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Flowsnow translating
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Apple Swift Programming Language Comes To Linux
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Apple Swift Programming Language Comes To Linux
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Translating by H-mudcup
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Great Open Source Collaborative Editing Tools
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Great Open Source Collaborative Editing Tools
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In a nutshell, collaborative writing is writing done by more than one person. There are benefits and risks of collaborative working. Some of the benefits include a more integrated / co-ordinated approach, better use of existing resources, and a stronger, united voice. For me, the greatest advantage is one of the most transparent. That's when I need to take colleagues' views. Sending files back and forth between colleagues is inefficient, causes unnecessary delays and leaves people (i.e. me) unhappy with the whole notion of collaboration. With good collaborative software, I can share notes, data and files, and use comments to share thoughts in real-time or asynchronously. Working together on documents, images, video, presentations, and tasks is made less of a chore.
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In a nutshell, collaborative writing is writing done by more than one person. There are benefits and risks of collaborative working. Some of the benefits include a more integrated / co-ordinated approach, better use of existing resources, and a stronger, united voice. For me, the greatest advantage is one of the most transparent. That's when I need to take colleagues' views. Sending files back and forth between colleagues is inefficient, causes unnecessary delays and leaves people (i.e. me) unhappy with the whole notion of collaboration. With good collaborative software, I can share notes, data and files, and use comments to share thoughts in real-time or asynchronously. Working together on documents, images, video, presentations, and tasks is made less of a chore.
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translating。。。
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Review: 5 memory debuggers for Linux coding
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Review: 5 memory debuggers for Linux coding
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alim0x translating
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The history of Android
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Another Market design that was nothing like the old one. This lineup shows the categories page, featured, a top apps list, and an app page.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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These screenshots give us our first look at the refined version of the Action Bar in Ice Cream Sandwich. Almost every app got a bar at the top of the screen that housed the app icon, title of the screen, several function buttons, and a menu button on the right. The right-aligned menu button was called the "overflow" button, because it housed items that didn't fit on the main action bar. The overflow menu wasn't static, though, it gave the action bar more screen real-estate—like in horizontal mode or on a tablet—and more of the overflow menu items were shown on the action bar as actual buttons.
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New in Ice Cream Sandwich was this design style of "swipe tabs," which replaced the 2×3 interstitial navigation screen Google was previously pushing. A tab bar sat just under the Action Bar, with the center title showing the current tab and the left and right having labels for the pages to the left and right of this screen. A swipe in either direction would change tabs, or you could tap on a title to go to that tab.
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One really cool design touch on the individual app screen was that, after the pictures, it would dynamically rearrange the page based on your history with that app. If you never installed the app before, the description would be the first box. If you used the app before, the first section would be the reviews bar, which would either invite you to review the app or remind you what you thought of the app last time you installed it. The second section for a previously used app was “What’s New," since an existing user would most likely be interested in changes.
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Recent apps and the browser were just like Honeycomb, but smaller.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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Recent apps toned the Tron look way down. The blue outline around the thumbnails was removed, along with the eerie, uneven blue glow in the background. It now looked like a neutral UI piece that would be at home in any time period.
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The Browser did its best to bring a tabbed experience to phones. Multi-tab browsing was placed front and center, but instead of wasting precious screen space on a tab strip, a tab button would open a Recent Apps-like interface that would show you your open tabs. Functionally, there wasn't much difference between this and the "window" view that was present in past versions of the Browser. The best addition to the Browser was a "Request desktop site" menu item, which would switch from the default mobile view to the normal site. The Browser showed off the flexibility of Google's Action Bar design, which, despite not having a top-left app icon, still functioned like any other top bar design.
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Gmail and Google Talk—they're like Honeycomb, but smaller!
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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Gmail and Google Talk both looked like smaller versions of their Honeycomb designs, but with a few tweaks to work better on smaller screens. Gmail featured a dual Action Bar—one on the top of the screen and one on the bottom. The top of the bar showed your current folder, account, and number of unread messages, and tapping on the bar opened a navigation menu. The bottom featured all the normal buttons you would expect along with the overflow button. This dual layout was used in order display more buttons on the surface level, but in landscape mode where vertical space was at a premium, the dual bars merged into a single top bar.
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In the message view, the blue bar was "sticky" when you scrolled down. It stuck to the top of the screen, so you could always see who wrote the current message, reply, or star it. Once in a message, the thin, dark gray bar at the bottom showed your current spot in the inbox (or whatever list brought you here), and you could swipe left and right to get to other messages.
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Google Talk would let you swipe left and right to change chat windows, just like Gmail, but there the bar was at the top.
