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20090627 30 Linux System Monitoring Tools Every SysAdmin Should Know.md
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30 Linux System Monitoring Tools Every SysAdmin Should Know
======
Need to monitor Linux server performance? Try these built-in commands and a few add-on tools. Most distributions come with tons of Linux monitoring tools. These tools provide metrics which can be used to get information about system activities. You can use these tools to find the possible causes of a performance problem. The commands discussed below are some of the most fundamental commands when it comes to system analysis and debugging Linux server issues such as:
1. Finding out system bottlenecks
2. Disk (storage) bottlenecks
3. CPU and memory bottlenecks
4. Network bottleneck.
### 1. top - Process activity monitoring command
top command display Linux processes. It provides a dynamic real-time view of a running system i.e. actual process activity. By default, it displays the most CPU-intensive tasks running on the server and updates the list every five seconds.
![](https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/top-Linux-monitoring-command.jpg)
Fig.01: Linux top command
#### Commonly Used Hot Keys With top Linux monitoring tools
Here is a list of useful hot keys:
| Hot Key | Usage |
|---|---|
| t | Displays summary information off and on. |
| m | Displays memory information off and on. |
| A | Sorts the display by top consumers of various system resources. Useful for quick identification of performance-hungry tasks on a system. |
| f | Enters an interactive configuration screen for top. Helpful for setting up top for a specific task. |
| o | Enables you to interactively select the ordering within top. |
| r | Issues renice command. |
| k | Issues kill command. |
| z | Turn on or off color/mono |
[How do I Find Out Linux CPU Utilization?][1]
### 2. vmstat - Virtual memory statistics
The vmstat command reports information about processes, memory, paging, block IO, traps, and cpu activity.
`# vmstat 3`
Sample Outputs:
```
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st
0 0 0 2540988 522188 5130400 0 0 2 32 4 2 4 1 96 0 0
1 0 0 2540988 522188 5130400 0 0 0 720 1199 665 1 0 99 0 0
0 0 0 2540956 522188 5130400 0 0 0 0 1151 1569 4 1 95 0 0
0 0 0 2540956 522188 5130500 0 0 0 6 1117 439 1 0 99 0 0
0 0 0 2540940 522188 5130512 0 0 0 536 1189 932 1 0 98 0 0
0 0 0 2538444 522188 5130588 0 0 0 0 1187 1417 4 1 96 0 0
0 0 0 2490060 522188 5130640 0 0 0 18 1253 1123 5 1 94 0 0
```
#### Display Memory Utilization Slabinfo
`# vmstat -m`
#### Get Information About Active / Inactive Memory Pages
`# vmstat -a`
[How do I find out Linux Resource utilization to detect system bottlenecks?][2]
### 3. w - Find out who is logged on and what they are doing
[w command][3] displays information about the users currently on the machine, and their processes.
```
# w username
# w vivek
```
Sample Outputs:
```
17:58:47 up 5 days, 20:28, 2 users, load average: 0.36, 0.26, 0.24
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
root pts/0 10.1.3.145 14:55 5.00s 0.04s 0.02s vim /etc/resolv.conf
root pts/1 10.1.3.145 17:43 0.00s 0.03s 0.00s w
```
### 4. uptime - Tell how long the Linux system has been running
uptime command can be used to see how long the server has been running. The current time, how long the system has been running, how many users are currently logged on, and the system load averages for the past 1, 5, and 15 minutes.
`# uptime`
Output:
```
18:02:41 up 41 days, 23:42, 1 user, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
```
1 can be considered as optimal load value. The load can change from system to system. For a single CPU system 1 - 3 and SMP systems 6-10 load value might be acceptable.
### 5. ps - Displays the Linux processes
ps command will report a snapshot of the current processes. To select all processes use the -A or -e option:
`# ps -A`
Sample Outputs:
```
PID TTY TIME CMD
1 ? 00:00:02 init
2 ? 00:00:02 migration/0
3 ? 00:00:01 ksoftirqd/0
4 ? 00:00:00 watchdog/0
5 ? 00:00:00 migration/1
6 ? 00:00:15 ksoftirqd/1
....
.....
4881 ? 00:53:28 java
4885 tty1 00:00:00 mingetty
4886 tty2 00:00:00 mingetty
4887 tty3 00:00:00 mingetty
4888 tty4 00:00:00 mingetty
4891 tty5 00:00:00 mingetty
4892 tty6 00:00:00 mingetty
4893 ttyS1 00:00:00 agetty
12853 ? 00:00:00 cifsoplockd
12854 ? 00:00:00 cifsdnotifyd
14231 ? 00:10:34 lighttpd
14232 ? 00:00:00 php-cgi
54981 pts/0 00:00:00 vim
55465 ? 00:00:00 php-cgi
55546 ? 00:00:00 bind9-snmp-stat
55704 pts/1 00:00:00 ps
```
ps is just like top but provides more information.
#### Show Long Format Output
`# ps -Al`
To turn on extra full mode (it will show command line arguments passed to process):
`# ps -AlF`
#### Display Threads ( LWP and NLWP)
`# ps -AlFH`
#### Watch Threads After Processes
`# ps -AlLm`
#### Print All Process On The Server
```
# ps ax
# ps axu
```
#### Want To Print A Process Tree?
```
# ps -ejH
# ps axjf
# [pstree][4]
```
#### Get Security Information of Linux Process
```
# ps -eo euser,ruser,suser,fuser,f,comm,label
# ps axZ
# ps -eM
```
#### Let Us Print Every Process Running As User Vivek
```
# ps -U vivek -u vivek u
```
#### Configure ps Command Output In a User-Defined Format
```
# ps -eo pid,tid,class,rtprio,ni,pri,psr,pcpu,stat,wchan:14,comm
# ps axo stat,euid,ruid,tty,tpgid,sess,pgrp,ppid,pid,pcpu,comm
# ps -eopid,tt,user,fname,tmout,f,wchan
```
#### Try To Display Only The Process IDs of Lighttpd
```
# ps -C lighttpd -o pid=
```
OR
```
# pgrep lighttpd
```
OR
```
# pgrep -u vivek php-cgi
```
#### Print The Name of PID 55977
```
# ps -p 55977 -o comm=
```
#### Top 10 Memory Consuming Process
```
# ps -auxf | sort -nr -k 4 | head -10
```
#### Show Us Top 10 CPU Consuming Process
`# ps -auxf | sort -nr -k 3 | head -10`
[Show All Running Processes in Linux][5]
### 6. free - Show Linux server memory usage
free command shows the total amount of free and used physical and swap memory in the system, as well as the buffers used by the kernel.
