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sources/tech/20221102.4 ⭐️⭐️ Top 10 Features of Linux Mint 21 “Vanessa”.md
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[#]: subject: "Top 10 Features of Linux Mint 21 “Vanessa”"
[#]: via: "https://www.debugpoint.com/linux-mint-21-features/"
[#]: author: "Arindam https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: " "
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
Top 10 Features of Linux Mint 21 “Vanessa”
======
**We round up Linux Mint 21 “Vanessa” top features. Find out what’s in store for you.**
![Linux Mint 21 Cinnamon Desktop][1]
Linux Mint 21 “Vanessa” is the 36th release of [Linux Mint][2], which carries a good list of features along with several usability improvements across the desktop. The features are scattered across the Cinnamon desktop, core changes, Xapps updates and more.
I have summarized all of them in this list of top features of Linux Mint 21.
### Top Features of Linux Mint 21 “Vanessa”
#### 1. Ubuntu 22.04 and associated updates
Perhaps the most crucial change is the base of Linux Mint 21, which is now based upon [Ubuntu 22.04 “Jammy Jellyfish”][3]. The last major release, i.e. Linux Mint 20 “Ulyana”, was based on Ubuntu 20.04 “Focal Fossa”, when released four years back. The state of the world in 2020 was utterly different, considering everything going on.
Hence, a lot of packages, version upgrades, and new performance improvements – all these under-the-hood updates come to Linux Mint 21. That includes the latest LTS [Linux Kernel 5.15][4], which brings further hardware lineup support, and toolchain updates for programming, development and networking.
#### 2. Major changes in the Timeshift backup tool
A few months back, the Mint team [announced][5] that they are taking over developing the popular backup tool Timeshift and continuing its development as a “XApps”. So, this is a significant change. Why, may you ask?
Well, the developer of the Timeshift tool, Tony George, is busy with other projects. You may have heard about “[TeeJeeTech][6]” apps for Linux. It was created by Tony and had some cool apps. However, he doesn’t have the time to concentrate on Timeshift development and enhancement.
![Timeshift creating snapshot][7]
With that said, since Linux Mint now maintains it, some new features land in this release, such as Timeshift now determining how much disk space you need for the next backup in rsync mode (not in btrfs mode). In addition, it stops the backup process if it seems the disk space is less than 1 GB after the backup.
#### 3. WebP Support
WebP image is a reasonably new image format created by Google for the web. It brings better compression and reduced size while maintaining good quality to traditional JPEG or PNG images.
WebP support (view images, thumbnail or edit) in Linux Desktop requires some [additional installation][8] of packages. Looking at the popularity Linux Mint team brings out-of-the-box WebP support across the desktop apps and flavours.
That means Nemo file manager can show thumbnails of WebP images and view them in xviewer. The mint team always thinks about the end-user first because other distros are still behind on supporting WebP by default, such as Ubuntu. Not only that, the new app [xapp-thumbnailers][9] now helps Nemo file manager to preview additional file types as well:
- ePub
- MP3 with Album Arts
- RAW Images
- AppImage
#### 4. Process Monitor
A small but handy process monitor tool will give you a heads-up on what’s happening in your system. This little icon at the system tray shows up when your system is undergoing automatic updates or backup by TImeshift. Your system may become slow in those situations, and this nifty icon can show you why.
#### 5. Improved printing support
Linux Mint is well equipped for devices, and the printer supports it by default. This edition of Mint brings [Internet Printing Protocol (IPP)][10] for driverless printing and scanning.
In addition, HP’s driver, HPLIP’s latest edition (3.21.12), is also installed by default.
All these changes streamline printer and scanner usage. And users like you can enjoy effortless printing and scanning. It is such an essential aspect of a Linux distro, but it doesn’t work all the time. While [reviewing many distros][11], I found many fails to detect the printers or even print.
It’s good to see that the mint team contributed to this critical functionality.
#### 6. Window Animation updates
There are some considerable changes come in the Window and desktop animation effects. Firstly, the Effects settings for Windows and desktop are merged now. Earlier, separate sections gave more granular control of the animations.
Here’s a side-by-side view.
![][12]
![][13]
Secondly, the mapping windows and desktop effects options are removed.
Third, a new control changes the animation speed from slower to faster.
Finally, a global switch to disable or enable all the animation on the entire desktop gives you the option for more control.
I believe this is a well-designed dialog and advanced options for better clarity.
