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LCTT是Linux中国社区（[http://linux.cn/](http://linux.cn/)）的翻译组，负责从国外优秀媒体翻译Linux相关的技术、资讯、杂文等内容。
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408
published/16 commands to check hardware information on Linux.md
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published/16 commands to check hardware information on Linux.md
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Linux硬件信息命令大全
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
### 硬件信息 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在linux系统中，有很多命令可以用于查询主机的硬件信息，有些命令仅仅针对于特定的硬件部件，比如cpu，内存等，而有些命令可以查询很多的硬件信息。
|
||||
|
||||
这篇帖子简单地带大家了解一下最常用的查询各种硬件信息的命令，其中包括lscpu,hwinfo,lshw,dmidecode,lspci等等。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. lscpu ###
|
||||
|
||||
lscpu命令可以用来查询处理器cpu的详细信息，只需要简单地输入lscpu即可，如下所示，它本身也没有提供更多选项和功能可供选择。
|
||||
|
||||
$ lscpu
|
||||
Architecture: x86_64
|
||||
CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit
|
||||
Byte Order: Little Endian
|
||||
CPU(s): 4
|
||||
On-line CPU(s) list: 0-3
|
||||
Thread(s) per core: 1
|
||||
Core(s) per socket: 4
|
||||
Socket(s): 1
|
||||
NUMA node(s): 1
|
||||
Vendor ID: GenuineIntel
|
||||
CPU family: 6
|
||||
Model: 23
|
||||
Stepping: 10
|
||||
CPU MHz: 1998.000
|
||||
BogoMIPS: 5302.48
|
||||
Virtualization: VT-x
|
||||
L1d cache: 32K
|
||||
L1i cache: 32K
|
||||
L2 cache: 2048K
|
||||
NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-3
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. lshw - 显示硬件信息列表 ###
|
||||
|
||||
这个命令用途广泛，它可以根据你的需求以详细或概要的形式列出许多个不同硬件的参数信息，其中包括cpu，内存，磁盘，usb控制器，网卡等等，lshw实质上是从/proc文件目录下的不同文件中提取对应的硬件信息。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo lshw -short
|
||||
|
||||
H/W path Device Class Description
|
||||
===================================================
|
||||
system ()
|
||||
/0 bus DG35EC
|
||||
/0/0 processor Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Quad CPU Q8400 @ 2.66GHz
|
||||
/0/0/1 memory 2MiB L2 cache
|
||||
/0/0/3 memory 32KiB L1 cache
|
||||
/0/2 memory 32KiB L1 cache
|
||||
/0/4 memory 64KiB BIOS
|
||||
/0/14 memory 8GiB System Memory
|
||||
/0/14/0 memory 2GiB DIMM DDR2 Synchronous 667 MHz (1.5 ns)
|
||||
/0/14/1 memory 2GiB DIMM DDR2 Synchronous 667 MHz (1.5 ns)
|
||||
/0/14/2 memory 2GiB DIMM DDR2 Synchronous 667 MHz (1.5 ns)
|
||||
/0/14/3 memory 2GiB DIMM DDR2 Synchronous 667 MHz (1.5 ns)
|
||||
/0/100 bridge 82G35 Express DRAM Controller
|
||||
/0/100/2 display 82G35 Express Integrated Graphics Controller
|
||||
/0/100/2.1 display 82G35 Express Integrated Graphics Controller
|
||||
/0/100/19 eth0 network 82566DC Gigabit Network Connection
|
||||
/0/100/1a bus 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #4
|
||||
/0/100/1a.1 bus 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #5
|
||||
/0/100/1a.7 bus 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #2
|
||||
/0/100/1b multimedia 82801H (ICH8 Family) HD Audio Controller
|
||||
/0/100/1c bridge 82801H (ICH8 Family) PCI Express Port 1
|
||||
/0/100/1c.1 bridge 82801H (ICH8 Family) PCI Express Port 2
|
||||
/0/100/1c.2 bridge 82801H (ICH8 Family) PCI Express Port 3
|
||||
/0/100/1c.2/0 storage JMB368 IDE controller
|
||||
/0/100/1d bus 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #1
|
||||
/0/100/1d.1 bus 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #2
|
||||
/0/100/1d.2 bus 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #3
|
||||
/0/100/1d.7 bus 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #1
|
||||
/0/100/1e bridge 82801 PCI Bridge
|
||||
/0/100/1e/5 bus FW322/323 [TrueFire] 1394a Controller
|
||||
/0/100/1f bridge 82801HB/HR (ICH8/R) LPC Interface Controller
|
||||
/0/100/1f.2 storage 82801H (ICH8 Family) 4 port SATA Controller [IDE mode]
|
||||
/0/100/1f.3 bus 82801H (ICH8 Family) SMBus Controller
|
||||
/0/100/1f.5 storage 82801HR/HO/HH (ICH8R/DO/DH) 2 port SATA Controller [IDE m
|
||||
/0/1 scsi3 storage
|
||||
/0/1/0.0.0 /dev/sda disk 500GB ST3500418AS
|
||||
/0/1/0.0.0/1 /dev/sda1 volume 70GiB Windows NTFS volume
|
||||
/0/1/0.0.0/2 /dev/sda2 volume 395GiB Extended partition
|
||||
/0/1/0.0.0/2/5 /dev/sda5 volume 97GiB HPFS/NTFS partition
|
||||
/0/1/0.0.0/2/6 /dev/sda6 volume 97GiB Linux filesystem partition
|
||||
/0/1/0.0.0/2/7 /dev/sda7 volume 1952MiB Linux swap / Solaris partition
|
||||
/0/1/0.0.0/2/8 /dev/sda8 volume 198GiB Linux filesystem partition
|
||||
/0/3 scsi4 storage
|
||||
/0/3/0.0.0 /dev/cdrom disk DVD RW DRU-190A
|
||||
|
||||
点击下面的帖子，可以对lshw有更多的了解。
|
||||
|
||||
[在Linux上使用lshw命令获取硬件信息][1]
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. hwinfo - Hardware Information ###
|
||||
|
||||
hwinfo同样是一个使用非常广泛的硬件信息查询命令，类似于lshw，它同样可以详细或概要地报告多个部件的硬件信息，但不同的是，它有时可以给出比lshw更多的信息。
|
||||
|
||||
$ hwinfo --short
|
||||
cpu:
|
||||
Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Quad CPU Q8400 @ 2.66GHz, 2000 MHz
|
||||
Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Quad CPU Q8400 @ 2.66GHz, 2000 MHz
|
||||
Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Quad CPU Q8400 @ 2.66GHz, 2666 MHz
|
||||
Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Quad CPU Q8400 @ 2.66GHz, 2666 MHz
|
||||
keyboard:
|
||||
/dev/input/event2 AT Translated Set 2 keyboard
|
||||
mouse:
|
||||
/dev/input/mice Microsoft Basic Optical Mouse v2.0
|
||||
graphics card:
|
||||
Intel 965G-1
|
||||
Intel 82G35 Express Integrated Graphics Controller
|
||||
sound:
|
||||
Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) HD Audio Controller
|
||||
storage:
|
||||
Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) 4 port SATA IDE Controller
|
||||
Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) 2 port SATA IDE Controller
|
||||
JMicron JMB368 IDE controller
|
||||
network:
|
||||
eth0 Intel 82566DC Gigabit Network Connection
|
||||
network interface:
|
||||
eth0 Ethernet network interface
|
||||
lo Loopback network interface
|
||||
disk:
|
||||
/dev/sda ST3500418AS
|
||||
partition:
|
||||
/dev/sda1 Partition
|
||||
/dev/sda2 Partition
|
||||
/dev/sda5 Partition
|
||||
/dev/sda6 Partition
|
||||
/dev/sda7 Partition
|
||||
/dev/sda8 Partition
|
||||
cdrom:
|
||||
/dev/sr0 SONY DVD RW DRU-190A
|
||||
usb controller:
|
||||
Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #4
|
||||
Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #5
|
||||
Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #2
|
||||
Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #1
|
||||
Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #2
|
||||
Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #3
|
||||
Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #1
|
||||
bios:
|
||||
BIOS
|
||||
|
||||
... TRUNCATED ...
|
||||
|
||||
点击下面的链接可以查看更多关于hwinfo的信息。
|
||||
|
||||
[在Linux上使用hwinfo命令获取硬件信息][2]
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. lspci - 显示pci总线相关信息 ###
|
||||
|
||||
lscpi命令可以列出pci总线上信息，以及所有连接到pci总线上的设备信息，比如VGA适配器，显卡，网卡，usb端口，sata控制器等等。
|
||||
|
||||
$ lspci
|
||||
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 82G35 Express DRAM Controller (rev 03)
|
||||
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation 82G35 Express Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 03)
|
||||
00:02.1 Display controller: Intel Corporation 82G35 Express Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 03)
|
||||
00:19.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82566DC Gigabit Network Connection (rev 02)
|
||||
00:1a.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #4 (rev 02)
|
||||
00:1a.1 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #5 (rev 02)
|
||||
00:1a.7 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #2 (rev 02)
|
||||
00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) HD Audio Controller (rev 02)
|
||||
00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) PCI Express Port 1 (rev 02)
|
||||
00:1c.1 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) PCI Express Port 2 (rev 02)
|
||||
00:1c.2 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) PCI Express Port 3 (rev 02)
|
||||
00:1d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #1 (rev 02)
|
||||
00:1d.1 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #2 (rev 02)
|
||||
00:1d.2 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #3 (rev 02)
|
||||
00:1d.7 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #1 (rev 02)
|
||||
00:1e.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801 PCI Bridge (rev f2)
|
||||
00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82801HB/HR (ICH8/R) LPC Interface Controller (rev 02)
|
||||
00:1f.2 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) 4 port SATA Controller [IDE mode] (rev 02)
|
||||
00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) SMBus Controller (rev 02)
|
||||
00:1f.5 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82801HR/HO/HH (ICH8R/DO/DH) 2 port SATA Controller [IDE mode] (rev 02)
|
||||
03:00.0 IDE interface: JMicron Technology Corp. JMB368 IDE controller
|
||||
04:05.0 FireWire (IEEE 1394): LSI Corporation FW322/323 [TrueFire] 1394a Controller (rev 70)
|
||||
|
||||
可以使用grep命令筛选出特定的设备信息。
|
||||
|
||||
$ lspci -v | grep "VGA" -A 12
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. lsscsi - 列出scsi设备信息 ###
|
||||
|
||||
列出scsi/sata设备信息，比如硬盘驱动器，光盘驱动器。
|
||||
|
||||
$ lsscsi
|
||||
[3:0:0:0] disk ATA ST3500418AS CC38 /dev/sda
|
||||
[4:0:0:0] cd/dvd SONY DVD RW DRU-190A 1.63 /dev/sr0
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. lsusb - 列出usb总线信息，及设备信息 ###
|
||||
|
||||
该命令可以显示USB控制器及连接到控制的设备信息。默认情况下，只显示概要信息，可以通过-v选项指示其显示更多的硬件信息。
|
||||
|
||||
$ lsusb
|
||||
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
|
||||
Bus 007 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
|
||||
Bus 006 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
|
||||
Bus 005 Device 002: ID 045e:00cb Microsoft Corp. Basic Optical Mouse v2.0
|
||||
Bus 005 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
|
||||
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
|
||||
Bus 004 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
|
||||
Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
|
||||
|
||||
上面信息显示，在该系统中，有一个usb端口正被鼠标占用。
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Inxi ###
|
||||
|
||||
inxi命令是一个大的bash脚本文件，其通过从不同的信息来源和命令中获取硬件信息，最后能给出一个颜色高亮的，适合于非专业人员阅读的硬件信息报告。
|
||||
|
||||
$ inxi -Fx
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. lsblk - 列出块设备信息 ###
|
||||
|
||||
列出所有块设备信息，其中包括硬盘分区信息，以及其他存储设备，如光盘，闪存等。
|
||||
|
||||
$ lsblk
|
||||
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
|
||||
sda 8:0 0 465.8G 0 disk
|
||||
├─sda1 8:1 0 70G 0 part
|
||||
├─sda2 8:2 0 1K 0 part
|
||||
├─sda5 8:5 0 97.7G 0 part /media/4668484A68483B47
|
||||
├─sda6 8:6 0 97.7G 0 part /
|
||||
├─sda7 8:7 0 1.9G 0 part [SWAP]
|
||||
└─sda8 8:8 0 198.5G 0 part /media/13f35f59-f023-4d98-b06f-9dfaebefd6c1
|
||||
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. df - 显示文件系统的磁盘空间信息 ###
|
||||
|
||||
报告各种挂载的文件系统信息，其中包括挂载点，已用的，可用的磁盘空间。
|
||||
|
||||
$ df -H
|
||||
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
|
||||
/dev/sda6 104G 26G 73G 26% /
|
||||
none 4.1k 0 4.1k 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
|
||||
udev 4.2G 4.1k 4.2G 1% /dev
|
||||
tmpfs 837M 1.6M 835M 1% /run
|
||||
none 5.3M 0 5.3M 0% /run/lock
|
||||
none 4.2G 13M 4.2G 1% /run/shm
|
||||
none 105M 21k 105M 1% /run/user
|
||||
/dev/sda8 210G 149G 51G 75% /media/13f35f59-f023-4d98-b06f-9dfaebefd6c1
|
||||
/dev/sda5 105G 31G 75G 30% /media/4668484A68483B47
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. pydf - python版本的df ###
|
||||
|
||||
一个增强型的python版的df命令，可以以不同的颜色显示所查询的信息，看起来比df更好看。
|
||||
|
||||
$ pydf
|
||||
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
|
||||
/dev/sda6 96G 23G 68G 24.4 [#.....] /
|
||||
/dev/sda8 195G 138G 47G 70.6 [####..] /media/13f35f59-f023-4d98-b06f-9dfaebefd6c1
|
||||
/dev/sda5 98G 28G 69G 29.2 [##....] /media/4668484A68483B47
|
||||
|
||||
### 11. fdisk ###
|
||||
|
||||
fdisk命令可以用来修改硬盘分区表信息，也可以用来显示硬盘分区表信息
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo fdisk -l
|
||||
|
||||
Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes
|
||||
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors
|
||||
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
|
||||
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
|
||||
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
|
||||
Disk identifier: 0x30093008
|
||||
|
||||
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
|
||||
/dev/sda1 * 63 146801969 73400953+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
|
||||
/dev/sda2 146802031 976771071 414984520+ f W95 Ext'd (LBA)
|
||||
/dev/sda5 146802033 351614654 102406311 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
|
||||
/dev/sda6 351614718 556427339 102406311 83 Linux
|
||||
/dev/sda7 556429312 560427007 1998848 82 Linux swap / Solaris
|
||||
/dev/sda8 560429056 976771071 208171008 83 Linux
|
||||
|
||||
### 12. mount ###
|
||||
|
||||
mount命令可以用来挂载设备，当然也可以用来查看系统中设备的挂载情况。
|
||||
|
||||
$ mount | column -t
|
||||
/dev/sda6 on / type ext4 (rw,errors=remount-ro)
|
||||
proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)
|
||||
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)
|
||||
none on /sys/fs/cgroup type tmpfs (rw)
|
||||
none on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw)
|
||||
none on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw)
|
||||
none on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw)
|
||||
udev on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,mode=0755)
|
||||
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620)
|
||||
tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,size=10%,mode=0755)
|
||||
none on /run/lock type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=5242880)
|
||||
none on /run/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev)
|
||||
none on /run/user type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=104857600,mode=0755)
|
||||
none on /sys/fs/pstore type pstore (rw)
|
||||
/dev/sda8 on /media/13f35f59-f023-4d98-b06f-9dfaebefd6c1 type ext4 (rw,nosuid,nodev,errors=remount-ro)
|
||||
/dev/sda5 on /media/4668484A68483B47 type fuseblk (rw,nosuid,nodev,allow_other,blksize=4096)
|
||||
binfmt_misc on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)
|
||||
systemd on /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd type cgroup (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,none,name=systemd)
|
||||
gvfsd-fuse on /run/user/1000/gvfs type fuse.gvfsd-fuse (rw,nosuid,nodev,user=enlightened)
|
||||
|
||||
同样，可以使用grep命令来筛选出想看的文件系统信息。
|
||||
|
||||
$ mount | column -t | grep ext
|
||||
|
||||
### 13. free - 查看RAM信息 ###
|
||||
|
||||
查看系统中RAM的使用情况，包括已使用空间，未使用空间，以及总空间。
|
||||
|
||||
$ free -m
|
||||
total used free shared buffers cached
|
||||
Mem: 7975 5865 2110 0 24 622
|
||||
-/+ buffers/cache: 5218 2757
|
||||
Swap: 1951 921 1030
|
||||
|
||||
### 14. dmidecode ###
|
||||
|
||||
dmidecode命令不同于其他的命令，它是通过读取SMBOIS数据结构（也称为DMI表）中数据来提取硬件信息。
|
||||
|
||||
# 显示处理器信息
|
||||
$ sudo dmidecode -t processor
|
||||
|
||||
# 显示内存信息
|
||||
$ sudo dmidecode -t memory
|
||||
|
||||
# 显示bios信息
|
||||
$ sudo dmidecode -t bios
|
||||
|
||||
查看man手册获取更多信息。
|
||||
|
||||
### 15. /proc 文件系统 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在/proc目录下的许多虚拟文件包含了很多有关硬件参数及配置的信息。
|
||||
|
||||
CPU、内存信息
|
||||
|
||||
# cpu信息
|
||||
$ cat /proc/cpuinfo
|
||||
|
||||
# 内存信息
|
||||
$ cat /proc/meminfo
|
||||
|
||||
Linux内核信息
|
||||
|
||||
$ cat /proc/version
|
||||
Linux version 3.11.0-12-generic (buildd@allspice) (gcc version 4.8.1 (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.8.1-10ubuntu7) ) #19-Ubuntu SMP Wed Oct 9 16:20:46 UTC 2013
|
||||
|
||||
SCSI/Sata设备信息
|
||||
|
||||
$ cat /proc/scsi/scsi
|
||||
Attached devices:
|
||||
Host: scsi3 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00
|
||||
Vendor: ATA Model: ST3500418AS Rev: CC38
|
||||
Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 05
|
||||
Host: scsi4 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00
|
||||
Vendor: SONY Model: DVD RW DRU-190A Rev: 1.63
|
||||
Type: CD-ROM ANSI SCSI revision: 05
|
||||
|
||||
分区信息
|
||||
|
||||
$ cat /proc/partitions
|
||||
major minor #blocks name
|
||||
|
||||
8 0 488386584 sda
|
||||
8 1 73400953 sda1
|
||||
8 2 1 sda2
|
||||
8 5 102406311 sda5
|
||||
8 6 102406311 sda6
|
||||
8 7 1998848 sda7
|
||||
8 8 208171008 sda8
|
||||
11 0 1048575 sr0
|
||||
|
||||
### 16. hdparm ###
|
||||
|
||||
hdparm命令可以获取sata设备如硬盘等设备信息。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo hdparm -i /dev/sda
|
||||
|
||||
/dev/sda:
|
||||
|