`# free `
Sample Output:
```
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 12302896 9739664 2563232 0 523124 5154740
-/+ buffers/cache: 4061800 8241096
Swap: 1052248 0 1052248
```
1. [Linux Find Out Virtual Memory PAGESIZE][50]
2. [Linux Limit CPU Usage Per Process][51]
3. [How much RAM does my Ubuntu / Fedora Linux desktop PC have?][52]
### 7. iostat - Montor Linux average CPU load and disk activity
iostat command report Central Processing Unit (CPU) statistics and input/output statistics for devices, partitions and network filesystems (NFS).
`# iostat `
Sample Outputs:
```
Linux 2.6.18-128.1.14.el5 (www03.nixcraft.in) 06/26/2009
avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
3.50 0.09 0.51 0.03 0.00 95.86
Device: tps Blk_read/s Blk_wrtn/s Blk_read Blk_wrtn
sda 22.04 31.88 512.03 16193351 260102868
sda1 0.00 0.00 0.00 2166 180
sda2 22.04 31.87 512.03 16189010 260102688
sda3 0.00 0.00 0.00 1615 0
```
[Linux Track NFS Directory / Disk I/O Stats][6]
### 8. sar - Monitor, collect and report Linux system activity
sar command used to collect, report, and save system activity information. To see network counter, enter:
`# sar -n DEV | more`
The network counters from the 24th:
`# sar -n DEV -f /var/log/sa/sa24 | more`
You can also display real time usage using sar:
`# sar 4 5`
Sample Outputs:
```
Linux 2.6.18-128.1.14.el5 (www03.nixcraft.in) 06/26/2009
06:45:12 PM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
06:45:16 PM all 2.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 97.78
06:45:20 PM all 2.07 0.00 0.38 0.03 0.00 97.52
06:45:24 PM all 0.94 0.00 0.28 0.00 0.00 98.78
06:45:28 PM all 1.56 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 98.22
06:45:32 PM all 3.53 0.00 0.25 0.03 0.00 96.19
Average: all 2.02 0.00 0.27 0.01 0.00 97.70
```
+ [How to collect Linux system utilization data into a file][53]
+ [How To Create sar Graphs With kSar To Identifying Linux Bottlenecks][54]
### 9. mpstat - Monitor multiprocessor usage on Linux
mpstat command displays activities for each available processor, processor 0 being the first one. mpstat -P ALL to display average CPU utilization per processor:
`# mpstat -P ALL`
Sample Output:
```
Linux 2.6.18-128.1.14.el5 (www03.nixcraft.in) 06/26/2009
06:48:11 PM CPU %user %nice %sys %iowait %irq %soft %steal %idle intr/s
06:48:11 PM all 3.50 0.09 0.34 0.03 0.01 0.17 0.00 95.86 1218.04
06:48:11 PM 0 3.44 0.08 0.31 0.02 0.00 0.12 0.00 96.04 1000.31
06:48:11 PM 1 3.10 0.08 0.32 0.09 0.02 0.11 0.00 96.28 34.93
06:48:11 PM 2 4.16 0.11 0.36 0.02 0.00 0.11 0.00 95.25 0.00
06:48:11 PM 3 3.77 0.11 0.38 0.03 0.01 0.24 0.00 95.46 44.80
06:48:11 PM 4 2.96 0.07 0.29 0.04 0.02 0.10 0.00 96.52 25.91
06:48:11 PM 5 3.26 0.08 0.28 0.03 0.01 0.10 0.00 96.23 14.98
06:48:11 PM 6 4.00 0.10 0.34 0.01 0.00 0.13 0.00 95.42 3.75
06:48:11 PM 7 3.30 0.11 0.39 0.03 0.01 0.46 0.00 95.69 76.89
```
[Linux display each multiple SMP CPU processors utilization individually][7].
### 10. pmap - Montor process memory usage on Linux
pmap command report memory map of a process. Use this command to find out causes of memory bottlenecks.
`# pmap -d PID`
To display process memory information for pid # 47394, enter:
`# pmap -d 47394`
Sample Outputs:
```
47394: /usr/bin/php-cgi
Address Kbytes Mode Offset Device Mapping
0000000000400000 2584 r-x-- 0000000000000000 008:00002 php-cgi
0000000000886000 140 rw--- 0000000000286000 008:00002 php-cgi
00000000008a9000 52 rw--- 00000000008a9000 000:00000 [ anon ]
0000000000aa8000 76 rw--- 00000000002a8000 008:00002 php-cgi
000000000f678000 1980 rw--- 000000000f678000 000:00000 [ anon ]
000000314a600000 112 r-x-- 0000000000000000 008:00002 ld-2.5.so
000000314a81b000 4 r---- 000000000001b000 008:00002 ld-2.5.so
000000314a81c000 4 rw--- 000000000001c000 008:00002 ld-2.5.so
000000314aa00000 1328 r-x-- 0000000000000000 008:00002 libc-2.5.so
000000314ab4c000 2048 ----- 000000000014c000 008:00002 libc-2.5.so
.....
......
..
00002af8d48fd000 4 rw--- 0000000000006000 008:00002 xsl.so
00002af8d490c000 40 r-x-- 0000000000000000 008:00002 libnss_files-2.5.so
00002af8d4916000 2044 ----- 000000000000a000 008:00002 libnss_files-2.5.so
00002af8d4b15000 4 r---- 0000000000009000 008:00002 libnss_files-2.5.so
00002af8d4b16000 4 rw--- 000000000000a000 008:00002 libnss_files-2.5.so
00002af8d4b17000 768000 rw-s- 0000000000000000 000:00009 zero (deleted)
00007fffc95fe000 84 rw--- 00007ffffffea000 000:00000 [ stack ]
ffffffffff600000 8192 ----- 0000000000000000 000:00000 [ anon ]
mapped: 933712K writeable/private: 4304K shared: 768000K
```
The last line is very important:
* **mapped: 933712K** total amount of memory mapped to files
* **writeable/private: 4304K** the amount of private address space
* **shared: 768000K** the amount of address space this process is sharing with others
[Linux find the memory used by a program / process using pmap command][8]
### 11. netstat - Linux network and statistics monitoring tool
netstat command displays network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships.