#### 7. Mutter rebase
Let’s talk about [Cinnamon desktop version 5.4][14], which comes with Linux Mint 21. It’s the latest Cinnamon release, and Mint is the first distro to bring it to the user (other than traditional Arch Linux folks, who got it [a little early][15]).
Finally, the team completed the rebase of Mutter into its window manager, Muffin in Cinnamon 5.4. Since Muffin was initially forked from Mutter, it was always lagging behind the upstream Mutter features, despite the backporting of changes. A significant amount of effort went to feature inclusion, bug fixes & clean up to make Muffin as close to the Mutter code base.
Hence, in the future, it is now easier to port back changes from Mutter upstream and clean things in Muffin as needed.
#### 8. Window manager and GTK Themes
With the changes in Muffin, the team also moved some of the display settings from gnome-control-center to cinnamon-control-center. In addition, the display configs from csd-xrandr moved into the Muffin window manager in Cinnamon 5.4. Apparently, you may not see any difference in the Display settings window. However, you may see some performance boost and fewer bugs or issues while scaling displays or in high-res windows.
Another critical change that the Mint team introduced via CInnamon 5.4 is the uniform render of GTK dialogs in apps. Earlier, if a GTK app used a header bar, then the dialog was a mix of CSD (client side decoration) and GTK themes.
Now with Cinnamon 5.4, all the windows are rendered using the GTK theme irrespective of their design. And with that, the legacy Metacity themes also dropped.
On a side note, I loved the Metacity, and its “legacy look” when [they were a thing][16] in the early days of GNOME.
#### 9. Package Management updates
Following the trends of Debian, KDE Plasma desktop, Linux Mint also protects your system from uninstalling critical dependent packages.
When you try to uninstall, Mint now checks the dependencies and whether critical desktop packages will be removed.
If found, you get an error message that stops you from going further.
On the other hand, when you successfully uninstall a package, it cleans up all the dependencies with it installed.
#### 10. Disable the Systemd OOMD (out-of-memory daemon) service
The “systemd-oomd” had some bad feedback recently since the Ubuntu 22.04 LTS release. Users across the web [reported][17] the sudden closing of applications (such as Firefox) without any warning or user intervention. Further investigation pointed to the “not so well” implementation of the systemd-oomd service.
In theory, the [systemd-oomd.service][18] monitors your system for out-of-memory situations, and it has the authority to kill any processes which consume more system resources. Ubuntu team did not communicate this with importance, which eventually led to an unpleasant user experience.
With that knowledge, Linux Mint 21 decides [not to feature][19] this service and disables it. Because the user base of Linux Mint is general users, students, etc., it would be a bad experience for users if apps closed unexpectedly.
![Systemd OOMD service is not enabled][20]
#### 11. Other Changes
Finally, let’s round up some tiny yet impactful changes to wrap up the Linux Mint 21 features.
- The default document reader app Xreader is now capable of minor annotation. This is a handy feature.
- The WebApp manager now brings custom browser parameters.
- Warpinator file transfer utility now shows you other sources on Windows, Android and iOS devices.
- Mint packages Firefox web browser as deb and not the Snap version, which defaults in Ubuntu 22.04 LTS. Thanks to the Mint team, users need not worry about the [complex set of commands][21] to remove the Firefox Snap from Jammy.
![Firefox 102 in Linux Mint 21 - Exclusively packaged as deb executable][22]
- The bulk renamer app Thingy gets some UI improvements.
- The os-prober of GRUB2 is now available to detect all the operating systems in your hardware (handy for dual boot or more systems).
- The Bluetooth manager Blueman replaces Blueberry, bringing additional features for connecting and managing your Bluetooth devices.
- Finally, new wallpapers for your new desktop arrive in this release.
![New Wallpapers in Linux Mint 21][23]
### Things that are NOT changing
From a very high level, you might feel that most of the Linux Mint 21 remain the same as its predecessors. The default desktop looks and default wallpaper remains the same. Xfce and MATE desktop didn’t have any major releases. Hence they are precisely the same. In addition, the default icon theme, application menu, etc., may give you a similar feel to the entire desktop.
### Wrapping Up
Overall, a good set of features benefits end users rather than being fancy gestures and stuff. For this very fact, Linux Mint is the best Linux distro today for beginners or end users. So, that concludes the feature highlights of Linux Mint 21.
You can download/update Linux Mint 21 from the [official website][24]. Also, stay tuned for our detailed distro review of Linux Mint 21 soon.
