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published/20150810 For Linux, Supercomputers R Us.md
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Linux：我们最好用的超级计算机系统
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首图来源：By Michel Ngilen,[ CC BY 2.0 ], via Wikimedia Commons
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> 几乎所有超级计算机上运行的系统都是Linux，其中包括那些由树莓派（Raspberry Pi）板和PlayStation 3游戏机板组成的计算机。
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超级计算机是很正经的工具，目的是做严肃的计算。它们往往从事于严肃的追求，比如原子弹的模拟，气候模拟和高级物理学。当然，它们也需要大笔资金的投资。在最新的超级计算机[500强][1]排名中，中国国防科大研制的天河2号位居第一。天河2号耗资约3.9亿美元。
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但是，也有一个超级计算机,是由博伊西州立大学电气和计算机工程系的一名在读博士Joshua Kiepert[用树莓派构建完成][2]的。其创建成本低于2000美元。
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不，这不是我编造的。这是一个真实的超级计算机，由超频1GHz的[B型树莓派][3]ARM11处理器与VideoCore IV GPU组成。每个都配备了512MB的RAM，一对USB端口和1个10/100 BaseT以太网端口。
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那么天河2号和博伊西州立大学的超级计算机有什么共同点？它们都运行Linux系统。世界最快的超级计算机[前500强中有486][4]个也同样运行的是Linux系统。这是20多年前就开始的一种覆盖。现在Linux开始建立于廉价的超级计算机。因为Kiepert的机器并不是唯一的预算数字计算机。
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Gaurav Khanna,麻省大学达特茅斯分校的物理学副教授，创建了一台超级计算机仅用了[不足200的PlayStation3视频游戏机][5]。
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PlayStation游戏机是由一个3.2 GHz的基于PowerPC的电源处理单元供电。每个都配有512M的RAM。你现在仍然可以花200美元买到一个，尽管索尼将在年底逐步淘汰它们。Khanna仅用16个PlayStation 3s构建了他第一台超级计算机，所以你也可以花费不到4000美元就拥有你自己的超级计算机。
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这些机器可能是从玩具建成的，但他们不是玩具。Khanna已经用它做了严肃的天体物理学研究。一个白帽子黑客组织使用了类似的[PlayStation 3超级计算机在2008年破解了SSL的MD5哈希算法][6]。
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两年后，美国空军研究实验室研制的[Condor Cluster，使用了1,760个索尼的PlayStation3的处理器][7]和168个通用的图形处理单元。这个低廉的超级计算机，每秒运行约500TFLOPs，或500万亿次浮点运算。
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其他的一些便宜且适用于构建家庭超级计算机的构件包括，专业并行处理板比如信用卡大小[99美元的Parallella板][8]，以及高端显卡比如[Nvidia的 Titan Z][9] 以及[ AMD的 FirePro W9100][10].这些高端主板市场零售价约3000美元，被一些[英特尔极限大师赛世界锦标赛英雄联盟参赛][11]玩家觊觎能够赢得的梦想的机器，c[传说][12]这项比赛第一名能获得超过10万美元奖金。另一方面，一个人能够独自提供超过2.5TFLOPS，并且他们为科学家和研究人员提供了一个经济的方法，使得他们拥有自己专属的超级计算机。
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作为Linux的连接，这一切都开始于1994年戈达德航天中心的第一个名为[Beowulf超级计算机][13]。
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按照我们的标准，Beowulf不能算是最优越的。但在那个时期，作为第一台自制的超级计算机，其16英特尔486DX处理器和10Mbps的以太网总线，是伟大的创举。由[美国航空航天局承包人Don Becker和Thomas Sterling设计的Beowulf][14]，是第一个“制造者”超级计算机。它的“计算部件”486DX PCs，成本仅有几千美元。尽管它的速度只有一位数的浮点运算，[Beowulf][15]表明了你可以用商用现货（COTS）硬件和Linux创建超级计算机。
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我真希望我参与创作了一部分，但是我1994年就离开了戈达德，开始了作为一名全职的科技记者的职业生涯。该死。
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但是尽管我只是使用笔记本的记者，我依然能够体会到COTS和开源软件是如何永远的改变了超级计算机。我希望现在读这篇文章的你也能。因为，无论是Raspberry Pis集群，还是超过300万英特尔的Ivy Bridge和Xeon Phi芯片的庞然大物，几乎所有当代的超级计算机都可以追溯到Beowulf。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via:
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作者：[Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols][a]
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译者：[xiaoyu33](https://github.com/xiaoyu33)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://www.computerworld.com/author/Steven-J.-Vaughan_Nichols/
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[1]:http://www.top500.org/
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[2]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/build-your-own-supercomputer-out-of-raspberry-pi-boards/
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[3]:https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/model-b/
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[4]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-still-rules-supercomputing/
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[5]:http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/23/science/an-economical-way-to-save-progress.html?smid=fb-nytimes&smtyp=cur&bicmp=AD&bicmlukp=WT.mc_id&bicmst=1409232722000&bicmet=1419773522000&_r=4
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[6]:http://www.computerworld.com/article/2529932/cybercrime-hacking/researchers-hack-verisign-s-ssl-scheme-for-securing-web-sites.html