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The new dialer and the incoming call screen, both of which we haven't seen since Gingerbread.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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Since Honeycomb was only for tablets, some UI pieces were directly preceded by Gingerbread instead. The new Ice Cream Sandwich dialer was, of course, black and blue, and it used smaller tabs that could be swiped through. While Ice Cream Sandwich finally did the sensible thing and separated the main phone and contacts interfaces, the phone app still had its own contacts tab. There were now two spots to view your contact list—one with a dark theme and one with a light theme. With a hardware search button no longer being a requirement, the bottom row of buttons had the voicemail shortcut swapped out for a search icon.
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Google liked to have the incoming call interface mirror the lock screen, which meant Ice Cream Sandwich got a circle-unlock design. Besides the usual decline or accept options, a new button was added to the top of the circle, which would let you decline a call by sending a pre-defined text message to the caller. Swiping up and picking a message like "Can't talk now, call you later" was (and still is) much more informative than an endlessly ringing phone.
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Honeycomb didn't have folders or a texting app, so here's Ice Cream Sandwich versus Gingerbread.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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Folders were now much easier to make. In Gingerbread, you had to long press on the screen, pick "folders," and then pick "new folder." In Ice Cream Sandwich, just drag one icon on top of another, and a folder is created containing those two icons. It was dead simple and much easier than finding the hidden long-press command.
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The design was much improved, too. Gingerbread used a generic beige folder icon, but Ice Cream Sandwich actually showed you what was in the folder by stacking the first three icons on top of each other, drawing a circle around them, and using that as the folder icon. Open folder containers resized to fit the amount of icons in the folder rather than being a full-screen, mostly empty box. It looked way, way better.
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YouTube switched to a more modern white theme and used a list view instead of the crazy 3D scrolling
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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YouTube was completely redesigned and looked less like something from The Matrix and more like, well, YouTube. It was a simple white list of vertically scrolling videos, just like the website. Making videos on your phone was given prime real estate, with the first button on the action bar dedicated to recording a video. Strangely, different screens used different YouTube logos in the top left, switching between a horizontal YouTube logo and a square one.
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YouTube used swipe tabs just about everywhere. They were placed on the main page to browse and view your account and on the video pages to switch between comments, info, and related videos. The 4.0 app showed the first signs of Google+ YouTube integration, placing a "+1" icon next to the traditional rating buttons. Eventually Google+ would completely take over YouTube, turning the comments and author pages into Google+ activity.
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Ice Cream Sandwich tried to make things easier on everyone. Here is a screen for tracking data usage, the new developer options with tons of analytics enabled, and the intro tutorial.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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Data Usage allowed users to easily keep track of and control their data usage. The main page showed a graph of this month's data usage, and users could set thresholds to be warned about data consumption or even set a hard usage limit to avoid overage charges. All of this was done easily by dragging the horizontal orange and red threshold lines higher or lower on the chart. The vertical white bars allowed users to select a slice of time in the graph. At the bottom of the page, the data usage for the selected time was broken down by app, so users could select a spike and easily see what app was sucking up all their data. When times got really tough, in the overflow button was an option to restrict all background data. Then, only apps running in the foreground could have access to the Internet connection.
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The Developer Options typically only housed a tiny handful of settings, but in Ice Cream Sandwich the section received a huge expansion. Google added all sorts of on-screen diagnostic overlays to help app developers understand what was happening inside their app. You could view CPU usage, pointer location, and view screen updates. There were also options to change the way the system functioned, like control over animation speed, background processing, and GPU rendering.
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One of the biggest differences between Android and the iOS is Android's app drawer interface. In Ice Cream Sandwich's quest to be more user-friendly, the initial startup launched a small tutorial showing users where the app drawer was and how to drag icons out of the drawer and onto the homescreen. With the removal of the off-screen menu button and changes like this, Android 4.0 made a big push to be more inviting to new smartphone users and switchers.
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The "touch to beam" NFC support, Google Earth, and App Info, which would let you disable crapware.
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Built into Ice Cream Sandwich was full support for [NFC][1]. While previous devices like the Nexus S had NFC, support was limited and the OS couldn't do much with the chip. 4.0 added a feature called Android Beam, which would let two NFC-equipped Android 4.0 devices transfer data back and forth. NFC would transmit data related to whatever was on the screen at the time, so tapping when a phone displayed a webpage would send that page to the other phone. You could also send contact information, directions, and YouTube links. When the two phones were put together, the screen zoomed out, and tapping on the zoomed-out display would send the information.