What do you think about the new features of Linux mint 21? Is there any feature you expected but didn’t arrive in this release? Let’s discuss this in the comment box below.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.debugpoint.com/linux-mint-21-features/
作者：[Arindam][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Linux-Mint-21-Cinnamon-Desktop.jpg
[2]: https://www.debugpoint.com/linux-mint/
[3]: https://www.debugpoint.com/web-stories/ubuntu-22-04-review/
[4]: https://www.debugpoint.com/linux-kernel-5-15/
[5]: https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=4323
[6]: https://teejeetech.com/
[7]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Timeshift-creating-snapshot.jpg
[8]: https://www.debugpoint.com/view-webp-ubuntu-linux/
[9]: https://github.com/linuxmint/xapp-thumbnailers
[10]: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8011
[11]: https://www.debugpoint.com/tag/linux-distro-review/
[12]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Effects-in-Linux-Mint-20.jpg
[13]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Effects-in-Linux-Mint-21.jpg
[14]: https://github.com/linuxmint/cinnamon-desktop/releases/tag/5.4.0
[15]: https://www.debugpoint.com/cinnamon-arch-linux-install/
[16]: https://www.debugpoint.com/gnome-classic-ubuntu-22-04/
[17]: https://askubuntu.com/questions/1404888/how-do-i-disable-the-systemd-oom-process-killer-in-ubuntu-22-04
[18]: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-oomd.service.html
[19]: https://debugpointnews.com/linux-mint-21-systemd-oom/
[20]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Systemd-OOMD-service-is-not-enabled.jpg
[21]: https://www.debugpoint.com/remove-firefox-snap-ubuntu/
[22]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Firefox-102-in-Linux-Mint-21-Exclusively-packaged-as-deb-executable.jpg
[23]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/New-Wallpapers-in-Linux-Mint-21.jpg
[24]: https://www.linuxmint.com/download.php

146
sources/tech/20221105.4 ⭐️⭐️ Crystal Linux Emerging Arch Linux Spin for GNOME Fans.md
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[#]: subject: "Crystal Linux: Emerging Arch Linux Spin for GNOME Fans"
[#]: via: "https://www.debugpoint.com/crystal-linux-first-look/"
[#]: author: "Arindam https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: " "
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
Crystal Linux: Emerging Arch Linux Spin for GNOME Fans
======
**Meet Crystal Linux, a unique Arch Linux Spin with stock GNOME experience.**
### Introduction
Often I think that we have sufficient Linux distros already. The count is nearing thousands, and fragmentation is at its peak. That is not good for quality software, especially in the open-source space.
There is always a distro available for every use case you can think of.
But Arch Linux is one of the sectors, it’s still emerging – just because of its debatable [complex installation methods][1]. That’s why most of the emerging Arch Linux distributions (such as [Xero Linux][2], [Hefftor Linux][3], Mabox, etc.) try to invent something unique in installation and other areas.
Crystal Linux is one of those distros with a different take on installation while being super user-friendly.
![Crystal Linux Desktop with GNOME 42][4]
### Crystal Linux: First Look
Before you read on, you should know that it’s a new distro (less than a year old) currently under development. So use it with caution.
At first glance, it will feel like a stock GNOME installation, similar to the Fedora workstation. That’s true. With the Arch Linux base and stock GNOME – the performance is top-notch. Although I tried it on a virtual machine, I feel the GNOME and Arch combination performs much better than the Fedora workstation in the same virtual machine setup.
With that said, no such different customization is available apart from those coming with GNOME. Honestly, GNOME doesn’t require any additional customization for its default settings. Looks wise it’s good enough.
### What’s unique about Crystal Linux?
#### jade Installer for Arch
The most important offering is its own installer called “[jade][5]“. Crystal Linux team created a GTK4/libadwaita and Rust-based installer to give you a streamlined experience for Arch installation.
And it looks fantastic (see the below images).
![jade installer][6]
![selecting desktop to install][7]
![installation][8]
The jade installer reminds me of GNOME’s Tour app, but here it uses a similar principle for installation. Basic information such as Keyboard, region, and names/passwords are captured via a series of screens.
Then you get to choose the desktop environment you want to install. The default version is GNOME; however, you have the option to install all the famous desktops and window managers.
One unique feature of this new installer is that you get options to set up ipv6 and Timeshift restore points.
The partition wizard is currently under development with custom partitioning via this app or GParted as options. Here’s a mockup of the partition module under development (from [Twitter][9]).