||||
Model=ST3500418AS, FwRev=CC38, SerialNo=9VMJXV1N
|
||||
Config={ HardSect NotMFM HdSw>15uSec Fixed DTR>10Mbs RotSpdTol>.5% }
|
||||
RawCHS=16383/16/63, TrkSize=0, SectSize=0, ECCbytes=4
|
||||
BuffType=unknown, BuffSize=16384kB, MaxMultSect=16, MultSect=16
|
||||
CurCHS=16383/16/63, CurSects=16514064, LBA=yes, LBAsects=976773168
|
||||
IORDY=on/off, tPIO={min:120,w/IORDY:120}, tDMA={min:120,rec:120}
|
||||
PIO modes: pio0 pio1 pio2 pio3 pio4
|
||||
DMA modes: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2
|
||||
UDMA modes: udma0 udma1 udma2 udma3 udma4 udma5 *udma6
|
||||
AdvancedPM=no WriteCache=enabled
|
||||
Drive conforms to: unknown: ATA/ATAPI-4,5,6,7
|
||||
|
||||
* signifies the current active mode
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结 ###
|
||||
|
||||
每一个命令在获取信息的方式会稍微有些不同，在查询某一设备时，你也有可能要结合多个命令才能获取你想要的硬件信息。不过，这些命令都可以在大多数的linux发行版中找到，可以很容易地从默认的仓库中获取安装。
|
||||
|
||||
在桌面版系统中，还有一个便于使用的图形界面的工具，比如Hardinfo、I-nex就是其中非常流行的工具，他们可以提供多个硬件部件的详细信息。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.binarytides.com/linux-commands-hardware-info/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[stallonederek](https://github.com/stallonederek) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/校wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.binarytides.com/linux-lshw-command/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.binarytides.com/linux-hwinfo-command/
|
||||
[3]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Management_BIOS
|
||||
@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
|
||||
用作安全数据通信的 Secure shell 的10个 ssh 命令选项
|
||||
10个 ssh 简单命令选项
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
一个系统管理员可能会同时管理着多台服务器，这些服务器也许会放在不同的地方。要亲自一台一台的去访问来管理她们显然不是最好的方法，通过远程控制的方法应该是最有效的。远程访问最通用的一款应用程序是 **SSH**。
|
||||
一个系统管理员可能会同时管理着多台服务器，这些服务器也许会放在不同的地方。要亲自一台一台的去访问来管理它们显然不是最好的方法，通过远程控制的方法应该是最有效的。远程访问最通用的一款应用程序就是 **SSH**（什么？你还用telnet？....$%@%&W@$##）。
|
||||
|
||||
### SSH 是什么 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**SSH（全称 Secure Shell)**是一种加密的网络协议。使用该协议的数据将被加密，如果在传输中间数据泄漏，也可以确保没有人能读取出有用信息。要使用 SSH，目标机器应该安装 SSH 服务端应用程序，因为 **SSH 是基于客户-服务模式的。** 当你想安全的远程到主机，可中间的网络（比如因特网）并不安全，通常这种情况下就会使用 SSH。
|
||||
**SSH（全称 Secure Shell)**是一种加密的网络协议。使用该协议的数据将被加密，如果在传输中间数据泄漏，也可以确保没有人能读取出有用信息。要使用 SSH，目标机器应该安装 SSH 服务端应用程序，因为 **SSH 是基于客户-服务模式的。** 当你想安全的远程连接到主机，可中间的网络（比如因特网）并不安全，通常这种情况下就会使用 SSH。
|
||||
|
||||
### 安装 SSH ###
|
||||
|
||||
的 Linux 系统默认已经安装了 SSH。如果碰巧你的机器没装，我们可以手工来安装一下。最简单的方式就是使用 Linux 包管理器。
|
||||
的 Linux 系统默认已经安装了 SSH。如果碰巧你的机器没装（译注：我能吐槽么？没有不装ssh的Linux服务器吧，不过，大家要记得升级你的ssh服务器），我们可以手工来安装一下。最简单的方式就是使用 Linux 包管理器。
|
||||
|
||||
### 基于 Debian / Ubuntu 的系统 : ###
|
||||
|
||||
@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ SSH 一旦安装上，我们就可以在终端下输入 **ssh** 来检查下安
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第一次连接目标主机时，ssh 会让你确认目标主机的真实性。如果你回答的是 **NO**，SSH 将不会继续连接，只有回答 **Yes** 才会继续。
|
||||
第一次连接目标主机时，ssh 会让你确认目标主机的真实性。如果你回答的是 **NO**，SSH 将不会继续连接，只有回答 **Yes** 才会继续（译注：会加入RSA key的指纹作为记录，如果下次连接发现指纹变化，会提示你）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ SSH 一旦安装上，我们就可以在终端下输入 **ssh** 来检查下安
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2. 指定登陆用户 ####
|
||||
|
||||
默认的，ssh 会尝试用当前用户作为用户名来连接。在上面的示例命令中，ssh 会尝试用用户名叫 pungki 的用户身份来登入服务器，这是因为用户 pungki 正在客户机上使用 ssh 客服端软件。
|
||||
默认的，ssh 会尝试用当前用户作为用户名来连接。在上面的示例命令中，ssh 会尝试用用户名叫 pungki 的用户身份来登入服务器，这是因为用户 pungki 正在客户机上使用 ssh 客户端软件。
|
||||
|
||||
假如目标主机上没有叫 pungki 的用户呢？这时你就必须提供一个目标主机上存在的用户名。从一开始就要指定用户名的，可以使用 -l 选项参数。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -106,11 +106,11 @@ SSH 提供了一些可用的加密算法。可以在 **/etc/ssh/ssh_config or ~/
|
||||
|
||||
#### 7. 绑定源地址 ####
|
||||
|
||||
如果你的客服端有多于两个以上的 IP 地址，你就不可能分得清楚在使用哪一个 IP 连接到 SSH 服务器。
|
||||
如果你的客户端有多于两个以上的 IP 地址，你就不可能分得清楚在使用哪一个 IP 连接到 SSH 服务器。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
为了解决这种情况，我们可以使用 **-b** 选项来绑定一个IP 地址。这个 IP 将会被使用做建立连接的源地址。
|
||||
为了解决这种情况，我们可以使用 **-b** 选项来指定一个IP 地址。这个 IP 将会被使用做建立连接的源地址。
|
||||
|
||||
$ ssh -b 192.168.0.200 -l leni 192.168.0.103
|
||||
|
||||
@ -140,11 +140,11 @@ SSH 提供了一些可用的加密算法。可以在 **/etc/ssh/ssh_config or ~/
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. 使用 SSH X11 Forwarding ###
|
||||
|
||||
某些时候，你可能想把服务端的 X11 应用程序显示到客服端计算机上，SSH 提供了 **-X** 选项。但要启用这功能，我们需要做些准备，下面是它的设置：
|
||||
某些时候，你可能想把服务端的 X11 应用程序显示到客户端计算机上，SSH 提供了 **-X** 选项。但要启用这功能，我们需要做些准备，下面是它的设置：
|
||||
|
||||
在服务器端，你需要使 **/etc/ssh/ssh_config** 文件中的行设置成 **ForwardX11 yes 或者 X11Forwad yes**，以启用 X11 Forwarding，重启 SSH 服务程序。
|
||||
|
||||
然后在客服端，输入 **ssh -X user@host**:
|
||||
然后在客户端，输入 **ssh -X user@host**:
|
||||
|
||||
$ ssh -X leni@192.168.0.101
|
||||
|
||||
@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ SSH 提供了一些可用的加密算法。可以在 **/etc/ssh/ssh_config or ~/
|
||||
|
||||
#### 10. 可信任的 X11 转发 ####
|
||||
|
||||
如果你敢肯定你的网络是安全的，那么你可以使用**可信任的 X11 转发机制**。这意味着远程的 X11 客服端可以完全的访问源 X11 显示内容。要使用此功能，可以使用 **-Y** 选项。
|
||||
如果你敢肯定你的网络是安全的，那么你可以使用**可信任的 X11 转发机制**。这意味着远程的 X11 客户端可以完全的访问源 X11 显示内容。要使用此功能，可以使用 **-Y** 选项。
|
||||
|
||||
$ ssh -Y leni@192.168.0.101
|
||||
|
||||
@ -178,10 +178,12 @@ SSH 提供了一些可用的加密算法。可以在 **/etc/ssh/ssh_config or ~/
|
||||
|
||||
我们相信 SSH 的使用范围非常之广。SSH 给用户提供了网络连接的极大安全性和灵活性。通常我们都会输入 **man ssh** 和 **man ssh_config** 来显示它的用户手册及查看更多的细节。
|
||||
|
||||
（译注补充：建议使用ssh的协议版本2，因此请修改 ssh_config 文件的 Protocol 字段为：2，而将对协议1的支持取消。）
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/learn-ssh-connection-options/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
|
||||
2048 现在可以在Ubuntu上离线玩了
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2048是最近全世界范围内的流行游戏。这个小游戏通过上下左右移动访客来完成。这个游戏的目标是通过组合匹配数字的方块到2048。如2+2变成4，4+4变成8等等(译注：原文4+4 becomes 16应为笔误)。听上去很简单但是相信我这是一个让人上瘾的游戏。
|
||||
|
||||
[2048][1]，它基于另外一个相似且流行的游戏[3][2]，这在Android，iOS,Windows和Web浏览器上都可以得到。要在网络上玩，你就需要一个可用的网络。但是幸亏[Lffl][3]出手，我们已经为您离线打包了2048。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以下载.deb安装包并在Ubuntu和(我想可以)其他基于Ubuntu的发行版上安装。你可以在Unity dash中像其他程序一样搜索它。但是这里有一个问题。游戏会在游览器中打开而没有自己的GUI。这对我可以接受，只要可以无需因特网玩这个游戏就行。你的分数会每局保存下来，这样你就可以保留你的记录了。
|
||||
|
||||
- [Download 2048 for Ubuntu and Linux Mint][4]
|
||||
|
||||
哦！对于[Doctor Who][5]（神秘博士)的粉丝，我们也有一个相似的神秘博士角色的游戏。
|
||||
|
||||
（译注：2048有不少开源的实现，所以，小编就在站上放了一个：http://linux.cn/static/2048 ，没事可以玩两局——嘘，别让人知道是我悄悄放的——我也期望你可以给我些创意，也许可以将它和Linux结合起来？这样就可以光明正大的放了~ ）
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/2048-offline-play-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://gabrielecirulli.github.io/2048/
|
||||
[2]:http://asherv.com/threes/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.lffl.org/
|
||||
[4]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxfreedomfor/files/ubuntu/2048_1_all.deb/download
|
||||
[5]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who
|
||||
[6]:http://games.usvsth3m.com/2048-doctor-who-edition/
|
||||
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
可以下种子的 5 个命令行工具
|
||||
在终端上访问网站和下载文件
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Linux 命令行工具很牛逼，Linux 命令行以及一些第三方应用让 Linux 变得更牛逼。Linux 命令行工具可以用于下载种子，可以上网冲浪。
|
||||
Linux 命令行工具很牛逼，Linux 命令行以及一些第三方应用让 Linux 变得更牛逼。Linux 命令行工具可以用于下载种子和文件，可以上网冲浪。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ W3m 也是大多数发行版的默认配置，也可通过 **apt** 或 **yum**
|
||||
|
||||
#### Elinks的基本用法 ####
|
||||
|
||||
# elinks www.tecmint.com
|
||||
elinks www.tecmint.com
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ W3m 也是大多数发行版的默认配置，也可通过 **apt** 或 **yum**
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/command-line-tools-for-downloading-file-and-browsing-websites/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -2,19 +2,19 @@
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
就像我以前在文章里写的, [Linux 无处不在，][1]所以即使没有数千种，也有数百种之多的发行版。有一些发行版非常有名，其中一些拥有上千万的用户基础，而有一些 却只能生活在这些光辉闪耀的发行版的阴影之中。有一些发行版在大的发行版轻松享受的业务范围的连接处挣扎求存，同时每年都有一些触手可及的发行版灭亡。但是我们今天在这里讨论几个还没有得到他们应得的关爱的发行版。不论这个发行版是原始的或分支或基于其他的发行版的，如果它工作起来对于日常使用是足够稳定的，同时没有得到应得的关爱，它将在列表中。
|
||||
就像我以前在文章里写的, [Linux 无处不在][1]，所以即使没有数千种，也有数百种之多的发行版。有一些发行版非常有名，其中一些拥有上千万的用户基础，而有一些却只能生活在这些光辉闪耀的发行版的阴影之中。有一些发行版在大的发行版轻松享受的影响力的连接处挣扎求存，同时每年都有一些触手可及的发行版灭亡。但是我们今天在这里讨论几个还没有得到他们应得的关爱的发行版。不论这个发行版是原始的或分支或基于其他的发行版的，如果它工作起来对于日常使用是足够稳定的，同时没有得到应得的关爱，它就可以放到这个列表中。
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Rosa ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[ROSA Desktop][2], 是一个拥有高度定制性的KDE桌面发行版，它有大量来自 ROSA 的改动旨在加强工作环境开发的用户友好性。ROSA是一家俄国公司，他还提供了一个基于红帽的企业版的企业服务器版ROSA给开发者。这是你在网上能找到的最具有定制性的发行版之一，它拥有大量的的家用特性像一个完全重新设计的登录窗口，一个叫做“TimeFrame”的日程管理软件，大量改动的“Dolhpin”文件管理器，Rocket Bar，Simple Welcome，Rosa Media Player和很多其他的软件。
|
||||
[ROSA Desktop][2], 是一个拥有高度定制性的KDE桌面发行版，它有大量来自 ROSA 的改动旨在加强工作环境开发的用户友好性。ROSA是一家俄国公司，他还提供了一个基于红帽的企业版的企业服务器版ROSA给开发者。这是你在网上能找到的最具有定制性的发行版之一，它拥有大量的的家用特性，像一个完全重新设计的登录窗口，一个叫做“TimeFrame”的日程管理软件，大量改动的“Dolhpin”文件管理器，Rocket Bar，Simple Welcome，Rosa Media Player和很多其他的软件。
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. Korora ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Korora][3] 是基于让 Linux新手用起来更容易，但同时也是一个对专家很有用的愿望产生的系统。最初是2005年基于Gentoo Linux 的系统 ，korora在2010年作为一个Fedora 的混音版重新出世，它搭载 tweaks和一些额外的功能以使系统可以开箱即用。korora拥有一个融合的Fedora + RPM Fusion+ korora的包系统。其中korora提供尖端和一个红帽发行版的稳定，让它可以毫不费力的实现开箱即用。许多人抱怨Fedora太麻烦，但是 Fedora就是这样设计的啊。对于喜欢 Fedora 同时仍希望可以开箱即用的人们，korora就是为你准备的。
|
||||
[Korora][3] 是基于让 Linux新手用起来更容易，但同时也是一个对专家很有用的愿景而产生的系统。最初是2005年基于Gentoo Linux 的系统 ，korora在2010年作为一个Fedora 的混音版重新出世，它搭载 tweaks和一些额外的功能以使系统可以开箱即用。korora拥有一个融合的Fedora + RPM Fusion+ korora的包系统。其中korora提供尖端和一个红帽发行版的稳定，让它可以毫不费力的实现开箱即用。许多人抱怨Fedora太麻烦，但是 Fedora就是这样设计的啊。对于喜欢 Fedora 同时仍希望可以开箱即用的人们，korora就是为你准备的。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Chakra Linux ###
|
||||
|
||||
@ -38,21 +38,21 @@ Ubuntu 可能是近些年颇受关注和争论的一个版本，尤其是转到
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Sabayon][6] Linux 是一个基于 Gentoo 的发行版的、遵循开箱即用的哲学而且它做的很踏实一步都没有跳过。这听起来有点偏但 Sabayon 在大量的系统中是极少数的真正可以开箱即用的发行版 。
|
||||
[Sabayon][6] Linux 是一个基于 Gentoo 的发行版的、遵循开箱即用的哲学，而且它做的很踏实一步都没有跳过。这听起来有点偏，但 Sabayon 在大量的系统中是极少数的真正可以开箱即用的发行版 。
|
||||
|
||||
Sabayon 遵循不说废话的哲学，一切按它应该是的方式运行，你不需要关心终端是否把事情做好了，你不需要添加额外的库增加最明显的功能，一切都在一个地方，顺道说一下，如果你愿意你可以做但问题是你不能强迫用户做所有的这些事情.如果我想用Arch Linux但是不想用终端使我痛苦的撞头，我就应该能做到。
|
||||
Sabayon 遵循不说废话的哲学，一切按它应该是的方式运行，你不需要关心终端是否把事情做好了，你不需要添加额外的库增加最明显的功能，一切都在它应该在的地方，顺道说一下，如果你愿意你可以做，但问题是你不能强迫用户做所有的这些事情。如果我想用Arch Linux但是不想用终端使我痛苦的撞头，我就应该能做到。
|
||||
|
||||
Sabayon 是一个尖端的，快速的和令人惊讶的稳定发行版，归功于坚实的Gentoo的核心。它用你选择的DE很容易使用，安装更方便，开箱即用，拥有一个很简单的功能和很强大的包管理器，配备所需的大部分应用程序，然后它仍然可以被深度定制，就像任何其他的分布。
|
||||
Sabayon 是一个尖端的，快速的和令人惊讶的稳定发行版，归功于坚实的Gentoo的核心。它让你选择的桌面环境很容易使用，安装更方便，开箱即用，拥有一个很简单的功能和很强大的包管理器，配备所需的大部分应用程序，然后它仍然可以被深度定制，就像任何其他的分布。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxfederation.com/linux-distributions-love/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[crowner](https://github.com/crowner) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[crowner](https://github.com/crowner) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.linuxfederation.com/linux-everywhere/
|
||||
[1]:http://linux.cn/article-2480-1.html
|
||||
[2]:http://www.rosalab.com/products/desktop_fresh
|
||||
[3]:https://kororaproject.org/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.chakra-project.org/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
|
||||
从 XP 迁移到 Linux 的入门指南
|
||||
=================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Microsoft 已经不再支持 Windows XP 了。大多数人也许并不关心这事儿，但对于知道使用服务终止的软件会有麻烦的你来说，做点儿改变的时候到了。你可以安装同样落伍的 Windows 7，或者安装没人喜欢的 Windows 8。或者，你可以从风格众多的 Linux 中选择一款来安装，化身成为 Linux 用户这个精英团体的一员。
|
||||
|
||||
和 Windows 可不一样，你不需要为了让系统启动运行而支付数百美元。Linux 是免费的，并且未来也不会收费。Linux 附带一切必要的应用程序，比如互联网浏览器、电子邮件客户端、视频播放器、照片编辑器等一大堆同样免费的软件，但要想享用这些软件，你首先得说服自己迁移到 Linux。你可能会想，我本来可以好好儿地继续用我旧版的 Windows，干嘛要费神用别的东西。听我解释，这花不了多长时间。
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 和 Windows 不一样，它可不是 Microsoft 花钱雇人做的，而是在像 Red Hat、IBM、HP、Samsung 等众多 Linux 基金会领导下的技术巨头以及全世界成千上万的志愿者的协作下开发的。所以，你可以确信你在用的不是个别大牛工程师的小众作品，而是开发人员遍布全球的坚实的操作系统。
|
||||
|
||||
这一点使得 Linux 跻身全世界最安全的操作系统之列。好吧，百分之百的安全是不存在的，但使用 Linux 能保证安全在你身边寸步不离，这是 Google、Facebook、Twitter、IBM、NASA 等公司使用 Linux 的唯一理由。这里列出了[使用 Linux 的世界顶级公司和组织][1]。Linux 是个非常轻量级的操作系统，却既能支持最前沿的新硬件，也能支持几十年前的老硬件。
|
||||
|
||||
现在，如果关于 Linux 的概念已经勾起了你的兴致，我们来看看房间里的下一头大象（译注：原文是 the next elephant in the room。the elephant in the room 通常指显而易见却避而不谈的问题）—— 你在 Windows XP 下最爱的应用程序。Linux 环境有你在 Windows 下爱用的绝大部分应用程序，包括 Firefox、Chrome、Steam、VLC、Skype 和 Team Viewer。如果你找不到你某个你在 Windows 上用过的软件，那么试试 Linux 环境下数量庞大的替代品吧。与你的 Windows 应用程序相比，它们的功能更强大，而且都是协作开发的。
|
||||
|
||||
列举几个常见的替代方案：Libre Office 可以代替 Microsoft Office，Thunderbird 可以替代 Outlook，Gimp 可以替代 Adobe Photoshop，它们全都永久免费，而且你不用为每年的小更新升级支付数百美元。你不会像用 Windows 那样只有很少的几种应用程序可供选择（这是 Microsoft 的垄断行为造成的），也就是说，任何时候如果你对 Libre Office 不满意，你都可以改用另一个非常可靠的办公软件套件 Open Office。
|
||||
|
||||
使用 Linux 最好的事情是，你根本不用担心病毒，也完全没必要安装昂贵且耗费资源严重的网络安全程序，因为它们几乎保护不了你。Windows 立足于让整个网络安全事业有利润可榨取，这么看来，反病毒公司真是干得不错。相反，Linux 并不鼓励这种行为，它本就是全世界最安全的操作系统之一。这也解释了为什么大部分全球防务系统和股票交易系统运行的是 Linux。
|
||||
|
||||
好吧，如果你因为从没见过有人用 Linux 所以还是不服的话，看看你和你身边人的安卓手机吧，它就是在 Linux 上构建的。电视、空调、洗衣机和你钟爱的咖啡机运行的也是 Linux。你已经生活在了一个运行 Linux 的世界里，但你却拒绝成为这个世界的一部分。再前进一小步吧，你马上就会变成 Linux 精英用户了。
|
||||
|
||||
别说教了，咱们开始用用 Linux 吧。首先我们要选择一款 Linux，这是最有意思的部分了。初次选择 Linux 就像哈利·波特选择魔杖一样。每个风格不同的 Linux 都运行在相同的我们称之为“内核（Kernel）”的坚实基础之上，不同风格的 Linux 我们称之为“发行版”。
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 目前有数百个发行版，[Distrowatch][2] 按流行度顺序列出了所有发行版。Ubuntu、Linux Mint、Fedora、Debian 以及 Open Suse 是几个比较著名的 Linux 发行版。如果你怀念 Windows XP 的感觉，那最好选择 Linux Mint。如果你想体验一下新奇的东西，尝试一下 Ubuntu 的 Unity 界面、Fedora 的 Gnome 界面或者 Open Suse 的 KDE 界面。Unity、Gnome、KDE 是不同的用户界面的名字，我们称之为“桌面环境（Desktop Environment）”。这些桌面环境在很老的系统上也能使用，但如果你真的要在很古老的机器上使用 Linux，你可以试试轻量级的桌面环境，比如 XFCE 和 LXDE，它们很轻量级，用户界面要简单一些。
|
||||
|
||||
好了，选择一款你喜欢的 Linux 发行版并开始使用吧。Linux 是免费、稳定并且安全的，如果还有什么说的，那就是，如果你用着开心，就为 Linux 基金会那些家伙的出色工作捐点钱吧。我不打算写安装教程，因为那些东西网上到处都是。我在线上和线下帮助我的朋友迁移到 Linux，你也应该帮助你的朋友迁移到 Linux。
|
||||
|
||||
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
译自: http://www.linuxfederation.com/beginners-guide-xp-users-switch-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[sailing](https://github.com/blueabysm) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.linuxfederation.com/linux-everywhere/
|
||||
[2]:http://distrowatch.com/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
||||
美丽的Zukitwo是Gnome 3.12上的第一个主题
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Zukitwo是一个为Gnome 3.12 设计的美丽主题，它利用了GTK2引擎Murrine和GTK2 pixbuf引擎，目前的版本是2014.03.29。**
|
||||
|
||||
Zukitwo在Gnome 3.12 发布不就之后就已经更新，并且它可能是第一个支持新版本Gnome的主题。许多其他的主题可能会很快就会跟上，但是，巧合地，Zukitwo是其中最棒的之一。
|
||||
|
||||
根据变更记录，Gnome 3.12 更新很以前没有很大的不同，但是仍有一些引人注意的。Gnome的老版本用户不应该升级到新版本。这是专门为Gnome 3.12 用户准备的。
|
||||
|
||||
这个事实的一个可笑之处是目前还没有Gnome 3.12的用户。即使新的桌面环境更新已经释出了，但是还没有哪个Linux发行版在使用它，因此这很难去测试它。
|
||||
|
||||
这个主题有两个要求：GTK2引擎Murrine 0.98.1.1或者更新和GTK2 pixbuf引擎或者gtk(2)-engines包。
|
||||
|
||||
检查一下更新日志来获取完整的修复列表。现在就从gnome.org上下载[Zukitwo 2014.03.29][1]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Beautiful-Zukitwo-Theme-Is-the-First-One-for-GNOME-3-12-434833.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://gnome-look.org/content/show.php/Zukitwo?content=140562
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
||||
日常Ubuntu小技巧 – HPLIP 3.14.3发布 – 在Ubuntu中升级
|
||||
Ubuntu每日小技巧 – HPLIP 3.14.3发布 – 在Ubuntu中升级
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
HP Linux成像和打印（HPLIP）是由惠普赞助提供全功能的HP打印机驱动程序的Linux社区的开放源代码包。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ HP Linux成像和打印（HPLIP）是由惠普赞助提供全功能的HP打印
|
||||
|
||||
这个版本，3.14.3增加了对更多打印机的支持，包括HP DeskJet Ink Advantage 4640 e-All-in-One Printer 系列，HP LaserJet Pro MFP M126nw，支持Debian 6.0.9，7.3，7.4 以及Fedora 20。
|
||||
|
||||
除了增加新的打印机和系统的支持，一些突出的问题在这个版本中也被解决。修复程序包括，HP Officejet 6100的功能定位问题，阻止第二传真队列中的互动问题，以及HP OfficeJet 7619 系列缺少No’ 6 3/4信封媒介尺寸。
|
||||
除了增加新的打印机和系统的支持，一些突出的问题在这个版本中也被解决。修复程序包括，HP Officejet 6100的功能定位问题，阻止第二传真队列中的互动问题，以及HP OfficeJet 7619 系列缺少No' 6 3/4信封媒介尺寸。
|
||||
|
||||
关于这次发布的更多信息，请查看发布页面[http://sourceforge.net/p/hplip/news/2014/03/hplip-3143-public-release-/][2]
|
||||
|
||||
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/02/hp-linux-imaging-and-printer-hplip-version-3
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2014/03/daily-ubuntu-tips-hplip-3-14-3-released-upgrade-in-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechunxiao19) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechunxiao19) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/sound-switcher-indicator-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
109
published/201404/Here Are Top 20 Linux Tutorials!.md
Normal file
109
published/201404/Here Are Top 20 Linux Tutorials!.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
|
||||
分享20篇Linux入门教程
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
需要学习Linux但是不知道怎么开始？没事，因特网充满了数不尽的资源和教程，他们可以让你一步一步地享受体验Linux的精华之旅。所有必须要做的是选择那个适合你的教程，然后开始你的Linux之旅！