```
# netstat -tulpn
# netstat -nat
```
### 12. ss - Network Statistics
ss command use to dump socket statistics. It allows showing information similar to netstat. Please note that the netstat is mostly obsolete. Hence you need to use ss command. To ss all TCP and UDP sockets on Linux:
`# ss -t -a`
OR
`# ss -u -a `
Show all TCP sockets with process SELinux security contexts:
`# ss -t -a -Z `
See the following resources about ss and netstat commands:
+ [ss: Display Linux TCP / UDP Network and Socket Information][56]
+ [Get Detailed Information About Particular IP address Connections Using netstat Command][57]
### 13. iptraf - Get real-time network statistics on Linux
iptraf command is interactive colorful IP LAN monitor. It is an ncurses-based IP LAN monitor that generates various network statistics including TCP info, UDP counts, ICMP and OSPF information, Ethernet load info, node stats, IP checksum errors, and others. It can provide the following info in easy to read format:
* Network traffic statistics by TCP connection
* IP traffic statistics by network interface
* Network traffic statistics by protocol
* Network traffic statistics by TCP/UDP port and by packet size
* Network traffic statistics by Layer2 address
![Fig.02: General interface statistics: IP traffic statistics by network interface ][9]
Fig.02: General interface statistics: IP traffic statistics by network interface
![Fig.03 Network traffic statistics by TCP connection][10]
Fig.03 Network traffic statistics by TCP connection
[Install IPTraf on a Centos / RHEL / Fedora Linux To Get Network Statistics][11]
### 14. tcpdump - Detailed network traffic analysis
tcpdump command is simple command that dump traffic on a network. However, you need good understanding of TCP/IP protocol to utilize this tool. For.e.g to display traffic info about DNS, enter:
`# tcpdump -i eth1 'udp port 53'`
View all IPv4 HTTP packets to and from port 80, i.e. print only packets that contain data, not, for example, SYN and FIN packets and ACK-only packets, enter:
`# tcpdump 'tcp port 80 and (((ip[2:2] - ((ip[0]&0xf)<<2)) - ((tcp[12]&0xf0)>>2)) != 0)'`
Show all FTP session to 202.54.1.5, enter:
`# tcpdump -i eth1 'dst 202.54.1.5 and (port 21 or 20'`
Print all HTTP session to 192.168.1.5:
`# tcpdump -ni eth0 'dst 192.168.1.5 and tcp and port http'`
Use [wireshark to view detailed][12] information about files, enter:
`# tcpdump -n -i eth1 -s 0 -w output.txt src or dst port 80`
### 15. iotop - Linux I/O monitor
iotop command monitor, I/O usage information, using the Linux kernel. It shows a table of current I/O usage sorted by processes or threads on the server.
`$ sudo iotop`
Sample outputs:
![iotop monitoring linux disk read write IO][13]
[Linux iotop: Check What's Stressing And Increasing Load On Your Hard Disks][14]
### 16. htop - interactive process viewer
htop is a free and open source ncurses-based process viewer for Linux. It is much better than top command. Very easy to use. You can select processes for killing or renicing without using their PIDs or leaving htop interface.
`$ htop`
Sample outputs:
![htop process viewer for Linux][15]
[CentOS / RHEL: Install htop An Interactive Text-mode Process Viewer][58]
### 17. atop - Advanced Linux system & process monitor
atop is a very powerful and an interactive monitor to view the load on a Linux system. It displays the most critical hardware resources from a performance point of view. You can quickly see CPU, memory, disk and network performance. It shows which processes are responsible for the indicated load concerning CPU and memory load on a process level.
`$ atop`
![atop Command Line Tools to Monitor Linux Performance][16]
[CentOS / RHEL: Install atop (Advanced System & Process Monitor) Utility][59]
### 18. ac and lastcomm -
You must monitor process and login activity on your Linux server. The psacct or acct package contains several utilities for monitoring process activities, including:
1. ac command : Show statistics about users' connect time
2. [lastcomm command][17] : Show info about about previously executed commands
3. accton command : Turns process accounting on or off
4. sa command : Summarizes accounting information
[How to keep a detailed audit trail of what's being done on your Linux systems][18]
### 19. monit - Process supervision
Monit is a free and open source software that acts as process supervision. It comes with the ability to restart services which have failed. You can use Systemd, daemontools or any other such tool for the same purpose. [This tutorial shows how to install and configure monit as Process supervision on Debian or Ubuntu Linux][19].
### 20. nethogs- Find out PIDs that using most bandwidth on Linux
NetHogs is a small but handy net top tool. It groups bandwidth by process name such as Firefox, wget and so on. If there is a sudden burst of network traffic, start NetHogs. You will see which PID is causing bandwidth surge.
`$ sudo nethogs`
![nethogs linux monitoring tools open source][20]
[Linux: See Bandwidth Usage Per Process With Nethogs Tool][21]
### 21. iftop - Show bandwidth usage on an interface by host
iftop command listens to network traffic on a given interface name such as eth0. [It displays a table of current bandwidth usage by pairs of host][22]s.
`$ sudo iftop`
![iftop in action][23]
### 22. vnstat - A console-based network traffic monitor
vnstat is easy to use console-based network traffic monitor for Linux. It keeps a log of hourly, daily and monthly network traffic for the selected interface(s).
`$ vnstat `
![vnstat linux network traffic monitor][25]
+ [Keeping a Log Of Daily Network Traffic for ADSL or Dedicated Remote Linux Server][60]
+ [CentOS / RHEL: Install vnStat Network Traffic Monitor To Keep a Log Of Daily Traffic][61]
+ [CentOS / RHEL: View Vnstat Graphs Using PHP Web Interface Frontend][62]
### 23. nmon - Linux systems administrator, tuner, benchmark tool
nmon is a Linux sysadmin's ultimate tool for the tunning purpose. It can show CPU, memory, network, disks, file systems, NFS, top process resources and partition information from the cli.
`$ nmon`
![nmon command][26]
[Install and Use nmon Tool To Monitor Linux Systems Performance][27]
### 24. glances - Keep an eye on Linux system
glances is an open source cross-platform monitoring tool. It provides tons of information on the small screen. It can also work in client/server mode.
`$ glances`
![Glances][28]
[Linux: Keep An Eye On Your System With Glances Monitor][29]
### 25. strace - Monitor system calls on Linux
Want to trace Linux system calls and signals? Try strace command. This is useful for debugging webserver and other server problems. See how to use to [trace the process and][30] see What it is doing.
### 26. /proc/ file system - Various Linux kernel statistics
/proc file system provides detailed information about various hardware devices and other Linux kernel information. See [Linux kernel /proc][31] documentations for further details. Common /proc examples:
```
# cat /proc/cpuinfo
# cat /proc/meminfo
# cat /proc/zoneinfo
# cat /proc/mounts
```
### 27. Nagios - Linux server/network monitoring
[Nagios][32] is a popular open source computer system and network monitoring application software. You can easily monitor all your hosts, network equipment and services. It can send alert when things go wrong and again when they get better. [FAN is][33] "Fully Automated Nagios". FAN goals are to provide a Nagios installation including most tools provided by the Nagios Community. FAN provides a CDRom image in the standard ISO format, making it easy to easilly install a Nagios server. Added to this, a wide bunch of tools are including to the distribution, in order to improve the user experience around Nagios.