![jade with additional options - mockup][10]
Finally, a summary for you before you install this distro/Arch Linux. The installation executes a script at the back end for Arch installation.
#### Onyx – custom GNOME experience
From GitHub, I found that there is a customized desktop for base install named [Onyx][11].
Per the team, “Onyx used to be Budgie based but recently we changed the direction a bit, it will now be a custom GNOME session (coexisting with, but separate from GNOME)”.
#### Amethyst – New AUR Helper
Do we really need another AUR helper? The [Yay helper][12] is awesome already.
Anyways.
The Crystal Linux also features a homegrown AUR helper and pacman Wrapper called [amethyst][13]. As the dev says, you can install it to any Arch-based distros and the “fastest AUR helper and pacman wrapper”.
Amethyst comes with the command line option “ame” which you can use with standard [pacman switches][14].
![ame terminal command][15]
#### Btrfs file system by default
One of the best features of this distro is the default btrfs file system during installation. Although the current work is ongoing for the additional file system, btrfs as default has its own advantages for backup and restoration.
I don’t remember any other Arch-spin that has btrfs as default.
#### Applications and Packages
Since it is a stock GNOME-based distro, no additional applications are installed. So, you need to spend some time configuring with necessary apps such as LibreOffice, GIMP, Media players, etc.
Firefox and native GNOME apps are available in the default installation.
Crystal Linux seems to deploy the core packages from their own server, NOT from the Arch repo. Hence, some features may arrive a little late for updating the desktop and such.
### Performance
Arch Linux always performs well, in my experience. All the popular desktops such as KDE, GNOME, Xfce – all of them somehow feel faster than in Ubuntu/Fedora.
With that said, the current GNOME 42 version in Crystal Linux is swift. The window animations and gestures feel smooth even in a virtual machine. There is no lag whatsoever.
![Crystal Linux - Performance][16]
Memory footprint is extremely low at 530 MB at idle. Most of the idle state CPUs are consumed by gnome-shell and systemd services.
Default GNOME desktop install takes only 3.8 GB of disk space.
### Wrapping up
The jade installer and btrfs file system are two major highlights of Crystal Linux. Since most of the Arch-based distros follow Calamares installer, it’s good to see a new installer in this space. And it’s really user-friendly.
The distro is just a few months old and has a long road ahead. I strongly believe it will give a competition to the currently famous Arch distro [EndeavourOS][17]. And the fans get to experience vanilla GNOME with Arch without the hassles of [installing Arch with GNOME][18].
You can download the current ISO from the [official website][19]. As I mentioned earlier, use it with caution since it is under development.
So, what are your thoughts about this distro? What are your favourite features? Do let me know in the comment box.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.debugpoint.com/crystal-linux-first-look/
作者：[Arindam][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://www.debugpoint.com/install-arch-linux/
[2]: https://www.debugpoint.com/xerolinux-review/
[3]: https://www.debugpoint.com/hefftor-linux-review/
[4]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Crystal-Linux-Desktop-with-GNOME-42-1024x579.jpg
[5]: https://github.com/crystal-linux/jade
[6]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/jade-installer.jpg
[7]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/selecting-desktop-to-install.jpg
[8]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/installation.jpg
[9]: https://twitter.com/Crystal_Linux/status/1564379291529482240
[10]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/jade-with-additional-options-mockup-1024x576.jpg
[11]: https://github.com/crystal-linux/onyx
[12]: https://www.debugpoint.com/install-yay-arch/
[13]: https://github.com/crystal-linux/amethyst
[14]: https://www.debugpoint.com/pacman-command-arch-examples/
[15]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/ame-terminal-command-1024x576.jpg
[16]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Crystal-Linux-Performance-1024x576.jpg
[17]: https://www.debugpoint.com/tag/endeavouros
[18]: https://www.debugpoint.com/gnome-arch-linux-install/
[19]: https://getcryst.al/

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sources/tech/20221106.0 ⭐️ Guide How to Share A Folder Between UbuntuLinux and Windows.md
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[#]: subject: "Guide: How to Share A Folder Between Ubuntu/Linux and Windows"
[#]: via: "https://www.debugpoint.com/guide-how-share-folder-between-ubuntu-linux-windows/"
[#]: author: "Arindam https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: "geekpi"
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
Guide: How to Share A Folder Between Ubuntu/Linux and Windows
======
**This beginner’s guide explains how you can quickly share a folder in Ubuntu/Linux.**
Sharing a folder in Ubuntu/Linux and accessing the same over the network in other OS such as Windows is not that difficult. To perform this, the required packages are not installed by default in Ubuntu. However, you can bring up the install wizard to install the required software automatically to share a folder. 