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[7]:http://phys.org/news/2010-12-air-playstation-3s-supercomputer.html
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[8]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/parallella-the-99-linux-supercomputer/
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[9]:http://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2014/03/25/titan-z/
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[10]:http://www.amd.com/en-us/press-releases/Pages/amd-flagship-professional-2014apr7.aspx
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[11]:http://en.intelextrememasters.com/news/check-out-the-intel-extreme-masters-katowice-prize-money-distribution/
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[12]:http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fen.intelextrememasters.com%2Fnews%2Fcheck-out-the-intel-extreme-masters-katowice-prize-money-distribution%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE6yoAGGz-Hpi2tPF4gdhuPBEckhQ
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[13]:http://www.beowulf.org/overview/history.html
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[14]:http://yclept.ucdavis.edu/Beowulf/aboutbeowulf.html
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[15]:http://www.beowulf.org/
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Translating by xiaoyu33
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For Linux, Supercomputers R Us
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================================================================================
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Credit: Michel Ngilen, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons
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> Almost all supercomputers run Linux, including the ones built from Raspberry Pi boards and PlayStation 3 game consoles
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Supercomputers are serious things, called on to do serious computing. They tend to be engaged in serious pursuits like atomic bomb simulations, climate modeling and high-level physics. Naturally, they cost serious money. At the very top of the latest [Top500][1] supercomputer ranking is the Tianhe-2 supercomputer at China’s National University of Defense Technology. It cost about $390 million to build.
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But then there’s the supercomputer that Joshua Kiepert, a doctoral student at Boise State’s Electrical and Computer Engineering department, [created with Raspberry Pi computers][2].It cost less than $2,000.
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No, I’m not making that up. It’s an honest-to-goodness supercomputer made from overclocked 1-GHz [Model B Raspberry Pi][3] ARM11 processors with Videocore IV GPUs. Each one comes with 512MB of RAM, a pair of USB ports and a 10/100 BaseT Ethernet port.
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And what do the Tianhe-2 and the Boise State supercomputer have in common? They both run Linux. As do [486 out of the world’s fastest 500 supercomputers][4]. It’s part of a domination of the category that began over 20 years ago. And now it’s trickling down to built-on-the-cheap supercomputers. Because Kiepert’s machine isn’t the only budget number cruncher out there.
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Gaurav Khanna, an associate professor of physics at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, created a [supercomputer with something shy of 200 PlayStation 3 video game consoles][5].
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The PlayStations are powered by a 3.2-GHz PowerPC-based Power Processing Element. Each comes with 512MB of RAM. You can still buy one, although Sony will be phasing them out by year’s end, for just over $200. Khanna started with only 16 PlayStation 3s for his first supercomputer, so you too could put a supercomputer on your credit card for less than four grand.