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1. [Linux Knowledge Base and Tutorial][1] ####
|
||||
|
||||
这篇教程不仅仅是基础知识，还提供给你了解Linux系统的必要的知识。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2. [HowtoForge - Linux Howtos and Tutorials][2] ####
|
||||
|
||||
由多篇教程组成：包括如何转换Outlook PST 到 Thunderbird/Evolution兼容的SBD格式；如何准备一个CentOS 5.10 x86_64架构的服务器来安装ISPconfig 3 以及其他等等。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3. [UNIX / Linux Tutorial for Beginners][3] ####
|
||||
|
||||
Unix 和 linux 的新手指导教程。8个简单的教程，覆盖了UNIX/Linux的基础命令。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 4. [Linux Shell Scripting Tutorial - A Beginner's handbook][4] ####
|
||||
|
||||
这篇教程设计给新手，那些想要学习shell脚本/编程并且介绍了一些给力的工具，如awk，sed，等等。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 5. [LinuxCommand.org: Learn the Linux command line. Write shell scripts][5] ####
|
||||
|
||||
为新的命令行用户设计。它出版的《The Linux Command Line》一书多达537页，增加了大量的细节，采用CC协议，可以[从此下载][21]。除了基础的命令行使用和shell脚本，这篇文章还包含了大量编程使用的命令章节，也有很多高级主题。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 6. [bash commands - Linux MAN Pages][6] ####
|
||||
|
||||
#### 7. [Linux Online - Getting Started with Linux: Table of Contents][7] ####
|
||||
|
||||
介绍所有频繁使用的linux术语
|
||||
|
||||
#### 8. [The Linux Documentation Project: Guides][8] ####
|
||||
|
||||
这个教程的目标是关联所有Linux文档所关心的问题，范围从在线文档（man page，HTML,等等）到印刷的手册，包括，如安装，使用，和运行linux的话题。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 9. [LinuxCommand.org: Learning the shell][9] ####
|
||||
|
||||
这篇文章是介绍shell的。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 10. [The Linux Documentation Project][10] ####
|
||||
|
||||
提供免费，高质量的Linux操作系统文章
|
||||
|
||||
#### 11. [Linux Tutorial][11] ####
|
||||
|
||||
这个网页有免费的linux学习课程，一个特别的Unix版本运行在普遍的个人电脑上。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 12. [Linux Network Configuration][12] ####
|
||||
|
||||
这个Linux教程包含TCP/IP 网络，网络管理和系统配置基础。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 13. [Linux Online - Getting Started with Linux - Introduction][13] ####
|
||||
|
||||
#### 14. [Linux Commands - A practical reference][14] ####
|
||||
|
||||
这是关于linux命令行常见操作参考手册。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 15. [20 Linux System Monitoring Tools Every SysAdmin Should Know][15] ####
|
||||
|
||||
提供工具解决服务器瓶颈问题，与之相关的CPU，内存，硬盘和网络子系统。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 16. [Linux Newbie Guide: Shortcuts And Commands][16] ####
|
||||
|
||||
选择介绍了linux中实用的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 17. [Debian Linux Tutorial][17] ####
|
||||
|
||||
这个指导界面带你领略，如何安装Debian Linux操作系统，和在一个系统中建立一个最常见的互联网和局域网服务器。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 18. [YoLinux: Index of Linux Tutorials][18] ####
|
||||
|
||||
Linux教程和技术关于Linux桌面和服务器配置的信息和实例。无论新手或者专家都适合的在线Linux技术培训和Linux应用安装，配置和使用。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 19. [Linux Tutorial][19] ####
|
||||
|
||||
这个页面打算作为一个教程，而不是作为一步一步的指令或者一个提供给你链接到其他Linux网页的地方。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 20. [Linux Online - Linux Courses][20] ####
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=132962
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[Vic020](http://www.vicyu.net) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.linux-tutorial.info/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.howtoforge.com/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Teaching/Unix/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.freeos.com/guides/lsst/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.linuxcommand.org/
|
||||
[6]:http://ss64.com/bash/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.linux.org/
|
||||
[8]:http://www.tldp.org/guides.html
|
||||
[9]:http://www.linuxcommand.org/learning_the_shell.php
|
||||
[10]:http://www.tldp.org/
|
||||
[11]:http://www.lowfatlinux.com/
|
||||
[12]:http://www.yolinux.com/TUTORIALS/LinuxTutorialNetworking.html
|
||||
[13]:http://www.linux.org/
|
||||
[14]:http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html
|
||||
[15]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/top-linux-monitoring-tools.html
|
||||
[16]:http://www.unixguide.net/linux/linuxshortcuts.shtml
|
||||
[17]:http://www.aboutdebian.com/
|
||||
[18]:http://www.yolinux.com/TUTORIALS/
|
||||
[19]:http://www.linux-tutorial.info/modules.php?name=MContent&pageid=224
|
||||
[20]:http://www.linux.org/
|
||||
[21]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxcommand/files/TLCL/13.07/TLCL-13.07.pdf/download
|
||||
@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
|
||||
如何在Linux中找出IP地址冲突
|
||||
如何在Linux中发现IP地址冲突
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
你们都知道什么是IP地址，是吧？它们怎样被分配给网络上的设备来代表它们。它们通过DHCP服务器分配并且会经常改变。现在有两种IP地址。动态的一种会经常改变（几天一次），而静态的就如它的名字那样是静态的，意味着它们不会改变。有时这会引发一些冲突。当一个动态IP被分配了并且有另外一台网络设备已经拥有了相同的IP。或者在相同网络子网上有多台分配IP的DHCP服务器。如果你有连通问题并且假设它是由于IP冲突造成的，那么你可以使用一个工具称作arp-scan来扫描它们。
|
||||
你们都知道什么是IP地址，是吧？它们被分配给网络上的设备来代表它们。它们通过DHCP服务器分配并且会经常改变。现在有两种IP地址。动态的一种会经常改变（几天一次），而静态的就如它的名字那样是静态的，意味着它们不会改变。
|
||||
|
||||
有时这会引发一些冲突。当一个动态IP被分配了并且有另外一台网络设备已经拥有了相同的IP。或者在相同网络子网上有多台分配IP的DHCP服务器。如果你有连通问题并且假设它是由于IP冲突造成的，那么你可以使用一个工具称作arp-scan来扫描它们。
|
||||
|
||||
这个工具会在本地网络发送ARP（Address Resolution Protocol）(地址解析协议)包来收集地址。如果有多个MAC地址声称拥有相同的IP地址，那么这里就存在冲突。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -33,6 +35,6 @@
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/find-ip-conflicts-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
|
||||
怎样打开64位 Ubuntu 的32位支持功能
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
大多数使用基于 Ubuntu/Debian 的发行版的人都更倾向于选择64位的系统，对吧？这是因为64位的系统能够充分发挥你的硬件的全部性能， 它使你能够在更紧张的内存资源下使用更复杂的软件，而且是真的快速使用，不必每次做一件小事都要等上许久。现在，32位仅有一个优点，那就是没有太多兼容性上的问题。每次JAVA更新都很让人很困惑，因为大多数用户都不能获得需要的库文件。在过去，很多别的软件和驱动也没有64位版。
|
||||
|
||||
因此，如果现在你有一个64位架构的系统，而且你可以使用之前的支持：包括驱动、64位版本和任何一个你需要的软件。这样就避免了所有的问题，对吧？现在有一个让你可以在64位系统中使用32位软件的方法，爽吗？就在你读了这篇文章然后照着做了之后就可以了。如果你有一个13.10或更高版本的Ubuntu/Debian，你需要安装一个叫做 ia32-libs 的基础包。现在，这个包已经被废弃了，所以你必须手工安装。
|
||||
|
||||
下面的命令可以在 Ubuntu/Debian 13.10 或更高的发行版上运行。
|
||||
|
||||
###第一步: 确认你有一个64位架构的内核
|
||||
|
||||
你可以打开终端然后输入：
|
||||
|
||||
dpkg --print-architecture
|
||||
|
||||
你将会看到像下面这样的内容:
|
||||
|
||||
amd64
|
||||
|
||||
这说明着你已经拥有了64位架构内核。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
###第二步: 确认你打开了多架构支持功能
|
||||
|
||||
(多架构支持可以让你在有64位库的情况下使用32位库。)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
输入:
|
||||
|
||||
dpkg --print-foreign-architectures
|
||||
|
||||
输出是:
|
||||
|
||||
i386
|
||||
|
||||
如果你还没有多架构支持你需要打开它。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
另一种第二步: 打开多架构支持。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
输入:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo dpkg --add-architecture i386
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt -get update
|
||||
|
||||
然后就会开始下载更新然后运行。
|
||||
|
||||
之后你需要输入:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
|
||||
|
||||
它会检查你已经拥有的库文件是否有更新的版本。
|
||||
|
||||
若果然有的话，它会问你是否需要更新(y/n)。
|
||||
|
||||
如此这般，你就已经成功地为你的64位系统安装了32位支持了。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/enable-32-bit-support-64-bit-ubuntu-13-10-greater/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[crowner](https://github.com/crowner) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Linux 3.15 会动态减少挂起和恢复时间！
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
拉斐尔·维索斯基，一名在英特尔负责维护linux内核电源管理代码的人员，指出了这一变化列表。Phoronix的报道引用了"对用户可见的在Linux 3.15 的内核中应该会减少系统挂起和恢复的时间，感谢启用了更多的异步线程。" Linux 3.15 也许同样会带来Nvidia Maxwell架构的基础支持。更多的细节还需等待。
|
||||
拉斐尔·维索斯基，一名在英特尔负责维护linux内核电源管理代码的人员，指出了这一变化。Phoronix的报道引用了"对用户可见的在Linux 3.15 的内核中应该会减少系统挂起和恢复的时间，感谢启用了更多的异步线程。" Linux 3.15 也许同样会带来Nvidia Maxwell架构的基础支持。更多的细节还需等待。
|
||||
|
||||
同时，最新的稳定版Linux内核是3.13.6。Linux创始人，林纳斯·托瓦兹官方宣布即将到来的3.14的第6版候选发布版。RC6是Linux 3.14-rc5的继任者。现在可以下载来测试了。然而，因为它是一个开发版本，它不该在生产机上安装。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -14,6 +14,6 @@ Linux 3.15 会动态减少挂起和恢复时间！
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=133613
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
|
||||
Linux基础：分析 Ubuntu 磁盘使用情况
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
亲爱的linux极客们，
|
||||
|
||||
在这篇文章中，我将指导你们如何在 Ubuntu 中对磁盘使用情况进行分析。为了确保系统的健康，运行的流畅，时常关心机器的硬盘，适当的运行一些分析是非常重要的，当然，运行这些分析是很容易的。为了完成分析，我们将使用一款非常棒的图形工具，名叫**Baobab**。
|
||||
|
||||
在下一步操作之前，我可以告诉你们，它的使用非常简单，功能齐全，我确定它能够满足你的需求。Baobab 是 gnome-utils 的一部分，但是自从Gnome3.4版本后，已经作为独立应用。通过使用这个磁盘分析工具，你可以轻松扫描文件夹，文件系统，不单是本地，远程目录一样可以轻松分析。
|
||||
|
||||
只需轻轻点击，便可以搞定一切！想要停止扫描？简单，在 baobab 用户界面的顶部，轻点 **Stop scanning** 按钮，完成。
|
||||
|
||||
我喜欢这个工具的简单性并且可以图形化表示数据，像饼状图和树形图。那么，现在你们在自己的机子上安装使用如何呢？
|
||||
|
||||
据我所知，ubuntu已经默认安装，如果没有，打开一个新终端（**CTRL+ALT+T**）,然后运行下列命令来安装它。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install baobab
|
||||
|
||||
安装完毕后，会分类至**应用程序, 系统工具, 磁盘分析器**，或者，直接使用下列命令，在终端中运行baobab。
|
||||
|
||||
baobab
|
||||
|
||||
下列图片显示了当它在你的机器运行时的界面。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如需扫描 Home 目录，点击 **Scan Home** 或者 Analyzer->Scan Home Folder 选项。完成扫描后，工具会做很多分析，耐心等待分析结果吧！
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
正如上图所见，baobab 扫描结果提供给我们很多信息，包括 Home 目录中每一个文件夹的使用情况、大小，以及所拥有文件数。右边有一个饼状示意图。如果你喜欢，选择上方的 **View as Treemap Chart**，你可以轻松地把它换成树状图。
|
||||
|
||||
下图显示的是，选择树状图代替默认的饼状图的界面。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如需扫描文件系统，选择 Analyzer->Scan Filesystem ,如果你懒得去点击这些，有一个简单方法，快捷键**CTRL+F**。
|
||||
|
||||
选择你喜欢的方式，两个方法都会起效并做同样的扫描。快捷键的确易用省时，但是如果不是天天用这个工具，也很难同时记住所有快捷键。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如何扫描文件夹？简单！Analyzer-> Scan A Folder -> 选择你想要扫描的文件夹，快捷键是 **CTRL+O** 。是不是非常简单？是的！看见 Scan a Folder 按钮了吗？点击它扫描就开始了！
|
||||
|
||||
下图显示了扫描完 python-nmap-0.1.4 后的结果。我用简单的方法得到了有用的信息列表。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
你已经学会了如何扫描 Home 目录、文件系统和指定文件夹。有一个重要的功能，我还没有告诉你，但我确定你一定可以自己学会。是不是有远程文件夹需要扫描？好好发挥一下脑力吧！
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/linux-basics-analyze-disk-usage-ubuntu-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[Vic___](http://www.vicyu.net) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
||||
Linux 命令黑白备忘录
|
||||
[大图] Linux 命令黑白备忘录
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
在你的桌面上保留一份打印的备忘录，我保证你会很快学会并成为一个专家。我们已经同时加入pdf和图片(png)两种格式的备忘录。如果你需要我们加入更多命令请保留我们的文章。命令依据它们的用途被分类成13类。我们将命令设计在如我们经常使用的linux shell那样的黑底白字。我们还加入了一些红色来提升注意。:-)
|
||||
|
||||
@ -8,6 +8,6 @@ Linux 命令黑白备忘录
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-commands-cheat-sheet/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[geekpi](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
|
||||
Linux 和 Unix 下 nload 应用程序：实时监控网络流量和带宽使用
|
||||
在 Linux/UNIX 终端下使用 nload 实时监控网络流量和带宽使用
|
||||
=================================================================================
|
||||
如果你想在命令行界面监控网络吞吐量，nload 应用程序是个不错的选择。它是一个实时监控网络流量和带宽使用的控制台应用程序，使用两个图表可视化地展示接收和发送的流量，并提供诸如数据交换总量、最小/最大网络带宽使用量等附加信息。
|
||||
|
||||
###安装###
|
||||
|
||||
#### 在 CentOS/RHEL/Red Hat/Fedora Linux 上安装 nload ####
|
||||
|
||||
首先在 CentOS 或者基于 RHEL 的操作系统上[启用 EPEL 仓库][1]，然后键入 [yum 命令][2]安装 nload：
|
||||
@ -65,6 +67,8 @@ Linux 和 Unix 下 nload 应用程序：实时监控网络流量和带宽使用
|
||||
|
||||
# make install
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用 ###
|
||||
|
||||
如何使用 nload 显示当前网络使用量呢？
|
||||
|
||||
基本语法是：
|
||||
@ -83,17 +87,17 @@ Linux 和 Unix 下 nload 应用程序：实时监控网络流量和带宽使用
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
图01: 使用 nload 命令
|
||||
*图01: 使用 nload 命令*
|
||||
|
||||
#### 操控 nload 应用程序 ####
|
||||
|
||||
nload 命令一旦执行就会开始监控网络设备，你可以使用下列快捷键操控 nload 应用程序。
|
||||
|
||||
1. 你可以按键盘上的 ← → 或者 Enter/Tab 键在设备间切换。
|
||||
1. 按 F2 显示选项窗口。
|
||||
1. 按 F5 将当前设置保存到用户配置文件。
|
||||
1. 按 F6 从配置文件重新加载设置。
|
||||
1. 按 q 或者 Ctrl+C 退出 nload。
|
||||
2. 按 F2 显示选项窗口。
|
||||
3. 按 F5 将当前设置保存到用户配置文件。
|
||||
4. 按 F6 从配置文件重新加载设置。
|
||||
5. 按 q 或者 Ctrl+C 退出 nload。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 设置显示刷新间隔 ####
|
||||
|
||||
@ -131,7 +135,7 @@ GIF 动画 01 - 使用 nload 命令
|
||||
|
||||
译自: http://www.cyberciti.biz/networking/nload-linux-command-to-monitor-network-traffic-bandwidth-usage/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[blueabysm](https://github.com/blueabysm) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[blueabysm](https://github.com/blueabysm) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
||||
邂逅uGet，一个令人惊奇的Linux下载管理器
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
功能强大下载管理器在Linux平台并不常见，不过有一些却有令人惊奇的功能，uGet就是其中之一。
|
||||
|
||||
当人们在Linux平台谈论下载管理器，他们通常觉得这些是在终端上。大多数情况下他们是对的。大多数下载管理器运行在终端上，而且做的很好，但是一些时候你还是想要一个友好的GUI。
|
||||
|
||||
[uGet][1]是非常强大的下载管理器，拥有许多功能，实际上这些功能是难以计数的。界面是由GTK+ 3构建，这意味着在多数Linux操作系统上看起来很不错。
|
||||
|
||||
它的下载队列管理功能可以恢复下载任务（如果服务器支持的话）、剪切板监控，支持HTTP/HTTPS/FTP/BitTorrent/Metalink账号、批量下载、FTP登陆、调度器、Aria2插件和我的个人收藏夹、断点续传（允许客户端多个时间连接同一台服务器并且在同一时间获取多个片段来增加速度）。
|
||||
|
||||
最妙的是，它可以轻松的集成到Firefox，Flashgot插件帮助下载，也有Chrome的专用扩展程序。
|
||||
|
||||
开发者为所有类型的Linux发行版提供了多个软件包，切记，它是完全免费的。
|
||||
|
||||
试试看吧!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Meet-uGet-an-Amazing-Download-Manager-for-Linux-430085.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[Vito](https://github.com/vito-L) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://ugetdm.com/
|
||||
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> 慕尼黑市政府已将接近 15,000 台 PC 从 Windows NT 操作系统迁移到了其自有的 Linux 发行版
|
||||
|
||||
IDG 新闻服务 - 慕尼黑市十年前开始向 Linux 迁移，今年我们见证了这项工程竣工。“我们学到的最深一课是，你无法在没有持续政策支持的情况下完成这样的项目。”LiMux 项目的负责人 Peter Hofmann 在总结经验时说。
|
||||
来自IDG 新闻 ： 慕尼黑市十年前开始向 Linux 迁移，今年我们见证了这项工程竣工。“我们学到的最深一课是，你无法在没有持续政策支持的情况下完成这样的项目。”LiMux 项目的负责人 Peter Hofmann 在总结经验时说。
|
||||
|
||||
慕尼黑市政府将他们网络上 15,000 台 PC 中大约 14,800 台迁移到了他们自有的基于 Ubuntu 的 Linux——LiMux 上。这超出了他们原定迁移 12,000 台桌面计算机的计划。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ IDG 新闻服务 - 慕尼黑市十年前开始向 Linux 迁移，今年我们见
|
||||
|
||||
Hofmann 说，政策支持是迁移成功的关键。
|
||||
|
||||
“我们从一至终都拥有政策的支持。我们得让政府官员们时刻掌握项目最新信息，就像对待股东一样。”他说。
|
||||
“我们从始至终都拥有政策的支持。我们得让政府官员们时刻掌握项目最新信息，就像对待股东一样。”他说。
|
||||
|
||||
借助这样的手段，这些政客们从未丧失对项目的兴趣，也始终能了解到项目干系人在做什么，他说。“我目睹过很多开源项目流产，”因为它们要么未得到、要么失去了政策支持，他说。
|
||||
借助这样的手段，这些政客们从未丧失对项目的兴趣，也始终能了解到项目执行人在做什么，他说。“我目睹过很多开源项目流产，”因为它们要么未得到、要么失去了政策支持，他说。
|
||||
|
||||
市政府原定 2009 年完成迁移计划，但事实上从最初作出决定到 LiMux 项目迁移完工大约耗费了十年时间。项目全程也经历了几次延期。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Hofmann 说，政策支持是迁移成功的关键。
|
||||
|
||||
项目第三次延期是在 2010 年，当时市议会决定扩大项目规模，Hofmann 说。风险管理、测试管理和需求工程作为三个附加任务目标被加进了项目里。
|
||||
|
||||
尽管困难重重，Hofmann 说他仍然愿意明天再做一次。
|
||||
尽管困难重重，Hofmann 说他仍然愿意下次再做一次。
|
||||
|
||||
慕尼黑市 IT 组织的异质性基础设施曾是该项目最大的问题之一，Hofmann 说。项目启动之初，22 个组织都有自己独有的配置、软硬件、进程、Windows 客户端知识以及相应投入使用的基础设施，他说。“我们想建设一个标准化的、集中交付和开发的 Linux 客户端，”他说。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Hofmann 说，LiMux 不存在支持合同。“你要支持合同干什么？实
|
||||
|
||||
尽管这样，抱怨依然存在。从外部组织收到的 Word 和 Excel 文档有时候不得不做些更改再发回去，这样一来会给互通性造成麻烦，他说。慕尼黑市正在说服与他们通信的人员使用 OpenOffice 的 ODF 格式文档，或者对不需要修改的文档使用 PDF 格式，Hofmann 说。慕尼黑市已经借助这一途径协助了互通工具在金融业的推广。
|
||||
|
||||
作为 OpenOffice 迁移计划的一部分，慕尼黑市还实现了 WollMux。这是一个用于模板和表单的 Office 扩展，于 2008 年以自由软件的形式发布，如今已经被少数其他组织采用，他说。
|
||||
作为 OpenOffice 迁移计划的一部分，慕尼黑市还开发了 WollMux。这是一个用于模板和表单的 Office 扩展，于 2008 年以自由软件的形式发布，如今已经被少数其他组织采用，他说。
|
||||
|
||||
清除 Microsoft Office 的工作中还存在其他一些障碍——该市内部应用程序对数以千计的 Microsoft Office 和 Visual Basic 宏的依赖就是其中之一，Hofmann 说。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ Hofmann 在对这个城市的未来信心满怀的时候也认识到并不是所
|
||||
|
||||
译自: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9245353/Moving_a_city_to_Linux_requires_political_backing_says_Munich_project_leader?taxonomyId=122
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[sailing](https://github.com/blueabysm) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[sailing](https://github.com/blueabysm) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
|
||||
开源文化不再仅仅局限于开发者
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
> 新一项调查显示，曾经作为开发者癖好的开源文化如今正在蔓延
|
||||
|
||||
十年前，开源是一项开发者运动，今天已远非如此。
|
||||
@ -17,7 +18,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
从 Linux 基金会的调查可以发现另一些有趣的事实，每一点都指向一个企业对开源事业影响力和参与度更大的未来。
|
||||
从 Linux 基金会的调查可以发现另一些有趣的事实，每一点都表明将来开源会对企业有更大的影响力，企业也会更多参与开源。
|
||||
|
||||
- 35% 的开发者在业余时间会使用开源软件，并会以贡献代码的方式参与到开源软件的开发中来。
|
||||
- 44% 的受访开发者表明，贡献开源软件的首要原因是工作需要。
|
||||
@ -33,7 +34,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
这不该是个令人震惊的消息。随着自由开源软件运动的成熟，约束较少的协议方式比如基于 GNU 通用许可协议（GPL）的 Apache 渐渐得到了青睐，运动本身的理念也走下神坛被越来越多地接受和采纳。巨大变革已经产生，[Github 一代常常回避各种正式许可协议][2]这一点已经成为事实（不过反过来也为自己带来了商业上的麻烦）。
|
||||
这不该是个令人震惊的消息。随着自由开源软件运动的成熟，约束较少的协议方式 Apache 许可协议比 GNU 通用许可协议（GPL）更受到了青睐，运动本身的理念也走下神坛被越来越多地接受和采纳。巨大变革已经产生，[Github 一代常常回避各种正式许可协议][2]这一点已经成为事实（不过反过来也为自己带来了商业上的麻烦）。
|
||||
|
||||
在各行各业里，组织都迫于压力降低成本提高产出，交付软件产品的时限也远比以往严格。作为其中之一的 Google 曾说，没有开源和开放标准，就没有今天的 Google。其他组织也逐渐意识到了这一点。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -41,7 +42,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