This [guide][1]applies to all Ubuntu versions (including [22.04][2], 20.04, 18.04, 19.10 and upcoming – unless there are major changes in how this function is designed).
### Steps to Share a Folder in Ubuntu
**Step 1:**Open the file manager and right-click on the folder you want to share. Click on the option “Local Network Share” in the context menu.
![Local Network Share Option][3]
**Step 2:**Click on the Share this folder checkbox in the Folder Sharing dialog.
This would install [Samba][4]packages in your system. Samba is used to share files and printers over the network between Windows and Unix systems.
![Folder Sharing Option - Install Samba][5]
**Step 3:**After samba installation, do the following to share a folder or directory.
- Select the checkbox Share this folder.
- Input a share name. This would be the name you would be seeing from another system, e.g. Windows. Try not to use any name with spaces.
- (Optional) You can control the write permission to the shared folder and allow guest access by checking the corresponding option.
- If you allow guest access, people without credentials can access the shared folder. So be cautious.
- If you want your users to enter their usernames and password, open the terminal and run the below command.
```
sudo smbpasswd -a **Username**
```
**username**should be a valid user of the respective Ubuntu system.
You should be all set now to access the folder/directory.
### How to Access the Shared Folder
To access the shared folder from Ubuntu/Linux system, you need your system’s IP address/hostname. To do that, open `System Settings -> Wifi -> Get the IP address`.
![IP Address Settings][6]
This step may vary if you are running different Linux distribution other than Ubuntu. You may also want to run `ip addr` to get the IP address as below.
![Finding out IP Address in Linux][7]
Once you have the address, you can open File Manager in Ubuntu/Linux systems and type below in the address bar. You should change the IP address based on your system.
You can now see that the shared folder is shown with a tiny shared icon that denotes a network share folder.
![Share Folder][8]
To access the shared folder from the **Windows system**, Open Run (Windows Key+R) or open Explorer and enter the below address. You should change the IP address and Folder name based on your system
```
\\192.168.43.19\Folder
```
You should be able to view the contents of the shared folder and modify it based on permission given.
### Wrapping Up
I have shown you how to share a folder from Ubuntu and access Windows systems via IP address. You can also follow the same steps for other Linux distributions. Do let me know in the comment box below if this article helped you.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.debugpoint.com/guide-how-share-folder-between-ubuntu-linux-windows/
作者：[Arindam][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://www.debugpoint.com/category/tutorials/
[2]: https://www.debugpoint.com/web-stories/ubuntu-22-04-review/
[3]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Local-Network-Share-Option.jpg
[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_(software)
[5]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Folder-Sharing-Option-Install-Samba-1024x552.jpg
[6]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/IP-Address-Settings.jpg
[7]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Finding-out-IP-Address-in-Linux.jpg
[8]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Share-Folder-1.jpg

170
sources/tech/20221108.3 ⭐️⭐️ How to Install Flatpak Apps in Ubuntu and Other Linux.md
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[#]: subject: "How to Install Flatpak Apps in Ubuntu and Other Linux"
[#]: via: "https://www.debugpoint.com/how-to-install-flatpak-apps-ubuntu-linux/"
[#]: author: "Arindam https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: " "
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
How to Install Flatpak Apps in Ubuntu and Other Linux
======
**A beginner’s guide on how to install Flatpak in Ubuntu and other Linux distributions.**
### What is Flatpak?
[Flatpak][1] is the new way of distributing apps across the Linux universe, irrespective of the distribution. This cross-distro application distribution and deployment framework enable developers to Flatpak setup for apps for all major distributions.
The major hurdles in any Linux app distribution are dependencies, and Flatpak covers that. Flatpak builds bundles the dependencies for the respective apps, and end-users need not worry about it.
With the growing trends, many app developers are now providing the Flatpak builds along with traditional packages, e.g. *.deb, etc. With a quick setup for your distributions, you can be ready to explore the world of Flatpak apps. All the major Flatpak apps are available on flathub.org. You can search and just click a button, you can install the Flatpak apps. Here’s how to set it up for Ubuntu and other Linux distributions.