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In Android, users are not allowed to uninstall system apps, which are often integral to the function of the device. Carriers and OEMs took advantage of this and started putting crapware in the system partition, which they would often stick with software they didn't want. Android 4.0 allowed users to disable any app that couldn't be uninstalled, meaning the app remained on the system but didn't show up in the app drawer and couldn't be run. If users were willing to dig through the settings, this gave them an easy way to take control of their phone.
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Android 4.0 can be thought of as the start of the modern Android era. Most of the Google apps released around this time only worked on Android 4.0 and above. There were so many new APIs that Google wanted to take advantage of that—initially at least—support for versions below 4.0 was limited. After Ice Cream Sandwich and Honeycomb, Google was really starting to get serious about software design. In January 2012, the company [finally launched][2] *Android Design*, a design guideline site that taught Android app developers how to create apps to match the look and feel of Android. This was something iOS not only had from the start of third-party app support, but Apple enforced design so seriously that apps that did not meet the guidelines were blocked from the App Store. The fact that Android went three years without any kind of public design documents from Google shows just how bad things used to be. But with Duarte in charge of Android's design revolution, the company was finally addressing basic design needs.
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----------
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[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work.
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[@RonAmadeo][t]
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/20/
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2011/02/near-field-communications-a-technology-primer/
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[2]:http://arstechnica.com/business/2012/01/google-launches-style-guide-for-android-developers/
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[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
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[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
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Translating by DongShuaike
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Data Structures in the Linux Kernel
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Data Structures in the Linux Kernel
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Backup (System Restore Point) your Ubuntu/Linux Mint with SystemBack
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Backup (System Restore Point) your Ubuntu/Linux Mint with SystemBack
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System Restore is must have feature for any OS that allows the user to revert their computer's state (including system files, installed applications, and system settings) to that of a previous point in time, which can be used to recover from system malfunctions or other problems.
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System Restore is must have feature for any OS that allows the user to revert their computer's state (including system files, installed applications, and system settings) to that of a previous point in time, which can be used to recover from system malfunctions or other problems.
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安卓编年史