### 28. Cacti - Web-based Linux monitoring tool
Cacti is a complete network graphing solution designed to harness the power of RRDTool's data storage and graphing functionality. Cacti provides a fast poller, advanced graph templating, multiple data acquisition methods, and user management features out of the box. All of this is wrapped in an intuitive, easy to use interface that makes sense for LAN-sized installations up to complex networks with hundreds of devices. It can provide data about network, CPU, memory, logged in users, Apache, DNS servers and much more. See how [to install and configure Cacti network graphing][34] tool under CentOS / RHEL.
### 29. KDE System Guard - Real-time Linux systems reporting and graphing
KSysguard is a network enabled task and system monitor application for KDE desktop. This tool can be run over ssh session. It provides lots of features such as a client/server architecture that enables monitoring of local and remote hosts. The graphical front end uses so-called sensors to retrieve the information it displays. A sensor can return simple values or more complex information like tables. For each type of information, one or more displays are provided. Displays are organized in worksheets that can be saved and loaded independently from each other. So, KSysguard is not only a simple task manager but also a very powerful tool to control large server farms.
![Fig.05 KDE System Guard][35]
Fig.05 KDE System Guard {Image credit: Wikipedia}
See [the KSysguard handbook][36] for detailed usage.
### 30. Gnome Linux system monitor
The System Monitor application enables you to display basic system information and monitor system processes, usage of system resources, and file systems. You can also use System Monitor to modify the behavior of your system. Although not as powerful as the KDE System Guard, it provides the basic information which may be useful for new users:
* Displays various basic information about the computer's hardware and software.
* Linux Kernel version
* GNOME version
* Hardware
* Installed memory
* Processors and speeds
* System Status
* Currently available disk space
* Processes
* Memory and swap space
* Network usage
* File Systems
* Lists all mounted filesystems along with basic information about each.
![Fig.06 The Gnome System Monitor application][37]
Fig.06 The Gnome System Monitor application
### Bonus: Additional Tools
A few more tools:
* [nmap][38] - scan your server for open ports.
* [lsof][39] - list open files, network connections and much more.
* [ntop][40] web based tool - ntop is the best tool to see network usage in a way similar to what top command does for processes i.e. it is network traffic monitoring software. You can see network status, protocol wise distribution of traffic for UDP, TCP, DNS, HTTP and other protocols.
* [Conky][41] - Another good monitoring tool for the X Window System. It is highly configurable and is able to monitor many system variables including the status of the CPU, memory, swap space, disk storage, temperatures, processes, network interfaces, battery power, system messages, e-mail inboxes etc.
* [GKrellM][42] - It can be used to monitor the status of CPUs, main memory, hard disks, network interfaces, local and remote mailboxes, and many other things.
* [mtr][43] - mtr combines the functionality of the traceroute and ping programs in a single network diagnostic tool.
* [vtop][44] - graphical terminal activity monitor on Linux
Did I miss something? Please add your favorite system motoring tool in the comments.
#### about the author
The author is the creator of nixCraft and a seasoned sysadmin and a trainer for the Linux operating system/Unix shell scripting. He has worked with global clients and in various industries, including IT, education, defense and space research, and the nonprofit sector. Follow him on [Twitter][45], [Facebook][46], [Google+][47].
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[a]:https://www.cyberciti.biz
[1]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/how-do-i-find-out-linux-cpu-utilization.html
[2]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-resource-utilization-to-detect-system-bottlenecks.html
[3]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-w-command-examples-syntax-usage-2/ (See Linux/Unix w command examples for more info)
[4]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-pstree-command-examples-shows-running-processestree/
[5]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/show-all-running-processes-in-linux/
[6]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-linux-track-nfs-client-disk-metrics/
[7]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-mpstat-command-report-processors-related-statistics/
[8]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/howto-find-memory-used-by-program.html
[9]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/06/iptraf3.png (Fig.02: General interface statistics: IP traffic statistics by network interface )
[10]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/06/iptraf2.png (Fig.03 Network traffic statistics by TCP connection)
[11]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/install-iptraf-centos-redhat-fedora-linux/
[12]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-unix-bsd-apache-tcpdump-http-packets-sniffing/
[13]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/iotop-monitoring-linux-disk-read-write-IO.jpg
[14]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/hardware/linux-iotop-simple-top-like-io-monitor/
[15]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/htop-process-viewer-for-Linux.jpg
[16]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/atop-Command-Line-Tools-to-Monitor-Linux-Performance.jpg
[17]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-unix-lastcomm-command-examples-usage-syntax/ (See Linux/Unix lastcomm command examples for more info)
[18]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/howto-log-user-activity-using-process-accounting.html
[19]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-to-install-and-use-monit-on-ubuntudebian-linux-server/
[20]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/nethogs-linux-monitoring-tools-open-source.jpg
[21]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-find-out-what-process-is-using-bandwidth/
[22]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-display-bandwidth-usage-on-network-interface-by-host.html
[23]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/images/faq/2013/11/iftop-outputs-small.gif
[24]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/centos-fedora-redhat-install-iftop-bandwidth-monitoring-tool/
[25]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/vnstat-linux-network-traffic-monitor.jpg
[26]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/nmon-command.jpg
[27]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/nmon-performance-analyzer-linux-server-tool/
[28]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/glances-keep-an-eye-on-linux.jpg
[29]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-install-glances-monitoring-tool/
[30]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-strace-command-examples.html
[31]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/files/linux-kernel/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt
[32]:http://www.nagios.org/
[33]:http://fannagioscd.sourceforge.net/drupal/
[34]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/fedora-rhel-install-cacti-monitoring-rrd-software/
[35]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/06/kde-systemguard-screenshot.png (Fig.05 KDE System Guard KDE task manager and performance monitor.)
