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[complete]15 - The history of Android.md
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The history of Android
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Gingerbread's new keyboard, text selection UI, overscroll effect, and new checkboxes.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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One of the most important additions to Android 2.3 was the system-wide text selection interface, which you can see in the Google search bar in the left screenshot. Long pressing a word would highlight it in orange and make draggable handles appear on either side of the highlight. You could then adjust the highlight using the handles and long press on the highlight to bring up options for cut, copy, and paste. Previous methods used tiny controls that relied on a trackball or D-Pad, but with this first finger-driven text selection method, the Nexus S didn’t need the extra hardware controls.
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The right set of images shows the new checkbox design and overscroll effect. The Froyo checkbox worked like a light bulb—it would show a green check when on and a gray check when off. Gingerbread now displayed an empty box when an option is turned off—which made much more sense. Gingerbread was the first version to have an overscroll effect. An orange glow appeared when you hit the end of a list and grew larger as you pulled more against the dead end. Bounce scrolling would probably have made the most sense, but that was patented by Apple.
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The new dialer and dialog box design.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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The dialer received a little more love in Gingerbread. It became darker, and Google finally addressed the combination of sharp corners, rounded corners, and complete circles that it had going on. Now every corner was a sharp right angle. All the dial pad buttons were replaced with a weird underline, like some faint leftovers of what used to be a button. You were never really sure if you were supposed to see a button or not—our brains wanted to imagine the rest of the square.
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The Wi-Fi network dialog is pictured to show off the rest of the system-wide changes. All the dialog box titles were changed from gray to black, every dialog box, dropdown, and button corner was sharpened up, and everything was a little bit darker. All these system-wide changes made all of Gingerbread look a lot less bubbly and more mature. The "all black everything" look wasn't necessarily the most welcoming color palette, but it certainly looked better than Android's previous gray-and-beige color scheme.
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The new Market, which added a massive green header.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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While not exclusive to Gingerbread, with the launch of the new OS came "Android Market 2.0." Most of the list design was the same, but Google covered the top third of the screen with a massive green banner that was used for featured apps and navigation. The primary design inspiration here was probably the green Android mascot—the color is a perfect match. At a time when the OS was getting a darker design, the neon green banner and white list made the Market a lot brighter.
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However, the same green background image was used across phones, which meant on lower resolution devices, the green banner was even bigger. Users complained so much about the wasted screen space that later updates would make the green banner scroll up with the content. At the time, horizontal mode was even worse—it would fill the left half of the screen with the static green banner.
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An app page from the Market showing the collapsible text section, the "My apps" section, and Google Books screenshots.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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App pages were redesigned with collapsible sections. Rather than having to scroll through a thousand-line description, text boxes were truncated to only the first few lines. After that, a "more" button needed to be tapped. This allowed users to easily scroll through the list and find things like pictures and "contact developer," which would usually be farther down the page.
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The other parts of the Android homescreen wisely toned down the green monster. The rest of the app was mostly just the old Market with new green navigational elements. Any of the old tabbed interfaces were upgraded to swipeable tabs. In the right Gingerbread image, swiping right-to-left would switch from "Top Paid" to "Top Free," which made navigation a little easier.
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Gingerbread came with the first of what would become the Google Play content stores: Google Books. The app was a basic book reader that would display books in a simple thumbnail grid. The "Get eBooks" link at the top of the screen opened the browser and loaded a mobile website where you could buy books.
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Google Books and the “My Apps" page of the Market were both examples of early precursors to the Action Bar. Just like the current guidelines, a stickied top bar featured the app icon, the name of the screen within the app, and a few controls. The layout of these two apps was actually pretty modern looking.
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The new Google Maps.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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Google Maps (which, again, at this point was on the Android Market and not exclusive to this version of Android) now featured another action bar precursor in the form of a top-aligned control bar. This version of an early action bar featured a lot of experimenting. The majority of the bar was taken up with a search box, but you could never type into the bar. Tapping on it would open the old search interface from Android 1.x, with a totally different bar design and bubbly buttons. This 2.3 bar wasn't anything more than a really big search button.