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和之前完全不同的市场设计。以上是分类，特色，热门应用以及应用详情页面。
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Ron Amadeo 供图
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这些截图给了我们冰淇淋三明治中新版操作栏的第一印象。几乎所有的应用顶部都有一条栏，带有应用图标，当前界面标题，一些功能按钮，右边还有一个菜单按钮。这个右对齐的菜单按钮被称为“更多操作”，因为里面存放着无法放置到主操作栏的项目。不过更多操作菜单并不是固定不变的，它给了操作栏节省了更多的屏幕空间——比如在横屏模式或在平板上时，更多操作菜单的项目会像通常的按钮一样显示在操作栏上。
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冰淇凌三明治中新增了“滑动标签页”设计，替换掉了谷歌之前推行的2×3方阵导航屏幕。一个标签页栏放置在了操作栏下方，位于中间的标签显示的是当前页面，左右侧的两个标签显示的是对应的当前页面的左右侧页面。向左右滑动可以切换标签页，或者你可以点击指定页面的标签跳转过去。
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应用详情页面有个很赞的设计，在应用截图后，会根据你关于那个应用的历史动态地重新布局页面。如果你从来没有安装过该应用，应用描述会优先显示。如果你曾安装过这个应用，第一部分将会是评价栏，它会邀请你评价该应用或者提醒你上次你安装该应用时的评价是什么。之前使用过的应用页面第二部分是“新特性”，因为一个老用户最关心的应该是应用有什么变化。
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最近应用和浏览器和蜂巢中的类似，但是是小号的。
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Ron Amadeo 供图
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最近应用的电子风格外观被移除了。略缩图周围的蓝色的轮廓线被去除了，同时去除的还有背景怪异的，不均匀的蓝色光晕。它现在看起来是个中立型的界面，在任何时候看起来都很舒适。
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浏览器尽了最大的努力把标签页体验带到手机上来。多标签浏览受到了关注，操作栏上引入的一个标签页按钮会打开一个类似最近应用的界面，显示你打开的标签页，而不是浪费宝贵的屏幕空间引入一个标签条。从功能上来说，这个和之前的浏览器中的“窗口”视图没什么差别。浏览器最佳的改进是菜单中的“请求桌面版站点”选项，这让你可以从默认的移动站点视图切换到正常站点。浏览器展示了谷歌的操作栏设计的灵活性，尽管这里没有左上角的应用图标，功能上来说和其他的顶栏设计相似。
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Gmail 和 Google Talk —— 它们和蜂巢中的相似，但是更小！
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Gmail 和 Google Talk 看起来都像是之前蜂巢中的设计的缩小版，但是有些小调整让它们在小屏幕上表现更佳。Gmail 以双操作栏为特色——一个在屏幕顶部，一个在底部。顶部操作栏显示当前文件夹，账户，以及未读消息数目，点击顶栏可以打开一个导航菜单。底部操作栏有你期望出现在更多操作中的选项。使用双操作栏布局是为了在界面显示更多的按钮，但是在横屏模式下纵向空间有限，双操作栏就是合并成一个顶部操作栏。
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在邮件视图下，往下滚动屏幕时蓝色栏有“粘性”。它会固定在屏幕顶部，所以你一直可以看到该邮件是谁写的，回复它，或者给它加星标。一旦处于邮件消息界面，底部细长的，深灰色栏会显示你当前在收件箱（或你所在的某个列表）的位置，并且你可以向左或向右滑动来切换到其他邮件。
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Google Talk 允许你像在 Gmail 中那样左右滑动来切换聊天窗口，但是这里显示栏是在顶部。
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新的拨号和来电界面，都是姜饼以来我们还没见过的。
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因为蜂巢只给平板使用，所以一些界面设计直接超前于姜饼。冰淇淋三明治的新拨号界面就是如此，黑色和蓝色相间，并且使用了可滑动切换的小标签。尽管冰淇淋三明治终于做了对的事情并将电话主体和联系人独立开来，但电话应用还是有它自己的联系人标签。现在有两个地方可以看到你的联系人列表——一个有着暗色主题，另一个有着亮色主题。由于实体搜索按钮不再是硬性要求，底部的按钮栏的语音信息快捷方式被替换为了搜索图标。
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谷歌几乎就是把来电界面做成了锁屏界面的镜像，这意味着冰淇淋三明治有着一个环状解锁设计。除了通常的接受和挂断选项，圆环的顶部还添加了一个按钮，让你可以挂断来电并给对方发送一条预先定义好的信息。向上滑动并选择一条信息如“现在无法接听，一会回电”，相比于一直响个不停的手机而言这样做的信息交流更加丰富。
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蜂巢没有文件夹和信息应用，所以这里是冰淇淋三明治和姜饼的对比。
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Ron Amadeo 供图
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现在创建文件夹更加方便了。在姜饼中，你得长按屏幕，选择“文件夹”选项，再点击“新文件夹”。在冰淇淋三明治中，你只要将一个图标拖拽到另一个图标上面，就会自动创建一个文件夹，并包含这两个图标。这简直不能更简单了，比寻找隐藏的长按命令容易多了。
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设计上也有很大的改进。姜饼使用了一个通用的米黄色文件夹图标，但冰淇淋三明治直接显示出了文件夹中的头三个应用，把它们的图标叠在一起，在外侧画一个圆圈，并将其设置为文件夹图标。打开文件夹容器将自动调整大小以适应文件夹中的应用图标数目，而不是显示一个全屏的，大部分都是空的对话框。这看起来好得多得多。
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Youtube 转换到一个更加现代的白色主题，使用了列表视图替换疯狂的 3D 滚动视图。
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Ron Amadeo 供图
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||||||
|
Youtube 经过了完全的重新设计，看起来没那么像是来自黑客帝国的产物，更像是，嗯，Youtube。它现在就是一个简单的垂直滚动的白色视频列表，就像网站的那样。在你手机上制作视频受到了重视，操作栏的第一个按钮专用于拍摄视频。奇怪的是，不同的界面左上角使用了不同的 Youtube 标志，在水平的 Youtube 标志和方形标志之间切换。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Youtube 几乎在所有地方都使用了滑动标签页。它们被放置在主页面以在浏览和账户间切换，放置在视频页面以在评论，介绍和相关视频之间切换。4.0 版本的应用显示出 Google+ Youtube 集成的第一个信号，通常的评分按钮旁边放置了 “+1” 图标。最终 Google+ 会完全占据 Youtube，将评论和作者页面变成 Google+ 活动。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
冰淇淋三明治试着让事情对所有人都更加简单。这里是数据使用量追踪，打开许多数据的新开发者选项，以及使用向导。