### How to setup Flatpak in Ubuntu
- For Ubuntu 18.10 (Cosmic Cuttlefish), use the following command to install Flatpak (that includes Ubuntu 22.04 as well).
```
sudo apt install flatpak
```
If you are using an older version of Ubuntu, use the following repo.
```
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:alexlarsson/flatpak
sudo apt update
sudo apt install flatpak
```
- The second step is optional if you want to install Flatpak apps via the browser. Enable Ubuntu Software to recognize Flatpak apps and their installations. Run the below commands from the terminal and provide the password when prompted.
```
sudo apt install gnome-software-plugin-flatpak
```
- Add the Flathub repository where all the Flatpak apps reside. Run the below commands from the terminal.
```
flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo
```
- Reboot.
### Install in Other Linux Distributions
Flatpak is available to install almost all possible distributions. Here’s a quick list of commands you can run from the terminal in all the distros.
| **Linux distro name** | **Instructions or commands to set up Flatpak** |
| :- | :- |
| AlmaLinux | Enabled by default. No action is required. |
| Alpine Linux | Run the following commands:`sudo apk add flatpak``flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub [https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo][2]``reboot` |
| Arch Linux | Run the following commands:`sudo pacman -S flatpak``flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub [https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo][2]``reboot` |
| CentOS | Enabled by default. No action is required. |
| Clear Linux | Enabled by default. No action is required. |
| Debian | Run the following commands:`apt install flatpak``flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub [https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo][2]``reboot` |
| Deepin OS | Run the following commands:`sudo apt install flatpak``flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub [https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo][2]``reboot` |
| elementary OS | Enabled by default. No action is required. |
| Endeavour OS | Enabled by default. No action is required. |
| Endless OS | Enabled by default. No action is required. |
| Fedora Linux | Flatpak is installed by default. All you need to do is to install the Flathub repo:`flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub [https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo][2]`And finally, reboot your system before installing the Flatpak app. |
| Gentoo | Run the following commands:`echo -e 'sys-apps/flatpak ~amd64\nacct-user/flatpak ~amd64\nacct-group/flatpak ~amd64\ndev-util/ostree ~amd64' >> /etc/portage/package.accept_keywords/flatpakemerge sys-apps/flatpak``flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub [https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo][2]``reboot` |
| KDE Neon | Enabled by default. No action is required. |
| Kubuntu | Run the following commands:`sudo apt install flatpak``flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub [https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo][2]``sudo apt install plasma-discover-backend-flatpak``reboot` |
| Linux Mint | Enabled by default. No action is required. |
| Mageia | Run the following commands:`dnf install flatpak``flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub [https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo][2]``reboot` |
| Manjaro Linux (Arch-based) | Installed by default since Manjaro 20 and higher.Make sure it is enabled in the below navigation:**Software Manager > Preferences > Flatpak Tab > Enable Flatpak Support**Reboot your system |
| MX Linux | Enabled by default. No action is required. |
| Nix OS | Open `/etc/nixos/configuration.nix` and add the following:`Services.flatpak.enable = true;`And then run the followings:`sudo nixos-rebuild switch``flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub [https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo][2]``reboot` |
| openSUSE Leap and Tumbleweed | Flatpak is installed by default. All you need to do is to install the Flathub repo:`flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub [https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo][2]`And finally, reboot your system before installing the Flatpak apps. |
| Pop OS | Enabled by default. No action is required. |
| Raspberry Pi OS | Run the following commands:`sudo apt install flatpak``flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub [https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo][2]``reboot` |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) | `sudo yum install flatpak``flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub [https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo][2]``reboot` |
| Solus | Run the following commands:`sudo eopkg install flatpak xdg-desktop-portal-gtk``flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub [https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo][2]``reboot` |
| Void Linux | Run the following commands:`sudo xbps-install -S flatpak``flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub [https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo][2]``reboot` |
| Zorin OS | Enabled by default. No action is required. |
Once installation is completed, and reboot is done, you can proceed with installing some cool Flatpak apps via the below steps.
### How to Install Flatpak Apps in Ubuntu and Other Linux
There are two ways you can install Flatpak apps. Firstly via the command line, which I recommend. And second is the browser method.
I recommend using the command line because it is faster and easier.
#### Using the command line (recommended)
The sample command to install any Flatpak app is available at the bottom section of the Flathub app page. A sample command is below:
```
flatpak install org.gimp.GIMP
```
Change the above “org.gimp.GIMP” for your application. Remember, this is case-sensitive.