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The new business pages, which switched from black to white.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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Along with Places' new top billing in the app drawer came a redesigned interface. Unlike the rest of Gingerbread, this switched from black to white. Google also kept the old buttons with rounded corners. This new version of Maps helpfully displayed the hours of operation of a business, and it offered advanced search options like places that were currently open or thresholds for ratings and price. Reviews were brought to the surface, allowing a user to easily get a feel for the current business. It was now also possible to "star" a location from the search results and save it for later.
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The new YouTube design, which, amazingly, sort of matches the old Maps business page design.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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The YouTube app seemed completely separate from the rest of Android, as if whoever designed this had no idea what Gingerbread would end up looking like. Highlights were red and gray instead of green and orange, and rather than the flat black of Gingerbread, YouTube featured bubbly buttons, tabs, and bars with rounded corners and heavy gradients. The new app did get a few things right, though. All the tabs could be horizontally swiped through, and the app finally added a vertical viewing mode for videos. Android seemed like such an uncoordinated effort at this stage. It’s like someone told the YouTube team “make it black," and that was all the direction they were given. The only Android entity this seemed to match was the old Google Maps business page design.
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Despite the weird design choices, the YouTube app had the best approximation yet of an action bar. Besides the bar at the top with an app logo and a few buttons, the rightmost button was labeled “more" and would bring up options that didn’t fit in the bar. Today, this is called the “Overflow" button, and it's a standard UI piece.
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The new Google Talk, which supported voice and video calls, and the new Voice Actions interface.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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One last update for Gingerbread came with Android 2.3.4, which brought a new version of Google Talk. Unlike the Nexus One, the Nexus S had a front-facing camera—and the redesigned version of Google Talk had voice and video calling. The colored indicators on the right of the friends list were used to indicate not only presence, but voice and video availability. A dot was text only, a microphone was text or voice, and a camera was text, voice, or video. If available, tapping on a voice or video icon would immediately start a call with that person.
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Gingerbread is the oldest version of Android still supported by Google. Firing up a Gingerbread device and letting it sit for a few minutes will result in a ton of upgrades. Gingerbread will pull down Google Play Services, resulting in a ton of new API support, and it will upgrade to the very newest version of the Play Store. Open the Play Store and hit the update button, and just about every single Google app will be replaced with a modern version. We tried to keep this article authentic to the time Gingerbread was released, but a real user stuck on Gingerbread today will be treated to a flood of anachronisms.
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Gingerbread is still supported because there are a good number of users still running the now ancient OS. Gingerbread's staying power is due to the extremely low system requirements, making it the go-to choice for slow, cheap phones. The next few versions of Android were much more exclusive and/or demanding on hardware. For instance, Android 3.0 Honeycomb is not open source, meaning it could only be ported to a device with Google's cooperation. It was also only for tablets, making Gingerbread the newest phone version of Android for a very long time. 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich was the next phone release, but it significantly raised Android’s systems requirements, cutting off the low-end of the market. Google is hoping to get cheaper phones back on the update track with 4.4 KitKat, which brings the system requirements back down to 512MB of RAM. The passage of time helps, too—by now, even cheap SoCs have caught up to the demands of a 4.0-era version of Android.
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[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work.
