activity within specific devices and across your web infrastructure. +在应用开发中要使得系统变得非常高效的关键是监视你的系统在现实世界运行的性能。你必须能通过特定的设备和你的web 基础设施上监控程序活动。 Monitoring site activity is mostly passive – it tells you what’s going on, and leaves it to you to spot problems and fix them. +监视活动是最积极的——他会告诉你发生了什么，把问题留给你发现和最终解决掉。 Monitoring can catch several different kinds of issues. They include: +监视可以发现集中不同的问题。它们包括： - A server is down. +- 服务器宕机。 - A server is limping, dropping connections. +- 服务器出问题一直在丢失连接。 - A server is suffering from a high proportion of cache misses. +- 服务器出现大量的缓存未命中。 - A server is not sending correct content. +- 服务器没有发送正确的内容。 A global application performance monitoring tool like New Relic or Dynatrace helps you monitor page load time from remote locations, while NGINX helps you monitor the application delivery side. Application performance data tells you when your optimizations are making a real difference to your users, and when you need to consider adding capacity to your infrastructure to sustain the traffic. +应用的总体性能监控工具，比如New Relic 和Dynatrace，可以帮助你监控到从远处加载网页的时间，二NGINX 可以帮助你监控到应用发送的时 间。当你需要考虑为基础设施添加容量以满足流量需求时，应用性能数据可以告诉你你的优化措施的确起作用了。 To help identify and resolve issues quickly, NGINX Plus adds [application-aware health checks][46] – synthetic transactions that are repeated regularly and are used to alert you to problems. NGINX Plus also has [session draining][47], which stops new connections while existing tasks complete, and a slow start capability, allowing a recovered server to come up to speed within a load-balanced group. When used effectively, health checks allow you to identify issues before they significantly impact the user experience, while session draining and slow start allow you to replace servers and ensure the process does not negatively affect perceived performance or uptime. The figure shows the built-in NGINX Plus [live activity monitoring][48] dashboard for a web infrastructure with servers, TCP connections, and caching. +为了帮助开发者快速的发现、解决问题，NGINX Plus 增加了[应用感知健康度检查][46] ——对重复出现的常规事件进行综合分析并在问题出现时向你发出警告。NGINX Plus 同时提供[会话过滤][47] 功能，折可以组织当前任务未完成之前不接受新的连接，另一个功能是慢启动，允许一个从错误恢复过来的服务器追赶上负载均衡服务器群的速度。当有使用得当时，健康度检查可以让你在问题变得严重到影响用户体验前就发现它，而会话过滤和慢启动可以让你替换服务器，并且这个过程不会对性能和正常运行时间产生负面影响。这个表格就展示了NGINX Plus 内建模块在web 基础设施[监视活活动][48]的仪表盘，包括了服务器群，TCP 连接和缓存等信息。 ![Use real-time application performance monitoring tools to identify and resolve issues quickly](https://www.nginx.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Screen-Shot-2015-10-05-at-4.16.32-PM.png) From e239ea75c1c33c85b2a29851547e8e9b2a8544fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ezio Date: Tue, 24 Nov 2015 23:32:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 164/176] translation done --- ...1028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md | 14 +++++++++++--- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md index b8e88b3b5c..cacfb2abc6 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md @@ -227,22 +227,30 @@ To help identify and resolve issues quickly, NGINX Plus adds [application-aware ![Use real-time application performance monitoring tools to identify and resolve issues quickly](https://www.nginx.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Screen-Shot-2015-10-05-at-4.16.32-PM.png) -### Conclusion: Seeing 10x Performance Improvement ### +### 总结: 看看10倍性能提升的效果 ### The performance improvements that are available for any one web application vary tremendously, and actual gains depend on your budget, the time you can invest, and gaps in your existing implementation. So, how might you achieve 10x performance improvement for your own applications? +这些性能提升方案对任何一个web 应用都可用并且效果都很好，而实际效果取决于你的预算，如你能花费的时间，目前实现方案的差距。所以你该如何对你自己的应用实现10倍性能提升？ To help guide you on the potential impact of each optimization, here are pointers to the improvement that may be possible with each tip detailed above, though your mileage will almost certainly vary: +为了指导你了解每种优化手段的潜在影响，这里是是上面详述的每个优化方法的关键点，虽然你的里程肯定大不相同： - **Reverse proxy server and load balancing**. No load balancing, or poor load balancing, can cause episodes of very poor performance. Adding a reverse proxy server, such as NGINX, can prevent web applications from thrashing between memory and disk. Load balancing can move processing from overburdened servers to available ones and make scaling easy. These changes can result in dramatic performance improvement, with a 10x improvement easily achieved compared to the worst moments for your current implementation, and lesser but substantial achievements available for overall performance. +- **反向代理服务器和负载均衡**。没有负载均衡或者负载均衡很差都会造成间断的极低性能。增加一个反向代理，比如NGINX可以避免web应用程序在内存和磁盘之间抖动。负载均衡可以将过载服务器的任务转移到空闲的服务器，还可以轻松的进行扩容。这些改变都可以产生巨大的性能提升，很容易就可以比你现在的实现方案的最差性能提高10倍，对于总体性能来说可能提高的不多，但是也是有实质性的提升。 - **Caching dynamic and static content**. If you have an overburdened web server that’s doubling as your application server, 10x improvements in peak-time performance can be achieved by caching dynamic content alone. Caching for static files can improve performance by single-digit multiples as well. +- **缓存动态和静态数据**。如果你又一个web 服务器负担过重，那么毫无疑问肯定是你的应用服务器，只通过缓存动态数据就可以在峰值时间提高10倍的性能。缓存静态文件可以提高个位数倍的性能。 - **Compressing data**. Using media file compression such as JPEG for photos, PNG for graphics, MPEG-4 for movies, and MP3 for music files can greatly improve performance. Once these are all in use, then compressing text data (code and HTML) can improve initial page load times by a factor of two. +- **压缩数据**。使用媒体文件压缩格式，比如图像格式JPEG，图形格式PNG，视频格式MPEG-4，音乐文件格式MP3可以极大的提高性能。一旦这些都用上了，然后压缩文件数据可以提高初始页面加载速度提高两倍。 - **Optimizing SSL/TLS**. Secure handshakes can have a big impact on performance, so optimizing them can lead to perhaps a 2x improvement in initial responsiveness, particularly for text-heavy sites. Optimizing media file transmission under SSL/TLS is likely to yield only small performance improvements. +- **优化SSL/TLS**。安全握手会对性能产生巨大的影响，对他们的优化可能会对初始响应特别是重文本站点产生2倍的提升。优化SSL/TLS 下媒体文件只会产生很小的性能提升。 - **Implementing HTTP/2 and SPDY**. When used with SSL/TLS, these protocols are likely to result in incremental improvements for overall site performance. +- **使用HTTP/2 和SPDY*。当你使用了SSL/TLS，这些协议就可以提高整个站点的性能。 - **Tuning Linux and web server software (such as NGINX)**. Fixes such as optimizing buffering, using keepalive connections, and offloading time-intensive tasks to a separate thread pool can significantly boost performance; thread pools, for instance, can speed disk-intensive tasks by [nearly an order of magnitude][49]. +- **对linux 和web 服务器软件进行调优**。比如优化缓存机制，使用保活连接，分配时间敏感型任务到不同的线程池可以明显的提高性能；举个例子，线程池可以加速对磁盘敏感的任务[近一个数量级][49]. We hope you try out these techniques for yourself. We want to hear the kind of application performance improvements you’re able to achieve. Share your results in the comments below, or tweet your story with the hash tags #NGINX and #webperf! - -### Resources for Internet Statistics ### +我们希望你亲自尝试这些技术。我们希望这些提高应用性能的手段可以被你实现。请在下面评论栏分享你的结果 或者在标签#NGINX 和#webperf 下tweet 你的故事。 +### 网上资源 ### [Statista.com – Share of the internet economy in the gross domestic product in G-20 countries in 2016][50] From b0555ecbb4208c4b52cbdd168e82efcb5bae01f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ezio Date: Tue, 24 Nov 2015 23:45:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 165/176] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md | 51 +------------------ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 49 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md index cacfb2abc6..55cd24bd9a 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md @@ -111,144 +111,97 @@ NGINX 和NGINX Plus 可以被用作SSL/TLS 终结——处理客户端流量的 ### Tip #6: 使用 HTTP/2 或 SPDY ### -For sites that already use SSL/TLS, HTTP/2 and SPDY are very likely to improve performance, because the single connection requires just one handshake. For sites that don’t yet use SSL/TLS, HTTP/2 and SPDY makes a move to SSL/TLS (which normally slows performance) a wash from a responsiveness point of view. 对于已经使用了SSL/TLS 的站点，HTTP/2 和SPDY 可以很好的提高性能，因为每个连接只需要一次握手。而对于没有使用SSL/TLS 的站点来说，HTTP/2 和SPDY会在响应速度上有些影响（通常会将度效率）。 -Google introduced SPDY in 2012 as a way to achieve faster performance on top of HTTP/1.x. HTTP/2 is the recently approved IETF standard based on SPDY. SPDY is broadly supported, but is soon to be deprecated, replaced by HTTP/2. Google 在2012年开始把SPDY 作为一个比HTTP/1.x 更快速的协议来推荐。HTTP/2 是目前IETF 标准，他也基于SPDY。SPDY 已经被广泛的支持了，但是很快就会被HTTP/2 替代。 -The key feature of SPDY and HTTP/2 is the use of a single connection rather than multiple connections. The single connection is multiplexed, so it can carry pieces of multiple requests and responses at the same time. SPDY 和HTTP/2 的关键是用单连接来替代多路连接。单个连接是被复用的，所以它可以同时携带多个请求和响应的分片。 -By getting the most out of one connection, these protocols avoid the overhead of setting up and managing multiple connections, as required by the way browsers implement HTTP/1.x. The use of a single connection is especially helpful with SSL, because it minimizes the time-consuming handshaking that SSL/TLS needs to set up a secure connection. 通过使用一个连接这些协议可以避免过多的设置和管理多个连接，就像浏览器实现了HTTP/1.x 一样。单连接在对SSL 特别有效，这是因为它可以最小化SSL/TLS 建立安全链接时的握手时间。 -The SPDY protocol required the use of SSL/TLS; HTTP/2 does not officially require it, but all browsers so far that support HTTP/2 use it only if SSL/TLS is enabled. That is, a browser that supports HTTP/2 uses it only if the website is using SSL and its server accepts HTTP/2 traffic. Otherwise, the browser communicates over HTTP/1.x. SPDY 协议需要使用SSL/TLS， 而HTTP/2 官方并不需要，但是目前所有支持HTTP/2的浏览器只有在使能了SSL/TLS 的情况下才会使用它。这就意味着支持HTTP/2 的浏览器只有在网站使用了SSL 并且服务器接收HTTP/2 流量的情况下才会启用HTTP/2。否则的话浏览器就会使用HTTP/1.x 协议。 -When you implement SPDY or HTTP/2, you no longer need typical HTTP performance optimizations such as domain sharding, resource merging, and image spriting. These changes make your code and deployments simpler and easier to manage. To learn more about the changes that HTTP/2 is bringing about, read our [white paper][34]. 当你实现SPDY 或者HTTP/2时，你不再需要通常的HTTP 性能优化方案，比如域分隔资源聚合，以及图像登记。这些改变可以让你的代码和部署变得更简单和更易于管理。要了解HTTP/2 带来的这些变化可以浏览我们的[白皮书][34]。 ![NGINX Supports SPDY and HTTP/2 for increased web application performance](https://www.nginx.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/http2-27.png) -As an example of support for these protocols, NGINX has supported SPDY from early on, and [most sites][35] that use SPDY today run on NGINX. NGINX is also [pioneering support][36] for HTTP/2, with [support][37] for HTTP/2 in NGINX open source and NGINX Plus as of September 2015. 作为支持这些协议的一个样例，NGINX 已经从一开始就支持了SPDY，而且[大部分使用SPDY 协议的网站][35]都运行的是NGINX。NGINX 同时也[很早][36]对HTTP/2 的提供了支持,从2015 年9月开始开源NGINX 和NGINX Plus 就[支持][37]它了。 -Over time, we at NGINX expect most sites to fully enable SSL and to move to HTTP/2. This will lead to increased security and, as new optimizations are found and implemented, simpler code that performs better. 经过一段时间，我们NGINX 希望更多的站点完全是能SSL 并且向HTTP/2 迁移。这将会提高安全性，同时新的优化手段也会被发现和实现，更简单的代码表现的更加优异。 ### Tip #7: 升级软件版本 ### -One simple way to boost application performance is to select components for your software stack based on their reputation for stability and performance. In addition, because developers of high-quality components are likely to pursue performance enhancements and fix bugs over time, it pays to use the latest stable version of software. New releases receive more attention from developers and the user community. Newer builds also take advantage of new compiler optimizations, including tuning for new hardware. 一个提高应用性能的简单办法是根据软件的稳定性和性能的评价来选在你的软件栈。进一步说，因为高性能组件的开发者更愿意追求更高的性能和解决bug ，所以值得使用最新版本的软件。新版本往往更受开发者和用户社区的关注。更新的版本往往会利用到新的编译器优化，包括对新硬件的调优。 -Stable new releases are typically more compatible and higher-performing than older releases. It’s also easier to keep on top of tuning optimizations, bug fixes, and security alerts when you stay on top of software updates. 稳定的新版本通常比旧版本具有更好的兼容性和更高的性能。一直进行软件更新，可以非常简单的保持软件保持最佳的优化，解决掉bug，以及安全性的提高。 -Staying with older software can also prevent you from taking advantage of new capabilities. For example, HTTP/2, described above, currently requires OpenSSL 1.0.1. Starting in mid-2016, HTTP/2 will require OpenSSL 1.0.2, which was released in January 2015. 一直使用旧版软件也会组织你利用新的特性。比如上面说到的HTTP/2，目前要求OpenSSL 1.0.1.在2016 年中期开始将会要求1.0.2 ，而这是在2015年1月才发布的。 -NGINX users can start by moving to the [[latest version of the NGINX open source software][38] or [NGINX Plus][39]; they include new capabilities such as socket sharding and thread pools (see below), and both are constantly being tuned for performance. Then look at the software deeper in your stack and move to the most recent version wherever you can. NGINX 用户可以开始迁移到[NGINX 最新的开源软件][38] 或者[NGINX Plus][39];他们都包含了罪行的能力，如socket分区和线程池（见下文），这些都已经为性能优化过了。然后好好看看的你软件栈，把他们升级到你能能升级道德最新版本吧。 ### Tip #8: linux 系统性能调优 ### -Linux is the underlying operating system for most web server implementations today, and as the foundation of your infrastructure, Linux represents a significant opportunity to improve performance. By default, many Linux systems are conservatively tuned to use few resources and to match a typical desktop workload. This means that web application use cases require at least some degree of tuning for maximum performance. linux 是大多数web 服务器使用操作系统，而且作为你的架构的基础，Linux 表现出明显可以提高性能的机会。默认情况下，很多linux 系统都被设置为使用很少的资源，匹配典型的桌面应用负载。这就意味着web 应用需要最少一些等级的调优才能达到最大效能。 -Linux optimizations are web server-specific. Using NGINX as an example, here are a few highlights of changes you can consider to speed up Linux: Linux 优化是转变们针对web 服务器方面的。以NGINX 为例，这里有一些在加速linux 时需要强调的变化： -- **Backlog queue**. If you have connections that appear to be stalling, consider increasing net.core.somaxconn, the maximum number of connections that can be queued awaiting attention from NGINX. You will see error messages if the existing connection limit is too small, and you can gradually increase this parameter until the error messages stop. - **缓冲队列**。如果你有挂起的连接，那么你应该考虑增加net.core.somaxconn 的值，它代表了可以缓存的连接的最大数量。如果连接线直太小，那么你将会看到错误信息，而你可以逐渐的增加这个参数知道错误信息停止出现。 -- **File descriptors**. NGINX uses up to two file descriptors for each connection. If your system is serving a lot of connections, you might need to increase sys.fs.file_max, the system-wide limit for file descriptors, and nofile, the user file descriptor limit, to support the increased load. - **文件描述符**。NGINX 对一个连接使用最多2个文件描述符。如果你的系统有很多连接，你可能就需要提高sys.fs.file_max ，增加系统对文件描述符数量整体的限制，这样子才能支持不断增加的负载需求。 -- **Ephemeral ports**. When used as a proxy, NGINX creates temporary (“ephemeral”) ports for each upstream server. You can increase the range of port values, set by net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range, to increase the number of ports available. You can also reduce the timeout before an inactive port gets reused with the net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout setting, allowing for faster turnover. -- **短暂端口**。当使用代理时，NGINX 会为每个上游服务器创建临时端口。你可以设置net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range 来提高这些端口的范围，增加可用的端口。你也可以减少非活动的端口的超时判断来重复使用端口，这可以通过net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout 来设置，这可以快速的提高流量。 +- **临时端口**。当使用代理时，NGINX 会为每个上游服务器创建临时端口。你可以设置net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range 来提高这些端口的范围，增加可用的端口。你也可以减少非活动的端口的超时判断来重复使用端口，这可以通过net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout 来设置，这可以快速的提高流量。 -For NGINX, check out the [NGINX performance tuning guides][40] to learn how to optimize your Linux system so that it can cope with large volumes of network traffic without breaking a sweat! 对于NGINX 来说，可以查阅[NGINX 性能调优指南][40]来学习如果优化你的Linux 系统，这样子它就可以很好的适应大规模网络流量而不会超过工作极限。 ### Tip #9: web 服务器性能调优 ### -Whatever web server you use, you need to tune it for web application performance. The following recommendations apply generally to any web server, but specific settings are given for NGINX. Key optimizations include: 无论你是用哪种web 服务器，你都需要对它进行优化来提高性能。下面的推荐手段可以用于任何web 服务器，但是一些设置是针对NGINX的。关键的优化手段包括： -- **Access logging**. Instead of writing a log entry for every request to disk immediately, you can buffer entries in memory and write them to disk as a group. For NGINX, add the *buffer=size* parameter to the *access_log* directive to write log entries to disk when the memory buffer fills up. If you add the **flush=time** parameter, the buffer contents are also be written to disk after the specified amount of time. - **f访问日志**。不要把每个请求的日志都直接写回磁盘，你可以在内存将日志缓存起来然后一批写回磁盘。对于NGINX 来说添加给指令*access_log* 添加参数 *buffer=size* 可以让系统在缓存满了的情况下才把日志写到此哦按。如果你添加了参数**flush=time** ，那么缓存内容会每隔一段时间再写回磁盘。 -- **Buffering**. Buffering holds part of a response in memory until the buffer fills, which can make communications with the client more efficient. Responses that don’t fit in memory are written to disk, which can slow performance. When NGINX buffering is [on][42], you use the *proxy_buffer_size* and *proxy_buffers* directives to manage it. - **缓存**。缓存掌握了内存中的部分资源知道满了位置，这可以让与客户端的通信更加高效。与内存中缓存不匹配的响应会写回磁盘，而这就会降低效能。当NGINX [启用][42]了缓存机制后，你可以使用指令*proxy_buffer_size* 和 *proxy_buffers* 来管理缓存。 -- **Client keepalives**. Keepalive connections reduce overhead, especially when SSL/TLS is in use. For NGINX, you can increase the maximum number of *keepalive_requests* a client can make over a given connection from the default of 100, and you can increase the *keepalive_timeout* to allow the keepalive connection to stay open longer, resulting in faster subsequent requests. -- **客户端保活**。 -- **Upstream keepalives**. Upstream connections – connections to application servers, database servers, and so on – benefit from keepalive connections as well. For upstream connections, you can increase *keepalive*, the number of idle keepalive connections that remain open for each worker process. This allows for increased connection reuse, cutting down on the need to open brand new connections. For more information about keepalives, refer to this [blog post][41]. +- **客户端保活**。保活连接可以减少开销，特别是使用SSL/TLS时。对于NGINX 来说，你可以增加*keepalive_requests* 的值，从默认值100 开始修改，这样一个客户端就可以转交一个指定的连接，而且你也可以通过增加*keepalive_timeout* 的值来允许保活连接存活更长时间，结果就是让后来的请求处理的更快速。 - **上游保活**。上游的连接——即连接到应用服务器、数据库服务器等机器的连接——同样也会收益于连接保活。对于上游连接老说，你可以增加*保活时间*，即每个工人进程的空闲保活连接个数。这就可以提高连接的复用次数，减少需要重新打开全新的连接次数。更多关于保活连接的信息可以参见[blog][41]. -- **Limits**. Limiting the resources that clients use can improve performance and security. For NGINX,the *limit_conn* and *limit_conn_zone* directives restrict the number of connections from a given source, while *limit_rate* constrains bandwidth. These settings can stop a legitimate user from “hogging” resources and also help prevent against attacks. The *limit_req* and *limit_req_zone* directives limit client requests. For connections to upstream servers, use the max_conns parameter to the server directive in an upstream configuration block. This limits connections to an upstream server, preventing overloading. The associated queue directive creates a queue that holds a specified number of requests for a specified length of time after the *max_conns* limit is reached. - **限制**。限制客户端使用的资源可以提高性能和安全性。对于NGINX 来说指令*limit_conn* 和 *limit_conn_zone* 限制了每个源的连接数量，而*limit_rate* 限制了带宽。这些限制都可以阻止合法用户*攫取* 资源，同时夜避免了攻击。指令*limit_req* 和 *limit_req_zone* 限制了客户端请求。对于上游服务器来说，可以在上游服务器的配置块里使用max_conns 可以限制连接到上游服务器的连接。 这样可以避免服务器过载。关联的队列指令会创建一个队列来在连接数抵达*max_conn* 限制时在指定的长度的时间内保存特定数量的请求。 -- **Worker processes**. Worker processes are responsible for the processing of requests. NGINX employs an event-based model and OS-dependent mechanisms to efficiently distribute requests among worker processes. The recommendation is to set the value of *worker_processes* to one per CPU. The maximum number of worker_connections (512 by default) can safely be raised on most systems if needed; experiment to find the value that works best for your system. - **工人进程**。工人进程负责处理请求。NGINX 采用事件驱动模型和依赖操作系统的机制来有效的讲请求分发给不同的工人进程。这条建议推荐设置每个CPU 的参数*worker_processes* 。如果需要的话，工人连接的最大数（默认512）可以安全在大部分系统增加，是指找到最适合你的系统的值。 -- **Socket sharding**. Typically, a single socket listener distributes new connections to all worker processes. Socket sharding creates a socket listener for each worker process, with the kernel assigning connections to socket listeners as they become available. This can reduce lock contention and improve performance on multicore systems. To enable [socket sharding][43], include the reuseport parameter on the listen directive. - **套接字分割**。通常一个套接字监听器会把新连接分配给所有工人进程。套接字分割会未每个工人进程创建一个套接字监听器，这样一来以内核分配连接给套接字就成为可能了。折可以减少锁竞争，并且提高多核系统的性能，要使能[套接字分隔][43]需要在监听指令里面加上复用端口参数。 -- **Thread pools**. Any computer process can be held up by a single, slow operation. For web server software, disk access can hold up many faster operations, such as calculating or copying information in memory. When a thread pool is used, the slow operation is assigned to a separate set of tasks, while the main processing loop keeps running faster operations. When the disk operation completes, the results go back into the main processing loop. In NGINX, two operations – the read() system call and sendfile() – are offloaded to [thread pools][44]. - **线程池**。一个计算机进程可以处理一个缓慢的操作。对于web 服务器软件来说磁盘访问会影响很多更快的操作，比如计算或者在内存中拷贝。使用了线程池之后慢操作可以分配到不同的任务集，而主进程可以一直运行快速操作。当磁盘操作完成后结果会返回给主进程的循环。在NGINX理有两个操作——read()系统调用和sendfile() ——被分配到了[线程池][44] ![Thread pools help increase application performance by assigning a slow operation to a separate set of tasks](https://www.nginx.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Graph-17.png) -**Tip**. When changing settings for any operating system or supporting service, change a single setting at a time, then test performance. If the change causes problems, or if it doesn’t make your site run faster, change it back. **技巧**。当改变任务操作系统或支持服务的设置时，一次只改变一个参数然后测试性能。如果修改引起问题了，或者不能让你的系统更快那么就改回去。 -See this [blog post][45] for more details on tuning NGINX. 在[blog][45]可以看到更详细的NGINX 调优方法。 ### Tip #10: 监视系统活动来解决问题和瓶颈 ### -The key to a high-performance approach to application development and delivery is watching your application’s real-world performance closely and in real time. You must be able to monitor activity within specific devices and across your web infrastructure. 在应用开发中要使得系统变得非常高效的关键是监视你的系统在现实世界运行的性能。你必须能通过特定的设备和你的web 基础设施上监控程序活动。 -Monitoring site activity is mostly passive – it tells you what’s going on, and leaves it to you to spot problems and fix them. 监视活动是最积极的——他会告诉你发生了什么，把问题留给你发现和最终解决掉。 -Monitoring can catch several different kinds of issues. They include: 监视可以发现集中不同的问题。它们包括： -- A server is down. - 服务器宕机。 -- A server is limping, dropping connections. - 服务器出问题一直在丢失连接。 -- A server is suffering from a high proportion of cache misses. - 服务器出现大量的缓存未命中。 -- A server is not sending correct content. - 服务器没有发送正确的内容。 -A global application performance monitoring tool like New Relic or Dynatrace helps you monitor page load time from remote locations, while NGINX helps you monitor the application delivery side. Application performance data tells you when your optimizations are making a real difference to your users, and when you need to consider adding capacity to your infrastructure to sustain the traffic. 应用的总体性能监控工具，比如New Relic 和Dynatrace，可以帮助你监控到从远处加载网页的时间，二NGINX 可以帮助你监控到应用发送的时 间。当你需要考虑为基础设施添加容量以满足流量需求时，应用性能数据可以告诉你你的优化措施的确起作用了。 -To help identify and resolve issues quickly, NGINX Plus adds [application-aware health checks][46] – synthetic transactions that are repeated regularly and are used to alert you to problems. NGINX Plus also has [session draining][47], which stops new connections while existing tasks complete, and a slow start capability, allowing a recovered server to come up to speed within a load-balanced group. When used effectively, health checks allow you to identify issues before they significantly impact the user experience, while session draining and slow start allow you to replace servers and ensure the process does not negatively affect perceived performance or uptime. The figure shows the built-in NGINX Plus [live activity monitoring][48] dashboard for a web infrastructure with servers, TCP connections, and caching. 