[36]:https://docs.kde.org/stable5/en/kde-workspace/ksysguard/index.html
[37]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/06/gnome-system-monitor.png (Fig.06 The Gnome System Monitor application)
[38]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-scanning-network-for-open-ports.html
[39]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/tag/lsof-command
[40]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/debian-ubuntu-install-ntop-network-traffic-monitoring-software/ (Debian / Ubuntu Linux Install ntop To See Network Usage / Network Status)
[41]:https://github.com/brndnmtthws/conky
[42]:http://gkrellm.srcbox.net/
[43]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/finding-out-a-bad-or-simply-overloaded-network-link-with-linuxunix-oses.html
[44]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-to-install-and-use-vtop-graphical-terminal-activity-monitor-on-linux/
[45]:https://twitter.com/nixcraft
[46]:https://facebook.com/nixcraft
[47]:https://plus.google.com/+CybercitiBiz
[50]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-check-the-size-of-pagesize/
[51]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/cpu-usage-limiter-for-linux/
[52]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/how-much-ram-does-my-linux-system.html
[53]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/howto-write-system-utilization-data-to-file.html
[54]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/identifying-linux-bottlenecks-sar-graphs-with-ksar.html
[56]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-investigate-sockets-network-connections.html
[57]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/netstat-command-tutorial-examples.html
[58]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/centos-redhat-linux-install-htop-command-using-yum/
[59]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/centos-redhat-linux-install-atop-command-using-yum/
[60]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-display-bandwidth-usage-on-network-interface-by-host.html
[61]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/centos-redhat-fedora-linux-install-vnstat-bandwidth-monitor/
[62]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/centos-redhat-fedora-linux-vnstat-php-webinterface-frontend-config/

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每个系统管理员都要知道的 30 个 Linux 系统监控工具
======
您需要监控 Linux 服务器的性能吗？试试用这些内置命令和附加工具吧！大多数 Linux 发行版都附带了大量的监控工具。这些工具提供了获取系统活动的相关指标。您可以使用这些工具来查找性能问题的可能原因。本文提到的是一些基本的命令，用于系统分析和服务器调试等，例如：
1. 找出系统瓶颈
2. 磁盘（存储）瓶颈
3. CPU 和内存瓶颈
4. 网络瓶颈
### 1. top - 进程活动监控命令
top 命令显示 Linux 的进程。它提供了一个系统的实时动态视图，即实际的进程活动。默认情况下，它显示在服务器上运行的 CPU 占用率最高的任务，并且每五秒更新一次。
![](https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/top-Linux-monitoring-command.jpg)
图 01：Linux top 命令
#### top 的常用快捷键
常用快捷键列表：
| 快捷键 | 用法 |
| ---- | -------------------------------------- |
| t | 是否显示总结信息 |
| m | 是否显示内存信息 |
| A | 根据各种系统资源的利用率对进程进行排序，有助于快速识别系统中性能不佳的任务。 |
| f | 进入 top 的交互式配置屏幕，用于根据特定的需求而设置 top 的显示。 |
| o | 交互式地调整 top 每一列的顺序。 |
| r | 调整优先级（renice） |
| k | 杀掉进程（kill） |
| z | 开启或关闭彩色或黑白模式 |
相关链接：[Linux 如何查看 CPU 利用率？][1]
### 2. vmstat - 虚拟内存统计
vmstat 命令报告有关进程、内存、分页、块 IO、陷阱和 cpu 活动等信息。
`# vmstat 3`
输出示例：
```
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st
0 0 0 2540988 522188 5130400 0 0 2 32 4 2 4 1 96 0 0
1 0 0 2540988 522188 5130400 0 0 0 720 1199 665 1 0 99 0 0
0 0 0 2540956 522188 5130400 0 0 0 0 1151 1569 4 1 95 0 0
0 0 0 2540956 522188 5130500 0 0 0 6 1117 439 1 0 99 0 0
0 0 0 2540940 522188 5130512 0 0 0 536 1189 932 1 0 98 0 0
0 0 0 2538444 522188 5130588 0 0 0 0 1187 1417 4 1 96 0 0
0 0 0 2490060 522188 5130640 0 0 0 18 1253 1123 5 1 94 0 0
```
#### 显示 Slab 缓存的利用率
`# vmstat -m`
#### 获取有关活动和非活动内存页面的信息
`# vmstat -a`
相关链接：[如何查看 Linux 的资源利用率从而找到系统瓶颈？][2]
### 3. w - 找出登录的用户以及他们在做什么
[w 命令][3] 显示了当前登录在该系统上的用户及其进程。
```
# w username
# w vivek
```
输出示例：
```
17:58:47 up 5 days, 20:28, 2 users, load average: 0.36, 0.26, 0.24
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
root pts/0 10.1.3.145 14:55 5.00s 0.04s 0.02s vim /etc/resolv.conf
root pts/1 10.1.3.145 17:43 0.00s 0.03s 0.00s w
```
### 4. uptime - Linux 系统运行了多久
uptime 命令可以用来查看服务器运行了多长时间：当前时间、已运行的时间、当前登录的用户连接数，以及过去 1 分钟、5 分钟和 15 分钟的系统负载平均值。
`# uptime`
输出示例：
```
18:02:41 up 41 days, 23:42, 1 user, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
```
1 可以被认为是最佳负载值。不同的系统会有不同的负载：对于单核 CPU 系统来说，1 到 3 的负载值是可以接受的；而对于 SMP（对称多处理）系统来说，负载可以是 6 到 10。
### 5. ps - 显示系统进程
ps 命令显示当前运行的进程。要显示所有的进程，请使用 -A 或 -e 选项：
`# ps -A`
输出示例：
```
PID TTY TIME CMD
1 ? 00:00:02 init
2 ? 00:00:02 migration/0
3 ? 00:00:01 ksoftirqd/0
4 ? 00:00:00 watchdog/0
5 ? 00:00:00 migration/1
6 ? 00:00:15 ksoftirqd/1
....
.....