#### Using the graphical method via browser
- Go to [Flathub][3].
- Search for any apps you want to install.
![][4]
- Click install after selecting your desired app.
![Install Flatpak][5]
- Click Ok when it prompts you to start the installation via Software.
![Open Flatpackref via Software][6]
- The Software will open and wait till the installation finishes.
### How to update Flatpak after you install them?
Updating Flatpak is super easy via the terminal. For example, if you want to update the above GIMP package, you need to run the below command.
```
flatpak update org.gimp.GIMP
```
So, this will update a single package. Replace your package’s name (i.e. Application ID) for your use case. If you don’t know the Application ID, run the command `flatpak list` from the terminal, and you will find it.
If you want to update ALL the Flatpak packages in your system, simply run the following:
```
flatpak update
```
### How to uninstall a Flatpak?
You can uninstall a package using the following command. Make sure to change the Application ID for your use case. You can find out the Application ID from the command `flatpak list`.
```
flatpak remove org.gimp.GIMP
```
### Closing Notes
In this tutorial, I have explained how you can easily set up Flatpak and install apps from Flathub. Moreover, Flatpak applications are a great way to install and manage them easily. In my opinion, Flatpak will eventually dominate Snap and AppImage in the future.
You may want to check out our other articles about [Flatpak][7], which include how to manage permission, various Flatpak commands and more.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.debugpoint.com/how-to-install-flatpak-apps-ubuntu-linux/
作者：[Arindam][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://flatpak.org/
[2]: https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo
[3]: https://flathub.org/apps
[4]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Search-in-Flathub.png
[5]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Install-Flatpak.png
[6]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Open-Flatpackref-via-Software.png
[7]: https://www.debugpoint.com/tag/flatpak

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[#]: subject: "How to Delete Background in Image Using GIMP"
[#]: via: "https://www.debugpoint.com/remove-image-background-gimp/"
[#]: author: "Arindam https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: " "
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
How to Delete Background in Image Using GIMP
======
**Removing the background of an image is super easy if you know how to do it. Here in this tutorial, we will explain five different ways you can use to remove background in Image Using GIMP.**
![Remove Background Image in GIMP][1]
There are many ways you can delete any part of an image. That can be the background of the main subject of your image or some sections of it. That includes making the image background transparent and associated steps. 
[GIMP][2] is the free and open-source closest Photoshop Alternative application which is used by millions every day. And if you are a beginner in GIMP or learning image processing, then there is no harm in learning these steps to make any sections of a complex image transparent, including the background.
The steps outlined here use basic tools similar to other photo editing software. Hence, what you’re learning in this tutorial can easily be applied to alternative software.
### 5 Ways to Remove Background in Image Using GIMP
#### Method 1 – Fuzzy Select 
The Fuzzy Select tool allows you to select all pixels that are similar to a set of sample pixels within a local area of an image. This works for the images with a colour distinction between foreground and background image foreground. 
So, if your image background and prominent subject/foreground are of identical colour (like this image below), then this method may not help. Try other methods explained below. But still, you can go ahead and try out all methods if you have spare time.
- Open your image in GIMP. 
- Right-click on the layer and **add Alpha channel**. This ensures that you can easily delete your layer with transparency. You can verify whether the Alpha channel is already added to your image or not by right-clicking the layer and see if the add Alpha channel is greyed out. 
- Select the Fuzzy Select tool from the toolbox and make sure Anti Aliasing, Feather Edges and Draw Mask are checked. The Draw Mask option will help you visualise the background you want to delete.
- Now click on the section of the image of the background which you want to delete and hold down your click, then drag the mouse to your image to see a mask drawn on your image.
- The colour selection shows the selection that you are choosing. Dragging the mouse below will increase the threshold of your selection, and towards up, it will reduce the threshold of your selection. 
- Once you are satisfied with your selection, **release the mouse and press delete** from your keyboard to delete the selection.
You can repeat this process as much as you want to eliminate the background of your image entirely.
![Method 1 - Fuzzy Select][3]
![After Method 1 is applied][4]
#### Method 2 – Select by colour
In the next method, we will use the select by colour tool, which selects the entire background having the same colour pixels. This method works better for vector images, which typically have uniform colour distribution. This method might not work well for real-world images with too many colour gradients or sharp edges.
- Select the “**select by colour**” tool from the toolbox. Make sure Anti Aliasing and **Draw Mask**are enabled from the option.