为了帮助开发者快速的发现、解决问题，NGINX Plus 增加了[应用感知健康度检查][46] ——对重复出现的常规事件进行综合分析并在问题出现时向你发出警告。NGINX Plus 同时提供[会话过滤][47] 功能，折可以组织当前任务未完成之前不接受新的连接，另一个功能是慢启动，允许一个从错误恢复过来的服务器追赶上负载均衡服务器群的速度。当有使用得当时，健康度检查可以让你在问题变得严重到影响用户体验前就发现它，而会话过滤和慢启动可以让你替换服务器，并且这个过程不会对性能和正常运行时间产生负面影响。这个表格就展示了NGINX Plus 内建模块在web 基础设施[监视活活动][48]的仪表盘，包括了服务器群，TCP 连接和缓存等信息。 ![Use real-time application performance monitoring tools to identify and resolve issues quickly](https://www.nginx.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Screen-Shot-2015-10-05-at-4.16.32-PM.png) ### 总结: 看看10倍性能提升的效果 ### -The performance improvements that are available for any one web application vary tremendously, and actual gains depend on your budget, the time you can invest, and gaps in your existing implementation. So, how might you achieve 10x performance improvement for your own applications? 这些性能提升方案对任何一个web 应用都可用并且效果都很好，而实际效果取决于你的预算，如你能花费的时间，目前实现方案的差距。所以你该如何对你自己的应用实现10倍性能提升？ -To help guide you on the potential impact of each optimization, here are pointers to the improvement that may be possible with each tip detailed above, though your mileage will almost certainly vary: 为了指导你了解每种优化手段的潜在影响，这里是是上面详述的每个优化方法的关键点，虽然你的里程肯定大不相同： -- **Reverse proxy server and load balancing**. No load balancing, or poor load balancing, can cause episodes of very poor performance. Adding a reverse proxy server, such as NGINX, can prevent web applications from thrashing between memory and disk. Load balancing can move processing from overburdened servers to available ones and make scaling easy. These changes can result in dramatic performance improvement, with a 10x improvement easily achieved compared to the worst moments for your current implementation, and lesser but substantial achievements available for overall performance. - **反向代理服务器和负载均衡**。没有负载均衡或者负载均衡很差都会造成间断的极低性能。增加一个反向代理，比如NGINX可以避免web应用程序在内存和磁盘之间抖动。负载均衡可以将过载服务器的任务转移到空闲的服务器，还可以轻松的进行扩容。这些改变都可以产生巨大的性能提升，很容易就可以比你现在的实现方案的最差性能提高10倍，对于总体性能来说可能提高的不多，但是也是有实质性的提升。 -- **Caching dynamic and static content**. If you have an overburdened web server that’s doubling as your application server, 10x improvements in peak-time performance can be achieved by caching dynamic content alone. Caching for static files can improve performance by single-digit multiples as well. - **缓存动态和静态数据**。如果你又一个web 服务器负担过重，那么毫无疑问肯定是你的应用服务器，只通过缓存动态数据就可以在峰值时间提高10倍的性能。缓存静态文件可以提高个位数倍的性能。 -- **Compressing data**. Using media file compression such as JPEG for photos, PNG for graphics, MPEG-4 for movies, and MP3 for music files can greatly improve performance. Once these are all in use, then compressing text data (code and HTML) can improve initial page load times by a factor of two. - **压缩数据**。使用媒体文件压缩格式，比如图像格式JPEG，图形格式PNG，视频格式MPEG-4，音乐文件格式MP3可以极大的提高性能。一旦这些都用上了，然后压缩文件数据可以提高初始页面加载速度提高两倍。 -- **Optimizing SSL/TLS**. Secure handshakes can have a big impact on performance, so optimizing them can lead to perhaps a 2x improvement in initial responsiveness, particularly for text-heavy sites. Optimizing media file transmission under SSL/TLS is likely to yield only small performance improvements. - **优化SSL/TLS**。安全握手会对性能产生巨大的影响，对他们的优化可能会对初始响应特别是重文本站点产生2倍的提升。优化SSL/TLS 下媒体文件只会产生很小的性能提升。 -- **Implementing HTTP/2 and SPDY**. When used with SSL/TLS, these protocols are likely to result in incremental improvements for overall site performance. - **使用HTTP/2 和SPDY*。当你使用了SSL/TLS，这些协议就可以提高整个站点的性能。 -- **Tuning Linux and web server software (such as NGINX)**. Fixes such as optimizing buffering, using keepalive connections, and offloading time-intensive tasks to a separate thread pool can significantly boost performance; thread pools, for instance, can speed disk-intensive tasks by [nearly an order of magnitude][49]. - **对linux 和web 服务器软件进行调优**。比如优化缓存机制，使用保活连接，分配时间敏感型任务到不同的线程池可以明显的提高性能；举个例子，线程池可以加速对磁盘敏感的任务[近一个数量级][49]. -We hope you try out these techniques for yourself. We want to hear the kind of application performance improvements you’re able to achieve. Share your results in the comments below, or tweet your story with the hash tags #NGINX and #webperf! 我们希望你亲自尝试这些技术。我们希望这些提高应用性能的手段可以被你实现。请在下面评论栏分享你的结果 或者在标签#NGINX 和#webperf 下tweet 你的故事。 ### 网上资源 ### From ae1c5b3663902bb06d0402bbc698c38e81780ba5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ezio Date: Tue, 24 Nov 2015 23:48:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 166/176] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=A7=BB=E5=8A=A8=E6=96=87=E4=BB=B6?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=88=B0translated?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md b/translated/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md rename to translated/tech/20151028 10 Tips for 10x Application Performance.md From 84ae23b98281a6ec70c34b88699c6f931ff96be6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Wed, 25 Nov 2015 00:32:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 167/176] Create 20151125 Running a mainline kernel on a cellphone.md --- ...unning a mainline kernel on a cellphone.md | 29 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151125 Running a mainline kernel on a cellphone.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151125 Running a mainline kernel on a cellphone.md b/sources/tech/20151125 Running a mainline kernel on a cellphone.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8607db3bb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151125 Running a mainline kernel on a cellphone.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Running a mainline kernel on a cellphone + +By Jonathan Corbet + +2015 Kernel Summit One of the biggest freedoms associated with free software is the ability to replace a program with an updated or modified version. Even so, of the many millions of people using Linux-powered phones, few are able to run a mainline kernel on those phones, even if they have the technical skills to do the replacement. The sad fact is that no mainstream phone available runs mainline kernels. A session at the 2015 Kernel Summit, led by Rob Herring, explored this problem and what might be done to address it. + +When asked, most of the developers in the room indicated that they would prefer to be able to run mainline kernels on their phones — though a handful did say that they would rather not do so. Rob has been working on this problem for the last year and a half in support of Project Ara (mentioned in this article). But the news is not good. + +There is, he said, too much out-of-tree code running on a typical handset; mainline kernels simply lack the drivers needed to make that handset work. A typical phone is running 1-3 million lines of out-of-tree code. Almost all of those phones are stuck on the 3.10 kernel — or something even older. There are all kinds of reasons for this, but the simple fact is that things seem to move too quickly in the handset world for the kernel community to keep up. Is that, he asked, something that we care about? + +Tim Bird noted that the Nexus 1, one of the original Android phones, never ran a mainline kernel and never will. It broke the promise of open source, making it impossible for users to put a new kernel onto their devices. At this point, no phone supports that ability. Peter Zijlstra wondered about how much of that out-of-tree code was duplicated functionality from one handset to the next; Rob noted that he has run into three independently developed hotplug governors so far. + +Dirk Hohndel suggested that few people care. Of the billion phones out there, he said, approximately 27 of them have owners who care about running mainline kernels. The rest just want to get the phone to work. Perhaps developers who are concerned about running mainline kernels are trying to solve the wrong problem. + +Chris Mason said that handset vendors are currently facing the same sorts of problems that distributors dealt with many years ago. They are coping with a lot of inefficient, repeated, duplicated work. Once the distributors [Rob Herring] decided to put their work into the mainline instead of carrying it themselves, things got a lot better. The key is to help the phone manufacturers to realize that they can benefit in the same way; that, rather than pressure from users, is how the problem will be solved. + +Grant Likely raised concerns about security in a world where phones cannot be upgraded. What we need is a real distribution market for phones. But, as long as the vendors are in charge of the operating software, phones will not be upgradeable. We have a big security mess coming, he said. Peter added that, with Stagefright, that mess is already upon us. + +Ted Ts'o said that running mainline kernels is not his biggest concern. He would be happy if the phones on sale this holiday season would be running a 3.18 or 4.1 kernel, rather than being stuck on 3.10. That, he suggested, is a more solvable problem. Steve Rostedt said that would not solve the security problem, but Ted remarked that a newer kernel would at least make it easier to backport fixes. Grant replied that, one year from now, it would all just happen again; shipping newer kernels is just an incremental fix. Kees Cook added that there is not much to be gained from backporting fixes; the real problem is that there are no defenses from bugs (he would expand on this theme in a separate session later in the day). + +Rob said that any kind of solution would require getting the vendors on board. That, though, will likely run into trouble with the sort of lockdown that vendors like to apply to their devices. Paolo Bonzini asked whether it would be possible to sue vendors over unfixed security vulnerabilities, especially when the devices are still under warranty. Grant said that upgradeability had to become a market requirement or it simply wasn't going to happen. It might be a nasty security issue that causes this to happen, or carriers might start requiring it. Meanwhile, kernel developers need to keep pushing in that direction. Rob noted that, beyond the advantages noted thus far, the ability to run mainline kernels would help developers to test and validate new features on Android devices. + +Josh Triplett asked whether the community would be prepared to do what it would take if the industry were to come around to the idea of mainline kernel support. There would be lots of testing and validation of kernels on handsets required; Android Compatibility Test Suite failures would have to be treated as regressions. Rob suggested that this could be discussed next year, after the basic functionality is in place, but Josh insisted that, if the demand were to show up, we would have to be able to give a good answer. + +Tim said that there is currently a big disconnect with the vendor world; vendors are not reporting or contributing anything back to the community at all. They are completely disconnected, so there is no forward progress ever. Josh noted that when vendors do report bugs with the old kernels they are using, the reception tends to be less than friendly. Arnd Bergmann said that what was needed was to get one of the big silicon vendors to commit to the idea and get its hardware to a point where running mainline kernels was possible; that would put pressure on the others. But, he added, that would require the existence of one free GPU driver that got shipped with the hardware — something that does not exist currently. + +Rob put up a list of problem areas, but there was not much time for discussion of the particulars. WiFi drivers continue to be an issue, especially with the new features being added in the Android world. Johannes Berg agreed that the new features are an issue; the Android developers do not even talk about them until they ship with the hardware. Support for most of those features does eventually land in the mainline kernel, though. + +As things wound down, Ben Herrenschmidt reiterated that the key was to get vendors to realize that working with the mainline kernel is in their own best interest; it saves work in the long run. Mark Brown said that, in past years when the kernel version shipped with Android moved forward more reliably, the benefits of working upstream were more apparent to vendors. Now that things seem to be stuck on 3.10, that pressure is not there in the same way. The session ended with developers determined to improve the situation, but without any clear plan for getting there. From abe55d640a56ac813b961da499f4b4ea5c15f0ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: struggling <630441839@qq.com> Date: Wed, 25 Nov 2015 09:35:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 168/176] Delete 20151123 How to Install NVIDIA 358.16 Driver in Ubuntu 15.10 or 14.04.md --- ... 