译自：http://readwrite.com/2014/03/26/open-source-development-business-managers-users-linux-foundation-study#feed=/hack&awesm=~ozHpY5jaMeoZsu
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[sailing](https://github.com/blueabysm) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[sailing](https://github.com/blueabysm) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
178
published/201404/Play the Best Linux Puzzle Games.md
Normal file
178
published/201404/Play the Best Linux Puzzle Games.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
|
||||
30个Linux上的益智小游戏
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
在Linux环境下有大量的免费游戏，其中还有许多是开源的，其中相当一部分非常引人注目。现在的主流游戏一般包含了全动态影像，矢量图形，3D图形，3D渲染，动画，纹理贴图，物理引擎，以及其他的技术。而早期的电脑游戏还没有使用这些图形技术，最早的电脑游戏是文字游戏或者基于文字的游戏，它们使用字符作为基本工具而不是矢量或点阵图像。
|
||||
|
||||
谚语'不要根据封面去评价一本书'可以扩展成'不要根据界面来评价一款电脑游戏'。尽管在这篇文章中提到的很多游戏都只有非常普通的界面，它们从其他方面来弥补，包括挑战性的玩法，以及锻炼脑力。
|
||||
|
||||
本文的目的是找出那些受欢迎的益智游戏，这些游戏可以促进智力，或用做日常消遣。
|
||||
|
||||
本文的重点是那些不太受关注的免费Linux游戏，而不是Steam平台的类似商业游戏。这里列出来的所有游戏都值得一玩，尽管它们大多没有像商业同类应用那样精心美化，可玩性仍然不错。
|
||||
|
||||
这个列表中所包含的游戏，需要达到以下的要求：
|
||||
|
||||
- 免费（没有下载费用，没有月度费用）
|
||||
- 不需要通过Wine来执行。Wine是一个运行Windows软件的兼容层。
|
||||
- 必须有可玩性和有趣。
|
||||
|
||||
现在，让我们来检查一下手上的30款游戏。我们为每一款游戏做了一个页面，里面有游戏截图，游戏的完整描述，游戏特性的深度分析，以及相关资源和评论的链接。
|
||||
|
||||
### 益智游戏 ###
|
||||
|
||||
### [Neverball][1] 倾斜地板来滚动一个球并通过障碍物
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [Incredipede][2] 赞美世界生命的多样性
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [Frozen Bubble][3] 投掷彩色泡泡搭建或销毁组合
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [Enigma][4] 找到有相同颜色的Oxyd石头对
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [Crack Attack!][5] 类似于Super Nintendo的经典游戏"Tetris Attack"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [Puzzle Collection][6] 36个谜题，大部分是重新实现的
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [Zaz][7] 简单容易上瘾的益智游戏
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [Berusky][8] 基于一个古老的名叫Sokoban的益智游戏
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [gbrainy][9] 锻炼记忆，算术，逻辑能力
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [Monsterz][10] Arcade益智游戏，类似于Bejeweled, Zookeeper或Zooo
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [levelHead][11] 3D空间记忆游戏
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [gjid][12] 移动箱子来通过复杂的迷宫送到回收箱里
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [Bombermaaan][13] 经典Bomberman游戏的多人版本
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [Angry, Drunken Dwarves][14] 类似Puzzle Fighter的好玩益智游戏
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [Berusky 2][15] 挑战你的视觉/空间思维能力
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [Numpty Physics][16] 受Crayon Physics启发的绘画益智游戏
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [Amoebax][17] Puyo类型益智游戏
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [Klest-crossword][18] 跨平台的纵横字谜游戏
|
||||
|
||||
(缺图)
|
||||
|
||||
### [Xwelltris][19] 2.5D类俄罗斯方块游戏
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [I Have No Tomatoes][20] 超级休闲时间的活动
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [Cube Trains][21] 在一座城市里建造高架铁路
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [Pingus][22] 类似Lemmings的游戏
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [Trackballs][23] 基于OpenGL的迷宫弹珠游戏
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [Brain Workshop][24] Dual n-back大脑练习
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [rezerwar][25] 给方块加入了有方向的管道的益智游戏
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [Brain Party][26] 解谜，脑力训练游戏
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [JAG][27] 类似KDiamonds的2D游戏
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [Atomic Worm][28] 刺激的类似贪食蛇游戏
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [Pioneers][29] 基于Settlers of Catan
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### [Fish Fillets NG][30] Altar Interactive平台的FIsh Fillets游戏的移植
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140201084806845/PuzzleGames.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/2008051019354650/Neverball.html
|
||||
[2]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140201101247656/Incredipede.html
|
||||
[3]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20080510102350336/FrozenBubble.html
|
||||
[4]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20080524072250420/Enigma.html
|
||||
[5]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20080524100816516/CrackAttack%21.html
|
||||
[6]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140201135434313/PuzzleCollection.html
|
||||
[7]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20101211064900466/Zaz.html
|
||||
[8]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140201113353386/Berusky.html
|
||||
[9]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20080525211221167/gbrainy.html
|
||||
[10]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/2009081921375955/Monsterz.html
|
||||
[11]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20090815144344770/levelHead.html
|
||||
[12]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140201142055360/gjid.html
|
||||
[13]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140201161809886/Bombermaaan.html
|
||||
[14]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/2009081514441763/AngryDrunkenDwarves.html
|
||||
[15]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140201183159376/Berusky2.html
|
||||
[16]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20101211063800755/NumptyPhysics.html
|
||||
[17]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20090819213709180/Amoebax.html
|
||||
[18]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140201165631283/Klest-crossword.html
|
||||
[19]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20090819213733554/Xwelltris.html
|
||||
[20]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140201163108930/IHaveNoTomatoes.html
|
||||
[21]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140201152715356/CubeTrains.html
|
||||
[22]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20080510105058649/Pingus.html
|
||||
[23]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20090819212528284/Trackballs.html
|
||||
[24]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20100501151619134/BrainWorkshop.html
|
||||
[25]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20100503031223387/rezerwar.html
|
||||
[26]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20100503031206947/BrainParty.html
|
||||
[27]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20100808120210293/JAG.html
|
||||
[28]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/2010080812021597/AtomicWorm.html
|
||||
[29]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20090815144506601/Pioneers.html
|
||||
[30]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20080517164445969/FishFillets.html
|
||||
@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
|
||||
红帽更新开源软件开发工具
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
[红帽][1]（RHT）更新了其开源编程语言和开发工具，即熟知的红帽集群软件，目前可用的是1.1测试版本。这套开发套件（独立发布的）是其旗舰产品[红帽企业版Linux][2]（RHEL）的补充。
|
||||
[红帽][1]（RHT）更新了其开源编程语言和开发工具，即熟知的红帽软件集合，目前可用的是1.1测试版本。这套开发套件（独立发布的）是其旗舰产品[红帽企业版Linux][2]（RHEL）的补充。
|
||||
|
||||
红帽集群软件[发布][3]于2013年秋季，其目标群体是那些想要借助单一来源来部署最新的稳定版本的主导开源编程语言、数据库和工具集的开源软件开发者。红帽以订阅服务方式提供这组套件，承诺会比RHEL提供更多的软件更新。而通常情况下，只有在公司推出操作系统自身的新版本时，才会更新软件包。
|
||||
红帽软件集合[发布][3]于2013年秋季，其目标群体是那些想要借助单一来源来部署最新的稳定版本的主导开源编程语言、数据库和工具集的开源软件开发者。红帽以订阅服务方式提供这组套件，承诺会比RHEL提供更多的软件更新。而通常情况下，只有在公司推出操作系统自身的新版本时，才会更新软件包。
|
||||
|
||||
红帽计划每18个月发布一次红帽集群软件的新版本，但也会提供更加频繁地增量更新。这个平台的1.1版本是自红帽推出这项服务之后的首次更新，属于那些次要的更新之一。[根据红帽官方][4]，主要包括以下改变：
|
||||
红帽计划每18个月发布一次新的红帽软件集合的大版本，但也会提供更加频繁地增量更新。这个平台的1.1版本是自红帽推出这项服务之后的首次更新，属于那些次要的更新之一。[根据红帽官方][4]，主要包括以下改变：
|
||||
|
||||
- 两个全新的开源HTTP服务器选项：Apache HTTP服务器和Ngnix（技术预览版）
|
||||
- PHP 5.5，为web开发设计的服务器端脚本语言
|
||||
@ -12,13 +12,13 @@
|
||||
- MongoDB，一款高性能开源文档数据库和领先的NoSQL数据库，提供高可用性和易可扩展性
|
||||
- Thermostat 1.0，一款监控多个主机上Java虚拟机实例的工具
|
||||
|
||||
尽管目前红帽软件集群不像RHEL一样是红帽商业的重要部分，但对开源社区来说这是一个很好的范例，体现在一个组织在开源开发快速增长和自然分散的情况下如何协调用户对稳定且时新的软件需求。像红帽一样的开源供应商严重依赖于第三方产生代码，但同时它们很少发布软件的新版本——甚至经常不严格遵照定期发布时间安排——这也是为什么一个开源平台很难完全保持最新。但是红帽承担起这份工作，将远端开源项目最新的稳定发布版本合并一个集成的软件套件中，为开发者节省了大量的时间——当然前提是他们已经订阅了这款软件集群。
|
||||
尽管目前红帽软件集合不像RHEL一样是红帽商业的重要部分，但对开源社区来说这是一个很好的范例，体现在一个组织在开源开发快速增长和自然分散的情况下如何协调用户对稳定且时新的软件需求。像红帽一样的开源供应商严重依赖于第三方产生代码，但同时它们很少发布软件的新版本——甚至经常不严格遵照定期发布时间安排——这也是为什么一个开源平台很难完全保持最新。但是红帽承担起这份工作，将远端开源项目最新的稳定发布版本合并一个集成的软件套件中，为开发者节省了大量的时间——当然前提是他们已经订阅了这款红帽软件集合。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/032414/red-hat-updates-open-source-software-development-tools
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[KayGuoWhu](https://github.com/KayGuoWhu) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[KayGuoWhu](https://github.com/KayGuoWhu) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
||||
Linux 发行版 Ultimate Edition 3.9 太坑爹了
|
||||
==================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**基于 Ubuntu 13.04（Raring Ringtail）的 Linux 发行版 Ultimate Edition 3.9 已经发布并可供下载。**
|
||||
|
||||
Ultimate Edition 的上一个版本很接地气，有点儿有意思的功能。Ultimate Edition 本来是为数不多的选择 Unity 作为桌面环境的发行版，但目前这个版本太坑爹了。
|
||||
|
||||
你会发现最新版本的桌面环境变成 KDE 了，还是个又难看又恶心的 KDE 变种。Ultimate Edition 的开发者曾为窗口管理器实现了一系列酷炫的特效，现在这种闪光点再也闪不出光了。
|
||||
|
||||
这个发行版内置了包括 FireFox 在内的一堆浏览器、LibreOffice 和一大堆功能重叠的应用程序。可能开发者觉得提供多种用途相同的软件是个好主意。
|
||||
|
||||
Ultimate Edition 3.9 被当做一个稳定的发行版，它鼓励用户使用它时要有信心，我们只好问自己，为什么会有人有信心。
|
||||
|
||||
[官方网站的公告][1]包含有关这次发布的更多详情。你可以下载 Linux 发行版 [Ultimate Edition 3.9][2] 试试看。
|
||||
|
||||
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
译自: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ultimate-Edition-3-9-Linux-Distro-Is-a-Complete-Mess-436797.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[sailing](https://github.com/blueabysm) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://ultimateedition.info/ultimate_edition/time-is-of-the-essence/
|
||||
[2]:http://ultimateedition.info/ultimate-edition/ultimate_edition_3-6/
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
||||
哪个视频编辑软件在 Linux 上好用？
|
||||
十一款 Linux 上的视频编辑软件横评
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
视频编辑器能让你完成各式各样的视频后期制作的活儿，包括常见的编排、剪切、拼接、剪辑以及其他通过时间轴界面的视频片段增强功能（例如为视频片段增加特效）。在现代的视频编辑软件中，像多编解码器导入/转码、非线性视频编辑甚至是高清视频支持，都早已变成了行业标准。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -134,7 +134,7 @@
|
||||
- 许可协议： GNU GPL
|
||||
- 跨平台 (Linux, MacOS X, Windows)
|
||||
- 支持基于 FFmpeg 的多种文件类型
|
||||
- 允许自定义用户解密那，面板可停靠
|
||||
- 允许自定义用户界面，面板可停靠
|
||||
- 多种格式的时间轴（比如不同的分辨率及帧频）
|
||||
- 捕捉网络摄像头，HDMI，IP流和 X11 屏幕
|
||||
- 允许从文件管理器中拖放文件
|
||||
@ -145,7 +145,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
译自: http://xmodulo.com/2014/03/good-video-editing-software-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[sailing](https://github.com/blueabysm) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[sailing](https://github.com/blueabysm) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,17 +1,14 @@
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu, Debian 8, 和Arch Linux 上的仿Windows 7 & 8 桌面美化包
|
||||
给你的 Linux 桌面披上 Windows 8 的外衣
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
**开发者完成了新的仿Windows 7/8 的LXDE美化包，并且支持了呼声很高的Arch Linux。 **
|
||||
**开发者已经完成了新的仿Windows 7/8 的LXDE美化包，并且支持了呼声很高的Arch Linux。 **
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
不管你喜不喜欢，还是有很多人乐意把他们的系统美化成Windows 7或者Windows 8的界面。开发者制作了一个美化包能让这些用户安全的转换，并且尽量模仿了Windows 系统的界面。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
LXDE的仿Windows 7/8美化包已经存在了一段时间，但是它在过去几个月仅仅得到了有限的影响，而且安装它也不是那么容易。因为它存在着很特殊的依赖性：必须安装LXPanel, LXSession (需要最新的0.4.9版本来更换图标、gtk主题和光标), PCManFM, Compton, Openbox, SliM, gtk2-engines-murrine 和gtk2-engines-pixbuf.
|
||||
LXDE的仿Windows 7/8美化包已经存在了一段时间，但是它在过去几个月仅仅得到了有限的影响，而且安装它也不是那么容易。因为它存在着很特殊的依赖性：必须安装LXPanel, LXSession (需要最新的0.4.9版本来更换图标、gtk主题和光标), PCManFM, Compton, Openbox, SliM, gtk2-engines-murrine 和gtk2-engines-pixbuf。
|
||||
|
||||
目前这个美化包能运行在Debian (Jessie) 和Ubuntu 上，你只需要在官方仓库上下载LXDE的包安装即可。奇怪的是，这个包不支持Lubuntu。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -26,7 +23,7 @@ LXDE的仿Windows 7/8美化包已经存在了一段时间，但是它在过去
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Windows-7-8-Complete-Transformation-Pack-Out-for-Ubuntu-Debian-8-and-Arch-Linux-431448.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[NearTan](https://github.com/NearTan) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[NearTan](https://github.com/NearTan) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
nSnake: 在Linux的终端上玩经典的贪食蛇游戏
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
你知道20世纪末的那些古老的诺基亚手机上最棒的东西是什么吗？ [贪食蛇][1] 我以前在这个看似无聊但却让人上瘾的游戏上花费了大把的时间。在古老的诺基亚手机被智能手机取代的同时，贪食蛇也被另外的无聊但却令人上瘾的游戏取代了，比如说：[神庙逃亡][2]。但是，贪食蛇本身的魅力仍在。
|
||||
你知道20世纪末的那些古老的诺基亚手机上最棒的东西是什么吗？ [贪食蛇][1]! 我以前在这个看似无聊但却让人上瘾的游戏上花费了大把的时间。在古老的诺基亚手机被智能手机取代的同时，贪食蛇也被另外的无聊但却令人上瘾的游戏取代了，比如说：[神庙逃亡][2]。但是，贪食蛇本身的魅力仍在。
|
||||
|
||||
在Android，iOS以及Web上有很多可以玩的贪食蛇游戏。另外，在Linux终端上也有类似的游戏。对，你没有听错，Linux终端上真的有。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ nSnake: 在Linux的终端上玩经典的贪食蛇游戏
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/nsnake-play-classic-snake-game-linux-terminal/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[intermerlin](https://github.com/intermerlin) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[intermerlin](https://github.com/intermerlin) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
46
published/Atom Is Now Open Source.md
Normal file
46
published/Atom Is Now Open Source.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
|
||||
Atom开源了！！！
|
||||
=======================
|
||||
|
||||
今天，我们兴奋地宣布：在[MIT开源许可证][1]下，Atom开源了！我们看到，GitHub努力以构建更好的软件为首要任务，而Atom对此是一个完美的补充。Atom是个长期的投入，GitHub将继续由专门的团队支持其发展。但是我们也知道，我们对Atom的愿景不可能独自实现。在过去的30年里Emacs和Vim已经证明，如果你想建立一个活跃的持续的文本编辑器社区，必须开源！
|
||||
|
||||
## Atom包含了什么？
|
||||
|
||||
Atom的许多功能是通过包来提供的，从我们发布beta版开始所有Atom包就已经开源。今天，我们会开源Atom的剩余部分，包括核心应用程序、Atom包管理器，以及基于Chromium的桌面应用程序框架和Atom Shell。
|
||||
|
||||
### Atom核心
|
||||
|
||||
[Atom核心][2]包含了包以外的应用程序部分。包括构建系统、Atom国际化环境、工作区和窗口，以及文本编辑组件。随着时间的推移，我们从Atom中把一些功能提取出来放入库中以便能独立使用，我们期望这个过程能一直持续下去。
|
||||
|
||||
### Atom包管理器
|
||||
|
||||
Atom包管理器，[`apm`][3], 是个客户端库和命令行多功能程序，用来帮助发布和安装Atom包。 `apm`目前是由`atom.io`提供支持，但是我们计划将后端API标准化，如此你就能管理自己的注册簿（registy）了。
|
||||
|
||||
### Atom Shell
|
||||
|
||||
最后，同Atom一样，我们真的很兴奋[Atom Shell][4]也能够开源。超过2.5年的开发，Atom像个寄居蟹一样，它首先在Cocoa `WebView`中开始生命，然后移居到[Chromium嵌入式框架][5], 最终安家在Atom Shell中。我们短暂尝试了使用[Node-Webkit][6]，但是我们决定采用@zcbenz构建的框架。
|
||||
|
||||
我们采取在整洁、可维护的环境中整合Chromium和Node，包括在Node中发起增加[multi-context支持][7]。我们也建立了[brightray][8]和[libchromiumcontent][9]，使其更易嵌入Chromium到本地应用程序作为共享库。
|
||||
|
||||
## 关于未来！
|
||||
|
||||
在准备发布Atom 1.0版本之前仍然有大量的工作要做。在接下来几个月，我们将集中改善性能，在Linux和Windows上发放测试，以及使API趋于稳定。我们认为开源会帮助我们更快达到目标，更重要的是，源代码将给你透明度和控制权，你能从你的工具中告诉我们你想要的。
|
||||
|
||||
在迄今为止的Atom beta版本中我们感谢每个参与进来的开发者。你的反馈，包和推送请求（PR）是无价的。如果我们不是打算做个能够陪伴一生的编辑器的话，我们是不会创造它的，我们很高兴把这关键的一步变为现实！
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://blog.atom.io/2014/05/06/atom-is-now-open-source.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[Vito](https://github.com/vito-L) 校对：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://choosealicense.com/licenses/mit/
|
||||
[2]:https://github.com/atom/atom
|
||||
[3]:https://github.com/atom/apm
|
||||
[4]:https://github.com/atom/atom-shell
|
||||
[5]:https://code.google.com/p/chromiumembedded/
|
||||
[6]:https://github.com/rogerwang/node-webkit
|
||||
[7]:http://strongloop.com/strongblog/whats-new-node-js-v0-12-multiple-context-execution/
|
||||
[8]:https://github.com/brightray/brightray
|
||||
[9]:https://github.com/brightray/libchromiumcontent
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
|
||||
Canonical公司的Ubuntu 14.04关注在长期服务上
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Ubuntu 14.04的服务器版配备Docker引擎和更好的固态硬盘支持
|
||||
|
||||
来自IDG新闻服务消息：因为各机构将本地系统移动到了云端，Canonical公司希望他们同时考虑更换一下操作系统到Ubuntu上。
|
||||
|
||||
Canonical公司的Ubuntu Server产品经理Mark Baker说：“当人们移动到云端时，它往往涉及到重新设计应用程序，众多企业都想要获得横向扩展和云技术的便利之处。”
|
||||
|
||||
鉴于一些类似于云服务迁移的的急迫性，[据Gartner的调查][1]，在未来几年内，约百分之七十的CIO打算重新评估他们在IT供应商的选择。Baker说：“我们看到了这方面的迹象。”
|
||||
|
||||
前不久发布的服务器版的Ubuntu 14.04中，Canonical公司强调了在宿主环境中，机构是如何运用它来作为运行大型关键任务应用程序的基础。这个版本带有长期支持和许多云方面的软件程序，如Docker，最新版本的OpenStack。
|
||||
|
||||
> Baker说：“我们现在更加意识到我们正在创造一个为企业所采用的平台”
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Ubuntu 14.04 是一个长期支持版本(LTS)，意味着它将会有五年的补丁和支持，这使得它作为企业长期的生产应用更可行。这次它也将允许用户从Ubuntu自身的版本库系统更新软件包。
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Canonical公司每年发布两个新的Ubuntu版本，但是每两年发布一个LTS版本，其他非LTS版本只支持九个月。
|
||||
>
|
||||
>使用常规的非LTS版本，九个月后，用户将不再得到bug修复，无法从Canonical那儿更新软件或操作系统。如果用户选择这样做，那他们只有约三个月来更新系统。
|
||||
>
|
||||
>长期支持版本来的正是时候，它将解决在基础软件中发现的日益严重的安全漏洞，如OpenSSL的“心脏出血”安全漏洞[这使无数的Web应用程序容易受到攻击][2].