|
||||||
|
Ron Amadeo 供图
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
数据使用量允许用户更轻松地追踪和控制他们的数据使用。主页面显示一个月度使用量图表，用户可以设置数据使用警告值或者硬性使用限制以避免超量使用产生费用。所有的这些只需简单地拖动橙色和红色水平限制线在图表上的位置即可。纵向的白色把手允许用户选择图表上的一段指定时间段。在页面底部，选定时间段内的数据使用量又细分到每个应用，所以用户可以选择一个数据使用高峰并轻松地查看哪个应用在消耗大量流量。当流量紧张的时候，更多操作按钮中有个限制所有后台流量的选项。设置之后只用在前台运行的程序有权连接互联网。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
开发者选项通常只有一点点设置选项，但是在冰淇淋三明治中，这部分有非常多选项。谷歌添加了所有类型的屏幕诊断显示浮层来帮助开发者理解他们的应用中发生了什么。你可以看到 CPU 使用率，触摸点位置，还有视图界面更新。还有些选项可以更改系统功能，比如控制动画速度，后台处理，以及 GPU 渲染。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
安卓和 iOS 之间最大的区别之一就是应用抽屉界面。在冰淇淋三明治对更加用户友好的追求下，设备第一次初始化启动会启动一个小教程，向用户展示应用抽屉的位置以及如何将应用图标从应用抽屉拖拽到主屏幕。随着实体菜单按键的移除和像这样的改变，安卓 4.0 做了很大的努力变得对新智能手机用户和转换过来的用户更有吸引力。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
“触摸分享”NFC 支持，Google Earth，以及应用信息，让你可以禁用垃圾软件。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
冰淇淋三明治内置对 [NFC][1] 的完整支持。尽管之前的设备，比如 Nexus S 也拥有 NFC，得到的支持是有限的并且系统并不能利用芯片做太多事情。4.0 添加了一个“Android Beam”功能，两台拥有 NFC 的安卓 4.0 设备可以借此在设备间来回传输数据。NFC 会传输关于此事屏幕显示的数据，因此在手机显示一个网页的时候使用该功能会将该页面传送给另一部手机。你还可以发送联系人信息，方向导航，以及 Youtube 链接。当两台手机放在一起时，屏幕显示会缩小，点击缩小的界面会发送相关信息。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
I在安卓中，用户不允许删除系统应用，以保证系统完整性。运营商和 OEM 利用该特性并开始将垃圾软件放入系统分区，经常有一些没用的应用存在系统中。安卓 4.0 允许用户禁用任何不能被卸载的应用，意味着该应用还存在于系统中但是不显示在应用抽屉里并且不能运行。如果用户愿意深究设置项，这给了他们一个简单的途径来拿回手机的控制权。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
安卓 4.0 可以看做是现代安卓时代的开始。大部分这时发布的谷歌应用只能在安卓 4.0 及以上版本运行。4.0 还有许多谷歌想要好好利用的新 API——至少最初想要——对 4.0 以下的版本的支持就有限了。在冰淇淋三明治和蜂巢之后，谷歌真的开始认真对待软件设计。在2012年1月，谷歌[最终发布了][2] *Android Design*，一个教安卓开发者如何创建符合安卓外观和感觉的应用的设计指南站点。这是 iOS 在有第三方应用支持开始就在做的事情，苹果还严肃地对待应用的设计，不符合指南的应用都被 App Store 拒之门外。安卓三年以来谷歌没有给出任何公共设计规范文档的事实，足以说明事情有多糟糕。但随着在 Duarte 掌控下的安卓设计革命，谷歌终于发布了基本设计需求。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
----------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron是Ars Technica的评论编缉，专注于安卓系统和谷歌产品。他总是在追寻新鲜事物，还喜欢拆解事物看看它们到底是怎么运作的。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[@RonAmadeo][t]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/20/
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2011/02/near-field-communications-a-technology-primer/
|
||||||
|
[2]:http://arstechnica.com/business/2012/01/google-launches-style-guide-for-android-developers/
|
||||||
|
[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
|
||||||
|
[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
|
||||||
@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
|
|||||||
ictlyh Translating
|
在 Ubuntu 15.10 上为单个网卡设置多个 IP 地址
|
||||||
Assign Multiple IP Addresses To One Interface On Ubuntu 15.10
|
|
||||||
================================================================================
|
================================================================================
|
||||||
Some times you might want to use more than one IP address for your network interface card. What will you do in such cases? Buy an extra network card and assign new IP? No, It’s not necessary(at least in the small networks). We can now assign multiple IP addresses to one interface on Ubuntu systems. Curious to know how? Well, Follow me, It is not that difficult.
|
有时候你可能想在你的网卡上使用多个 IP 地址。遇到这种情况你会怎么办呢？买一个新的网卡并分配一个新的 IP？不，这没有必要（至少在小网络中）。现在我们可以在 Ubuntu 系统中为一个网卡分配多个 IP 地址。想知道怎么做到的？跟着我往下看，其实并不难。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This method will work on Debian and it’s derivatives too.
|
这个方法也适用于 Debian 以及它的衍生版本。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Add additional IP addresses temporarily ###
|
### 临时添加 IP 地址 ###
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
First, let us find the IP address of the network card. In my Ubuntu 15.10 server, I use only one network card.