358.16 Driver in Ubuntu 15.10 or 14.04.md | 70 ------------------- 1 file changed, 70 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20151123 How to Install NVIDIA 358.16 Driver in Ubuntu 15.10 or 14.04.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151123 How to Install NVIDIA 358.16 Driver in Ubuntu 15.10 or 14.04.md b/sources/tech/20151123 How to Install NVIDIA 358.16 Driver in Ubuntu 15.10 or 14.04.md deleted file mode 100644 index 93e3985d53..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20151123 How to Install NVIDIA 358.16 Driver in Ubuntu 15.10 or 14.04.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,70 +0,0 @@ -translation by strugglingyouth - -How to Install NVIDIA 358.16 Driver in Ubuntu 15.10, 14.04 -================================================================================ -![nvidia-logo-1](http://ubuntuhandbook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/nvidia-logo-1.png) - -[NVIDIA 358.16][1], the first stable release in NVIDIA 358 series, has been announced with some fixes to 358.09 (Beta) and other small features. - -NVIDIA 358 added a new **nvidia-modeset.ko** kernel module that works in conjunction with the nvidia.ko kernel module to program the display engine of the GPU. In a later driver release, the **nvidia-modeset.ko** kernel driver will be used as a basis for the mode-setting interface provided by the kernel’s direct rendering manager (DRM). - -Thew new driver also has new GLX protocol extensions and a new system memory allocation mechanism for large allocations in the OpenGL driver. New GPUs **GeForce 805A** and **GeForce GTX 960A** are supported. NVIDIA 358.16 also supports X.Org Server 1.18 and OpenGL 4.3 - -### How to Install NVIDIA 358.16 in Ubuntu: ### - -> Please don’t do it on production machines unless you know what you’re doing and how to undo it. - -For the official binaries, please go to [nvidia.com/object/unix.html][1]. - -For those who prefer an Ubuntu PPA, I’d recommend the [Graphics Drivers PPA][2]. So far, Ubuntu 16.04, Ubuntu 15.10, Ubuntu 15.04, Ubuntu 14.04 are supported. - -**1. Add PPA.** - -Open terminal from Unity Dash, App Launcher, or via Ctrl+Alt+T shortcut key. When it opens, paste below command and hit enter: - - sudo add-apt-repository ppa:graphics-drivers/ppa - -![nvidia-ppa](http://ubuntuhandbook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/nvidia-ppa.jpg) - -Type your password when it asks. No visual feedback, just type in mind and hit Enter to continue. - -**2. Refresh and install new driver.** - -After adding PPA, run below commands one by one to refresh repository cache and install new driver packages: - - sudo apt-get update - - sudo apt-get install nvidia-358 nvidia-settings - -### (Optional) Uninstall: ### - -Boot into the recovery mode from the grub menu, and drop into root console. Then run below commands one by one: - -Remount the file system as writable: - - mount -o remount,rw / - -Remove all nvidia packages: - - apt-get purge nvidia* - -Finally back to menu and reboot: - - reboot - -To disable/remove the graphics driver PPA, launch **Software & Updates** and navigate to **Other Software** tab. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/2015/11/install-nvidia-358-16-driver-ubuntu-15-10/ - -作者：[Ji m][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/about/ -[1]:http://www.nvidia.com/Download/driverResults.aspx/95921/en-us -[2]:http://www.nvidia.com/object/unix.html -[3]:https://launchpad.net/~graphics-drivers/+archive/ubuntu/ppa From 4a0b4f4ab2545f26b0a7df7703d90f0ff4478cb1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: struggling <630441839@qq.com> Date: Wed, 25 Nov 2015 09:35:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 169/176] Create 20151123 How to Install NVIDIA 358.16 Driver in Ubuntu 15.10 or 14.04.md --- ... 358.16 Driver in Ubuntu 15.10 or 14.04.md | 69 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 69 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20151123 How to Install NVIDIA 358.16 Driver in Ubuntu 15.10 or 14.04.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20151123 How to Install NVIDIA 358.16 Driver in Ubuntu 15.10 or 14.04.md b/translated/tech/20151123 How to Install NVIDIA 358.16 Driver in Ubuntu 15.10 or 14.04.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..18684f6eee --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20151123 How to Install NVIDIA 358.16 Driver in Ubuntu 15.10 or 14.04.md @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ + +如何在 Ubuntu 15.10，14.04 中安装 NVIDIA 358.16 驱动程序 +================================================================================ +![nvidia-logo-1](http://ubuntuhandbook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/nvidia-logo-1.png) + +[NVIDIA 358.16][1], NVIDIA 358 系列的第一个稳定版本已经发布并在 358.09 中（测试版）做了一些修正，以及一些小的改进。 + +NVIDIA 358 增加了一个新的 **nvidia-modeset.ko** 内核模块并配合 nvidia.ko 内核模块工作来显示 GPU 引擎。在以后发布版本中，**nvidia-modeset.ko** 内核驱动程序将被用于基本的模式接口，由内核直接传递管理（DRM）。 + +在 OpenGL 驱动中，新的驱动程序也有了新的 GLX 扩展协议，对于分配大量内存也有了一种新的系统内存分配机制。新的 GPU **GeForce 805A** 和 **GeForce GTX 960A** 也被支持了。NVIDIA 358.16 也支持 X.Org 1.18 服务器和 OpenGL 4.3。 + +### 如何在 Ubuntu 中安装 NVIDIA 358.16 : ### + +> 请不要在生产设备上安装，除非你知道自己在做什么以及如何才能恢复。 + +对于官方的二进制文件，请到 [nvidia.com/object/unix.html][1] 查看。 + +对于那些喜欢 Ubuntu PPA 的，我建议你使用 [显卡驱动 PPA][2]。到目前为止，支持 Ubuntu 16.04, Ubuntu 15.10, Ubuntu 15.04, Ubuntu 14.04。 + +**1. 添加 PPA.** + +通过按 Ctrl+Alt+T 快捷键来从 Unity 桌面打开终端。当打启动应用后，粘贴下面的命令并按回车键： + + sudo add-apt-repository ppa:graphics-drivers/ppa + +![nvidia-ppa](http://ubuntuhandbook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/nvidia-ppa.jpg) + +它会要求你输入密码。输入密码后，密码不会显示在屏幕上，按 Enter 继续。 + +**2. 刷新并安装新的驱动程序** + +添加 PPA 后，逐一运行下面的命令刷新软件库并安装新的驱动程序： + + sudo apt-get update + + sudo apt-get install nvidia-358 nvidia-settings + +### (可选) 卸载: ### + +开机从 GRUB 菜单进入恢复模式，进入根控制台。然后逐一运行下面的命令： + +重新挂载文件系统为可写： + + mount -o remount,rw / + +删除所有的 nvidia 包： + + apt-get purge nvidia* + +最后返回菜单并重新启动： + + reboot + +要禁用/删除显卡驱动 PPA，点击系统设置下的**软件和更新**，然后导航到**其他软件**标签。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/2015/11/install-nvidia-358-16-driver-ubuntu-15-10/ + +作者：[Ji m][a] +译者：[strugglingyouth](https://github.com/strugglingyouth) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/about/ +[1]:http://www.nvidia.com/Download/driverResults.aspx/95921/en-us +[2]:http://www.nvidia.com/object/unix.html +[3]:https://launchpad.net/~graphics-drivers/+archive/ubuntu/ppa From b060849a467ceb76908660c95fdba148270c0ddd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: XLCYun Date: Wed, 25 Nov 2015 11:47:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 170/176] Translating by XLCYun 20151123 Install Intel Gr... Translating by XLCYun --- ...0151123 Install Intel Graphics Installer in Ubuntu 15.10.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151123 Install Intel Graphics Installer in Ubuntu 15.10.md b/sources/tech/20151123 Install Intel Graphics Installer in Ubuntu 15.10.md index d9b8554c4e..2d9183ebd5 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151123 Install Intel Graphics Installer in Ubuntu 15.10.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151123 Install Intel Graphics Installer in Ubuntu 15.10.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by XLCYun Install Intel Graphics Installer in Ubuntu 15.10 ================================================================================ ![Intel graphics installer](http://ubuntuhandbook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/intel_logo.jpg) @@ -43,4 +44,4 @@ via: http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/2015/11/install-intel-graphics-installe 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]:http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/about/ -[1]:https://01.org/linuxgraphics/downloads \ No newline at end of file +[1]:https://01.org/linuxgraphics/downloads From c047411fb68a5f6856c84a49bc80905e5a0d43d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ezio Date: Wed, 25 Nov 2015 13:56:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 171/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151125=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Running a mainline kernel on a cellphone.md | 17 ++++++++++++++--- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151125 Running a mainline kernel on a cellphone.md b/sources/tech/20151125 Running a mainline kernel on a cellphone.md index 8607db3bb6..c247051def 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151125 Running a mainline kernel on a cellphone.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151125 Running a mainline kernel on a cellphone.md @@ -1,8 +1,7 @@ Running a mainline kernel on a cellphone +================================================================================ -By Jonathan Corbet - -2015 Kernel Summit One of the biggest freedoms associated with free software is the ability to replace a program with an updated or modified version. Even so, of the many millions of people using Linux-powered phones, few are able to run a mainline kernel on those phones, even if they have the technical skills to do the replacement. The sad fact is that no mainstream phone available runs mainline kernels. A session at the 2015 Kernel Summit, led by Rob Herring, explored this problem and what might be done to address it. +One of the biggest freedoms associated with free software is the ability to replace a program with an updated or modified version. Even so, of the many millions of people using Linux-powered phones, few are able to run a mainline kernel on those phones, even if they have the technical skills to do the replacement. The sad fact is that no mainstream phone available runs mainline kernels. A session at the 2015 Kernel Summit, led by Rob Herring, explored this problem and what might be done to address it. When asked, most of the developers in the room indicated that they would prefer to be able to run mainline kernels on their phones — though a handful did say that they would rather not do so. Rob has been working on this problem for the last year and a half in support of Project Ara (mentioned in this article). But the news is not good. @@ -27,3 +26,15 @@ Tim said that there is currently a big disconnect with the vendor world; vendors Rob put up a list of problem areas, but there was not much time for discussion of the particulars. WiFi drivers continue to be an issue, especially with the new features being added in the Android world. Johannes Berg agreed that the new features are an issue; the Android developers do not even talk about them until they ship with the hardware. Support for most of those features does eventually land in the mainline kernel, though. As things wound down, Ben Herrenschmidt reiterated that the key was to get vendors to realize that working with the mainline kernel is in their own best interest; it saves work in the long run. Mark Brown said that, in past years when the kernel version shipped with Android moved forward more reliably, the benefits of working upstream were more apparent to vendors. Now that things seem to be stuck on 3.10, that pressure is not there in the same way. The session ended with developers determined to improve the situation, but without any clear plan for getting there. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://lwn.net/Articles/662147/ + +作者：[Jonathan Corbet][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://lwn.net/Articles/KernelSummit2015/ From cf015998cf378efda7cd340ad471bc407eb0a327 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Wed, 25 Nov 2015 16:17:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 172/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151125-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ....8.16 in Ubuntu 16.04 or 15.10 or 14.04.md | 59 ++++++++ .../20151125 The tar command explained.md | 137 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 196 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151125 How to Install GIMP 2.8.16 in Ubuntu 16.04 or 15.10 or 14.04.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151125 The tar command explained.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20151125 How to Install GIMP 2.8.16 in Ubuntu 16.04 or 15.10 or 14.04.md b/sources/tech/20151125 How to Install GIMP 2.8.16 in Ubuntu 16.04 or 15.10 or 14.04.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b467e555af --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151125 How to Install GIMP 2.8.16 in Ubuntu 16.04 or 15.10 or 14.04.md @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +How to Install GIMP 2.8.16 in Ubuntu 16.04, 15.10, 14.04 +================================================================================ +![GIMP 2.8.16](http://ubuntuhandbook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/gimp-icon.png) + +GIMP image editor 2.8.16 was released on its 20th birthday. Here’s how to install or upgrade in Ubuntu 16.04, Ubuntu 15.10, Ubuntu 14.04, Ubuntu 12.04 and their derivatives, e.g., Linux Mint 17.x/13, Elementary OS Freya. + +GIMP 2.8.16 features support for layer groups in OpenRaster files, fixes for layer groups support in PSD, various user inrterface improvements, OSX build system fixes, translation updates, and more changes. Read the [official announcement][1]. + +![GIMP image editor 2.8,16](http://ubuntuhandbook.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/gimp-2-8-14.jpg) + +### How to Install or Upgrade: ### + +Thanks to Otto Meier, an [Ubuntu PPA][2] with latest GIMP packages is available for all current Ubuntu releases and derivatives. + +**1. Add GIMP PPA** + +Open terminal from Unity Dash, App launcher, or via Ctrl+Alt+T shortcut key. When it opens, paste below command and hit Enter: + + sudo add-apt-repository ppa:otto-kesselgulasch/gimp + +![add GIMP PPA](http://ubuntuhandbook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/gimp-ppa.jpg) + +Type in your password when it asks, no visual feedback so just type in mind, and hit enter to continue. + +**2. Install or Upgrade the editor.** + +After added the PPA, launch **Software Updater** (or Software Manager in Mint). After checking for updates, you’ll see GIMP in the update list. Click “Install Now” to upgrade it. + +![upgrade-gimp2816](http://ubuntuhandbook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/upgrade-gimp2816.jpg) + +For those who prefer Linux commands, run below commands one by one to refresh your repository caches and install GIMP: + + sudo apt-get update + + sudo apt-get install gimp + +**3. (Optional) Uninstall.** + +Just in case you want to uninstall or downgrade GIMP image editor. Use Software Center to remove it, or run below commands one by one to purge PPA as well as downgrade the software: + + sudo apt-get install ppa-purge + + sudo ppa-purge ppa:otto-kesselgulasch/gimp + +That’s it. Enjoy! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/2015/11/how-to-install-gimp-2-8-16-in-ubuntu-16-04-15-10-14-04/ + +作者：[Ji m][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/about/ +[1]:http://www.gimp.org/news/2015/11/22/20-years-of-gimp-release-of-gimp-2816/ +[2]:https://launchpad.net/~otto-kesselgulasch/+archive/ubuntu/gimp \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20151125 The tar command explained.md b/sources/tech/20151125 The tar command explained.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cc13a25dd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151125 The tar command explained.md @@ -0,0 +1,137 @@ +The tar command explained +================================================================================ +The Linux [tar][1] command is the swiss army of the Linux admin when it comes to archiving or distributing files. Gnu Tar archives can contain multiple files and directories, file permissions can be preserved and it supports multiple compression formats. The name tar stands for "**T**ape **Ar**chiver", the format is an official POSIX standard. + +### Tar file formats ### + +A short introduction into tar compression levels. + +- **No compression** Uncompressed files have the file ending .tar. +- **Gzip Compression** The Gzip format is the most widely used compression format for tar, it is fast for creating and extracting files. Files with gz compression have normally the file ending .tar.gz or .tgz. Here some examples on how to [create][2] and [extract][3] a tar.gz file. +- **Bzip2 Compression** The Bzip2 format offers a better compression then the Gzip format. Creating files is slower, the file ending is usually .tar.bz2. +- **Lzip (LZMA) Compression** The Lzip compression combines the speed of Gzip with a compression level that is similar to Bzip2 (or even better). Independently from these good attributes, this format is not widely used. +- **Lzop Compression** This compress option is probably the fastest compression format for tar, it has a compression level similar to gzip and is not widely used. + +The common formats are tar.gz and tar.bz2. If you goal is fast compression, then use gzip. When the archive file size is critical, then use tar.bz2. + +### What is the tar command used for? ### + +Here a few common use cases of the tar command. + +- Backup of Servers and Desktops. +- Document archiving. +- Software Distribution. + +### Installing tar ### + +The command is installed on most Linux Systems by default. Here are the instructions to install tar in case that the command is missing. + +#### CentOS #### + +Execute the following command as root user on the shell to install tar on CentOS. + + yum install tar + +#### Ubuntu #### + +This command will install tar on Ubuntu. The "sudo" command ensures that the apt command is run with root privileges. + + sudo apt-get install tar + +#### Debian #### + +The following apt command installs tar on Debian. + + apt-get install tar + +#### Windows #### + +The tar command is available for Windows as well, you can download it from the Gunwin project. [http://gnuwin32.sourceforge.net/packages/gtar.htm][4] + +### Create tar.gz Files ### + +Here is the [tar command][5] that has to be run on the shell. I will explain the command line options below. + + tar pczf myarchive.tar.gz /home/till/mydocuments + +This command creates the archive myarchive.tar.gz which contains the files and folders from the path /home/till/mydocuments. **The command line options explained**: + +- **[p]** This option stand for "preserve", it instructs tar to store details on file owner and file permissions in the archive. +- **[c]** Stands for create. This option is mandatory when a file is created. +- **[z]** The z option enables gzip compression. +- **[f]** The file option tells tar to create an archive file. Tar will send the output to stdout if this option is omitted. + +#### Tar command examples #### + +**Example 1: Backup the /etc Directory** Create a backup of the /etc config directory. The backup is stored in the root folder. + + tar pczvf /root/etc.tar.gz /etc + +![Backup the /etc directory with tar.](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/linux-tar-command/big/create-tar.png) + +The command should be run as root to ensure that all files in /etc are included in the backup. This time, I've added the [v] option in the command. This option stands for verbose, it tells tar to show all file names that get added into the archive. + +**Example 2: Backup your /home directory** Create a backup of your home directory. The backup will be stored in a directory /backup. + + tar czf /backup/myuser.tar.gz /home/myuser + +Replace myuser with your username. In this command, I've omitted the [p] switch, so the permissions get not preserved. + +**Example 3: A file-based backup of MySQL databases** The MySQL databases are stored in /var/lib/mysql on most Linux distributions. You can check that with the command: + + ls /var/lib/mysql + +![File based MySQL backup with tar.](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/linux-tar-command/big/tar_backup_mysql.png) + +Stop the database server to get a consistent MySQL file backup with tar. The backup will be written to the /backup folder. + +1) Create the backup folder + + mkdir /backup + chmod 600 /backup + +2) Stop MySQL, run the backup with tar and start the database server again. + + service mysql stop + tar pczf /backup/mysql.tar.gz /var/lib/mysql + service mysql start + ls -lah /backup + +![File based MySQL backup.](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/linux-tar-command/big/tar-backup-mysql2.png) + +### Extract tar.gz Files ### + +The command to extract tar.gz files is: + + tar xzf myarchive.tar.gz + +#### The tar command options explained #### + +- **[x]** The x stand for extract, it is mandatory when a tar file shall be extracted. +- **[z]** The z option tells tar that the archive that shall be unpacked is in gzip format. +- **[f]** This option instructs tar to read the archive content from a file, in this case the file myarchive.tar.gz. + +The above tar command will silently extract that tar.gz file, it will show only error messages. If you like to see which files get extracted, then add the "v" option. + + tar xzvf myarchive.tar.gz + +The **[v]** option stands for verbose, it will show the file names while they get unpacked. + +![Extract a tar.gz file.](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/linux-tar-command/big/tar-xfz.png) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/linux-tar-command/ + +作者：[howtoforge][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.howtoforge.com/ +[1]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_(computing) +[2]:http://www.faqforge.com/linux/create-tar-gz/ +[3]:http://www.faqforge.com/linux/extract-tar-gz/ +[4]:http://gnuwin32.sourceforge.net/packages/gtar.htm +[5]:http://www.faqforge.com/linux/tar-command/ \ No newline at end of file From e458866204a02944d0c7f251e18d5cc230312dde Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Wed, 25 Nov 2015 17:20:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 173/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151125-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...0 Years of GIMP Evolution--Step by Step.md | 171 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 171 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20151125 20 Years of GIMP Evolution--Step by Step.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20151125 20 Years of GIMP Evolution--Step by Step.md b/sources/talk/20151125 20 Years of GIMP Evolution--Step by Step.