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[@RonAmadeo][t]
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via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/15/
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
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[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
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安卓编年史
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姜饼的新键盘，文本选择，边界回弹效果以及新复选框。
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Ron Amadeo 供图
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安卓2.3最重要的新增功能就是系统全局文本选择界面，你可以在左侧截图的谷歌搜索栏看到它。长按一个词能使其变为橙色高亮，并且出现可拖拽的小标签，长按高亮部分会弹出剪切，复制和粘贴选项。之前的方法使用的是依赖于十字方向键的控制，但现在有了触摸文本选择，Nexus S 不再需要额外的硬件控件。
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左侧截图右半边展示的是新的复选框设计和边界回弹效果。冻酸奶（2.2）的复选框像个灯泡——选中时显示一个绿色的勾，未选中的时候显示灰色的勾。姜饼在选项关闭的时候显示一个空的选框——这显得更有意义。姜饼是第一个拥有滚动到底发光效果的版本。当到达列表底部的时候会有一道橙色的光晕，你越往上拉光晕越明显。列表上拉滚动反弹也许最直观，但那是苹果的专利。
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新拨号界面和对话框设计。
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Ron Amadeo 供图
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姜饼里的拨号受到了稍微多点的照顾。它变得更暗了，并且谷歌终于解决了原本的直角，圆角以及圆形的结合问题。现在所有的边角都是直角了。所有的拨号按键被替换成了带有奇怪下划线的样式，像是用边角料拼凑的。你永远无法确定是否看到了一个按钮——我们的大脑得想象出按钮形状的剩余部分。
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图中的无线网络对话框可以看作是剩下的系统全局改动的样本。所有的对话框标题从灰色变为黑色，对话框，下拉框以及按钮边缘都变成了直角，各部分色调都变暗了一点。所有的这些全局变化使得姜饼看起来不像原来那样活泼，而是更加地成熟。“到处都是黑色”的外观必然不是最受欢迎的，但它无疑看起来比安卓之前的灰色和米色的配色方案好多了。
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新市场，添加了大块的绿色页面顶栏。
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Ron Amadeo 供图
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新版系统带来了“安卓市场 2.0”，虽然它不是姜饼独占的。主要的列表设计和原来一致，但谷歌将屏幕上部三分之一覆盖上了大块的绿色横幅，用来展示热门应用以及导航。这里主要的设计灵感也许是绿色的安卓吉祥物——它们的颜色完美匹配。在系统设计偏向暗色系的时候，霓虹灯般的绿色横幅和白色列表让市场明快得多。
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但是，相同的绿色背景图片被用在了不同的手机上，这意味着在低分辨率设备上，绿色横幅看起来更加的大。不少用户抱怨这浪费了屏幕空间，于是随后的更新使得绿色横幅跟随内容向上滚动。在那时，横屏模式更加糟糕——绿色横幅会填满剩下的半个屏幕。
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市场的一个带有可折叠描述的应用详情页面，“我的应用”界面，以及 Google Books 界面截图。
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Ron Amadeo供图
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应用详情页面经过重新设计有了可折叠部分。文本描述只截取前几行展示，向下滑动页面不用再穿过数千行的描述。简短的描述后有一个“更多”按钮可供点击来显示完整的描述。这让用户可以轻松地滑动过列表找到像是截图和“联系开发者”部分，这些部分通常在页面偏下部分。
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安卓主屏的其它部分明智地淡化了绿色机器人元素。市场应用的剩余部分绝大多数仅仅只是旧版市场加上新的绿色导航元素。旧有的标签界面升级成了可滑动切换标签。在姜饼右侧截图中，从右向左滑动将会从“热门付费”切换至“热门免费”，这使得导航变得更加方便。
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姜饼带来了将会成为 Google Play 内容商店第一位成员的应用：Google Books。这个应用是个基础的电子书阅读器，会将书籍以简单的预览图平铺展示。屏幕顶部的“获取 eBooks”链接会打开浏览器，然后加载一个你可以在上面购买电子书的移动网站。
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Google Books 以及市场的“我的应用”页面都是 Action Bar 的原型。就像现在的指南中写的，页面有一个带应用图标的固定置顶栏，应用内页面的名称，以及一些控件。这两个应用的布局实际上看起来十分现代，和现在的界面相似。
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新版谷歌地图。