|
||||
|
||||
上周，微软停止支持Windows XP操作系统，可能会使数以百万计的用户[面临攻击][3].
|
||||
|
||||
Baker说，使用Ubuntu服务器版操作系统的人中大约有百分之七十使用LTS版本。
|
||||
|
||||
Baker说：“在没到合适时间的时候，机构并不想升级，五年是一段很长的时间，这给了他们找到正确迁移路径更多的选择。”
|
||||
|
||||
Baker承认，新版本中相对较少的新包和功能，主要是由于Canonical公司为了使得软件可供长期使用。
|
||||
|
||||
该公司与其他硬件和软件供应商已经做了大量的沟通，如AMD，思科和云供应商如亚马逊，Joyent，惠普等等。
|
||||
|
||||
[星期四发布][4]的版本包括了称为冰室的最新的OpenStack云托管软件.
|
||||
|
||||
值得注意的是OpenStack本身只会通过接下来的下两个版本来对每个版本进行支持，[从现在开始大约18个月][5].
|
||||
|
||||
这也是Ubuntu 14.04第一次包含Docker ——[一个开源的Linux应用容器引擎，支持轻量级运行完整的虚拟机][6]
|
||||
|
||||
还包括了XFS第一版，一个最初由SGI(硅图形)公司开发的高性能的64位日志文件系统。Canonical公司的竞争对手Red Hat[计划使用XFS][7]作为小红帽Linux企业版(RHEL)的默认文件系统。
|
||||
|
||||
小红帽Linux企业版中同样包含Docker和OpenStack。
|
||||
|
||||
同样的，Canonical公司的Ubuntu也将更有效的支持固态硬盘(SSD)。Ubuntu 14.04配备了[一月份发布的][8]Linux 3.13 内核。Linux 3.13包括一个称为多队列块层的新技术，通过将作业分发到多核提高了SSD磁盘读写性能。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9247694/Canonical_39_s_Ubuntu_14.04_focuses_on_the_long_haul?taxonomyId=122
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[tenght](https://github.com/tenght) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2685515
|
||||
[2]:http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9247671/Server_makers_rush_their_Heartbleed_patches
|
||||
[3]:http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9247525/Microsoft_Patch_Tuesday_bids_adieu_to_Windows_XP
|
||||
[4]:https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/Icehouse_Release_Schedule
|
||||
[5]:https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/Releases
|
||||
[6]:http://www.infoworld.com/d/virtualization/docker-challenges-virtualization-market-containers-235897
|
||||
[7]:http://www.infoworld.com/t/linux/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-beta-now-available-232520
|
||||
[8]:http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.13
|
||||
[9]:http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTUwNDc
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
||||
日常 Ubuntu 小技巧 - Ubuntu 中安装 NetBeans IDE 8.0
|
||||
每日 Ubuntu 小技巧 : Ubuntu 中安装 NetBeans IDE 8.0
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
NetBeans 8.0 刚刚发布，如果你还没有安装的话，这篇简短的教程将会演示如何在 Ubuntu 系统上快速的安装。对安装 NetBeans 需要帮助的开发者来说，这往篇文章会是不错的指导。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -42,13 +42,13 @@ NetBeans 8.0 刚刚发布，如果你还没有安装的话，这篇简短的教
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
享受吧！
|
||||
祝你顺利~
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2014/03/daily-ubuntu-tips-install-netbeans-ide-8-0-in-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
|
||||
每日Ubuntu技巧 ：让Trusty Tahr变得更好
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.04 Trusty Tahr 已发布，如果你是其中之一的安装者，你需要做一些事来提升你的使用体验。
|
||||
|
||||
对于那些升级，这可能已经做完了，你不必再去做它，除非你没有在Ubuntu 13.10 里做这些。
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu 并不是完全开箱即用的。有一些可以提升体验的包和工具由于合法问题被Canonical排除在外。
|
||||
|
||||
这些包如果没有安装，会使观看电影，播放flash视频和收听MP3文件变得困难。由于法律或者其他原因，Ubuntu的父公司将它们排除在外。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你希望做上面这些事情，你必须继续下去来学习如何解决这些问题。
|
||||
|
||||
对于已经安装Ubuntu 13.10 并且准备升级的人，[阅读这篇文章][1]，或者点击下面的链接。
|
||||
|
||||
当你已经升级或者安装好了Ubuntu 14.04，打开你的命令行，接着运行下面的命令来安装缺失的可以在Ubuntu上更简易地播放媒体文件的包。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install ubuntu-restricted-extras
|
||||
|
||||
当提示输入密码后，按回车继续。在安装完后，继而测试你的系统。这个包帮助安装Adobe Flash Player，MP3编码器，这样你就可以收听MP3音乐，电影插件来观看合法的DVD电影，和其他有用的事。
|
||||
|
||||
因此，无论你何时安装Ubuntu，首先试着安装这个包。这会在你使用Ubuntu时，提升你的一点体验。
|
||||
|
||||
这还有一种情况是你想要观看加密的DVD电影。在这种情形下，你需要运行下面的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install libavformat-extra-54 libavcodec-extra-54 libdvdread4
|
||||
|
||||
接着运行下面的命令，你就完成了。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo /usr/share/doc/libdvdread4/install-css.sh
|
||||
|
||||
最后，安装VLC媒体播放器，这是一个在Windows和Linux系统上一个很棒的观看DVD电影的程序。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install vlc
|
||||
|
||||
希望这对你有帮助。
|
||||
|
||||
祝你体验愉快！
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2014/04/daily-ubuntu-tips-make-ubuntu-14-04-trusty-tahr-perform-better/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.liberiangeek.net/2014/01/daily-ubuntu-tips-upgrade-to-ubuntu-14-04-trusty-tahr-from-13-10/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
|
||||
2014 GPU技术大会上关于Linux的嵌入式技术和应用
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
今年我第一次参加了在加利福尼亚圣琼斯举办的[GPU技术大会][1]（就在[游戏开发者大会][2]之后的星期里）。在这次由NVIDIA主办的会议上，广泛讨论了包括自动化，动画，游戏，科研，云，系统集成，和新兴公司在内的各个领域的主题。活动议程主要由三大部分组成，500场技术会议，实地编程场所和展示，以及一个展示大厅可以让参与者展示他们最新的工作成果。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第一个活动在第二天，由NVIDIA CEO黄仁勋带来的演讲。他公布了应用于公司的下一代GPGPU产品的全新架构[Pascal][3]，以及被称为世界上第一台嵌入式超级电脑的[Jetson TK1][4]。Pascal将应用在下一代超级电脑或者工作站上，而Jetson主要针对嵌入式市场，这两个都普遍使用了Linux。活动中还展示了奥迪的应用了Jetson架构的无人驾驶汽车，最后以每位参与者都获赠一部应用了Android系统的NVIDIA Shield的通知结束。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第二个活动重点是Pixar的实时渲染现场演示，展示了动画设计师们如何受益于最新的GPU技术，而更有效地在最终渲染之前获取反馈。最后的活动由Adam Gazzaley博士主持，来自加州大学三藩分校的神经学科学家，他在研究应用视频游戏来帮助增强认知。活动现场展示了使用Occulus Rift游戏头盔做的虚拟现实技术，实时电子测量/反馈数据到游戏中。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我参加这次大会的主要原因之一是想更多地了解一下目前可视化领域的最新开发情况，活动中有很多会议关注这个领域以及GPGPU协同运算和可视化实时反馈。越来越多的超级电脑也开始应用GPGPU加速，例如橡树岭国家实验室的Titan。大部分会议由NVIDIA工程师和开发者主持，不过也有许多会议由研究实际问题的科学家带来（相对于渲染/可视化，大部分关注在GPGPU）。还有一场海报会议，展示大范围的各种应用，还提供了和开发之直接对话的机会。许多项目都是开源的，扩展应用了许多我们熟悉的库。
|
||||
|
||||
很明显OpenGL在这个领域很活跃，有大量令人激动的开发。有意思的是，它们之中大多数借助了游戏产业的持续增长，因为需要移植到新的基于Linux的平台比如[SteamOS][5]。在OpenGL未来会议上展示了运行在Jetson平台的现场演示，而且在之前游戏开发者大会上的[实现零驱动开销][6]的演讲在本次大会中被大量引用。一些二进制驱动的改善被提到，用来更好地支持采用nVidia的Optix平台的场景图形和实时光线跟踪技术，通过大会的一个获奖作品[HIV壳体展示][7]，展示了GPU技术在科研领域带来的促进作用。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://opensource.com/life/14/4/gpu-technology-conference-2014
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.gputechconf.com/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.gdconf.com/
|
||||
[3]:http://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2014/03/25/gpu-roadmap-pascal/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.nvidia.com/object/jetson-tk1-embedded-dev-kit.html
|
||||
[5]:http://steamcommunity.com/linux
|
||||
[6]:http://www.slideshare.net/CassEveritt/approaching-zero-driver-overhead
|
||||
[7]:http://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2014/03/27/researchers-win-third-annual-cuda-achievement-award-three-new-cuda-fellows-named/
|
||||
149
published/File encryption with GNU Privacy Guard.md
Normal file
149
published/File encryption with GNU Privacy Guard.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
|
||||
用GNU Privacy Guard加密文件
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
加密技术可以保证你的文件使用加密形式存储，不管你是要把它公开到因特网，备份到服务器，用U盘携带，还是保存在笔记本里。加密你的数据，意味着除非是你认可的接收者，其他人都不可以读取，这样可以防止信息泄漏。
|
||||
|
||||
### GPG (GNU Privacy Guard) ###
|
||||
|
||||
GPG是GNU Privacy Guard的缩写。它是一种基于密钥的加密方式，使用了一对密钥对消息进行加密和解密，来保证消息的安全传输。一开始，用户通过数字证书认证软件生成一对公钥和私钥。任何其他想给该用户发送加密消息的用户，需要先从证书机构的公共目录获取接收者的公钥，然后用公钥加密信息，再发送给接收者。当接收者收到加密消息后，他可以用自己的私钥来解密，而私钥是不应该被其他人拿到的。
|
||||
|
||||
### GPG 使用公钥和私钥 ###
|
||||
|
||||
公钥是你共享出来的一个公开密钥，它可以被发给任何你希望收到加密信息的人，他们可以使用你的公钥来加密信息。公钥本身不能用来解密自己加密过的信息，只有你自己——那个拥有对应私钥的人——能够解密。私钥是你自己的私人密码，可以用来解密用你的公钥加密过的信息。如果你把私钥泄漏给别人，那么他将可以解密并查看那些使用你的公钥加密过的信息。
|
||||
|
||||
### 在终端里使用GPG ###
|
||||
|
||||
如今大多数的Linux发行版都默认包含了GPG。想检查一下的话，打开终端并输入：
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --version
|
||||
|
||||
然后你应该看到版本。如果是这样的话，你不需要做其他事情了。否则，你需要从你的发行版软件仓库里安装GPG。
|
||||
|
||||
### 生成密钥 ###
|
||||
|
||||
想使用GPG来加密你的通讯，你需要先创建一对密码。首先，打开终端并运行下面的命令：
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --gen-key
|
||||
|
||||
然后会有如下提示：
|
||||
|
||||
Please select what kind of key you want:
|
||||
(1) DSA and Elgamal (default)
|
||||
(2) DSA (sign only)
|
||||
(5) RSA (sign only)
|
||||
Your selection?
|
||||
|
||||
这里要选择数字1，因为它可以用来加密和解密，第二和第三个选项只能让你给信息签名。按下数字1，然后按回车。
|
||||
|
||||
然后会有如下提示：
|
||||
|
||||
1 DSA key-pair will have 1024 bits.
|
||||
2 ELG-E keys may be between 1024 and 4096 bits long.
|
||||
3 What key-size do you want? (2048)
|
||||
|
||||
这里最好输入“2048”，就像GPG推荐的那样。如果你不希望你的密钥过期的话（在后面的提示里，选择0）。如果有提示说信息是否正确的话，回答Yes，然后输入你的真实名字，email地址，以及一个说明（可选的）。如果一切顺利，按下“哦”（对应着OK）然后回车。
|
||||
|
||||
在这之后，会提示你输入一个密码，密码会要求重复输入一次。通常，请使用一个难于破解的加强密码，而不推荐用名字/地址/生日/单词等等来做密码。
|
||||
|
||||
在输好密码之后，请按照终端里的提示信息做：我们需要生成大量的随机数，建议您在生成素数的过程中做一下这些动作（敲击键盘，移动鼠标，读写硬盘），这样会让随机数生成器有机会获取更大的熵。
|
||||
|
||||
生成好密钥以后，你应该会看到一条类似的提示信息：gpg: key 083C39A4 marked as ultimately trusted. public and secret key created and signed.
|
||||
|
||||
### 密钥服务器 ###
|
||||
|
||||
密钥服务器是用来发布你的公钥，并将其分发到其他人的服务器，这样其他用户可以轻松的根据你数据库中的名字（或者e-mail地址）来获取你的公钥，并给你发送加密信息。这样可以避免把公钥直接拷贝给你的朋友的方式，而让其他人直接通过在线数据库来找到你。
|
||||
|
||||
上传你的公钥到密钥服务器：
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --send-keys --keyserver [keyservers.address.com] [yourpublicid]
|
||||
|
||||
你需要把keyservers.address.com替换成你选择的服务器（或者用mit.edu，它会跟其他服务器做同步），还需要把命令行中的*yourpublicid*替换成你的。最终执行的命令看上去会大概是下面这样子：
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --send-keys --keyserver hkp://pgp.mit.edu 083C39A4
|
||||
|
||||
### 加密文件 ###
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想给你的朋友发送一个用他的公钥加密过的文件，可以用下面的命令：
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg -o encrypted_file.gpg --encrypt -r key-id original.file
|
||||
|
||||
命令解释：
|
||||
|
||||
-o encrypted_file.gpg = 指定输出文件
|
||||
--encrypt = 做加密
|
||||
-r = 接收者的KEY-ID，比如这里就填你朋友的KEY-ID。
|
||||
original.file = 指定要加密的文件
|
||||
|
||||
### 解密文件 ###
|
||||
|
||||
如果有人给你发送了一个用你的公钥加密过的文件，你可以按下面的方式解密：
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --decrypt filename.gpg
|
||||
|
||||
### 对称加密 ###
|
||||
|
||||
你还可以使用GPG做对称加密，来给文件加上一个密码。这种不同于公钥加密的方式，在对称加密中，同一个密钥用于加密和解密。这种方式在处理信息的时候会简单点，但是保密性没那么好，因为需要把密码告诉接收者。下面是用密码加密文件的命令：
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg -c filename.txt
|
||||
|
||||
解密这个文件，用下面的命令：
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg filename.txt
|
||||
|
||||
然后，会提示你输入密码，之后就开始解密文件。
|
||||
|
||||
### 文档数字签名 ###
|
||||
|
||||
数字签名非常类似于你在信件或者重要文件的末尾签上自己的名字，它表示这份文件确实是由你发出来的。通过数字签名，它会计算整个文件内容的SHA1哈希值，然后把这个值附加到签名末尾。如果文件内容被篡改，签名的校验就会失败，可以用来鉴定伪造。如果用户自己在签名后编辑了这份文件，签名校验也会失败，因为此时文件的SHA1哈希值已经和之前签名时不同了。
|
||||
|
||||
对一份文件做数字签名，运行下面的命令：
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --clearsign filename.txt
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 生成销毁密钥 ###
|
||||
|
||||
销毁密钥可以在你的私钥泄漏或者怀疑泄漏的时候，吊销你的公钥。使用下面的命令创建一个销毁密钥：
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --output revoke.asc --gen-revoke keyid
|
||||
|
||||
把销毁密钥保存到一个安全的地方，任何人都可以用它让你的密钥失效。（你可以用对称加密方式来加密你的销毁密钥文件。）
|
||||
|
||||
### 在终端里使用GPG的一些技巧 ###
|
||||
|
||||
通过下面的命令可以查看你已经导入的GPG密钥：
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --list-keys
|
||||
|
||||
之后应该会列出来用你e-mail注册的密钥列表（因为这里只有一个密钥，它只列出了你自己的密钥），然后，你可以看到自己的KEY-ID，就可以通过上文介绍的命令提交给密钥服务器。
|
||||
|
||||
显示你的密钥链中的私钥和公钥。
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --list-public-keys # 会列出来公钥
|
||||
$ gpg --list-secret-keys # 会列出来私钥
|
||||
|
||||
### 导入密钥 ###
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --import KEYFILE
|
||||
|
||||
命令中的KEYFILE应该是需要导入的公钥文件名。（如果文件不在主目录中，使用cd命令切换到该文件的目录下，再执行上面的命令）
|
||||
|
||||
### 导出公钥到文件 ###
|
||||
|
||||
用下面的命令可以将你的公钥导出为ASCII格式：
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --export -a > publickey.asc
|
||||
|
||||
\* * * * *
|
||||
### 关于Richard White ###
|
||||
|
||||
Richard是一位技术爱好者，在不止一个场合他被称为极客。他还是三本书的作者，最近的一本《数字时代的隐私》即将在2014年5月份出版精装本。他还是数字时代网站的主编和驱动者，数字时代的目的是提供资源和工具来实现和维护匿名，安全和隐私。Ricard经常写一些和隐私相关的文章，最近忙着写《CLI艺术》，收集开源的命令行软件。关于GNU Privacy Guard的[更多信息][1]以及如何使用GPG软件的图形界面工具，你可以访问White的数字时代网站。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://distrowatch.com/weekly.php?issue=20140407
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://digital-era.net/gpa-gnu-privacy-assistant/
|
||||
@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
|
||||
如何通过终端查询字典定义
|
||||
如何在Linux命令行下查询字典？
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
大多数人在遇到他们不熟悉的单词时会查询google。或者他们有一个最喜欢的在线字典来提供答案。当你在没有网络连接的时候怎么办？或者你只有一个古老的Linux发行版且你没有GUI界面？你需要离线查找。一个好的方法在这里。
|
||||
大多数人在遇到他们不熟悉的单词时会查询google。或者他们用一个最喜欢的在线字典来提供答案。当你在没有网络连接的时候怎么办？或者你只有一个古老的Linux发行版且你没有GUI界面？你需要离线查找的话，这里有一个好的方法。
|
||||
|
||||
首先你需要本地设置dicted。**Dicted** 是一个字典数据库服务器。它允许你访问在线字典。但是等一下，这是我们希望避免的，对么？一个通过因特网的连接。这是为什么你要在本地设置。这是一个命令行客户端。
|
||||
首先你需要本地设置dictd。**dictd** 是一个字典数据库服务器。它允许你访问在线字典。但是等一下，我们不是要离线使用么？这是为什么我们要将其安装到本地的原因。它带有一个命令行客户端。
|
||||
|
||||
要在Ubuntu或者Debian上安装你要输入：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install dictd
|
||||
|
||||
这个很简单。现在你需要安装用的字典。安装完每个字典插件后dicted都会自动重启加载它的数据库。让我们来英语字典和英语词库（查询近义词）
|
||||
这个很简单。现在你需要安装用的字典。安装完每个字典插件后dictd都会自动重新加载它的数据库。让我们来安装英语字典和英语同义词词典。
|
||||
|
||||
输入：
|
||||
|
||||
@ -27,9 +27,9 @@
|
||||
dict-freedict-eng-deu - Dict package for English-German Freedict dictionary
|
||||
dict-freedict-eng-fra - Dict package for English-French Freedict dictionary
|
||||
|
||||
你成功安装完成dicted之后你可以查找定义。
|
||||
现在你已成功安装dictd了，之后你就可以查找字典了。
|
||||
|
||||
首先，让我们检查一下dicted服务是否在运行并且安装了什么数据库：
|
||||
首先，让我们检查一下dictd服务是否在运行并且安装了什么数据库：
|
||||
|
||||
$ dict -I
|
||||
|
||||
@ -42,16 +42,16 @@
|
||||
gcide 203645 3859 kB 12 MB 38 MB
|
||||
moby-thesaurus 30263 528 kB 10 MB 28 MB
|
||||
|
||||
为了查询一个你需要的单词定义，你需要使用一个你已经安装的特别字典。让我们检查一下英语（gcid）：
|
||||
为了查询一个单词，你可以指定要查询的字典。让我们查询一下English one字典（gcid）：
|
||||
|
||||
$ dict -d gcide [word you want to look up]
|
||||
$ dict -d gcide [你要查的单词]
|
||||
|
||||
如果你不使用**-d** 参数，dicted会搜寻所有的已有数据库并返回匹配的定义。
|
||||
如果你不使用**-d** 参数，dictd会搜寻所有的安装字典并返回匹配的结果。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/look-dictionary-definitions-via-terminal/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
35
published/How To Play 3D Movies In Ubuntu.md
Normal file
35
published/How To Play 3D Movies In Ubuntu.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
|
||||
如何在 Ubuntu 中播放3D电影
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
亲爱的 Linux 极客们，
|
||||
|
||||
**Q:** 我下载了一部高品质 3D 电影，但是当我用 VLC 播放器播放的时候，画面被分割成两个部分，我可不想这样欣赏我的高清大片。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在本教程中你将会学习如何在 Ubuntu 中用名为[bino][1]的 3D 电影播放器来观看 3D 电影。你可以在终端中执行以下命令来轻松获取有关 3D 电影播放器的相关信息。
|
||||
|
||||
apt-cache search bino
|
||||
|
||||
在你的 Ubuntu 电脑中打开新终端（CTRL+ALT+T），执行以下命令来安装 bino。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install bino
|
||||
|
||||