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..edcef22d7f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20151125 20 Years of GIMP Evolution--Step by Step.md @@ -0,0 +1,171 @@ +20 Years of GIMP Evolution: Step by Step +================================================================================ +注：youtube 视频 + + +[GIMP][1] (GNU Image Manipulation Program) – superb open source and free graphics editor. Development began in 1995 as students project of the University of California, Berkeley by Peter Mattis and Spencer Kimball. In 1997 the project was renamed in “GIMP” and became an official part of [GNU Project][2]. During these years the GIMP is one of the best graphics editor and platinum holy wars “GIMP vs Photoshop” – one of the most popular. + +The first announce, 21.11.1995: + +> From: Peter Mattis +> +> Subject: ANNOUNCE: The GIMP +> +> Date: 1995-11-21 +> +> Message-ID: <48s543$r7b@agate.berkeley.edu> +> +> Newsgroups: comp.os.linux.development.apps,comp.os.linux.misc,comp.windows.x.apps +> +> The GIMP: the General Image Manipulation Program +> ------------------------------------------------ +> +> The GIMP is designed to provide an intuitive graphical interface to a +> variety of image editing operations. Here is a list of the GIMP's +> major features: +> +> Image viewing +> ------------- +> +> * Supports 8, 15, 16 and 24 bit color. +> * Ordered and Floyd-Steinberg dithering for 8 bit displays. +> * View images as rgb color, grayscale or indexed color. +> * Simultaneously edit multiple images. +> * Zoom and pan in real-time. +> * GIF, JPEG, PNG, TIFF and XPM support. +> +> Image editing +> ------------- +> +> * Selection tools including rectangle, ellipse, free, fuzzy, bezier +> and intelligent. +> * Transformation tools including rotate, scale, shear and flip. +> * Painting tools including bucket, brush, airbrush, clone, convolve, +> blend and text. +> * Effects filters (such as blur, edge detect). +> * Channel & color operations (such as add, composite, decompose). +> * Plug-ins which allow for the easy addition of new file formats and +> new effect filters. +> * Multiple undo/redo. + +GIMP 0.54, 1996 + +![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/GIMP%20History/054.png) + +GIMP 0.54 was required X11 displays, X-server and Motif 1.2 wigdets and supported 8, 15, 16 & 24 color depths with RGB & grayscale colors. Supported images format: GIF, JPEG, PNG, TIFF and XPM. + +Basic functionality: rectangle, ellipse, free, fuzzy, bezier, intelligent selection tools, and rotate, scale, shear, clone, blend and flip images. + +Extended tools: text operations, effects filters, tools for channel and colors manipulation, undo and redo operations. Since the first version GIMP support the plugin system. + +GIMP 0.54 can be ran in Linux, HP-UX, Solaris, SGI IRIX. + +### GIMP 0.60, 1997 ### + +![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/GIMP%20History/060.gif) + +This is development release, not for all users. GIMP has the new toolkits – GDK (GIMP Drawing Kit) and GTK (GIMP Toolkit), Motif support is deprecated. GIMP Toolkit is also begin of the GTK+ cross-platform widget toolkit. New features: + +- basic layers +- sub-pixel sampling +- brush spacing +- improver airbrush +- paint modes + +### GIMP 0.99, 1997 ### + +![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/GIMP%20History/099.png) + +Since 0.99 version GIMP has the scripts add macros (Script-Fus) support. GTK and GDK with some improvements has now the new name – GTK+. Other improvements: + +- support big images (rather than 100 MB) +- new native format – XCF +- new API – write plugins and extensions is easy + +### GIMP 1.0, 1998 ### + +![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/GIMP%20History/100.gif) + +GIMP and GTK+ was splitted into separate projects. The GIMP official website has +reconstructed and contained new tutorials, plugins and documentation. New features: + +- tile-based memory management +- massive changes in plugin API +- XFC format now support layers, guides and selections +- web interface +- online graphics generation + +### GIMP 1.2, 2000 ### + +New features: + +- translation for non-english languages +- fixed many bugs in GTK+ and GIMP +- many new plugins +- image map +- new toolbox: resize, measure, dodge, burn, smugle, samle colorize and curve bend +- image pipes +- images preview before saving +- scaled brush preview +- recursive selection by path +- new navigation window +- drag’n’drop +- watermarks support + +### GIMP 2.0, 2004 ### + +![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/GIMP%20History/200.png) + +The biggest change – new GTK+ 2.x toolkit. + +### GIMP 2.2, 2004 ### + +![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/GIMP%20History/220.png) + +Many bugfixes and drag’n’drop support. + +### GIMP 2.4, 2007 ### + +![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/GIMP%20History/240.png) + +New features: + +- better drag’n’drop support +- Ti-Fu was replaced to Script-Fu – the new script interpreter +- new plugins: photocopy, softglow, neon, cartoon, dog, glob and others + +### GIMP 2.6, 2008 ### + +New features: + +- renew graphics interface +- new select and tool +- GEGL (GEneric Graphics Library) integration +- “The Utility Window Hint” for MDI behavior + +### GIMP 2.8, 2012 ### + +![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/GIMP%20History/280.png) + +New features: + +- GUI has some visual changes +- new save and export menu +- renew text editor +- layers group support +- JPEG2000 and export to PDF support +- webpage screenshot tool + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://tlhp.cf/20-years-of-gimp-evolution/ + +作者：[Pavlo Rudyi][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://tlhp.cf/author/paul/ +[1]:https://gimp.org/ +[2]:http://www.gnu.org/ \ No newline at end of file From d59d67258100f352c367c23c8dbc8f2ec61b0bf8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: struggling <630441839@qq.com> Date: Wed, 25 Nov 2015 19:36:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 174/176] Update 20151125 How to Install GIMP 2.8.16 in Ubuntu 16.04 or 15.10 or 14.04.md --- ...to Install GIMP 2.8.16 in Ubuntu 16.04 or 15.10 or 14.04.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20151125 How to Install GIMP 2.8.16 in Ubuntu 16.04 or 15.10 or 14.04.md b/sources/tech/20151125 How to Install GIMP 2.8.16 in Ubuntu 16.04 or 15.10 or 14.04.md index b467e555af..8465520fc5 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20151125 How to Install GIMP 2.8.16 in Ubuntu 16.04 or 15.10 or 14.04.md +++ b/sources/tech/20151125 How to Install GIMP 2.8.16 in Ubuntu 16.04 or 15.10 or 14.04.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +translation by strugglingyouth How to Install GIMP 2.8.16 in Ubuntu 16.04, 15.10, 14.04 ================================================================================ ![GIMP 2.8.16](http://ubuntuhandbook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/gimp-icon.png) @@ -56,4 +57,4 @@ via: http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/2015/11/how-to-install-gimp-2-8-16-in-u [a]:http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/about/ [1]:http://www.gimp.org/news/2015/11/22/20-years-of-gimp-release-of-gimp-2816/ -[2]:https://launchpad.net/~otto-kesselgulasch/+archive/ubuntu/gimp \ No newline at end of file +[2]:https://launchpad.net/~otto-kesselgulasch/+archive/ubuntu/gimp From aa6fdc6c9a1d4b1c5ac4e1a9c973e27be261dc50 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 26 Nov 2015 15:22:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 175/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151126-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...a 'World without Linux' and Open Source.md | 51 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 51 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20151126 Linux Foundation Explains a 'World without Linux' and Open Source.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20151126 Linux Foundation Explains a 'World without Linux' and Open Source.md b/sources/talk/20151126 Linux Foundation Explains a 'World without Linux' and Open Source.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..90f8b22e32 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20151126 Linux Foundation Explains a 'World without Linux' and Open Source.md @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +Linux Foundation Explains a "World without Linux" and Open Source +================================================================================ +> The Linux Foundation responds to questions about its "World without Linux" movies, including what the Internet would be like without Linux and other open source software. + +![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2015/11/hey_22.png) + +Would the world really be tremendously different if Linux, the open source operating system kernel, did not exist? Would there be no Internet or movies? Those are the questions some viewers of the [Linux Foundation's][1] ongoing "[World without Linux][2]" video series are asking. Here are some answers. + +In case you've missed it, the "World without Linux" series is a collection of quirky short films that depict, well, a world without Linux (and open source software more generally). They have emphasized themes like [Linux's role in movie-making][3] and in [serving the Internet][4]. + +To offer perspective on the series's claims, direction and hidden symbols, Jennifer Cloer, vice president of communications at The Linux Foundation, recently sent The VAR Guy responses to some common queries about the movies. Below are the answers, in her own words. + +### The latest episode takes Sam and Annie to the movies. Would today's graphics really be that much different without Linux? ### + +In episode #4, we do a bit of a parody on "Avatar." Love it or hate it, the graphics in the real "Avatar" are pretty impressive. In a world without Linux, the graphics would be horrible but we wouldn't even know it because we wouldn't know any better. But in fact, "Avatar" was created using Linux. Weta Digital used one of the world's largest Linux clusters to render the film and do 3D modeling. It's also been reported that "Lord of the Rings," "Fantastic Four" and "King Kong," among others, have used Linux. We hope this episode can bring attention to that work, which hasn't been widely reported. + +### Some people criticized the original episode for concluding there would be no Internet without Linux. What's your reaction? ### + +We enjoyed the debate that resulted from the debut episode. With more than 100,000 views to date of that episode alone, it brought awareness to the role that Linux plays in society and to the worldwide community of contributors and supporters. Of course the Internet would exist without Linux but it wouldn't be the Internet we know today and it wouldn't have matured at the pace it has. Each episode makes a bold and fun statement about Linux's role in our every day lives. We hope this can help extend the story of Linux to more people around the world. + +### Why is Sam and Annie's cat named String? ### + +Nothing in the series is a coincidence. Look closely and you'll find all kinds of inside Linux and geek jokes. String is named after String theory and was named by our Linux.com Editor Libby Clark. In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings. String theory describes how these strings propagate through space and interact with each other. Kind of like Sam, Annie and String in a World Without Linux. + +### What can we expect from the next two episodes and, in particular, the finale? When will it air? ### + +In episode #5, we'll go to space and experience what a world without Linux would mean to exploration. It's a wild ride. In the finale, we finally get to see Linus in a world without Linux. There have been clues throughout the series as to what this finale will include but I can't give more than that away since there are ongoing contests to find the clues. And I can't give away the air date for the finale! You'll have to follow #WorldWithoutLinux to learn more. + +### Can you give us a hint on the clues in episode #4? ### + +There is another reference to the Free Burger Restaurant in this episode. Linux also actually does appear in this world without Linux but in a very covert way; you could say it's like reading Linux in another language. And, of course, just for fun, String makes another appearance. + +### Is the series achieving what you hoped? ### + +Yes. We're really happy to see people share and engage with these stories. We hope that it's reaching people who might not otherwise know the story of Linux or understand its pervasiveness in the world today. It's really about surfacing this to a broader audience and giving thanks to the worldwide community of developers and companies that support Linux and all the things it makes possible. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/linux-foundation-explains-world-without-linux-and-open-so + +作者：[Christopher Tozzi][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://thevarguy.com/author/christopher-tozzi +[1]:http://linuxfoundation.org/ +[2]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/world-without-linux +[3]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/new-linux-foundation-video-highlights-role-open-source-3d +[4]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/100715/would-internet-exist-without-linux-yes-without-open-sourc \ No newline at end of file From 8bcd03273de45bbb08b6ab3fe3fb8f5125e8fbd5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 26 Nov 2015 15:55:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 176/176] =?UTF-8?q?20151126-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...t and Linux--True Romance or Toxic Love.md | 77 +++++ ...everse Proxy for Apache on FreeBSD 10.2.md | 326 ++++++++++++++++++ ...trailing whitespaces in a file on Linux.md | 53 +++ 3 files changed, 456 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20151126 Microsoft and Linux--True Romance or Toxic Love.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151126 How to Install Nginx as Reverse Proxy for Apache on FreeBSD 10.2.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20151126 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to remove trailing whitespaces in a file on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20151126 Microsoft and Linux--True Romance or Toxic Love.md b/sources/talk/20151126 Microsoft and Linux--True Romance or Toxic Love.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..92705b4b5c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20151126 Microsoft and Linux--True Romance or Toxic Love.md @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +Microsoft and Linux: True Romance or Toxic Love? +================================================================================ +Every now and then, you come across a news story that makes you choke on your coffee or splutter hot latte all over your monitor. Microsoft's recent proclamations of love for Linux is an outstanding example of such a story. + +Common sense says that Microsoft and the FOSS movement should be perpetual enemies. In the eyes of many, Microsoft embodies most of the greedy excesses that the Free Software movement rejects. In addition, Microsoft previously has labeled Linux as a cancer and the FOSS community as a "pack of thieves". + +We can understand why Microsoft has been afraid of a free operating system. When combined with open-source applications that challenge Microsoft's core line, it threatens Microsoft's grip on the desktop/laptop market. + +In spite of Microsoft's fears over its desktop dominance, the Web server marketplace is one arena where Linux has had the greatest impact. Today, the majority of Web servers are Linux boxes. This includes most of the world's busiest sites. The sight of so much unclaimed licensing revenue must be painful indeed for Microsoft. + +Handheld devices are another realm where Microsoft has lost ground to free software. At one point, its Windows CE and Pocket PC operating systems were at the forefront of mobile computing. Windows-powered PDA devices were the shiniest and flashiest gadgets around. But, that all ended when Apple released its iPhone. Since then, Android has stepped into the limelight, with Windows Mobile largely ignored and forgotten. The Android platform is built on free and open-source components. + +The rapid expansion in Android's market share is due to the open nature of the platform. Unlike with iOS, any phone manufacturer can release an Android handset. And, unlike with Windows Mobile, there are no licensing fees. This has been really good news for consumers. It has led to lots of powerful and cheap handsets appearing from manufacturers all over the world. It's a very definite vindication of the value of FOSS software. + +Losing the battle for the Web and mobile computing is a brutal loss for Microsoft. When you consider the size of those two markets combined, the desktop market seems like a stagnant backwater. Nobody likes to lose, especially when money is on the line. And, Microsoft does have a lot to lose. You would expect Microsoft to be bitter about it. And in the past, it has been. + +Microsoft has fought back against Linux and FOSS using every weapon at its disposal, from propaganda to patent threats, and although these attacks have slowed the adoption of Linux, they haven't stopped it. + +So, you can forgive us for being shocked when Microsoft starts handing out t-shirts and badges that say "Microsoft Loves Linux" at open-source conferences and events. Could it be true? Does Microsoft really love Linux? + +Of course, PR slogans and free t-shirts do not equal truth. Actions speak louder than words. And when you consider Microsoft's actions, Microsoft's stance becomes a little more ambiguous. + +On the one hand, Microsoft is recruiting hundreds of Linux developers and sysadmins. It's releasing its .NET Core framework as an open-source project with cross-platform support (so that .NET apps can run on OS X and Linux). And, it is partnering with Linux companies to bring popular distros to its Azure platform. In fact, Microsoft even has gone so far as to create its own Linux distro for its Azure data center. + +On the other hand, Microsoft continues to launch legal attacks on open-source projects directly and through puppet corporations. It's clear that Microsoft hasn't had some big moral change of heart over proprietary vs. free software, so why the public declarations of adoration? + +To state the obvious, Microsoft is a profit-making entity. It's an investment vehicle for its shareholders and a source of income for its employees. Everything it does has a single ultimate goal: revenue. Microsoft doesn't act out of love or even hate (although that's a common accusation). + +So the question shouldn't be "does Microsoft really love Linux?" Instead, we should ask how Microsoft is going to profit from all this. + +Let's take the open-source release of .NET Core. This move makes it easy to port the .NET runtime to any platform. That extends the reach of Microsoft's .NET framework far beyond the Windows platform. + +Opening .NET Core ultimately will make it possible for .NET developers to produce cross-platform apps for OS X, Linux, iOS and even Android--all from a single codebase. + +From a developer's perspective, this makes the .NET framework much more attractive than before. Being able to reach many platforms from a single codebase dramatically increases the potential target market for any app developed using the .NET framework. + +What's more, a strong Open Source community would provide developers with lots of code to reuse in their own projects. So, the availability of open-source projects would make the .NET framework. + +On the plus side, opening .NET Core reduces fragmentation across different platforms and means a wider choice of apps for consumers. That means more choice, both in terms of open-source software and proprietary apps. + +From Microsoft's point of view, it would gain a huge army of developers. Microsoft profits by selling training, certification, technical support, development tools (including Visual Studio) and proprietary extensions. + +The question we should ask ourselves is does this benefit or hurt the Free Software community? + +Widespread adoption of the .NET framework could mean the eventual death of competing open-source projects, forcing us all to dance to Microsoft's tune. + +Moving beyond .NET, Microsoft is drawing a lot of attention to its Linux support on its Azure cloud computing platform. Remember, Azure originally was Windows Azure. That's because Windows Server was the only supported operating system. Today, Azure offers support for a number of Linux distros too. + +There's one reason for this: paying customers who need and want Linux services. If Microsoft didn't offer Linux virtual machines, those customers would do business with someone else. + +It looks like Microsoft is waking up to the fact that Linux is here to stay. Microsoft cannot feasibly wipe it out, so it has to embrace it. + +This brings us back to the question of why there is so much buzz about Microsoft and Linux. We're all talking about it, because Microsoft wants us to think about it. After all, all these stories trace back to Microsoft, whether it's through press releases, blog posts or public announcements at conferences. The company is working hard to draw attention to its Linux expertise. + +What other possible purpose could be behind Chief Architect Kamala Subramaniam's blog post announcing Azure Cloud Switch? ACS is a custom Linux distro that Microsoft uses to automate the configuration of its switch hardware in the Azure data centers. + +ACS is not publicly available. It's intended for internal use in the Azure data center, and it's unlikely that anyone else would be able to find a use for it. In fact, Subramaniam states the same thing herself in her post. + +So, Microsoft won't be making any money from selling ACS, and it won't attract a user base by giving it away. Instead, Microsoft gets to draw attention to Linux and Azure, strengthening its position as a Linux cloud computing platform. + +Is Microsoft's new-found love for Linux good news for the community? + +We shouldn't be slow to forget Microsoft's mantra of Embrace, Extend and Exterminate. Right now, Microsoft is very much in the early stages of embracing Linux. Will Microsoft seek to splinter the community through custom extensions and proprietary "standards"? + +Let us know what you think in the comments below. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/microsoft-and-linux-true-romance-or-toxic-love-0 + +作者：[James Darvell][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/users/james-darvell \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20151126 How to Install Nginx as Reverse Proxy for Apache on FreeBSD 10.2.md b/sources/tech/20151126 How to Install Nginx as Reverse Proxy for Apache on FreeBSD 10.2.