|
首先，让我们找到网卡的 IP 地址。在我的 Ubuntu 15.10 服务器版中，我只使用了一个网卡。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Run the following command to find out the IP address:
|
运行下面的命令找到 IP 地址：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
sudo ip addr
|
sudo ip addr
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Sample output:**
|
**事例输出：**
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
|
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
|
||||||
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
|
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
|
||||||
@ -28,11 +27,11 @@ Run the following command to find out the IP address:
|
|||||||
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe2a:34e/64 scope link
|
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe2a:34e/64 scope link
|
||||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Or
|
或
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
sudo ifconfig
|
sudo ifconfig
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Sample output:**
|
**事例输出：**
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
enp0s3 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:2a:03:4b
|
enp0s3 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:2a:03:4b
|
||||||
inet addr:192.168.1.103 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
|
inet addr:192.168.1.103 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
|
||||||
@ -51,19 +50,19 @@ Or
|
|||||||
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
|
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
|
||||||
RX bytes:38793 (38.7 KB) TX bytes:38793 (38.7 KB)
|
RX bytes:38793 (38.7 KB) TX bytes:38793 (38.7 KB)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
As you see in the above output, my network card name is **enp0s3**, and its IP address is **192.168.1.103**.
|
正如你在上面看到的，我的网卡名称是 **enp0s3**，它的 IP 地址是 **192.168.1.103**。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Now let us add an additional IP address, for example **192.168.1.104**, to the Interface card.
|
现在让我们来为网卡添加一个新的 IP 地址，例如说 **192.168.1.104**。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Open your Terminal and run the following command to add additional IP.
|
打开你的终端并运行下面的命令添加额外的 IP。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
sudo ip addr add 192.168.1.104/24 dev enp0s3
|
sudo ip addr add 192.168.1.104/24 dev enp0s3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Now, let us check if the IP is added using command:
|
用命令检查是否启用了新的 IP：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
sudo ip address show enp0s3
|
sudo ip address show enp0s3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Sample output:**
|
**样例输出：**
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
2: enp0s3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
|
2: enp0s3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
|
||||||
link/ether 08:00:27:2a:03:4e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
link/ether 08:00:27:2a:03:4e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||||
@ -74,13 +73,13 @@ Now, let us check if the IP is added using command:
|
|||||||
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe2a:34e/64 scope link
|
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe2a:34e/64 scope link
|
||||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Similarly, you can add as many IP addresses as you want.
|
类似地，你可以添加想要的任意多的 IP 地址。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Let us ping the IP address to verify it.
|
让我们 ping 一下这个 IP 地址验证一下。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
sudo ping 192.168.1.104
|
sudo ping 192.168.1.104
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Sample output:**
|
**样例输出**
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
PING 192.168.1.104 (192.168.1.104) 56(84) bytes of data.
|
PING 192.168.1.104 (192.168.1.104) 56(84) bytes of data.
|
||||||
64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.901 ms
|
64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.901 ms
|
||||||
@ -88,17 +87,17 @@ Let us ping the IP address to verify it.
|
|||||||
64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.521 ms
|
64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.521 ms
|
||||||
64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.524 ms
|
64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.524 ms
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Yeah, It’s working!!
|
好极了，它能工作！
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
To remove the IP, just run:
|
要删除 IP，只需要运行：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
sudo ip addr del 192.168.1.104/24 dev enp0s3
|
sudo ip addr del 192.168.1.104/24 dev enp0s3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Let us check if it is removed.
|
再检查一下是否删除了 IP。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
sudo ip address show enp0s3
|
sudo ip address show enp0s3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Sample output:**
|
**样例输出：**
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
2: enp0s3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
|
2: enp0s3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
|
||||||
link/ether 08:00:27:2a:03:4e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
link/ether 08:00:27:2a:03:4e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||||
@ -107,19 +106,19 @@ Let us check if it is removed.
|
|||||||
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe2a:34e/64 scope link
|
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe2a:34e/64 scope link
|
||||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
See, It’s gone!!
|
可以看到已经没有了！！
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Well, as you may know, the changes will lost after you reboot your system. How do I make it permanent? That’s easy too.
|
也许你已经知道，你重启系统后会丢失这些设置。那么怎么设置才能永久有效呢？这也很简单。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Add additional IP addresses permanently ###
|
### 添加永久 IP 地址 ###
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The network card configuration file of your Ubuntu system is **/etc/network/interfaces**.
|
Ubuntu 系统的网卡配置文件是 **/etc/network/interfaces**。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Let us check the details of the above file.
|
让我们来看看上面文件的具体内容。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
sudo cat /etc/network/interfaces
|
sudo cat /etc/network/interfaces
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Sample output:**
|
**输出样例：**
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
|
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
|
||||||
# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).