bino 安装完成后通过应用程序 → 音视频 → Bino 来启动，或者只需在终端中输入 bino 并按下回车。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想播放，可以通过文件（File）点击打开（Open）来定位你的3D视频剪辑或电影。你的电影将会开始播放，但是画面仍然分成两个部分，没人喜欢这样看电影。
|
||||
|
||||
现在在输入（Input）中选择左/右（Left/Right）选项。你将看到很大的改变，我觉得你会喜欢。下面的截图说明了一切。我虽然刚开始用bino播放器，但是尝试着播放，看看我是否可以找到更多的技巧。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
不要忘记点击播放按钮来观看电影。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/play-3d-movies-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[Vito](https://github.com/vito-L) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://bino3d.org/
|
||||
76
published/How to close an open DNS resolver.md
Normal file
76
published/How to close an open DNS resolver.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
|
||||
如何关闭一个开放的DNS解析器
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
我们在[之前的教程中][1]创建的DNS服务器是一个开放DNS解析器。开放解析器不会过滤任何来源请求，并会接受来自所有IP的查询、
|
||||
|
||||
不幸的是，开放解析器很容易成为一个攻击目标。比如，攻击者可以对开放DNS服务器发起一个拒绝服务攻击(DoS)或者更糟的分布式拒绝服务攻击(DDoS)。这些也可与IP欺骗结合，将应答包指向受害者被欺骗的IP地址。在另外的场合下称作[DNS放大攻击][2]，开放的DNS服务器很容易就会成为攻击的对象。
|
||||
|
||||
根据[openresolverproject.org][3]，除非有必要，运行一个开放解析器是不明智的。大多数公司要让它们的DNS服务器仅对他们的客户开放。本篇教程会只要集中于如何配置一个DNS服务器来使它停止开放解析且仅对有效的客户响应。
|
||||
|
||||
### 调整防火墙 ###
|
||||
|
||||
由于DNS运行在UDP的53端口上，系统管理可能试图仅允许来自53端口的客户端IP地址，并阻止剩余的因特网端口。虽然这可以工作，但是也会有一些问题。既然根服务器与DNS服务器的通信也用53端口，我们不得不在防火墙内也确保UDP 53端口被允许。
|
||||
|
||||
一个防火墙示例如下所示。对于生产服务器，确保你的规则匹配你的要求并遵守与公司安全制度。
|
||||
|
||||
# vim firewall-script
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
## existing rules are flushed to start with a new set of rules ##
|
||||
iptables -F
|
||||
|
||||
iptables -A INPUT -s A.A.A.A/X -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
|
||||
iptables -A INPUT -s B.B.B.B/Y -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
|
||||
iptables -A INPUT -s C.C.C.C/Z -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
|
||||
|
||||
iptables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 53 -j DROP
|
||||
|
||||
## making the rules persistent ##
|
||||
service iptables save
|
||||
|
||||
让脚本可执行并运行它。
|
||||
|
||||
# chmod +x firewall-script
|
||||
# ./firewall-script
|
||||
|
||||
### 阻止递归查询 ###
|
||||
|
||||
DNS查询主要可以[分为][4]递归查询和迭代查询。对于递归查询,服务器会响应客户端应答或者错误信息。如果应答不在服务器的缓存中，服务器会与根服务器通信并获得授权域名服务器。服务器会不停查询知道获得结果，或者请求超时。对于迭代查询，另一个方面讲，服务器会将客户端指向另外一个可能可以处理的服务器上，那么就会减少服务器自身的处理。
|
||||
|
||||
我们可以控制运行递归查询的IP地址。我们修改位于/etc/named.conf的配置文件并增加/修改下面的参数。
|
||||
|
||||
# vim /etc/named.conf
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
## we define ACLs to specify the source address/es ##
|
||||
acl customer-a{ A.A.A.A/X; };
|
||||
acl customer-b { B.B.B.B/Y; C.C.C.C/Z; };
|
||||
|
||||
## we call the ACLs under options directive ##
|
||||
options {
|
||||
directory "/var/named";
|
||||
allow-recursion { customer-a; customer-b; };
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
### 调整用于开放解析器的防火墙 ###
|
||||
|
||||
如果你必须运行一个开放解析器，建议你适当调节一下你的服务器，这样就不会被利用了。[smurfmonitor 仓库][5]提供了强大的一组可以用于开放解析器的iptables规则，比如阻止来自DNS放大攻击的域名解析请求。这个仓库会定期地更新，强烈建议DNS服务器管理员使用它。
|
||||
|
||||
总的来说，对于开放DNS解析器的攻击是很常见的，特别是对于没有适当安全防护的DNS服务器而言。这个教程延时了如何禁止一个开放DNS服务器。我们同样看到了如何使用iptables在一个开放DNS服务器上加上一层安全防护。
|
||||
|
||||
希望这对你有用。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/04/close-open-dns-resolver.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2014/04/primary-dns-server-using-centos.html
|
||||
[2]:https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA13-088A
|
||||
[3]:http://openresolverproject.org/
|
||||
[4]:http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc961401.aspx
|
||||
[5]:https://github.com/smurfmonitor/dns-iptables-rules
|
||||
53
published/How to speed read on Linux.md
Normal file
53
published/How to speed read on Linux.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
|
||||
如何在Liunx中“快速阅读”？
|
||||
===============================
|
||||
你听说过“快速阅读”吗？说实话我也没有。直到一个名叫Spritz的新型公司[筹集了350万种子基金][1]来开发使用户能够实现每分钟阅读1000个单词的一个API。
|
||||
|
||||
“快速阅读”的概念十分简单：将一文本分割成一个个独立短小的部分，像一两个单词，然后使这些部分迅速地闪过屏幕。在这一阅读过程中，读者的眼睛完全不需要运动，从而减少读者平常阅读中花费的不必要的浏览页面的时间。因为这是一件相对较新的技术，没人知道在这样的阅读速度下，你的大脑是否会爆炸或者崩溃。不过，实际上[这技术是十分安全的][2]，因为你的大脑运行地足够快来处理这些信息。一旦人们习惯了这种阅读方式，这种方式会变得十分方便。想必你像我一样已经对这项技术的到来已经激动万分了，但我并不想等待，而是更快地习惯这种阅读方式。好消息是：现在你就可以在你最喜爱的操作系统下尝试“快速阅读”了。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Spread0r###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
基于Perl和GTK2，[spread0r][3]（曾名为Gritz）是一个GPL软件，它以文本文档作为输入，然后将文本内容在你眼前以最高1000词每分钟速度闪过。当然你可以先尝试较慢的速度，来慢慢熟悉它。软件的用户界面十分简介，功能按键几乎极简：开始文章阅读，选择阅读速度，推出等等。这个软件也有一些需要改进的地方，我建议使其能够支持除了文本文档之外的其他文件作为输入（当然你也可以自己转换格式），另外也可以考虑加入“无干扰”模式。不管怎样，这款软件是十分高大上的。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以通过从[github][4]中下载源码并启动“spread0r.pl”文件来尝试Spread0r。注意你先需要在你的操作系统中安装GTK2以及Perl.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install libgtk2-perl (for Debian/Ubuntu)
|
||||
$ sudo pacman -S gtk2-perl (for Archlinux)
|
||||
$ sudo yum install perl-gtk2 (for Fedora)
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Spread ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
除电子书以及word文档之外，我在电脑中阅读最多的就是来自网络的文章了（是的，就是这样）。如果我需要复制并黏贴我需要阅读的文本到一个文本编辑器中，将其保存为一个txt文档，然后用Spread0r打开，这样事情会变得太麻烦了。幸运的是，Chrome的一个拓展程序[Spread][5]会为我们处理这个需求。在你的Chrome浏览器中安装并启用Spread之后，你只需要选择你想要“快速阅读”的文本，在选取内右击，然后选择“Spreed selected text.”这个拓展程序会开启一个新窗口，你选择的文本就会在那个窗口中为你进行快速阅读。我喜欢这个和用扩展程序的方式集成到Chrome做法。比如说，你可以选择窗口的配色，一次快速阅读的文本量，字体大小，通过空格键控制的开始以及暂停，你甚至可以进行高于4,000词每分钟的快速阅读（但这已经不是快速阅读了，你只能看到零星的闪烁）。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Squirt ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果您喜欢在浏览器中快速阅读的点子，但是你不使用Chrome，也不喜欢“扩展程序”，对此的解决方案是书签[Squirt][6]。除了Squirt这个不明觉厉的名字之外，Squirt是我现在最喜欢的快速阅读工具。它十分高效并且使用简单。从[这里][7]加入它，通过把那个蓝色大按钮拖进你最喜欢的书签栏中。然后你就可以在任何网页中打开它，无论是否选中了阅读文本——一个白色的面板会出现在当前页面之上。你可以凭直觉来控制阅读文本。用户界面十分漂亮，而且它也可以实现4,000词以上的阅读速度。
|
||||
|
||||
### Bonus: Zethos ###
|
||||
|
||||
如果之前提及的方案没有一个能使你满意，而且你是一名程序员，你会很高兴地发现有一个叫做[Zethos][8]的免费及开源的JS项目，你可以通过使用它来开发你自己的“快速阅读”应用。你可以在[github][9]上查看代码，并为作者点个赞。
|
||||
|
||||
总而言之，你现在没有理由不在你最爱的操作系统进行“快速阅读”了。你只需要防止你的大脑被烧焦就行了。你更喜欢以上的哪个解决方案呢？或者你有另外更好的选择？你认为“快速阅读”在未来能够发展吗？在评论区中评论让我们知道你的想法。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/04/speed-read-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[ThomazL](https://github.com/ThomazL) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://techcrunch.com/2014/03/10/spritz-seed/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.spritzinc.com/faq/
|
||||
[3]:https://github.com/xypiie/spread0r
|
||||
[4]:https://github.com/xypiie/spread0r
|
||||
[5]:https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/spreed-speed-read-the-web/ipikiaejjblmdopojhpejjmbedhlibno
|
||||
[6]:http://www.squirt.io/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.squirt.io/install.html
|
||||
[8]:http://zethos.zolmeister.com/
|
||||
[9]:https://github.com/Zolmeister/Zethos
|
||||
26
published/Improving The Linux Desktop.md
Normal file
26
published/Improving The Linux Desktop.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
||||
Linux 桌面的发展之路
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Ken Starks 在 fossforce.com 网站上问 [你们是如何优化 Linux 的？][1]，我很高兴他问了这个问题，因为我有话要说！对我来说，Linux 桌面就是一连串的承诺，但是这些承诺却总是无法兑现。它在每个版本发布后都会说“下个版本会非常牛X”，=.=凸。它会一次性定下50个目标，然后又完成不了几个。至于 Linux 桌面，我想我们是时候好好聊聊这玩意儿了。
|
||||
|
||||
计算机有着无穷的魅力，在计算机的世界里我们几乎能做所有事情。在这个容易迷失的世界里，我们深信自己所着迷的事情对其他人也有着相同的吸引力。我们沉迷于钻研细节，争论 GPL 和 LGPL 的区别，讨论为什么我们称“Linux”为“GNU/Linux”而不是简单的“Linux”，诸如此类，我们总想说服别人，推销自己喜欢的 Linux 桌面风格。我们总是说“这关乎自由，瞧瞧苹果是怎么限制你的选择的！”却从来没意识到那些选择了不同计算机系统的用户仅仅是把计算机当作工作所需的工具而已。对于我们来说，计算机有点儿像变戏法，当第一次动手修改一些重要配置，改变计算机的工作方式时，我们会非常激动，非常有成就感。在开源界，你是这个世界的主宰，你沉迷于控制一切。然而，对于那些没有准备好掌握这种控制一切的力量的人来说，开源社区并不是他们的菜。
|
||||
|
||||
大多数工程师并不是设计师，但开源社区能让这些开发者成为一些图形交互界面的设计者。于是，我们的 Unity 不再显示主菜单，我们的 Gnome 3 窗口可以満屏幕乱飞，而 KDE 桌面，我一直觉得它完全无法理解，所以我已经好多年没关注它了（在这里向 KDE 开发团队和其支持者表示道歉，我无法理解 KDE 是好几年前的事了，我相信现在的 KDE 肯定能用 awesome 来形容）。前面提到的在 fossforce.com 网站上的那篇文章提了一个很好的问题：为什么 Linux 桌面总是不能像人们所希望的那样普及出来。而文章下面的评论则是一堆社区成员的抱怨和建议，比如：让窗口更好地整合在一起；让添加磁盘变得更简单些。很多评论都是很好的、可行的建议，但他们大多数都忽略了一个核心事实：是什么让 Linux 成为一个既精彩但又前途暗淡的、只属于狂热爱好者的系统？Linux 发行版是由非常多的软件包组成的，每个软件包都有不同的维护者，不同的价值和不同的开发过程。当每个开发团队将他们的产品通过开源社区贡献出来时，每个开发团队会变得只有一点点不一样，而仅仅是这一点点的不一样，让我们对细枝末节的探索有了发挥的余地。有些人不喜欢 Ubuntu 桌面，于是他们克隆 Ubuntu，在上面作一些细微的改变，然后重新发布一个衍生版。这种方式挺不错的，因为它能带来新点子，向人们展示一个事物能够变成什么样子 —— 即使是很小的改变。但是每当新产生一个衍生版，就会将开源社区变得更碎片化一些。这到底是好事还是坏事？看你是站在什么角度来看。
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 桌面是建立在成千上万的软件基础之上的，每个软件由不同团队维护。有时候我们会想这样的东西究竟能不能工作？！事实是，它能，并且工作得非常好，这真是一个奇迹。然而有时候它又不工作了，它会崩溃，在这种时候我们就会列出一连串的计划来改进 Linux，并将我们最不能忍受的缺陷放在计划的最前面。
|
||||
|
||||
经过上面的讨论，我的建议出来了。第一点：继续做你正在做的事。技术总是能反映创造者的价值，而 Linux 桌面更是一个多国家多文化集合的体现。Linux 充满缺陷，充满伤痕，但也是因为这些，令它变得美好。世界需要现在的 Linux 桌面，同时世界需要更好的 Linux 桌面。
|
||||
|
||||
第二点：选一个发行版，比如 Ubuntu，弄烂它。然后，拾起一些碎片，在这些碎片上创造一些全新的东西。不要从社区获取软件或者产品，只需要获取想法。从内核开始，一个团队，一个房间，一种设计理念和设计哲学，从头创建一整个操作系统。将注意力集中在那些最好的已经实现的想法上，以及那些最新的还没实现的想法上。丢掉所有糟糕的东西，创造全新的东西。
|
||||
|
||||
到目前为止，我见过的最接近这种观念的是 Aral Balkan 开发的 [Indie][2] 项目，但他最近貌似专注于移动市场。我希望 Linux 桌面朝着这种观念靠近。这有可能么？当然，一切皆有可能。但确定会发生么？谁知道呢？整个 Linux 生态系统都充满不确定性。唯一确定的是，我们的创造性是无限的。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ostatic.com/blog/improving-the-linux-desktop
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2) 校对：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://fossforce.com/2014/04/what-would-you-do-to-improve-linux/
|
||||
[2]:http://indiephone.eu/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
|
||||
安装 Terminator：一个支持多终端的终端
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Terminator 是一个程序，它可让用户自由地排布多个 GNOME 终端，而不用通过窗口管理器来实现，比较适合需要同时打开多个终端的用户。
|
||||
|
||||
### 特性 ###
|
||||
|
||||
- 在一个窗口显示多个终端
|
||||
- 可在上面的窗口里面使用你自己喜欢的 shell (Bash、zsh 等等，Terminator 不会限制它们)
|
||||
- 当前工作终端与当前非工作终端的标题背景颜色明显区分（见图1）
|
||||
|
||||
### 安装 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Debian/Ubuntu/Linux Mint/ Elementary 系统:
|
||||
|
||||
% sudo apt-get install terminator
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*图 1. Linux Mint 16 上安装 Terminator *
|
||||
|
||||
Fedora/CentOS 系统:
|
||||
|
||||
% sudo yum install terminator
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*图 2. Fedora 20 上安装 Terminator*
|
||||
|
||||
详情请看 manual： **$ man terminator**
|
||||
|
||||
祝玩得开森！
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-terminator-multiple-gnome-terminals-one-window/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
|
||||
|
||||
新的虚幻竞技场游戏将免费登陆linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Epic Games宣布下一款虚幻竞技场系列游戏将会支持Linux, Windows,以及Mac OS X三个系统平台，并且可以免费获得。
|
||||
|
||||
Epic Games的开发者遵守他们的承诺，[新的4代虚拟引擎支持了Linux][1]，并且他们已经确认下一款虚幻竞技场系列游戏将会登陆Linux平台。
|
||||
|
||||
如果该项目成功的话，伴随着Linux平台下虚幻竞技场该款游戏的开发和发布，随之而来的也有一些可能改变开发游戏模式的有趣想法。
|
||||
|
||||
首先，虚幻竞技场这款游戏将会是免费的。当用户听到免费这个词时，通常他们认为仅仅是免费获取到游戏，意味着他们不得不为了额外的内容以及优于其他玩家的有利条件来掏腰包。不过虚幻竞技场这款游戏不是这样，Epic Games正在尝试一种不同的商业模式。
|
||||
|
||||
当这款游戏开发出来并且免费向公众提供后，开发者将会围绕这款游戏建立一个市场，在这个市场中相关组织团体可以销售他们对于该款游戏的内容。游戏收益就会分为游戏相关内容开发者以及Epic Games两个部分。
|
||||
|
||||
理论上来讲，对于玩这款游戏来说，这样就足够了。这并不是一个全新的观念，因为这个已经在Team Fortress 2这款游戏中得到了应用，尽管它听起来更加先进一些。Epic Games也已经声称该款游戏的开发是由虚幻竞技场团队的一部分有经验的技术人员负责，并且他们已经开始着手开发。但还有一些有趣的事情。
|
||||
|
||||
“从代码编写的第一行，从该创意产生那一时，从这个游戏设计决定下来那一刻，该游戏的开发工作就会向大众公开。这是在Epic Games、虚幻竞技场游戏粉丝以及游戏开发者之间的合作。我们会使用论坛来讨论游戏相关的问题，用twitch平台来使用户获得定期更新。”
|
||||
|
||||
“如果你是一个粉丝并且你想参与游戏的开发和设计，那么你可以免费创建一个账户来加入论坛和我们一起讨论。所有的游戏代码和内容可以在UT开发者的github上获得”， [官方声明][2]如此说道。
|
||||
|
||||
在社区的监视和审查下开发游戏是向前迈出的一大步，它会缩小开发者和粉丝们的距离。这也意味着这款游戏会更加地符合公众的期待，而不是更加贴合开发者所谓的玩家的期待。
|
||||
|
||||
虽然还需要一段时间该款游戏才可以在所有平台上运行，但是用户们可以实时地获取开发进度。如果Epic Games的想法成为现实的话，我们就可以在今年年底获得该游戏的测试版本。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/New-Unreal-Tournament-Game-to-Arrive-on-Linux-for-Free-441291.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[JonathanKang](https://github.com/JonathanKang) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://news.softpedia.com/news/Unreal-Engine-4-1-Support-for-Linux-Might-Spark-the-End-of-Windows-Gaming-Domination-439373.shtml
|
||||
[2]:https://wiki.unrealengine.com/Unreal_Tournament
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
|
||||
Linux基金会发布了2014年全部活动安排
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Linux基金会改变了原有的活动计划模式，提前公布了一整年的所有活动安排。与此同时还发布了一部视频，可以在这里在线观看：[Linux基金会活动体验][1]。下面介绍一下今年的基金会活动重点关注方向的更多细节。
|
||||
|
||||
2014年活动安排，包括了北美和欧洲的LinuxCon和CloudOpen，以及Linux Foundation Collaboration Summit，Embedded Linux Conference，Android Builders Summit，和ApacheCon等等。今年北美的LinuxCon和CloudOpen会在芝加哥和Linux Kernel Summit一起合作举行。欧洲的Linux Con和CloudOpen会在德国的杜塞尔多夫举行，一起的还有Embedded Linux Conference, KVM Forum以及Linux Plumbers Conference。
|
||||
|
||||
“几乎每一个技术部门或社区都渴望能在开放、协作式的开发过程中有所收获。”Linux基金会的行政长官Jimm Zemlin在一份声明中这样说过，“如今，从类似汽车到生命科学再到赌博等各种行业都倾向于依靠共同的知识库和Linux的成功以及开放式开发。”
|
||||
|
||||
下面是2014年Linux基金会活动安排中的亮点，包括一些有趣的云计算活动：
|
||||
|
||||
#### [OpenDaylight Summit][2] ####
|
||||
|
||||
2014年2月4日－5日，凯悦酒店，加利福尼亚州圣克拉拉市。
|
||||
|
||||
为Software-Defined Networking (SDN)和Network Functions Virtualization (NFV)领域的社团，项目，产品，公司的开发人员和用户举办的一次技术峰会。
|
||||
|
||||
#### [Linux Storage, Filesystem and MM Summit][3] ####
|
||||
|
||||
2014年3月24日－25日，Meritage度假村，加利福尼亚州纳帕谷。
|
||||
|
||||
仅限受邀人士的活动，会聚集Linux存储，内存管理和文件系统栈方面工作的开发者和研究员。
|
||||
|
||||
#### [Linux Foundation Collaboration Summit][4] ####
|
||||
|
||||
2014年3月26日－28日，Meritage度假村，加利福尼亚州纳帕谷。
|
||||
|
||||
仅限受邀人士的独家峰会，会邀请包括关键内核开发人员，发行版维护人员，独立软件开发商，终端用户，系统供应商，以及其他社区组织参与聚会以及工作组会议，帮助解决如今Linux面临的最紧急的问题。
|
||||
|
||||
#### [ApacheCon][5] ####
|
||||
|
||||
2014年4月7日－9日，威斯汀酒店，科罗拉多州丹佛市。
|
||||
|
||||
ApacheCon是唯一这样做的活动，它专注于把100+ Apache Software Foundation项目社区以及其他各个组织的开源项目聚集到一个地方，来推动那些正在构建技术未来和代表了下一代软件开发的工作。它主导了与许多当前最热门的开源项目的合作，包括Apache自己的项目
|
||||
比如Cassandra, Cordova, CloudStack, CouchDB, Geronimo, Hadoop, Hive, HTTP Server, Lucene, OpenOffice, Struts, Subversion and Tomcat，以及其他项目。
|
||||
|
||||
#### [CloudStack Collaboration Conference North America][6] ####
|
||||
|
||||
2014年4月9日－11日，威斯汀酒店，科罗拉多州丹佛市。
|
||||
|
||||
CloudStack Collaboration Conference North America聚集了建立和管理大型虚拟机网络以及推进顶尖云计算技术方面的开发人员，系统管理员以及运维专家。它为参与者们提供一个可以利用Apache CloudStack来推动他们工作的中性环境。
|
||||
|
||||
#### [Embedded Linux Conference][7] ####
|
||||
|
||||
2014年4月29日－5月1日，万豪酒店，加利福尼亚州圣何塞市。
|
||||
|
||||
今年是该活动的10周年，对于在嵌入式产品中使用Linux的公司和开发者来说，它是最重要的厂商中立的技术会议。
|
||||
|
||||
#### [Android Builders Summit][8] ####
|
||||
|
||||
2014年4月29日－5月1日，万豪酒店，加利福尼亚州圣何塞市。
|
||||
|
||||
为OEM厂商，设备制造商，系统集成商，系统定制者，以及正在成长的Android和Linux内核开发社区组织的技术峰会，