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Ron Amadeo供图
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谷歌地图（再重复一次，这时候的谷歌地图是在安卓市场中的，并且不是这个安卓版本独占的）拥有了另一个操作栏原型，是一个顶部对齐的控件栏。这个早期版本的操作栏拥有许多试验性功能。功能栏主要被一个搜索框所占据，但是你永远无法向其输入内容。点击搜索框会打开安卓 1.x 版本以来的旧搜索界面，它带有完全不同的操作栏设计和活泼的按钮。2.3 版本的顶栏仅仅只是个大号的搜索按钮而已。
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从黑变白的新 business 页面。
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Ron Amadeo 供图
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应用抽屉里和地点一起到来的热门商家重新设计了界面。不像姜饼的其它部分，它从黑色转换成了白色。谷歌还给它保留了圆角的旧按钮。这个新版本的地图能显示商家的营业时间，并且提供高级搜索选项，比如正在营业或是通过评分或价格限定搜索范围。点评被调整到了商家详情页面，用户可以更容易地对当前商家有个直观感受。而且现在还可以从搜索结果中给某个地点加星，保存起来以后使用。
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新 YouTube 设计，神奇的是有点像旧版地图的商家页面的设计。
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Ron Amadeo供图
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YouTube 应用似乎完全与安卓的其它部分分离开来，就像是设计它的人完全不知道姜饼最终会是什么样子一样。高亮是红色和灰色方案，而不是绿色和橙色，而且不像扁平黑色风格的姜饼，Youtube 有着气泡状的，带有圆角并且大幅使用渐变效果的按钮，标签以及操作栏。尽管如此，新应用还是有一些正确的地方。所有的标签可以水平滑动切换，而且应用终于提供了竖屏观看视频模式。安卓在那个阶段似乎工作不是很一致。就像是有人告诉 Youtube 团队“把它做成黑色的”，然后这就是全部的指导方向一样。唯一一个与其相似的安卓实体就是旧版谷歌地图的商家页面的设计。
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尽管有些奇怪的设计，Youtube 应用有着最接近操作栏的顶栏设计。除了顶部操作栏的应用图标和一些按钮，最右侧还有个标着“更多”字样的按钮，点击它可以打开因为过多而无法装进操作栏的选项。在今天，这被称作“更多操作”按钮，它是个标准界面控件。
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新 Google Talk，支持语音和视频通话，以及新语音命令界面。
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Ron Amadeo供图
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姜饼的最后一个更新是安卓 2.3.4，它带来了新版 Google Talk。不像 Nexus One，Nexus S 带有前置摄像头——重新设计的 Google Talk 拥有语音和视频通话功能。好友列表右侧的彩色指示不仅指明在线状态，还显示了语音和视频的可用性。一个点表示仅文本信息，一个麦克风表示文本信息或语音，一个摄像机表示支持文本信息，语音以及视频。如果可用的话，点击语音或视频图标会立即向好友发起通话。
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姜饼是谷歌仍然提供支持的最老的安卓版本。激活一部姜饼设备并放置一会儿会收到大量更新。姜饼会拉取 Google Play 服务，它会带来许多新的 API 支持，并且会升级到最新版本的 Play 商店。打开 Play 商店并点击更新按钮，几乎每个独立谷歌应用都会被替换为更加现代的版本。我们尝试着保持这篇文章讲述的是姜饼发布时的样子，但时至今日还停留在姜饼的用户会被认为有点跟不上时代了。
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姜饼如今仍然能够得到支持，因为有数量可观的用户仍然在使用这个有点过时的系统。姜饼仍然存在的能量来自于它极低的系统要求，使得它成为了低端廉价设备的最佳选择。下个版本的安卓对硬件的要求变得更高了。举个例子，安卓 3.0 蜂巢不是开源的，这意味着它只能在谷歌的协助之下移植到一个设备上。同时它还是只为平板设计的，这让姜饼作为最新的手机安卓版本存在了很长一段时间。4.0 冰淇淋三明治是下一个手机版本，但它显著地提高了安卓系统要求，抛弃了低端市场。谷歌现在希望借 4.4 KitKat（奇巧巧克力）重回廉价手机市场，它的系统要求降回了 512MB 内存。时间的推移同样有所帮助——如今，就算是廉价的系统级芯片都能满足安卓 4.0 时代的系统要求。
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[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron是Ars Technica的评论编缉，专注于安卓系统和谷歌产品。他总是在追寻新鲜事物，还喜欢拆解事物看看它们到底是怎么运作的。
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[@RonAmadeo][t]
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via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/15/
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译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
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[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
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