|
# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).
|
||||||
@ -131,15 +130,15 @@ Let us check the details of the above file.
|
|||||||
auto enp0s3
|
auto enp0s3
|
||||||
iface enp0s3 inet dhcp
|
iface enp0s3 inet dhcp
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
As you see in the above output, the Interface is DHCP enabled.
|
正如你在上面输出中看到的，网卡启用了 DHCP。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Okay, now we will assign an additional address, for example **192.168.1.104/24**.
|
现在，让我们来分配一个额外的地址，例如 **192.168.1.104/24**。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Edit file **/etc/network/interfaces**:
|
编辑 **/etc/network/interfaces**：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces
|
sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Add additional IP address as shown in the black letters.
|
按照黑色字体标注的添加额外的 IP 地址。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
|
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
|
||||||
# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).
|
# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).
|
||||||
@ -153,13 +152,13 @@ Add additional IP address as shown in the black letters.
|
|||||||
iface enp0s3 inet static
|
iface enp0s3 inet static
|
||||||
address 192.168.1.104/24
|
address 192.168.1.104/24
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Save and close the file.
|
保存并关闭文件。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Run the following file to take effect the changes without rebooting.
|
无需重启运行下面的命令使更改生效。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
sudo ifdown enp0s3 && sudo ifup enp0s3
|
sudo ifdown enp0s3 && sudo ifup enp0s3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Sample output:**
|
**样例输出：**
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Killed old client process
|
Killed old client process
|
||||||
Internet Systems Consortium DHCP Client 4.3.1
|
Internet Systems Consortium DHCP Client 4.3.1
|
||||||
@ -183,13 +182,13 @@ Run the following file to take effect the changes without rebooting.
|
|||||||
DHCPACK of 192.168.1.103 from 192.168.1.1
|
DHCPACK of 192.168.1.103 from 192.168.1.1
|
||||||
bound to 192.168.1.103 -- renewal in 35146 seconds.
|
bound to 192.168.1.103 -- renewal in 35146 seconds.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Note**: It is **very important** to run the above two commands into **one** line if you are remoting into the server because the first one will drop your connection. Given in this way the ssh-session will survive.
|
**注意**：如果你从远程连接到服务器，把上面的两个命令放到**一行**中**非常重要**，因为第一个命令会断掉你的连接。而采用这种方式可以存活你的 ssh 会话。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Now, let us check if IP is added using command:
|
现在，让我们用下面的命令来检查一下是否添加了新的 IP：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
sudo ip address show enp0s3
|
sudo ip address show enp0s3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Sample output:**
|
**输出样例：**
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
2: enp0s3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
|
2: enp0s3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
|
||||||
link/ether 08:00:27:2a:03:4e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
link/ether 08:00:27:2a:03:4e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||||
@ -200,13 +199,13 @@ Now, let us check if IP is added using command:
|
|||||||
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe2a:34e/64 scope link
|
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe2a:34e/64 scope link
|
||||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Cool! Additional IP has been added.
|
很好！我们已经添加了额外的 IP。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Well then let us ping the IP address to verify.
|
再次 ping IP 地址进行验证。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
sudo ping 192.168.1.104
|
sudo ping 192.168.1.104
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Sample output:**
|
**样例输出：**
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
PING 192.168.1.104 (192.168.1.104) 56(84) bytes of data.
|
PING 192.168.1.104 (192.168.1.104) 56(84) bytes of data.
|
||||||
64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.137 ms
|
64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.137 ms
|
||||||
@ -214,21 +213,21 @@ Well then let us ping the IP address to verify.
|
|||||||
64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.054 ms
|
64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.054 ms
|
||||||
64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.067 ms
|
64 bytes from 192.168.1.104: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.067 ms
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Voila! It’s working. That’s it.
|
好极了！它能正常工作。就是这样。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Want to know how to add additional IP addresses on CentOS/RHEL/Scientific Linux/Fedora systems, check the following link.
|
想知道怎么给 CentOS/RHEL/Scientific Linux/Fedora 系统添加额外的 IP 地址，可以点击下面的链接。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
注：此篇文章以前做过选题：20150205 Linux Basics--Assign Multiple IP Addresses To Single Network Interface Card On CentOS 7.md
|
注：此篇文章以前做过选题：20150205 Linux Basics--Assign Multiple IP Addresses To Single Network Interface Card On CentOS 7.md
|
||||||
- [Assign Multiple IP Addresses To Single Network Interface Card On CentOS 7][1]
|
- [Assign Multiple IP Addresses To Single Network Interface Card On CentOS 7][1]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Happy weekend!