|
||||
|
||||
#### [LinuxCon North America][9] ####
|
||||
|
||||
2014年8月20日－22日，喜来登酒店，芝加哥市。
|
||||
|
||||
LinuxCon是北美地区最重要的年度技术会议，聚集了开发者，系统管理员，运维专家，业务负责人，以及更多专业人士，探讨Linux社区的协作和教育机会。
|
||||
|
||||
#### [CloudOpen North America][10] ####
|
||||
|
||||
2014年8月20日－22日，喜来登酒店，芝加哥市。
|
||||
|
||||
CloudOpen聚集了驱动云服务以及大数据生态环境的开源项目，产品以及公司，在一起分享传统开源世界的成功案例。
|
||||
|
||||
#### [LinuxCon Europe][11] ####
|
||||
|
||||
2014年10月13日－15日，杜塞尔多夫会议中心，德国杜赛尔多夫。
|
||||
|
||||
欧洲LinuxCon聚集了欧洲的Linux社区，从开发者，系统管理员以及运维专家，到业务负责人，以及更多专业人士，探讨Linux社区的协作和教育机会。之前的会议地点包括布拉格和巴塞罗那。
|
||||
|
||||
#### [CloudOpen Europe][12] ####
|
||||
|
||||
2014年10月13日－15日，杜塞尔多夫会议中心，德国杜赛尔多夫。
|
||||
|
||||
欧洲CloudOpen聚集了驱动云服务以及大数据生态环境的开源项目，产品以及公司，在一起分享传统开源世界的成功案例。
|
||||
|
||||
#### [Embedded Linux Conference Europe][13] ####
|
||||
|
||||
2014年10月13日－15日，杜塞尔多夫会议中心，德国杜赛尔多夫。
|
||||
|
||||
今年是该活动的10周年，对于在嵌入式产品中使用Linux的公司和开发者来说，它是最重要的厂商中立的技术会议。
|
||||
|
||||
想了解关于Linux基金会活动的更多信息，请访问：[http://events.linuxfoundation.org][14]。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ostatic.com/blog/the-linux-foundation-delivers-complete-2014-event-schedule
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://youtu.be/-WUeelICQ2U
|
||||
[2]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/opendaylight-summit
|
||||
[3]:https://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/lsfmm-summit
|
||||
[4]:https://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/collaboration-summit
|
||||
[5]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/apachecon-north-america
|
||||
[6]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/apachecon-north-america
|
||||
[7]:https://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/embedded-linux-conference
|
||||
[8]:https://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/android-builders-summit
|
||||
[9]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/linuxcon
|
||||
[10]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/cloudopen-north-america
|
||||
[11]:https://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/linuxcon-europe
|
||||
[12]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/cloudopen-europe
|
||||
[13]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/embedded-linux-conference-europe
|
||||
[14]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/
|
||||
62
published/The Linux Software Store Conundrum.md
Normal file
62
published/The Linux Software Store Conundrum.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
|
||||
Linux软件商店的困境
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> 在调查了各种方案后，我认为Linux需要一个更好的在线软件零售商店。
|
||||
|
||||
有好几次，我恳求Ubuntu团队考虑改善现在的Ubuntu软件中心。它在旧电脑上几乎就不能用，而就算在主流硬件平台，它采用的软件安装方式还有很大改善空间，尤其是付费软件。
|
||||
|
||||
我希望这篇文章不仅能让我们认真了解一下目前存在的搜索和安装Linux软件的方式，也许还可以最终找到一种处理付费软件的方法。
|
||||
|
||||
### Linspire曾经很接近 ###
|
||||
|
||||
不管你喜欢不喜欢被[Xandros][2]收购之前的[Linspire][1]公司，实际上，它早期时候建立的点击运行软件店(CNR)在当时已经超前了许多年。在CNR变成一个尝试在所有发行版上处理所有事情的万能工具之前，Linspire还是提供了我认为对新手最友好的Linux平台软件安装方式。甚至以现在的标准来衡量，在统一环境下轻松地安装开源软件(FoSS)和商业应用这一点上，"经典的"CNR仍值得一提。
|
||||
|
||||
### 把Steam当作软件商店 ###
|
||||
|
||||
尽管在Linux桌面环境有很多"其他"可用的软件商店，但实际上没有哪个像Ubuntu软件中心那样支持付费应用。而我看到的唯一一个像Ubuntu软件中心那样可以在Linux桌面下发布付费应用的是Valve公司的[Steam][3]数字软件管理器，作为发行付费Linux游戏的商店而闻名。我发现Steam已经用来在其他平台[发行软件][4]，所以我认为，Steam也完全可以为Linxu用户发行付费软件。
|
||||
|
||||
不像其他软件发布工具，Steam专门设计了比其他Linux替代方案更为清晰的付费处理方式。而且，Steam用一种炫目的方式来展示游戏和软件的名字，所以，用户在浏览这些名字的时候能够选中适合自己需求的应用。
|
||||
|
||||
我并没有建议把Steam当作搜索开源软件的最佳替代方案，我坚决反对这种想法。我的建议是，Steam可以成为一个专门处理拥有专利的应用或游戏软件的跨发行版的选择。
|
||||
|
||||
### 诞生一个新生态系统 ###
|
||||
|
||||
现在，你也许认为我是一个坚决反对类似Ubuntu软件中心这样的软件发布工具。但事实是，我只是非常希望看到它被改善，并在尽可能多地开源软件上获得成功。再重申一下，尽管我觉得它还需要花点工夫，它还是一个不错的搜索软件的工具。但是就像我之前说过，总的来说，软件中心的付费系统没有提供良好的用户体验。它响应很慢，实际上也没有提供一个有效的工具来检查付费软件的新版本。
|
||||
|
||||
在这个舞台上，我认为Steam是毫无疑问的优胜者。而且如果我们能够让Steam更多地努力去推出人们实际上希望使用的付费软件－而不仅只限于列出目前Linux系统已有的有限选择－这将会带来几乎无限的需求。
|
||||
|
||||
想象一下这样一个新的生态系统，付费软件可以通过他们自己的发布工具轻松的发布而不用考虑具体的Linux发行版的依赖。Ubuntu，Arch，OpenSUSE，不管哪个发行版，我认为Steam是一个往Linux世界推出还未被移植软件的工具。在新软件被发布和应用后，更多的会跟上。也许我们甚至会看到大牌露脸？比如Adobe Photoshop和Microsoft Office－如果有愿意付费的用户，我想不到任何任何理由为什么它们不会参与进来。
|
||||
|
||||
### 困难和挑战 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在Steam能够统一Linux世界软件发布之前还存在一些重要的挑战。第一个挑战来自Linux用户自身：我们保持怀疑和保留态度，而且一直在担心，会不会是下一波"收费威胁"的到来。尽管Valve在通过Steam把游戏发行到不同的Linux发行版上时受到了热烈的欢迎，如果在各种软件都积极地推销过来时，我想这种"欢迎"会冷却一点。
|
||||
|
||||
另一个闪过我脑海的担心是，Valve是否会接受大量的"垃圾"应用，类似那些你可以在手机应用软件世界看到的。没有比在Steam商店里看到无数的垃圾应用反而优秀应用很难找到这种事情更糟糕的了。我希望我们可以在付费软件的数量和质量种寻找一个平衡。
|
||||
|
||||
### 没有Steam－没有问题? ###
|
||||
|
||||
我不是那种过于重视任意问题的单一解决方案的人，所以我承认，Steam本身也许并不是为Linux民众发布付费软件的唯一方式。但是，我的问题就会变成：如果没有Steam－还有其他方案吗？我们已经看到类似Ubuntu的发行版正在尝试提供付费软件，但是很明显，[结果][5]并没有那么好。
|
||||
|
||||
我也确实支持Ubuntu，他们所做的努力为软件中心带来了许多应用，多谢他们的[应用开发者活动周][6]。软件中心是个很好的想法，对于那些休闲应用，每次看看发布了哪些新应用也挺好玩的。但是，很可惜，它没有吸引到Adobe和Microsoft来提供那些高需求软件的非微软和苹果平台的版本。
|
||||
|
||||
最后，是否存在切实可行的替代方案让付费软件进入Linux世界呢？在企业领域，确实已经有了。
|
||||
|
||||
### 企业应用 ###
|
||||
|
||||
就我的个人经验来说，我真的不认为付费软件能够在Linux桌面上站稳脚跟，但是我却看到付费软件在未来Linux服务器上的广阔前景。像大多数Linux事物，是在服务器端赚的钱，靠的是提供服务和企业级产品。
|
||||
|
||||
所以就算Steam能够整合成为一个付费应用的发布平台，恐怕它也不能在企业领域获得太多关注。另一方面，也许我们将来会重新再回到这里，而Steam确实已经成为消费者发布付费Linux软件的地方，而不仅仅是优秀游戏。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.datamation.com/open-source/the-linux-software-store-conundrum-1.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linspire
|
||||
[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xandros
|
||||
[3]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(software)
|
||||
[4]:http://store.steampowered.com/software/
|
||||
[5]:http://developer.ubuntu.com/2013/04/top-10-ubuntu-app-downloads-for-march/
|
||||
[6]:http://developer.ubuntu.com/2013/12/ubuntu-app-developer-week-call-for-papers/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.04服务器版提供了虚拟化、自动化、存储相关更新
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> 这次发布的Ubuntu 14.04，代号Trusty Tahr（值得信赖的塔尔羊），将会给服务器版用户带来新的自动化，虚拟化和存储相关特性。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Ubuntu 14.04][1], 是由[Canonical][2]推出的基于Linux的开源操作系统最新版本，没有为PC和移动用户带来太大改动，对他们来说仅仅是较少的更新。而对服务器用户，这次最新的最重大的Ubuntu版本更新带来了更多功能，特别在自动化，云计算，以及虚拟化等方面。
|
||||
|
||||
对桌面和移动用户来说，这次即将在4月17日正式露面的Ubuntu14.04的最重大的改动是，**它带来了AppArmor安全系统的更新**。这个在桌面/移动版本中最重要的新特性，是一个运行在后台的内核强化包，那些在个人电脑，手机或者平板上使用Ubuntu的人们在Ubuntu 14.04版本中也许根本感觉不到什么大的改动。
|
||||
|
||||
然而，在服务器世界里，最新版的Ubuntu带来了更实质性的改动。特别是，**它将[Puppet][3]升级到了第3版**，Puppet是一个用来自动化IT基础设施管理的开源平台。这是个重要的更新，能够为部署大型Ubuntu服务器网络的人们带来便利（不过是在他们解决好Puppet早期版本和最新版之间的兼容性问题之后，新旧版本之间并不互相完全兼容）。
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.04还将带来开源的**虚拟化管理程序[Xen][6]的4.4版本**。这次改动，对于旧版的Xen部署环境也需要做一些必要的调整，才可以切换到新版本上。不过，它提供了更多的新特性，而且可以协助管理Ubuntu服务器上虚拟环境的多样性，包括众多的虚拟化管理程序，[VMware][4] (VMW)，[KVM][5]，Xen等等。
|
||||
|
||||
最后，Ubuntu 14.04的内核基于[Linux][7] 3.13，也带来了比如更好的固态硬盘(SSD)性能等[新特性][8]。这也是很受服务器用户欢迎的，特别是那些在云和大数据领域里对性能有很高要求的用户。
|
||||
|
||||
这次的Ubuntu 14.04是一个[长期支持][9](LTS)版本，这也是服务器用户最有可能长期使用于生产环境的版本，而非LTS版本对于实际生产环境来说没有任何意义。尽管Canonical持续地集中精力于在PC和移动设备上"[统一][10]"的努力，这次Ubuntu带来的自动化，虚拟化和存储软件的更新在合适的时间点推出，有利于维持Ubuntu在服务器市场的竞争力。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://thevarguy.com/servers/041514/ubuntu-1404-server-brings-virtualization-automation-storage-updates
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://releases.ubuntu.com/14.04/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.canonical.com/
|
||||
[3]:http://puppetlabs.com/
|
||||
[4]:http://vmware.com/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.linux-kvm.org/
|
||||
[6]:http://xen.org/
|
||||
[7]:http://kernel.org/
|
||||
[8]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/linux-kernel-updates-add-features-mobile-cloud-big-data
|
||||
[9]:https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LTS
|
||||
[10]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/can-canonical-rally-its-community-ubuntu-convergence
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.10（乌托邦独角兽）的每日构建镜像已可下载
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Canonical公司刚刚发布了第一个Ubuntu14.10（乌托邦独角兽）的每日镜像，而且开发工作也开始了。**
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu的开发者已经开始进行开发下一个版本的工作，第一个开发版的镜像已经完成。不要对新的Ubuntu构建抱有太多期望，至少在现在是这样的。两个月之后我们才能看到重大的变化。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你现在启动这个版本，它仍然会显示为Ubuntu14.04，可以看出这个版本只是一个占位符，它的特点将来会实现。
|
||||
|
||||
“Debian的第一个自动同步开始运行了，所以不要过于激动和手动同步一些东西，自动机制将会接下来进行。这个自动同步将会让我们痛苦好几天。请耐心点，上传你的合并内容，不用去管队列。你会感谢我的。你甚至可能想出去散散步，呼吸呼吸新鲜空气，喂喂鸭子等等做一些类似的事”，Adam Conrad在邮件列表中这样说。
|
||||
|
||||
开发者解释说，ruby-defaults已经更新到了2.1版本，boost-defaults更新到了 .55版本，加入了一个新的编译快照，其他的包也都收到了一些“小独角兽”（这可能是个设定，让所有开发者的贡献都用双关语列出）。
|
||||
|
||||
对于某些开发者来说，Ubuntu14.10（乌托邦独角兽）也会是一个很完美的版本，这些开发者想推动一些更新，那些更新在Ubuntu14.04（值得信赖的塔尔羊）中没有加入或因为某些理由被拒绝。对于新的包，这是一个完美的练习场，使用者可能在最终版本中看到一些很有趣的东西。
|
||||
|
||||
“我知道在LTS版本之后的版本中可以做一些令人兴奋的新尝试，而不用像在LTS中被发布团队背后死死盯着而不能做你想做的那些试验。我相信这一次也不例外。所以，玩的开心，快乐上传，然后去修复你的每个上传的所带来的更多漏洞吧。”Adam Conrad还这样说。
|
||||
|
||||
用户现在看不到任何新的东西，这个镜像主要是用于开发。你可以从Ubuntu官方[服务器][1]上下载。
|
||||
|
||||
记住这只是开发版，不要安装在工作的机器上。它仅仅用于测试。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-14-10-Utopic-Unicorn-Daily-Images-Now-Available-for-Download-439725.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/daily-live/current/
|
||||
36
published/Ubuntu 14.10 to Be Called Utopic Unicorn.md
Normal file
36
published/Ubuntu 14.10 to Be Called Utopic Unicorn.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.10 —— 来自乌托邦的独角兽
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Mark Shuttleworth，Canonical 的创始人，已经为 Ubuntu 的下一个版本 (14.10) 起好了名字，新版本的名字将是乌托邦的独角兽。**
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu 的开发者们并不经常在两个开发周期之间停顿太久，也就是说 Ubuntu 14.10 的工作将可能在最近的某一天开始，并经过六个月的时间，在 2014 年十月份放出一个新的版本。
|
||||
当然，她不会是一个 LTS 版本，但是 Mark Shuttleworth 希望其开发团队尽可能的试水新的尝试，以为将来的迈进做准备。
|
||||
|
||||
“拿出你的最佳表现给大家，展现给论坛，展现给邮件列表，我们要做些出色的事情。一些和谐而大气的事情，一些我们可以一直引以为傲的事情。由于我们正处于两年一次的崭新开始，可以不受拘束的展望下未来的情景，我们同样可以给她一个梦幻的名字。让我们骑上来自乌托邦的独角兽。刺向未来，” Mark Shuttleworth 在他的例行[发布会][1]上说道。
|
||||
|
||||
乌托邦的独角兽这个名字的确有些出人意料。先前的名字从来没带有如此的神秘色彩，也就造就了 Ubuntu 14.10 这一独特的版本。或许他本人没法找到一个有趣而有真正存在的动物来命名，或者他仅仅是无法抗拒独角兽的魅力。
|
||||
|
||||
Canonical 并没有像 Fedora 那样将命名权交给社区。如此一来也就有可能会产生这样奇怪的名字，或许有天 Ubuntu 将会得到些没人喜欢的奇怪开发代号（译注：Fedora的开发代号好像更奇怪，那个xx家的猫，居然还用个四字节的unicode字符，译者从来没有见到过的，有木有）。
|
||||
|
||||
从 Mark Shuttleworth 的帖子中所描述的来看，就像是给开发者做出的变动打了张空头支票。
|
||||
这并不代表下一代 Ubuntu 将会截然不同，但单单从系统将被支持九个月时间上来看，他们或许会很了劲儿的折腾一票。
|
||||
|
||||
“LTS 版本将会约束我们的创造力 —— 我们的用户虽然更乐意于巩固性能、稳定和可维护性，但我们更倾向于技术累赘的清扫。这个清扫的目的是为新的创意与设计腾出空间，并为下个版本添砖加瓦。这将是个多么壮观释放创造力的时刻啊，” Mark Shuttleworth 也这么提到。
|
||||
|
||||
同时 Ubuntu 的开发者们也十分可能会尝试向多平台整合的目标靠拢直至所有平台使用同一代码库。
|
||||
这虽然不会在这个开发周期准备就需，但我们很可能能看到一些主要的改进。
|
||||
|
||||
乌托邦独角兽万岁！
|
||||
|
||||
（译者注：由于马克叔风骚的文笔，译者正在去往医院抢救的路上……精通英文者建议看原文）
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-14-10-to-Be-Called-Utopic-Unicorn-439028.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[VizV](https://github.com/VizV) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/1363
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
|
||||
Ubuntu After Install – 帮你在Ubuntu上自动安装流行的软件
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
在你刚刚更新或者是安装了一个新的Ubuntu桌面版之后，你是不是想安装一些有用的并且必要的软件呢？当然。但是，为了打造一个完美的Ubuntu系统，你会需要付出很大的努力。你还会吗？你会怎么去做？你真的会去手动通过添加软件源或者是下载**.deb**包去寻找和安装每一个软件？或者不分青红皂白安装所有的软件？我觉得这将是一个漫长的过程，并且你们也不知道你们需要什么软件去打造这么一个完美的Ubuntu桌面。
|
||||
|
||||
好的，如果有一个简单的工具能让你达到上面的目的，且只需要你点击两下鼠标，你会怎么做？这真会有一个简单的并且有趣的工具，帮助我们安装所有的必须和流行的软件，并且只需要双击鼠标？是的，还真有。为了满足你的好奇心，我可以很负责任的告诉你，这就是**Ubuntu After Install**。
|
||||
|
||||
**Ubuntu After Install**是用来在安装Ubuntu桌面之后安装一些最好的和必要的软件的工具。还有，它还包含了许多有用的应用程序，并且可以自动执行安装过程新安装的机器，让它接近完美的桌面。我不敢说它可以提供给所有用户一个完美的桌面，但一个近乎完美的桌面绝对是可以的。这个工具不仅可以节省您的时间和精力，而且会自动添加相应的PPA来自动更新，让你始终使用着最新的软件。
|
||||
|
||||
**Ubuntu After Install**会安装的软件的完整名单如下：
|
||||
|
||||
- **Ubuntu Restricted Extras**: 视频解码和Flash支持
|
||||
- **libdvdcss** DVD重放
|
||||
- **Unity Tweak Tool** 优化你的Ubuntu桌面
|
||||
- **Variety** Ubuntu桌面壁纸切换
|
||||
- **Google Chrome** 可能是世界上最好的浏览器
|
||||
- **LibreOffice** 完全开源的办公软件
|
||||
- **Skype** 提供文字，声音，视频聊天
|
||||
- **Grive Tools** 同步你的Google Driver
|
||||
- **DropBox** 同步你的DropBox存储
|
||||
- **VLC** 能播放你能想象的视频文件
|
||||
- **XBMC** 一个媒体中心软件
|
||||
- **Radio Tray** 一款不错的基于面板的广播系统
|
||||
- **GIMP** 强大的图片编辑软件
|
||||
- **Darktable** 允许摄影师编辑RAW文件
|
||||
- **Inkscape** 开源矢量图形编辑软件
|
||||
- **Scribus** 专业的桌面发布软件
|
||||
- **Samba** 允许Windows网络共享
|
||||
- **PDF Tools** 合并、剪切、添加、修改PDF文档工具
|
||||
- **OpenShot** 流行的视频编辑软件
|
||||
- **Kdenlive** 更加先进的视频编辑软件
|
||||
- **Handbrake** 将视频和DVD转换为移动端可播放格式
|
||||
- **Audacity** 声音，音乐编辑工具
|
||||
- **Steam** Linuxu游戏平台
|
||||
- **KeePass** 安全的储存你的密码
|
||||
- **Shutter** 让你很容易的截屏
|
||||
- **FileZilla** FTP工具
|
||||
- **p7zip** 强大的7zip压缩/解压工具
|
||||
- 还有一些即将到来的新特性
|
||||
|
||||
### 在Ubuntu 12.04或者更新一些的系统上 安装‘Ubuntu After Install’ ###
|
||||
|
||||
添加‘Ubuntu After Install’ PPA 并且执行以下命令
|
||||
|
||||
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:thefanclub/ubuntu-after-install
|
||||
sudo apt-get update
|
||||
sudo apt-get install ubuntu-after-install
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以从[这里][1]手动下载 .deb 文件，并且手动安装。
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用说明 ###
|
||||
|
||||
安装完Ubuntu-After-Install之后，你只需要从Dash或者菜单里启动他即可。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
这就是Ubuntu-after-install的外观。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
正如你在上面的截图中看到，它会显示所有有用的软件。已经被安装了软件会标有绿色的色点，且默认不会选中。如果某一款软件不适用于您的Ubuntu版本，那么它将被标记为红色圆点。还有，标志着橙色的软件则是需要重新安装和更新的。清楚了吗？
|
||||
|
||||
现在，选择您想要安装并按下按钮**立即安装**。所选软件的PPA将会自动添加到系统中，并且也会在系统上自动安装。听起来不错，不是吗？
|
||||
|
||||
例如，在这里我只想安装在我的Ubuntu14.04系统上安装p7zip。所以我只选择了p7zip的包，并取消其他的程序。只需要轻轻点击**立即安装**按钮，就可以开始安装。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
现在，安装程序会在你电脑上自动添加p7zip的PPA并且安装它。而且一切都将自动在后台完成。所以，你什么都不需要做。只需要，要放松心情，喝杯咖啡，观看安装。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果软件已经安装成功，它将被标记为绿色的色点。请记住，一次安装所有的应用程序将需要一段时间取决于您的Internet连接速度来完成的，这是安装过程一旦开始，强行取消是非常不可取的。
|
||||
|
||||
### 结论 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在之前，我们刚刚提到了[Ubuntu Tweak][2]。 **Ubuntu Tweak**和**Ubuntu After Install**是类似的工具, 但是Ubuntu Tweak有着比Ubuntu After Install更多的特点。 Ubuntu After Tool只是为了帮你安装了所有最好的和日常使用的软件, 而Ubuntu的调整工具会做对额外的东西，如定制您的Ubuntu桌面和更多。
|
||||
|
||||
不要再在网络上寻找所谓的Ubuntu必备软件上浪费你的宝贵的时间。Ubuntu Tweak和Ubuntu After Install就是为了帮助那些正在寻找Ubuntu必备软件的人准备的。所以，不要再犹豫，马上使用它们！
|
||||
|
||||
希望能帮助到你，就说这么多了。
|
||||
|
||||
祝你好运!
