From 37b694ee849170a91c72aeacbed15599e50da453 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 12 Apr 2020 11:59:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH] TSL --- .../20200211 Navigating man pages in Linux.md | 179 ------------------ .../20200211 Navigating man pages in Linux.md | 172 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 172 insertions(+), 179 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20200211 Navigating man pages in Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20200211 Navigating man pages in Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200211 Navigating man pages in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20200211 Navigating man pages in Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 0d90822c52..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20200211 Navigating man pages in Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,179 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Navigating man pages in Linux) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3519853/navigating-man-pages-in-linux.html) -[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) - -Navigating man pages in Linux -====== -The man pages on a Linux system can do more than provide information on particular commands. They can help discover commands you didn't realize were available. -[Hello I'm Nik][1] [(CC0)][2] - -Man pages provide essential information on Linux commands and many users refer to them often, but there’s a lot more to the man pages than many of us realize. - -You can always type a command like “man who” and get a nice description of how the man command works, but exploring commands that you might not know could be even more illuminating. For example, you can use the man command to help identify commands to handle some unusually challenging task or to show options that can help you use a command you already know in new and better ways. - -Let’s navigate through some options and see where we end up. - -[MORE ON NETWORK WORLD: Linux: Best desktop distros for newbies][3] - -### Using man to identify commands - -The man command can help you find commands by topic. If you’re looking for a command to count the lines in a file, for example, you can provide a keyword. In the example below, we’ve put the keyword in quotes and added blanks so that we don’t get commands that deal with “accounts” or “accounting” along with those that do some counting for us. - -``` -$ man -k ' count ' -anvil (8postfix) - Postfix session count and request rate control -cksum (1) - checksum and count the bytes in a file -sum (1) - checksum and count the blocks in a file -timer_getoverrun (2) - get overrun count for a POSIX per-process timer -``` - -To show commands that relate to new user accounts, we might try a command like this: - -``` -$ man -k "new user" -newusers (8) - update and create new users in batch -useradd (8) - create a new user or update default new user information -zshroadmap (1) - informal introduction to the zsh manual The Zsh Manual, … -``` - -Just to be clear, the third item in the list above makes a reference to “new users” liking the material and is not a command for setting up, removing or configuring user accounts. The man command is simply matching words in the command description, acting very much like the apropos command. Notice the numbers in parentheses after each command listed above. These relate to the man page sections that contain the commands. - -### Identifying the manual sections - -The man command sections divide the commands into categories. To list these categories, type “man man” and look for descriptions like those below. You very likely won’t have Section 9 commands on your system. - -[][4] - -``` -1 Executable programs or shell commands -2 System calls (functions provided by the kernel) -3 Library calls (functions within program libraries) -4 Special files (usually found in /dev) -5 File formats and conventions eg /etc/passwd -6 Games -7 Miscellaneous (including macro packages and conventions), e.g. - man(7), groff(7) -8 System administration commands (usually only for root) -9 Kernel routines [Non standard] -``` - -Man pages cover more than what we typically think of as “commands”. As you can see from the above descriptions, they cover system calls, library calls, special files and more. - -The listing below shows where man pages are actually stored on Linux systems. The dates on these directories will vary because, with updates, some of these sections will get new content while others will not. - -``` -$ ls -ld /usr/share/man/man? -drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 98304 Feb 5 16:27 /usr/share/man/man1 -drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 65536 Oct 23 17:39 /usr/share/man/man2 -drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 270336 Nov 15 06:28 /usr/share/man/man3 -drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 4 10:16 /usr/share/man/man4 -drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 28672 Feb 5 16:25 /usr/share/man/man5 -drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 23 17:40 /usr/share/man/man6 -drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 20480 Feb 5 16:25 /usr/share/man/man7 -drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 57344 Feb 5 16:25 /usr/share/man/man8 -``` - -Note that the man page files are generally **gzipped** to save space. The man command unzips them as needed whenever you use the man command. - -``` -$ ls -l /usr/share/man/man1 | head -10 -total 12632 -lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Sep 5 06:38 [.1.gz -> test.1.gz --rw-r--r-- 1 root root 563 Nov 7 05:07 2to3-2.7.1.gz --rw-r--r-- 1 root root 592 Apr 23 2016 411toppm.1.gz --rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2866 Aug 14 10:36 a2query.1.gz --rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2361 Sep 9 15:13 aa-enabled.1.gz --rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2675 Sep 9 15:13 aa-exec.1.gz --rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1142 Apr 3 2018 aaflip.1.gz --rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3847 Aug 14 10:36 ab.1.gz --rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2378 Aug 23 2018 ac.1.gz -``` - -### Listing man pages by section - -Even just looking at the first 10 man pages in Section 1 (as shown above), you are likely to see some commands that are new to you – maybe **a2query** or **aaflip** (shown above). - -An even better strategy for exploring commands is to list commands by section without looking at the files themselves but, instead, using a man command that shows you the commands and provides a brief description of each. - -In the command below, the **-s 1** instructs man to display information on commands in section 1. The **-k .** makes the command work for all commands rather than specifying a particular keyword; without this, the man command would come back and ask “What manual page do you want?” So, use a keyword to select a group of related commands or a dot to show all commands in a section. - -``` -$ man -s 1 -k . -2to3-2.7 (1) - Python2 to Python3 converter -411toppm (1) - convert Sony Mavica .411 image to ppm -as (1) - the portable GNU assembler. -baobab (1) - A graphical tool to analyze disk usage -busybox (1) - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux -cmatrix (1) - simulates the display from "The Matrix" -expect_dislocate (1) - disconnect and reconnect processes -red (1) - line-oriented text editor -enchant (1) - a spellchecker -… -``` - -### How many man pages are there? - -If you’re curious about how many man pages there are in each section, you can count them by section with a command like this: - -``` -$ for num in {1..8} -> do -> man -s $num -k . | wc -l -> done -2382 -493 -2935 -53 -441 -11 -245 -919 -``` - -The exact number may vary, but most Linux systems will have a similar number of commands. If we use a command that adds these numbers together, we can see that the system that this command is running on has nearly 7,500 man pages. That’s a lot of commands, system calls, etc. - -``` -$ for num in {1..8} -> do -> num=`man -s $num -k . | wc -l` -> tot=`expr $num + $tot` -> echo $tot -> done -2382 -2875 -5810 -5863 -6304 -6315 -6560 -7479 <=== total -``` - -There’s a lot you can learn by reading man pages, but exploring them in other ways can help you become aware of commands you may not have known were available on your system. - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][5] and [LinkedIn][6] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3519853/navigating-man-pages-in-linux.html - -作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://unsplash.com/photos/YiRQIglwYig -[2]: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ -[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/slideshow/153439/linux-best-desktop-distros-for-newbies.html#tk.nww-infsb -[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3440100/take-the-intelligent-route-with-consumption-based-storage.html?utm_source=IDG&utm_medium=promotions&utm_campaign=HPE21620&utm_content=sidebar ( Take the Intelligent Route with Consumption-Based Storage) -[5]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[6]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/translated/tech/20200211 Navigating man pages in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20200211 Navigating man pages in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5a160269e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20200211 Navigating man pages in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,172 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Navigating man pages in Linux) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3519853/navigating-man-pages-in-linux.html) +[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) + +在 Linux 中遨游手册页的海洋 +====== + +> Linux 系统上的手册页可以做的不仅仅是提供特定命令的信息。它们可以帮助你发现你没有意识到的命令。 + +[Hello I'm Nik][1] [(CC0)][2] + +手册页提供了关于 Linux 命令的基本信息，很多用户经常参考它，但手册页的内容比我们很多人意识到的要多得多。 + +你总是可以输入一个像 `man who` 这样的命令，然后得到 `who` 命令的工作原理的漂亮描述，但是探索你可能不知道的命令可能会更有启发。