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d9829e9daa --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151126 How to Install Nginx as Reverse Proxy for Apache on FreeBSD 10.2.md @@ -0,0 +1,326 @@ +How to Install Nginx as Reverse Proxy for Apache on FreeBSD 10.2 +================================================================================ +Nginx is free and open source HTTP server and reverse proxy, as well as an mail proxy server for IMAP/POP3. Nginx is high performance web server with rich of features, simple configuration and low memory usage. Originally written by Igor Sysoev on 2002, and until now has been used by a big technology company including Netflix, Github, Cloudflare, WordPress.com etc. + +In this tutorial we will "**install and configure nginx web server as reverse proxy for apache on freebsd 10.2**". Apache will run with php on port 8080, and then we need to configure nginx run on port 80 to receive a request from user/visitor. If user request for web page from the browser on port 80, then nginx will pass the request to apache webserver and PHP that running on port 8080. + +#### Prerequisite #### + +- FreeBSD 10.2. +- Root privileges. + +### Step 1 - Update the System ### + +Log in to your freebsd server with ssh credential and update system with command below : + + freebsd-update fetch + freebsd-update install + +### Step 2 - Install Apache ### + +pache is open source HTTP server and the most widely used web server. Apache is not installed by default on freebsd, but we can install it from the ports or package on "/usr/ports/www/apache24" or install it from freebsd repository with pkg command. In this tutorial we will use pkg command to install from the freebsd repository : + + pkg install apache24 + +### Step 3 - Install PHP ### + +Once apache is installed, followed with installing php for handling a PHP file request by a user. We will install php with pkg command as below : + + pkg install php56 mod_php56 php56-mysql php56-mysqli + +### Step 4 - Configure Apache and PHP ### + +Once all is installed, we will configure apache to run on port 8080, and php working with apache. To configure apache, we can edit the configuration file "httpd.conf", and for PHP we just need to copy the php configuration file php.ini on "/usr/local/etc/" directory. + +Go to "/usr/local/etc/" directory and copy php.ini-production file to php.ini : + + cd /usr/local/etc/ + cp php.ini-production php.ini + +Next, configure apache by editing file "httpd.conf" on apache directory : + + cd /usr/local/etc/apache24 + nano -c httpd.conf + +Port configuration on line **52** : + + Listen 8080 + +ServerName configuration on line **219** : + + ServerName 127.0.0.1:8080 + +Add DirectoryIndex file that apache will serve it if a directory requested on line **277** : + + DirectoryIndex index.php index.html + +Configure apache to work with php by adding script below under line **287** : + + + SetHandler application/x-httpd-php + + + SetHandler application/x-httpd-php-source + + +Save and exit. + +Now add apache to start at boot time with sysrc command : + + sysrc apache24_enable=yes + +And test apache configuration with command below : + + apachectl configtest + +If there is no error, start apache : + + service apache24 start + +If all is done, verify that php is running well with apache by creating phpinfo file on "/usr/local/www/apache24/data" directory : + + cd /usr/local/www/apache24/data + echo "" > info.php + +Now visit the freebsd server IP : 192.168.1.123:8080/info.php. + +![Apache and PHP on Port 8080](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Apache-and-PHP-on-Port-8080.png) + +Apache is working with php on port 8080. + +### Step 5 - Install Nginx ### + +Nginx high performance web server and reverse proxy with low memory consumption. In this step we will use nginx as reverse proxy for apache, so let's install it with pkg command : + + pkg install nginx + +### Step 6 - Configure Nginx ### + +Once nginx is installed, we must configure it by replacing nginx file "**nginx.conf**" with new configuration below. Change the directory to "/usr/local/etc/nginx/" and backup default nginx.conf : + + cd /usr/local/etc/nginx/ + mv nginx.conf nginx.conf.oroginal + +Now create new nginx configuration file : + + nano -c nginx.conf + +and paste configuration below : + + user www; + worker_processes 1; + error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log; + + events { + worker_connections 1024; + } + + http { + include mime.types; + default_type application/octet-stream; + + log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ' + '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' + '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'; + access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log; + + sendfile on; + keepalive_timeout 65; + + # Nginx cache configuration + proxy_cache_path /var/nginx/cache levels=1:2 keys_zone=my-cache:8m max_size=1000m inactive=600m; + proxy_temp_path /var/nginx/cache/tmp; + proxy_cache_key "$scheme$host$request_uri"; + + gzip on; + + server { + #listen 80; + server_name _; + + location /nginx_status { + + stub_status on; + access_log off; + } + + # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html + # + error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html; + location = /50x.html { + root /usr/local/www/nginx-dist; + } + + # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:8080 + # + location ~ \.php$ { + proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080; + include /usr/local/etc/nginx/proxy.conf; + } + } + + include /usr/local/etc/nginx/vhost/*; + + } + +Save and exit. + +Next, create new file called **proxy.conf** for reverse proxy configuration on nginx directory : + + cd /usr/local/etc/nginx/ + nano -c proxy.conf + +Paste configuration below : + + proxy_buffering on; + proxy_redirect off; + proxy_set_header Host $host; + proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; + proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; + client_max_body_size 10m; + client_body_buffer_size 128k; + proxy_connect_timeout 90; + proxy_send_timeout 90; + proxy_read_timeout 90; + proxy_buffers 100 8k; + add_header X-Cache $upstream_cache_status; + +Save and exit. + +And the last, create new directory for nginx cache on "/var/nginx/cache" : + + mkdir -p /var/nginx/cache + +### Step 7 - Configure Nginx VirtualHost ### + +In this step we will create new virtualhost for domain "saitama.me", with document root on "/usr/local/www/saitama.me" and the log file on "/var/log/nginx" directory. + +First thing we must do is creating new directory to store the virtualhost file, we here use new directory called "**vhost**". Let's create it : + + cd /usr/local/etc/nginx/ + mkdir vhost + +vhost directory has been created, now go to the directory and create new file virtualhost. I'me here will create new file "**saitama.conf**" : + + cd vhost/ + nano -c saitama.conf + +Paste virtualhost configuration below : + + server { + # Replace with your freebsd IP + listen 192.168.1.123:80; + + # Document Root + root /usr/local/www/saitama.me; + index index.php index.html index.htm; + + # Domain + server_name www.saitama.me saitama.me; + + # Error and Access log file + error_log /var/log/nginx/saitama-error.log; + access_log /var/log/nginx/saitama-access.log main; + + # Reverse Proxy Configuration + location ~ \.php$ { + proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080; + include /usr/local/etc/nginx/proxy.conf; + + # Cache configuration + proxy_cache my-cache; + proxy_cache_valid 10s; + proxy_no_cache $cookie_PHPSESSID; + proxy_cache_bypass $cookie_PHPSESSID; + proxy_cache_key "$scheme$host$request_uri"; + + } + + # Disable Cache for the file type html, json + location ~* .(?:manifest|appcache|html?|xml|json)$ { + expires -1; + } + + # Enable Cache the file 30 days + location ~* .(jpg|png|gif|jpeg|css|mp3|wav|swf|mov|doc|pdf|xls|ppt|docx|pptx|xlsx)$ { + proxy_cache_valid 200 120m; + expires 30d; + proxy_cache my-cache; + access_log off; + } + + } + +Save and exit. + +Next, create new log directory for nginx and virtualhost on "/var/log/" : + + mkdir -p /var/log/nginx/ + +If all is done, let's create a directory for document root for saitama.me : + + cd /usr/local/www/ + mkdir saitama.me + +### Step 8 - Testing ### + +This step is just test our nginx configuration and test the nginx virtualhost. + +Test nginx configuration with command below : + + nginx -t + +If there is no problem, add nginx to boot time with sysrc command, and then start it and restart apache: + + sysrc nginx_enable=yes + service nginx start + service apache24 restart + +All is done, now verify the the php is working by adding new file phpinfo on saitama.me directory : + + cd /usr/local/www/saitama.me + echo "" > info.php + +Visit the domain : **www.saitama.me/info.php**. + +![Virtualhost Configured saitamame](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Virtualhost-Configured-saitamame.png) + +Nginx as reverse proxy for apache is working, and php is working too. + +And this is another results : + +Test .html file with no-cache. + + curl -I www.saitama.me + +![html with no-cache](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/html-with-no-cache.png) + +Test .css file with 30day cache. + + curl -I www.saitama.me/test.css + +![css file 30day cache](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/css-file-30day-cache.png) + +Test .php file with cache : + + curl -I www.saitama.me/info.php + +![PHP file cached](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/PHP-file-cached.png) + +All is done. + +### Conclusion ### + +Nginx is most popular HTTP server and reverse proxy. Has a rich of features with high performance and low memory/RAM usage. Nginx use too for caching, we can cache a static file on the web to make the web fast load, and cache for php file if a user request for it. Nginx is easy to configure and use, use for HTTP server or act as reverse proxy for apache. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/install-nginx-reverse-proxy-apache-freebsd-10-2/ + +作者：[Arul][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/arulm/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20151126 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to remove trailing whitespaces in a file on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20151126 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to remove trailing whitespaces in a file on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..84c04e7436 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20151126 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to remove trailing whitespaces in a file on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +Linux FAQs with Answers--How to remove trailing whitespaces in a file on Linux +================================================================================ +> Question: I have a text file in which I need to remove all trailing whitespsaces (e.g., spaces and tabs) in each line for formatting purpose. Is there a quick and easy Linux command line tool I can use for this? + +When you are writing code for your program, you must understand that there are standard coding styles to follow. For example, "trailing whitespaces" are typically considered evil because when they get into a code repository for revision control, they can cause a lot of problems and confusion (e.g., "false diffs"). Many IDEs and text editors are capable of highlighting and automatically trimming trailing whitepsaces at the end of each line. + +Here are a few ways to **remove trailing whitespaces in Linux command-line environment**. + +### Method One ### + +A simple command line approach to remove unwanted whitespaces is via sed. + +The following command deletes all spaces and tabs at the end of each line in input.java. + + $ sed -i 's/[[:space:]]*$//' input.java + +If there are multiple files that need trailing whitespaces removed, you can use a combination of find and sed. For example, the following command deletes trailing whitespaces in all *.java files recursively found in the current directory as well as all its sub-directories. + + $ find . -name "*.java" -type f -print0 | xargs -0 sed -i 's/[[:space:]]*$//' + +### Method Two ### + +Vim text editor is able to highlight and trim whitespaces in a file as well. + +To highlight all trailing whitespaces in a file, open the file with Vim editor and enable text highlighting by typing the following in Vim command line mode. + + :set hlsearch + +Then search for trailing whitespaces by typing: + + /\s\+$ + +This will show all trailing spaces and tabs found throughout the file. + +![](https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/757/23198657732_bc40e757b4_b.jpg) + +Then to clean up all trailing whitespaces in a file with Vim, type the following Vim command. + + :%s/\s\+$// + +This command means substituting all whitespace characters found at the end of the line (\s\+$) with no character. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/remove-trailing-whitespaces-linux.html + +作者：[Dan Nanni][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/author/nanni \ No newline at end of file