4881 ? 00:53:28 java
4885 tty1 00:00:00 mingetty
4886 tty2 00:00:00 mingetty
4887 tty3 00:00:00 mingetty
4888 tty4 00:00:00 mingetty
4891 tty5 00:00:00 mingetty
4892 tty6 00:00:00 mingetty
4893 ttyS1 00:00:00 agetty
12853 ? 00:00:00 cifsoplockd
12854 ? 00:00:00 cifsdnotifyd
14231 ? 00:10:34 lighttpd
14232 ? 00:00:00 php-cgi
54981 pts/0 00:00:00 vim
55465 ? 00:00:00 php-cgi
55546 ? 00:00:00 bind9-snmp-stat
55704 pts/1 00:00:00 ps
```
ps 与 top 类似，但它提供了更多的信息。
#### 显示长输出格式
`# ps -Al`
显示完整输出格式（它将显示传递给进程的命令行参数）：
`# ps -AlF`
#### 显示线程（轻量级进程（LWP）和线程的数量（NLWP））
`# ps -AlFH`
#### 在进程后显示线程
`# ps -AlLm`
#### 显示系统上所有的进程
```
# ps ax
# ps axu
```
#### 显示进程树
```
# ps -ejH
# ps axjf
# [pstree][4]
```
#### 显示进程的安全信息
```
# ps -eo euser,ruser,suser,fuser,f,comm,label
# ps axZ
# ps -eM
```
#### 显示指定用户（如 vivek）运行的进程
```
# ps -U vivek -u vivek u
```
#### 设置用户自定义的输出格式
```
# ps -eo pid,tid,class,rtprio,ni,pri,psr,pcpu,stat,wchan:14,comm
# ps axo stat,euid,ruid,tty,tpgid,sess,pgrp,ppid,pid,pcpu,comm
# ps -eopid,tt,user,fname,tmout,f,wchan
```
#### 显示某进程（如 lighttpd）的 PID
```
# ps -C lighttpd -o pid=
```
或
```
# pgrep lighttpd
```
或
```
# pgrep -u vivek php-cgi
```
#### 显示指定 PID（如 55977）的进程名称
```
# ps -p 55977 -o comm=
```
#### 找出占用内存资源最多的前 10 个进程
```
# ps -auxf | sort -nr -k 4 | head -10
```
#### 找出占用 CPU 资源最多的前 10 个进程
`# ps -auxf | sort -nr -k 3 | head -10`
相关链接：[显示 Linux 上所有运行的进程][5]
### 6. free - 内存使用情况
free 命令显示了系统的可用和已用的物理内存及交换内存的总量，以及内核用到的缓存空间。
`# free `
输出示例：
```
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 12302896 9739664 2563232 0 523124 5154740
-/+ buffers/cache: 4061800 8241096
Swap: 1052248 0 1052248
```
相关链接：
1. [获取 Linux 的虚拟内存的内存页大小（PAGESIZE）][50]
2. [限制 Linux 每个进程的 CPU 使用率][51]
3. [我的 Ubuntu 或 Fedora Linux 系统有多少内存？][52]
### 7. iostat - CPU 平均负载和磁盘活动
iostat 命令用于汇报 CPU 的使用情况，以及设备、分区和网络文件系统（NFS）的 IO 统计信息。
`# iostat `
输出示例：
```
Linux 2.6.18-128.1.14.el5 (www03.nixcraft.in) 06/26/2009
avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
3.50 0.09 0.51 0.03 0.00 95.86
Device: tps Blk_read/s Blk_wrtn/s Blk_read Blk_wrtn
sda 22.04 31.88 512.03 16193351 260102868
sda1 0.00 0.00 0.00 2166 180
sda2 22.04 31.87 512.03 16189010 260102688
sda3 0.00 0.00 0.00 1615 0
```
相关链接：[如何跟踪 Linux 系统的 NFS 目录或磁盘的 IO 负载情况][6]
### 8. sar - 监控、收集和汇报系统活动
sar 命令用于收集、汇报和保存系统活动信息。要查看网络统计，请输入：
`# sar -n DEV | more`
显示 24 日的网络统计：
`# sar -n DEV -f /var/log/sa/sa24 | more`
您还可以使用 sar 显示实时使用情况：
`# sar 4 5`
输出示例：
```
Linux 2.6.18-128.1.14.el5 (www03.nixcraft.in) 06/26/2009
06:45:12 PM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
06:45:16 PM all 2.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 97.78
06:45:20 PM all 2.07 0.00 0.38 0.03 0.00 97.52
06:45:24 PM all 0.94 0.00 0.28 0.00 0.00 98.78
06:45:28 PM all 1.56 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 98.22
06:45:32 PM all 3.53 0.00 0.25 0.03 0.00 96.19
Average: all 2.02 0.00 0.27 0.01 0.00 97.70
```
相关链接：
+ [如何将 Linux 系统资源利用率的数据写入文件中][53]
+ [如何使用 kSar 创建 sar 性能图以找出系统瓶颈][54]
### 9. mpstat - 监控多处理器的使用情况
mpstat 命令显示每个可用处理器的使用情况，编号从 0 开始。命令 mpstat -P ALL 显示了每个处理器的平均使用率：
`# mpstat -P ALL`
输出示例：
```
Linux 2.6.18-128.1.14.el5 (www03.nixcraft.in) 06/26/2009
06:48:11 PM CPU %user %nice %sys %iowait %irq %soft %steal %idle intr/s
06:48:11 PM all 3.50 0.09 0.34 0.03 0.01 0.17 0.00 95.86 1218.04
06:48:11 PM 0 3.44 0.08 0.31 0.02 0.00 0.12 0.00 96.04 1000.31
06:48:11 PM 1 3.10 0.08 0.32 0.09 0.02 0.11 0.00 96.28 34.93
06:48:11 PM 2 4.16 0.11 0.36 0.02 0.00 0.11 0.00 95.25 0.00
06:48:11 PM 3 3.77 0.11 0.38 0.03 0.01 0.24 0.00 95.46 44.80
06:48:11 PM 4 2.96 0.07 0.29 0.04 0.02 0.10 0.00 96.52 25.91
06:48:11 PM 5 3.26 0.08 0.28 0.03 0.01 0.10 0.00 96.23 14.98
06:48:11 PM 6 4.00 0.10 0.34 0.01 0.00 0.13 0.00 95.42 3.75
06:48:11 PM 7 3.30 0.11 0.39 0.03 0.01 0.46 0.00 95.69 76.89
```
相关链接：[多处理器的 Linux 上单独显示每个 CPU 的使用率][7].
### 10. pmap - 监控进程的内存使用情况
pmap 命令用以显示进程的内存映射，使用此命令可以查找内存瓶颈。
`# pmap -d PID`
显示 PID 为 47394 的进程的内存信息，请输入：
`# pmap -d 47394`
输出示例：
```
47394: /usr/bin/php-cgi
Address Kbytes Mode Offset Device Mapping
0000000000400000 2584 r-x-- 0000000000000000 008:00002 php-cgi
0000000000886000 140 rw--- 0000000000286000 008:00002 php-cgi
00000000008a9000 52 rw--- 00000000008a9000 000:00000 [ anon ]
0000000000aa8000 76 rw--- 00000000002a8000 008:00002 php-cgi
000000000f678000 1980 rw--- 000000000f678000 000:00000 [ anon ]
000000314a600000 112 r-x-- 0000000000000000 008:00002 ld-2.5.so
000000314a81b000 4 r---- 000000000001b000 008:00002 ld-2.5.so
000000314a81c000 4 rw--- 000000000001c000 008:00002 ld-2.5.so
000000314aa00000 1328 r-x-- 0000000000000000 008:00002 libc-2.5.so
000000314ab4c000 2048 ----- 000000000014c000 008:00002 libc-2.5.so
.....