|
周末愉快！
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/assign-multiple-ip-addresses-to-one-interface-on-ubuntu-15-10/
|
via: http://www.unixmen.com/assign-multiple-ip-addresses-to-one-interface-on-ubuntu-15-10/
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
作者：[SK][a]
|
作者：[SK][a]
|
||||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
译者：[ictlyh](http://mutouxiaogui.cn/blog/)
|
||||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||||
@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
|
|||||||
How to renew the ISPConfig 3 SSL Certificate
|
如何更新ISPConfig 3 SSL证书
|
||||||
================================================================================
|
================================================================================
|
||||||
This tutorial describes the steps to renew the SSL Certificate of the ISPConfig 3 control panel. There are two alternative ways to achieve that:
|
本教程描述了如何再ISPConfig 3控制面板中更新SSL证书。有两个可选的方法：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- Create a new OpenSSL Certificate and CSR on the command line with OpenSSL.
|
- 用OpenSSL创建一个新的OpenSSL证书和CSR。
|
||||||
- Renew the SSL Certificate with the ISPConfig updater
|
- 用ISPConfig updater更新SSL证书
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I'll start with the manual way to renew the ssl cert.
|
我将会用手工的方法更新ssl证书。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### 1) Create a new ISPConfig 3 SSL Certificate with OpenSSL ###
|
### 1）用OpenSSL创建一个新的ISPConfig 3 SSL 证书 ###
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Login to your server on the shell as root user. Before we create a new SSL Cert, backup the current ones. SSL Certs are security sensitive so I'll store the backup in the /root/ folder.
|
用root用户登录你的服务器。在创建一个新的SSL证书之前，备份现有的。SSL证书是安全敏感的，因此我将它存储在/root/目录下。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
tar pcfz /root/ispconfig_ssl_backup.tar.gz /usr/local/ispconfig/interface/ssl
|
tar pcfz /root/ispconfig_ssl_backup.tar.gz /usr/local/ispconfig/interface/ssl
|
||||||
chmod 600 /root/ispconfig_ssl_backup.tar.gz
|
chmod 600 /root/ispconfig_ssl_backup.tar.gz
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> Now create a new SSL Certificate key, Certificate Request (csr) and a self signed Certificate.
|
> 现在创建一个新的SSL证书密钥，证书请求（csr）和自签发证书。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
cd /usr/local/ispconfig/interface/ssl
|
cd /usr/local/ispconfig/interface/ssl
|
||||||
openssl genrsa -des3 -out ispserver.key 4096
|
openssl genrsa -des3 -out ispserver.key 4096
|
||||||
@ -25,14 +25,13 @@ Login to your server on the shell as root user. Before we create a new SSL Cert,
|
|||||||
mv ispserver.key ispserver.key.secure
|
mv ispserver.key ispserver.key.secure
|
||||||
mv ispserver.key.insecure ispserver.key
|
mv ispserver.key.insecure ispserver.key
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Restart Apache to load the new SSL Certificate.
|
重启apache来加载新的SSL证书
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
service apache2 restart
|
service apache2 restart
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### 2) Renew the SSL Certificate with the ISPConfig installer ###
|
### 2）用ISPConfig安装器来更新SSL证书 ###
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The alternative way to get a new SSL Certificate is to use the ISPConfig update script.
|
另一个获取新的SSL证书的替代方案是使用ISPConfig更新脚本。下载ISPConfig到/tmp目录下，解压包并运行脚本。
|
||||||
Download ISPConfig to the /tmp folder, unpack the archive and start the update script.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
cd /tmp
|
cd /tmp
|
||||||
wget http://www.ispconfig.org/downloads/ISPConfig-3-stable.tar.gz
|
wget http://www.ispconfig.org/downloads/ISPConfig-3-stable.tar.gz
|
||||||
@ -40,18 +39,18 @@ Download ISPConfig to the /tmp folder, unpack the archive and start the update s
|
|||||||
cd ispconfig3_install/install
|
cd ispconfig3_install/install
|
||||||
php -q update.php
|
php -q update.php
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The update script will ask the following question during update:
|
更新脚本会在更新时询问下面的额问题：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Create new ISPConfig SSL certificate (yes,no) [no]:
|
Create new ISPConfig SSL certificate (yes,no) [no]:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Answer "yes" here and the SSL Certificate creation dialog will start.
|
这里回答“yes”，SSL证书创建对话框就会启动。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
via: http://www.faqforge.com/linux/how-to-renew-the-ispconfig-3-ssl-certificate/
|
via: http://www.faqforge.com/linux/how-to-renew-the-ispconfig-3-ssl-certificate/
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
作者：[Till][a]
|
作者：[Till][a]
|
||||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user