- Ensure to enable the Feather Edges option if you are working with a complex vector image.
- Now, click on the background section of your image having the same colour and **drag the mouse down or up** to increase or decrease the threshold. 
- Once you are happy with the selection, **let go of the mouse hold**. Press **delete** from your keyboard. 
Likewise, you can repeat the steps multiple times to eliminate the background entirely.
![Method 2 - Select by Color][5]
#### Method 3 – Paths
Another way of removing the background of an image is using the **Paths** tool. This is more of a **manual** way of deleting the background of an image.
This method gives you the **most accurate results** among all the methods described here. But it takes a bit of time and patience to do it. 
- Select the **Path tool** from the toolbox. 
- Begin clicking around the image’s main subject to place individual points outlining the subject. 
- You can curve the line by dragging down the middle of the line and moving the left and right handle towards the centre of the line. 
- To continue drawing, make sure you click on the most recent point and continue. 
- Once done, you can **close the outline by holding CTRL and clicking on the first point** placed.
- Press **Enter** to create a selection using the outline.
- From the menu, Select **Invert.** This will select the background of the image.
- And press **delete** to delete the background. 
![Method 3 Path Tool][6]
#### Method 4 – Layer Mask
A more **advanced** way to delete the background is to use a layer mask. This is useful for those photographs where you have fine details such as hairs, furs, grass etc. Those fine details are difficult to aele6 manually using the above methods. 
But there is a catch. This method only works best where there is a high level of contrast of colour present between the main subject of the image and its background. 
- Right-click on the layer and **create a duplicate layer**. 
- While the duplicate Layer is selected, Go to **Color > Saturation**. Change the scale to all the way to zero. Click ok.
- Go to Color > Curves and manually adjust the top and bottom nodes so that your main subject of the image fills with more black and the background is white. 
- From the menu, select **Colors > invert**. Then select**Edit > Copy Visible**.
- Hide the duplicate layer by clicking on the little eye icon on the right toolbox.
- Right-click on the original layer and click Add Layer Mask. Click Add.
- Paste the copied visible image using Edit > Paste.
- Click on green icon at the bottom of the layers window to merge the pasted layer to the layer mask. 
- At this stage, you should notice that the black area remains visible, and the white area is transparent. 
To fine-tune the sections, you can use a white colour brush tool and fill those sections which are part of your main subject but become transparent in the process. 
And there you have it.
![Method 4 - Curves][7]
![Method 4 - Layer Mask][8]
#### Method 5 – Foreground Select
The final method we are going to explain is the foreground select method. This method is also a good choice as well for complex images having hairs, grass etc.
- To get started, select the **Foreground Select**tool from the toolbox and do a simple outline of the subject. It need not be perfect, like below. It’s more like an outline covering the entire subject. 
- Once you are done, join the select point to the first point and press enter to select the subject. 
- This will create a dark blue area over the background and a light blue area in the foreground. 
- Now select the white foreground colour and manually brush the subject without going too much towards the edges. 
- Once you are done, select the preview to see how it looks. Based on the colour profile of your image, this preview step might take a couple of seconds to process. 
- If you are happy with the preview, click select. And then press enter to make this a selection.
- Invert the selection using **Select > Invert**.
- Press delete from the keyboard. 
- And you have your image ready without the background portion.
![Method 5 - Foreground select tool to delete background of image in GIMP][9]
### Final Notes
So, that’s about it with the five methods which we just explained to remove background from image(s) and photographs using the free and open-source tool GIMP. Let me know if this tutorial helped you understand the steps and get the desired result.
Used Photo in this article is by [Maryia Plashchynskaya][10] from [Pexels][11]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.debugpoint.com/remove-image-background-gimp/
作者：[Arindam][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Remove-Background-Image-in-GIMP.jpg
[2]: https://www.gimp.org/
[3]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Method-1-Fuzzy-Select.jpg
[4]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/After-Method-1-is-applied.jpg
[5]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Method-2-Select-by-Color.jpg
[6]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Method-3-Path-Tool.jpg
[7]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Method-4-Curves.jpg
[8]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Method-4-Layer-Mask.jpg
[9]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Method-5-Foreground-select-tool.jpg
[10]: https://www.pexels.com/@maryiaplashchynskaya?utm_content=attributionCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=pexels
[11]: https://www.pexels.com/photo/fashion-people-woman-wristwatch-8358677/?utm_content=attributionCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=pexels