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These machines may be built from toys, but they’re not playthings. Khanna has done serious astrophysics on his rig. A white-hat hacking group used a similar [PlayStation 3 supercomputer in 2008 to crack the SSL MD5 hashing algorithm][6] in 2008.
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Two years later, the Air Force Research Laboratory [Condor Cluster was using 1,760 Sony PlayStation 3 processors][7] and 168 general-purpose graphical processing units. This bargain-basement supercomputer runs at about 500TFLOPs, or 500 trillion floating point operations per second.
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Other cheap options for home supercomputers include specialist parallel-processing boards such as the [$99 credit-card-sized Parallella board][8], and high-end graphics boards such as [Nvidia’s Titan Z][9] and [AMD’s FirePro W9100][10]. Those high-end boards, coveted by gamers with visions of a dream machine or even a chance at winning the first-place prize of over $100,000 in the [Intel Extreme Masters World Championship League of][11] [Legends][12], cost considerably more, retailing for about $3,000. On the other hand, a single one can deliver over 2.5TFLOPS all by itself, and for scientists and researchers, they offer an affordable way to get a supercomputer they can call their own.
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As for the Linux connection, that all started in 1994 at the Goddard Space Flight Center with the first [Beowulf supercomputer][13].
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By our standards, there wasn’t much that was super about the first Beowulf. But in its day, the first homemade supercomputer, with its 16 Intel 486DX processors and 10Mbps Ethernet for the bus, was great. [Beowulf, designed by NASA contractors Don Becker and Thomas Sterling][14], was the first “maker” supercomputer. Its “compute components,” 486DX PCs, cost only a few thousand dollars. While its speed was only in single-digit gigaflops, [Beowulf][15] showed you could build supercomputers from commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware and Linux.
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I wish I’d had a part in its creation, but I’d already left Goddard by 1994 for a career as a full-time technology journalist. Darn it!
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But even from this side of my reporter’s notebook, I can still appreciate how COTS and open-source software changed supercomputing forever. I hope you can too. Because, whether it’s a cluster of Raspberry Pis or a monster with over 3 million Intel Ivy Bridge and Xeon Phi chips, almost all of today’s supercomputers trace their ancestry to Beowulf.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via:
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作者：[Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://www.computerworld.com/author/Steven-J.-Vaughan_Nichols/
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[1]:http://www.top500.org/
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[2]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/build-your-own-supercomputer-out-of-raspberry-pi-boards/
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[3]:https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/model-b/
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[4]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-still-rules-supercomputing/
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[5]:http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/23/science/an-economical-way-to-save-progress.html?smid=fb-nytimes&smtyp=cur&bicmp=AD&bicmlukp=WT.mc_id&bicmst=1409232722000&bicmet=1419773522000&_r=4
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[6]:http://www.computerworld.com/article/2529932/cybercrime-hacking/researchers-hack-verisign-s-ssl-scheme-for-securing-web-sites.html
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[7]:http://phys.org/news/2010-12-air-playstation-3s-supercomputer.html
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[8]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/parallella-the-99-linux-supercomputer/
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[9]:http://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2014/03/25/titan-z/
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[10]:http://www.amd.com/en-us/press-releases/Pages/amd-flagship-professional-2014apr7.aspx
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[11]:http://en.intelextrememasters.com/news/check-out-the-intel-extreme-masters-katowice-prize-money-distribution/
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[12]:http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fen.intelextrememasters.com%2Fnews%2Fcheck-out-the-intel-extreme-masters-katowice-prize-money-distribution%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE6yoAGGz-Hpi2tPF4gdhuPBEckhQ
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[13]:http://www.beowulf.org/overview/history.html
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[14]:http://yclept.ucdavis.edu/Beowulf/aboutbeowulf.html
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[15]:http://www.beowulf.org/
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