......
..
00002af8d48fd000 4 rw--- 0000000000006000 008:00002 xsl.so
00002af8d490c000 40 r-x-- 0000000000000000 008:00002 libnss_files-2.5.so
00002af8d4916000 2044 ----- 000000000000a000 008:00002 libnss_files-2.5.so
00002af8d4b15000 4 r---- 0000000000009000 008:00002 libnss_files-2.5.so
00002af8d4b16000 4 rw--- 000000000000a000 008:00002 libnss_files-2.5.so
00002af8d4b17000 768000 rw-s- 0000000000000000 000:00009 zero (deleted)
00007fffc95fe000 84 rw--- 00007ffffffea000 000:00000 [ stack ]
ffffffffff600000 8192 ----- 0000000000000000 000:00000 [ anon ]
mapped: 933712K writeable/private: 4304K shared: 768000K
```
最后一行非常重要：
* **mapped: 933712K** 映射到文件的内存量
* **writeable/private: 4304K** 私有地址空间
* **shared: 768000K** 此进程与其他进程共享的地址空间
相关链接：[使用 pmap 命令查看 Linux 上单个程序或进程使用的内存][8]
### 11. netstat - Linux 网络统计监控工具
netstat 命令显示网络连接、路由表、接口统计、伪装连接和多播连接等信息。
```
# netstat -tulpn
# netstat -nat
```
### 12. ss - 网络统计
ss 命令用于获取套接字统计信息。它可以显示类似于 netstat 的信息。不过 netstat 几乎要过时了，ss 命令更具优势。要显示所有 TCP 或 UDP 套接字：
`# ss -t -a`
或
`# ss -u -a `
显示所有带有 SELinux 安全上下文（Security Context）的 TCP 套接字：
`# ss -t -a -Z `
请参阅以下关于 ss 和 netstat 命令的资料：
+ [ss：显示 Linux TCP / UDP 网络套接字信息][56]
+ [使用 netstat 命令获取有关特定 IP 地址连接的详细信息][57]
### 13. iptraf - 获取实时网络统计信息
iptraf 命令是一个基于 ncurses 的交互式 IP 网络监控工具。它可以生成多种网络统计信息，包括 TCP 信息、UDP 计数、ICMP 和 OSPF 信息、以太网负载信息、节点统计信息、IP 校验错误等。它以简单的格式提供了以下信息：
* 基于 TCP 连接的网络流量统计
* 基于网络接口的 IP 流量统计
* 基于协议的网络流量统计
* 基于 TCP/UDP 端口和数据包大小的网络流量统计
* 基于二层地址的网络流量统计
![Fig.02: General interface statistics: IP traffic statistics by network interface ][9]
图 02：常规接口统计：基于网络接口的 IP 流量统计
![Fig.03 Network traffic statistics by TCP connection][10]
图 03：基于 TCP 连接的网络流量统计
相关链接：[在 Centos / RHEL / Fedora Linux 上安装 IPTraf 以获取网络统计信息][11]
### 14. tcpdump - 详细的网络流量分析
tcpdump 命令是简单的分析网络通信的命令。您需要充分了解 TCP/IP 协议才便于使用此工具。例如，要显示有关 DNS 的流量信息，请输入：
`# tcpdump -i eth1 'udp port 53'`
查看所有去往和来自端口 80 的 IPv4 HTTP 数据包，仅打印真正包含数据的包，而不是像 SYN、FIN 和仅含 ACK 这类的数据包，请输入：
`# tcpdump 'tcp port 80 and (((ip[2:2] - ((ip[0]&0xf)<<2)) - ((tcp[12]&0xf0)>>2)) != 0)'`
显示所有目标地址为 202.54.1.5 的 FTP 会话，请输入：
`# tcpdump -i eth1 'dst 202.54.1.5 and (port 21 or 20'`
打印所有目标地址为 192.168.1.5 的 HTTP 会话：
`# tcpdump -ni eth0 'dst 192.168.1.5 and tcp and port http'`
使用 [wireshark][12] 查看文件的详细内容，请输入：
`# tcpdump -n -i eth1 -s 0 -w output.txt src or dst port 80`
### 15. iotop - I/O 监控
iotop 命令利用 Linux 内核监控 I/O 使用情况，它按进程或线程的顺序显示 I/O 使用情况。
`$ sudo iotop`
输出示例：
![iotop monitoring linux disk read write IO][13]
相关链接：[Linux iotop：什么进程在增加硬盘负载][14]
### 16. htop - 交互式的进程查看器
htop 是一款免费并开源的基于 ncurses 的 Linux 进程查看器。它比 top 命令更简单易用。您无需使用 PID、无需离开 htop 界面，便可以杀掉进程或调整其调度优先级。
`$ htop`
输出示例：
![htop process viewer for Linux][15]
相关链接：[CentOS / RHEL：安装 htop——交互式文本模式进程查看器][58]
### 17. atop - 高级版系统与进程监控工具
atop 是一个非常强大的交互式 Linux 系统负载监控器，它从性能的角度显示最关键的硬件资源信息。您可以快速查看 CPU、内存、磁盘和网络性能。它还可以从进程的级别显示哪些进程造成了相关 CPU 和内存的负载。
`$ atop`
![atop Command Line Tools to Monitor Linux Performance][16]
相关链接：[CentOS / RHEL：安装 atop 工具——高级系统和进程监控器][59]
### 18. ac 和 lastcomm
您一定需要监控 Linux 服务器上的进程和登录活动吧。psacct 或 acct 软件包中包含了多个用于监控进程活动的工具，包括：
1. ac 命令：显示有关用户连接时间的统计信息
2. [lastcomm 命令][17]：显示已执行过的命令
3. accton 命令：打开或关闭进程账号记录功能
4. sa 命令：进程账号记录信息的摘要
相关链接：[如何对 Linux 系统的活动做详细的跟踪记录][18]
### 19. monit - 进程监控器
Monit 是一个免费且开源的进程监控软件，它可以自动重启停掉的服务。您也可以使用 Systemd、daemontools 或其他类似工具来达到同样的目的。[本教程演示如何在 Debian 或 Ubuntu Linux 上安装和配置 monit 作为进程监控器][19]。