例如，你可以使用 `man` 命令来帮助确定处理一些非常具有挑战性的任务的命令，或者显示一些选项，这些选项可以帮助你以新的更好的方式使用你已经知道的命令。 + +让我们来浏览一些选项，看看最终的结果是什么。 + +### 用 man 去识别命令 + +`man` 命令可以帮助你按主题查找命令。例如，如果你要找一个计算文件中的行数的命令，你可以提供一个关键字。在下面的例子中，我们把关键字 “count” 放在了引号中，并添加了空格，这样我们就不会得到与 “accounts” 或 “accounting” 相关的命令，而是得到那些可以为我们做一些计算的命令。 + +``` +$ man -k ' count ' +anvil (8postfix) - Postfix session count and request rate control +cksum (1) - checksum and count the bytes in a file +sum (1) - checksum and count the blocks in a file +timer_getoverrun (2) - get overrun count for a POSIX per-process timer +``` + +为了显示与新用户账户相关的命令，我们可以尝试使用这样的命令。 + +``` +$ man -k "new user" +newusers (8) - update and create new users in batch +useradd (8) - create a new user or update default new user information +zshroadmap (1) - informal introduction to the zsh manual The Zsh Manual, … +``` + +需要说明的是，上面的第三项只是提到 “new users” 类似的内容，并不是设置、删除或配置用户账号的命令。`man` 命令只是在命令描述中匹配了一些词，作用很像 `apropos` 命令。注意上面列出的每个命令后面的括号中的数字。这些数字与包含这些命令的手册页的部分有关。 + +### 确定手册页的部分 + +`man` 命令部分将命令划分为不同的类别。要列出这些类别，请键入 `man man`，并查看类似下面的描述。你的系统中很可能没有第 9 部分的命令。 + +- `1`：可执行程序或 shell 命令 +- `2`：系统调用（内核提供的函数） +- `3`：库调用（程序库内的函数） +- `4`：特殊文件（通常在可以 `/dev` 中找到） +- `5`：文件格式和惯例，例如 `/etc/passwd` +- `6`：游戏 +- `7`：杂项（包括宏包和约定），例如 `man`(7)、`groff`(7) +- `8`：系统管理命令（通常只由 root 用户使用） +- `9`：内核例程（非标准） + +手册页涵盖了比我们通常认为的“命令”更多的内容。从上面的描述中可以看到，它们涵盖了系统调用、库调用、特殊文件等等。 + +下面的列表显示了 Linux 系统中的手册页的实际存储位置。这些目录上的日期会有所不同，因为随着更新，其中一些部分会有新的内容，而另一些则不会。 + +``` +$ ls -ld /usr/share/man/man? +drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 98304 Feb 5 16:27 /usr/share/man/man1 +drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 65536 Oct 23 17:39 /usr/share/man/man2 +drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 270336 Nov 15 06:28 /usr/share/man/man3 +drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 4 10:16 /usr/share/man/man4 +drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 28672 Feb 5 16:25 /usr/share/man/man5 +drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 23 17:40 /usr/share/man/man6 +drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 20480 Feb 5 16:25 /usr/share/man/man7 +drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 57344 Feb 5 16:25 /usr/share/man/man8 +``` + +注意，为了节省空间，手册页文件一般都是 gzip 压缩的。每当你使用 `man` 命令时，`man` 命令会根据需要解压。 + +``` +$ ls -l /usr/share/man/man1 | head -10 +total 12632 +lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Sep 5 06:38 [.1.gz -> test.1.gz +-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 563 Nov 7 05:07 2to3-2.7.1.gz +-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 592 Apr 23 2016 411toppm.1.gz +-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2866 Aug 14 10:36 a2query.1.gz +-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2361 Sep 9 15:13 aa-enabled.1.gz +-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2675 Sep 9 15:13 aa-exec.1.gz +-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1142 Apr 3 2018 aaflip.1.gz +-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3847 Aug 14 10:36 ab.1.gz +-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2378 Aug 23 2018 ac.1.gz +``` + +### 按部分列出的手册页 + +即使只看第 1 部分的前 10 个手册页（如上所示），你也可能会看到一些新的命令 —— 也许是 `a2query` 或 `aaflip`（如上所示）。 + +探索命令的更好策略是按节列出命令，不查看文件本身，而是使用 `man` 命令向你显示命令并提供每个命令的简要说明。 + +在下面的命令中，`-s 1` 指示 `man` 显示第 1 部分中的命令信息。`-k .` 使该命令对所有命令都有效，而不是指定一个特定的关键字；如果没有这个，`man` 命令就会回过头来问：“你想要什么手册页？”所以，使用关键字来选择一组相关的命令，或者使用点来显示一个部分中的所有命令。 + +``` +$ man -s 1 -k . +2to3-2.7 (1) - Python2 to Python3 converter +411toppm (1) - convert Sony Mavica .411 image to ppm +as (1) - the portable GNU assembler. +baobab (1) - A graphical tool to analyze disk usage +busybox (1) - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux +cmatrix (1) - simulates the display from "The Matrix" +expect_dislocate (1) - disconnect and reconnect processes +red (1) - line-oriented text editor +enchant (1) - a spellchecker +… +``` + +### 有几本手册页？ + +如果你对每个部分中有多少手册页感到好奇，可以使用以下命令按部分对它们进行计数： + +``` +$ for num in {1..8} +> do +> man -s $num -k . | wc -l +> done +2382 +493 +2935 +53 +441 +11 +245 +919 +``` + +确切的数量可能有所不同，但是大多数 Linux 系统的命令数量差不多。如果我们使用命令将这些数字加在一起，我们可以看到运行该命令的系统上有将近 7500 个手册页。有很多命令，系统调用等。 + +``` +$ for num in {1..8} +> do +> num=`man -s $num -k . | wc -l` +> tot=`expr $num + $tot` +> echo $tot +> done +2382 +2875 +5810 +5863 +6304 +6315 +6560 +7479 <=== total +``` + +阅读手册页可以学到很多东西，但是以其他方式浏览手册页可以帮助你了解系统上可能不知道的命令。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3519853/navigating-man-pages-in-linux.html + +作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://unsplash.com/photos/YiRQIglwYig +[2]: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/slideshow/153439/linux-best-desktop-distros-for-newbies.html#tk.nww-infsb +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3440100/take-the-intelligent-route-with-consumption-based-storage.html?utm_source=IDG&utm_medium=promotions&utm_campaign=HPE21620&utm_content=sidebar ( Take the Intelligent Route with Consumption-Based Storage) +[5]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[6]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world