### 20. nethogs - 找出占用带宽的进程
NetHogs 是一个轻便的网络监控工具，它按照进程名称（如 Firefox、wget 等）对带宽进行分组。如果网络流量突然爆发，启动 NetHogs，您将看到哪个进程（PID）导致了带宽激增。
`$ sudo nethogs`
![nethogs linux monitoring tools open source][20]
相关链接：[Linux：使用 Nethogs 工具查看每个进程的带宽使用情况][21]
### 21. iftop - 显示主机上网络接口的带宽使用情况
iftop 命令监听指定接口（如 eth0）上的网络通信情况。[它显示了一对主机的带宽使用情况][22]。
`$ sudo iftop`
![iftop in action][23]
### 22. vnstat - 基于控制台的网络流量监控工具
vnstat 是一个简单易用的基于控制台的网络流量监视器，它为指定网络接口保留每小时、每天和每月网络流量日志。
`$ vnstat `
![vnstat linux network traffic monitor][25]
相关链接：
+ [为 ADSL 或专用远程 Linux 服务器保留日常网络流量日志][60]
+ [CentOS / RHEL：安装 vnStat 网络流量监控器以保留日常网络流量日志][61]
+ [CentOS / RHEL：使用 PHP 网页前端接口查看 Vnstat 图表][62]
### 23. nmon - Linux 系统管理员的调优和基准测量工具
nmon 是 Linux 系统管理员用于性能调优的利器，它在命令行显示 CPU、内存、网络、磁盘、文件系统、NFS、消耗资源最多的进程和分区信息。
`$ nmon`
![nmon command][26]
相关链接：[安装并使用 nmon 工具来监控 Linux 系统的性能][27]
### 24. glances - 密切关注 Linux 系统
glances 是一款开源的跨平台监控工具。它在小小的屏幕上提供了大量的信息，还可以用作客户端-服务器架构。
`$ glances`
![Glances][28]
相关链接：[Linux：通过 Glances 监控器密切关注您的系统][29]
### 25. strace - 查看系统调用
想要跟踪 Linux 系统的调用和信号吗？试试 strace 命令吧。它对于调试网页服务器和其他服务器问题很有用。了解如何利用其 [追踪进程][30] 并查看它在做什么。
### 26. /proc/ 文件系统 - 各种内核信息
/proc 文件系统提供了不同硬件设备和 Linux 内核的详细信息。更多详细信息，请参阅 [Linux 内核 /proc][31] 文档。常见的 /proc 例子：
```
# cat /proc/cpuinfo
# cat /proc/meminfo
# cat /proc/zoneinfo
# cat /proc/mounts
```
### 27. Nagios - Linux 服务器和网络监控
[Nagios][32] 是一款普遍使用的开源系统和网络监控软件。您可以轻松地监控所有主机、网络设备和服务，当状态异常和恢复正常时它都会发出警报通知。[FAN][33] 是“全自动 Nagios”的缩写。FAN 的目标是提供包含由 Nagios 社区提供的大多数工具包的 Nagios 安装。FAN 提供了标准 ISO 格式的 CDRom 镜像，使安装变得更加容易。除此之外，为了改善 Nagios 的用户体验，发行版还包含了大量的工具。
### 28. Cacti - 基于 Web 的 Linux 监控工具
Cacti 是一个完整的网络图形化解决方案，旨在充分利用 RRDTool 的数据存储和图形功能。Cacti 提供了快速轮询器、高级图形模板、多种数据采集方法和用户管理功能。这些功能被包装在一个直观易用的界面中，确保可以实现从局域网到拥有数百台设备的复杂网络上的安装。它可以提供有关网络、CPU、内存、登录用户、Apache、DNS 服务器等的数据。了解如何在 CentOS / RHEL 下 [安装和配置 Cacti 网络图形化工具][34]。
### 29. KDE System Guard - 实时系统报告和图形化显示
KSysguard 是 KDE 桌面的网络化系统监控程序。这个工具可以通过 ssh 会话运行。它提供了许多功能，比如监控本地和远程主机的客户端-服务器架构。前端图形界面使用传感器来检索信息。传感器可以返回简单的值或更复杂的信息，如表格。每种类型的信息都有一个或多个显示界面，并被组织成工作表的形式，这些工作表可以分别保存和加载。所以，KSysguard 不仅是一个简单的任务管理器，还是一个控制大型服务器平台的强大工具。
![Fig.05 KDE System Guard][35]
图 05：KDE System Guard {图片来源：维基百科}
详细用法，请参阅 [KSysguard 手册][36]。
### 30. Gnome 系统监控器
系统监控程序能够显示系统基本信息，并监控系统进程、系统资源使用情况和文件系统。您还可以用其修改系统行为。虽然不如 KDE System Guard 强大，但它提供的基本信息对新用户还是有用的：
* 显示关于计算机硬件和软件的各种基本信息
* Linux 内核版本
* GNOME 版本
* 硬件
* 安装的内存
* 处理器和速度
* 系统状况
* 可用磁盘空间
* 进程
* 内存和交换空间
* 网络使用情况
* 文件系统
* 列出所有挂载的文件系统及其基本信息
![Fig.06 The Gnome System Monitor application][37]
图 06：Gnome 系统监控程序
### 福利：其他工具
更多工具：
* [nmap][38] - 扫描服务器的开放端口
* [lsof][39] - 列出打开的文件和网络连接等
* [ntop][40] 网页工具 - ntop 是查看网络使用情况的最佳工具，与 top 命令之于进程的方式类似，即网络流量监控工具。您可以查看网络状态和 UDP、TCP、DNS、HTTP 等协议的流量分发。
* [Conky][41] - X Window 系统的另一个很好的监控工具。它具有很高的可配置性，能够监视许多系统变量，包括 CPU 状态、内存、交换空间、磁盘存储、温度、进程、网络接口、电池、系统消息和电子邮件等。
* [GKrellM][42] - 它可以用来监控 CPU 状态、主内存、硬盘、网络接口、本地和远程邮箱及其他信息。
* [mtr][43] - mtr 将 traceroute 和 ping 程序的功能结合在一个网络诊断工具中。
* [vtop][44] - 图形化活动监控终端
如果您有其他推荐的系统监控工具，欢迎在评论区分享。
#### 关于作者
作者 Vivek Gite 是 nixCraft 的创建者，也是经验丰富的系统管理员，以及 Linux 操作系统和 Unix shell 脚本的培训师。他的客户遍布全球，行业涉及 IT、教育、国防航天研究以及非营利部门等。您可以在 [Twitter][45]、[Facebook][46] 和 [Google+][47] 上关注他。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/top-linux-monitoring-tools.html
作者：[Vivek Gite][a]
译者：[jessie-pang](https://github.com/jessie-pang)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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