|
||||
|
||||
来源与参考:
|
||||
|
||||
- [The Fan Club Website][3]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/ubuntu-install-automate-installation-popular-softwares-ubuntu-14-0413-1013-0412-1012-04/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.thefanclub.co.za/sites/all/modules/pubdlcnt/pubdlcnt.php?file=http://www.thefanclub.co.za/sites/default/files/public/downloads/ubuntu-after-install_2.4_all.deb&nid=121
|
||||
[2]:http://www.unixmen.com/after-a-fresh-install-of-ubuntu-1010-maverick-meerkat-configuration-made-easy-with-ubuntu-tweak/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.thefanclub.co.za/how-to/ubuntu-after-install
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
|
||||
Ubuntu修复了14.04 LTS 上锁屏的安全漏洞
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Canonical公司已经修补了Ubuntu 14.04 LTS上一个重大的安全漏洞 — 这个漏洞可能让攻击者不需要输入密码而获取一个用户账户。**
|
||||
|
||||
“[锁屏绕开][1]”问题在本周早些时候已经发表在了Launchpad上，漏洞修复[现在已经发布][2]。
|
||||
|
||||
它描述了一种方法，通过这个方法可以在没有授权的情况下访问那些使用新的Unity锁屏并处于锁屏状态的用户账户。
|
||||
|
||||
如何做呢？右键点击指示器程序直到Alt+F2快捷键能奏效。这时，你就可以发出命令，打开程序，访问日期，甚至通过运行‘**compiz –replace**‘命令打开会话。
|
||||
|
||||
漏洞演示的一个视频[可以在YouTube上看到][3]。
|
||||
|
||||
这个漏洞的攻击仅能影响到本地环境，并不能远程运行。
|
||||
|
||||
### 其他锁屏问题的修复 ###
|
||||
|
||||
这个闪闪发光的新锁屏一直使Canonical的安全团队很忙。锁屏绕开问题并不是唯一被发现的漏洞。
|
||||
就在前几天由于要发布Ubuntu 14.04 LTS，[另一个重要的安全问题][4]被修复（在这种情况下，修复得非常快），这个漏洞可以在锁定的屏幕上通过触发任意一个容易可重复的崩溃强制电脑解锁。另一个基于快捷键的漏洞[当前正在修复的过程中][5]。
|
||||
|
||||
### 安全 ###
|
||||
|
||||
随着受很多商业，教育机构和企业喜爱的Ubuntu LTS（长期支持版）的发布，这些问题可能是坏消息。但是，如果有问题的话，这都显示Canonical公司在应对和修复问题上是多么迅速——这是非常让人放心的。
|
||||
|
||||
这也表明了该公司在决定在七月份时只提示当前LTS用户升级到 14.04 LTS 是多么机敏。这三个月的额外的缓冲时间给ubuntu社区和它的开发者的超级英雄殿堂更多时间去检测和修复安全问题比如以上这些问题。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你正在使用Ubuntu 14.04 LTS，记得经常检查和安装更新。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/ubuntu-fixes-security-flaw-trusty-login-screen
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/unity/+bug/1313885
|
||||
[2]:https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/trusty/+source/unity/7.2.0+14.04.20140423-0ubuntu1.1
|
||||
[3]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4UUB0sI5Fc
|
||||
[4]:https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/unity/+bug/1308572
|
||||
[5]:https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/trusty/+source/unity/+bug/1314247
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
|
||||
五个你可能不了解的killall选项
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Linux的命令行提供很多命令来杀死进程。比如，你可以向“kill”命传递一个PID来杀死进程；“pkill”命令使用一个正则表达式作为输入，所以和该模式匹配的进程都被杀死。
|
||||
|
||||
但是还有一个命令叫“killall”，默认情况下，它精确地匹配参数名，然后杀死匹配进程。在这篇文章中，我们将讨论有关这个命令的实际应用。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux 的 killall 命令 ###
|
||||
|
||||
killall命令可以用来给一个特定的进程发送一个信号。这个信号默认情况下是SIGTERM，但也可以由killall命令使用参数来指定其它信号。
|
||||
|
||||
现在让我们通过一些实际的例子来看看这个命令的实际用法。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1. 基本示例 ####
|
||||
|
||||
在这个例子中，我们将使用killall来杀死特定进程。假如，有两个开头字符相同的进程：
|
||||
|
||||
$ ps -aef | grep “test”
|
||||
himanshu 3969 2811 0 14:14 pts/0 00:00:00 ./test
|
||||
himanshu 3970 2811 0 14:14 pts/0 00:00:00 ./test_again
|
||||
|
||||
如何杀死“test_again”进程呢？
|
||||
|
||||
$ killall test_again
|
||||
[2]+ Terminated ./test_again
|
||||
|
||||
如你所见，killall命令终止了“test_again”进程。你可以通过ps命令来确认这个事实：
|
||||
|
||||
$ ps -aef | grep “test”
|
||||
himanshu 3969 2811 0 14:14 pts/0 00:00:00 ./test
|
||||
|
||||
你可以观察到“test_again”没有被显示出来，因为它已经被杀死了。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2. 使用 -I 选项忽略大小写 ####
|
||||
|
||||
默认情况下，killall命令是大小写敏感的。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
$ ps -aef | grep “test”
|
||||
himanshu 4177 3161 0 14:54 pts/3 00:00:00 ./test
|
||||
himanshu 4178 3161 0 14:54 pts/3 00:00:00 ./test_again
|
||||
himanshu 4180 3161 0 14:54 pts/3 00:00:00 grep --color=auto test
|
||||
|
||||
$ killall TEST
|
||||
TEST: no process found
|
||||
|
||||
你可以看到，killall命令找不到叫做“TEST”的进程，但是“test”进程是确确实实的在运行的。
|
||||
|
||||
来让killall命令忽略大小写，可以使用-I选项（大写i）。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
$ killall -I TEST
|
||||
[1]- Terminated ./test
|
||||
|
||||
你可以观察到，现在你成功的终止了“test”进程。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3. 使用 -i 选项交互式的终止进程 ####
|
||||
|
||||
killall命令可以用来终止多个进程。
|
||||
|
||||
$ killall test test_again
|
||||
[2]- Terminated ./test_again
|
||||
[3]+ Terminated ./test
|
||||
|
||||
但是，如果你想要killall交互式地来终止进程，你可以使用-i选项。
|
||||
|
||||
这里是例子：
|
||||
|
||||
$ killall -i test test_again
|
||||
Kill test(4201) ? (y/N) y
|
||||
Kill test_again(4202) ? (y/N) y
|
||||
[1]- Terminated ./test
|
||||
[2]+ Terminated ./test_again
|
||||
|
||||
你可以看到，用这种方式，在同时终止多个进程时，用户可以控制是否终止某一个进程。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 4. 使用 -q 选项关闭命令执行回显 ####
|
||||
|
||||
有些时候，当killall找不到指定的进程时，它就会像下面这样输出错误信息。
|
||||
|
||||
$ killall TEST
|
||||
TEST: no process found
|
||||
|
||||
但是，当你想要killall执行地安安静静的话，你就可以使用-q选项：
|
||||
|
||||
$ killall -q TEST
|
||||
$
|
||||
|
||||
如你所见，-q选项被使用之后，killall命令的输出信息就被抑制了。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 5. 使用-l选项列出所有支持的信号（signal) ####
|
||||
|
||||
如之前描述的一样，killall向进程发送信号。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以使用-s选项（后面跟一个信号名）来向一个进程发送特殊信号。
|
||||
|
||||
想要知道所有可以发送的信号，可以使用-l选项（小写L）来获取：
|
||||
|
||||
$ killall -l
|
||||
HUP INT QUIT ILL TRAP ABRT IOT BUS FPE KILL USR1 SEGV USR2 PIPE ALRM TERM
|
||||
STKFLT CHLD CONT STOP TSTP TTIN TTOU URG XCPU XFSZ VTALRM PROF WINCH IO PWR SYS
|
||||
UNUSED
|
||||
|
||||
killall支持上面的所有信号。
|
||||
|
||||
看着这些信号的名字，可能你心里就会嘀咕：这些信号都是干什么的？
|
||||
|
||||
译者注：使用下面的命令来获取所有信号的说明：
|
||||
|
||||
$ man 7 signal
|
||||
|
||||
### 我需要和大家讨论一件事情 ###
|
||||
|
||||
killall命令的man说：假如进程的名字的长度小于等于15，默认情况下就会以完整名称匹配。
|
||||
|
||||
比如，假设有两个名字很长的进程：
|
||||
|
||||
$ ps -aef | grep “test”
|
||||
himanshu 4021 3161 0 14:27 pts/3 00:00:00 ./test_abcdefghij
|
||||
himanshu 4035 3161 0 14:27 pts/3 00:00:00 ./test_abcdefgh
|
||||
|
||||
第一个进程的名字有15个字符。现在，让我们试着使用killall杀死这个进程：
|
||||
|
||||
$ killall test_abcdefghij
|
||||
[1]- Terminated ./test_abcdefghij
|
||||
|
||||
如你所见，killall命令成功杀死了这个进程。
|
||||
|
||||
假如，两个进程的名字都超过15个字符，根据man，killall将把两个进程全部杀死。比如：
|
||||
|
||||
$ ps -aef | grep “test”
|
||||
himanshu 4114 3161 0 14:40 pts/3 00:00:00 ./test_abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwx
|
||||
himanshu 4141 3161 0 14:46 pts/3 00:00:00 ./test_abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
|
||||
himanshu 4143 3161 0 14:46 pts/3 00:00:00 grep --color=auto test
|
||||
|
||||
你可以观察到，两个进程的名字都超过15个字符。现在，当我使用killall试着杀死第二个进程时：
|
||||
|
||||
$ killall test_abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
|
||||
[6]+ Terminated ./test_abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
|
||||
|
||||
它只杀死了指定的进程，另一个则没有被杀死。
|
||||
|
||||
$ ps -aef | grep “test”
|
||||
himanshu 4114 3161 0 14:40 pts/3 00:00:00 ./test_abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwx
|
||||
himanshu 4146 3161 0 14:47 pts/3 00:00:00 grep --color=auto test
|
||||
|
||||
我不太确定，是我进行的尝试中有不对的地方，还是这是killall的一个bug。假如你在评论中写上你的观点，我会非常感激。
|
||||
|
||||
顺便说一下，这是我机器上killall命令的版本信息：
|
||||
|
||||
$ killall --version
|
||||
killall (PSmisc) 22.20
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1993-2012 Werner Almesberger and Craig Small
|
||||
|
||||
PSmisc comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.
|
||||
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under
|
||||
the terms of the GNU General Public License.
|
||||
For more information about these matters, see the files named COPYING.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-killall-my-options/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[intermerlin](https://github.com/intermerlin) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
|
||||
Xperience UI 设计理念：优雅的 Linux 桌面设计欣赏
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Xperience UI 是一个基于 Nitrux 发行板的一个界面设计的概念作品，如果其开发能够完成，它将有可能成为当今最漂亮的桌面之一。**
|
||||
|
||||
即使有些人很会折腾并使他们的桌面装扮得更帅些，但是大多数 Linux 桌面仍可以轻易的被社区里面的人们认出来。
|
||||
如今折腾的人有福利了，Nitrux Xperience UI 带来了相当华丽的设计理念。
|
||||
|
||||
Nitrux 的开发者们之前因其图标及一些其他设计而闻名，而如今这款桌面的界面设计质量几乎可以与现今我们能找到的任何的顶级设计相媲美。
|
||||
|
||||
这些设计或许会让大家想起一些来自 Elementary OS 的元素，但同时她也有着非常严谨而独特的风格。
|
||||
即使这些细节很难被观察到，我们仍可以从通知区域、锁屏、或是主面板感受到设计者对其的精雕细琢。
|
||||
|
||||
这些设计理念虽然看起来很倾向于触屏设备，她仍然可以完美的融入到一个桌面系统中。
|
||||
|
||||
也许我们只能寄予期望给今后的某个 Nitrus 麾下的发行板可以采用这个设计了。
|
||||
|
||||
即使今后没人会实现这个设计（虽然我们很大把握有人会去折腾），这个设计仍然证明了 Linux 的设计也可以从头到脚都远远超出所有其他的操作系统。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
桌面
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Mini 启动面板 - 应用程序
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Mini 启动面板 - 通知区域
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Mini 启动面板 - 最近的文档
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Mini 启动面板 - 快速设置
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Mini 启动面板 - 关机
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
主面板
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Xperience-UI-Concept-Could-Be-the-Most-Beautiful-Linux-Desktop-430087.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[VizV](https://github.com/vizv) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[Translating by SteveArcher]
|
||||
Are Open Source Developers Too Demanding?
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Open source invites participation, including criticism. But do developers sometimes take it too far?**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Developers can be a fickle bunch. Gifted with mountains of free, open-source code of ever-improving quality, some developers can’t help but complain that there’s not more, and even more free, software. But the problem often isn't the code itself, but poorly calibrated expectations and scanty training.
|
||||
|
||||
### What? Me Pay? ###
|
||||
|
||||
One sometimes unrealistic expectation is that software should be free. All of it.
|
||||
|
||||
So, for example, we have [one young developer berating nginx][1] for building “admittedly amazing software” but then having the audacity to charge for it.
|
||||
|
||||
No, really. Those nginx people are trying to make money by writing software that people want. Can you believe the gall?
|
||||
|
||||
Actually, his problem is more nuanced than this. Despite electing not to use Apache httpd, the Hip Young Startup blog author complains that nginx "took a feature that Apache httpd has had literally forever and put it behind a pay wall." It's unclear why he doesn't just use Apache to solve his problem, given that he also says "the performance difference between nginx and httpd in this scenario is negligible."
|
||||
|
||||
Or maybe he could fix nginx himself, given that, by his own admission, it's "trivial" to make the changes himself to get around nginx's attempts to sustain product development by charging for some features. The problem, as he acknowledges, is that he "shouldn’t have to do any of this [crap]."
|
||||
|
||||
In other words, the world (or nginx) owes this developer a living. Who knew?
|
||||
|
||||
Let's be clear: one of the ways open source succeeds is by dramatically lowering the bar to adoption. Charging money, even a negligible fee, can hinder that adoption. But getting uppity about the primary developer of an open-source project charging money for value? As programmer Brendan Loudermilk ([@bloudermilk][2]) [tells][3] the Hip Young Startup blogger, "You could always pay for and support the software that serves as a core dependency of your app."
|
||||
|
||||
Imagine that.
|
||||
|
||||
### Documentation? Of Course I Didn’t Read The Documentation! ###
|
||||
|
||||
Then there are the countless others who take to Hacker News to complain about software they often don’t understand, quite often because they haven’t bothered to read the documentation. I completely get that great software should be approachable, and great products, generally, should be somewhat self-explanatory.
|
||||
|
||||
But much of the best open-source software can be complex to run, at least, at scale. If the software isn't working for someone, it's not obvious that the software is the problem. Vlad Mihalcea, founder of the Struts open-source framework, nails this, [arguing][4] that “if there is someone to blame, it’s usually us” as much of the available open-source software tends to be high-quality code.
|
||||
|
||||
What it isn’t, he goes on to argue, is a free lunch in terms of a learning curve. Any software, whether open source or proprietary, requires some investment in learning how to be productive with it. As he notes of Hibernate and other open-source technologies, “If you want to employ them [successfully], be prepared to learn a lot. There is no other way.”
|
||||
|
||||
This won’t resonate with the hacker crowd whose first instinct is to complain when software doesn’t work the way they want, even if it wasn’t designed to do what they want it to do. But it’s true, all the same.
|
||||
|
||||
### Healthcare.gov Vs. Gov.UK ###
|
||||
|
||||
Just look at the Healthcare.gov debacle for proof. Recently NoSQL database vendor MarkLogic has been [taking bullets][5] over its alleged role in Healthcare.gov’s many technical problems. [Some have gone so far as to argue][6] that NoSQL databases, in general, are faulty because of the Healthcare.gov debacle.
|
||||
|
||||
This is stupid.
|
||||
|
||||
MarkLogic is a fine database. While not perfect, it’s silly to blame Healthcare.gov’s problems on this legacy database. Code isn’t the primary problem.
|
||||
|
||||
As [I’ve argued][7], Healthcare.gov’s problems aren’t really about code, but instead about process. For proof, look no further than Healthcare.gov’s British peer, Gov.UK, [which credits NoSQL technologies][8] as a significant reasons for its success.
|
||||
|
||||
The difference isn’t in the code the two websites used, but rather their respective approaches: Gov.UK is iterative, agile. Healthcare.gov is top-down, waterfall.
|
||||
|
||||
### A Poor Craftsman Blames Her Tools ###
|
||||
|
||||
Open source invites criticism by laying bare its strengths and weaknesses in a way proprietary software never did. Developers today have a level of accessibility to the code they use that previous generations of developers lacked, with a megaphone (the Internet) that allows them to broadcast complaints about that code.
|
||||
|
||||
But let’s not lose sight of just how blessed we are to have this code, or forget our obligation to apply it appropriately in order to be successful. In other words, read the documentation before you complain that open-source software doesn’t “work.” More often than not, it works just fine, but not for the ill-conceived purpose you have in mind.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://readwrite.com/2013/11/26/are-open-source-developers-too-demanding#awesm=~ooy2qPfuR2PvIx
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://readwrite.com/2013/11/26/%E2%80%9Chttp://www.hipyoungstartup.com/2013/11/we-should-ditch-nginx/%E2%80%9C
|
||||
[2]:https://twitter.com/bloudermilk
|
||||
[3]:http://www.hipyoungstartup.com/2013/11/we-should-ditch-nginx/#comment-17
|
||||
[4]:http://readwrite.com/2013/11/26/%E2%80%9Chttp://java.dzone.com/articles/why-i-never-blame-open-source%E2%80%9D
|
||||
[5]:http://gigaom.com/2013/11/25/how-the-use-of-a-nosql-database-played-a-role-in-the-healthcare-gov-snafu/
|
||||
[6]:http://developers.slashdot.org/story/13/11/24/1437203/nyt-healthcaregov-project-chaos-due-partly-to-unorthodox-database-choice
|
||||
[7]:http://readwrite.com/2013/11/04/sorry-open-source-isnt-the-panacea-for-healthcaregov#awesm=~oojDQ8fiVXrjGP
|
||||
[8]:http://digital.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/colophon-beta/
|
||||
@ -1,141 +0,0 @@
|
||||
How to setup Remi repository on CentOS 5/6 and Fedora 18/19/20
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Remi repository
|
||||
|
||||
The [Remi (Les RPM de Remi) repository][1] provides the latest version of various software packages related to php and mysql for redhat based linux distros like centos, fedora and RHEL. It provides php, mysql, pecl packages, pear packages any many other open source/free php applications and libraries and many other php related packages. So its designed to assist in setting up apache+php based web servers with various kinds of open source applications. The default centos/fedora distros do no have the latest versions of these packages so repositories like Remi do the job.
|
||||
|
||||
The repository can be easily setup on CentOS/Fedora through the installer rpm which will setup the repository configuration.
|
||||
|
||||
### Setup on CentOS 5.x/6.x ###
|
||||
|
||||
The Remi installer rpm file is available for both 5.x and 6.x versions of CentOS. The urls are as follows
|
||||
|
||||
CentOS 5.x - [http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-5.rpm][2]
|
||||
CentOS 6.x - [http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-6.rpm][3]
|
||||
|
||||
On CentOS The Remi repository depends on the Epel repository which must be installed along with it, for it to work. If you already have epel repository setup then execute the following command
|
||||
|
||||
$ wget http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-6.rpm
|
||||
$ rpm -Uvh remi-release-6*.rpm
|
||||
|
||||
If you do not already have Epel setup then run the following command. It will download the Epel installer file and install it along with Remi
|
||||
|
||||
$ wget http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm
|
||||
$ wget http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-6.rpm
|
||||
$ rpm -Uvh remi-release-6*.rpm epel-release-6*.rpm
|
||||
|
||||
For CentOS 5.x
|
||||
|
||||
$ wget http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5/i386/epel-release-5-4.noarch.rpm
|
||||
$ wget http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-5.rpm
|
||||
$ rpm -Uvh remi-release-5*.rpm epel-release-5*.rpm
|
||||
|
||||
Thats it. Now the remi repository should be setup on your CentOS system.
|
||||
|
||||
### Setup on Fedora 18/19 ###
|
||||
|
||||
On Fedora, Remi depends on the [Rpmfusion][4] repository. So first setup the rpmfusion repository.
|
||||
|
||||
## Remi Dependency on Fedora 19 / 18 / 17 ##
|
||||
rpm -Uvh http://download1.rpmfusion.org/free/fedora/rpmfusion-free-release-stable.noarch.rpm
|
||||
rpm -Uvh http://download1.rpmfusion.org/nonfree/fedora/rpmfusion-nonfree-release-stable.noarch.rpm
|
||||
|
||||
The rpm file and configuration instructions for rpmfusion can be found here.
|
||||
|
||||
After rpmfusion is setup, move ahead to setting up Remi.
|
||||
|
||||
$ wget http://rpms.famillecollet.com/remi-release-19.rpm
|
||||
$ yum install remi-release-19.rpm
|
||||
|
||||
Or directly
|
||||
|
||||
## Fedora 20 ##
|
||||
rpm -Uvh http://rpms.famillecollet.com/remi-release-20.rpm
|
||||
|
||||
## Fedora 19 ##
|
||||
rpm -Uvh http://rpms.famillecollet.com/remi-release-19.rpm
|
||||
|
||||
## Fedora 18 ##
|
||||
rpm -Uvh http://rpms.famillecollet.com/remi-release-18.rpm
|
||||
|
||||
## Fedora 17 ##
|
||||
rpm -Uvh http://rpms.famillecollet.com/remi-release-17.rpm
|
||||
|
||||
Make sure to use the correct url for your Fedora version. That should finish setting up the Remi repository on Fedora.
|
||||
|
||||
### Verify Remi ###
|
||||
|
||||
After setting up the Remi repository, its time to check if its properly done. The Remi repository is disabled by default. If you want to enable it permanently then edit the file /etc/yum.repos.d/remi.repo
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo nano /etc/yum.repos.d/remi.repo
|
||||
|
||||
> [remi]
|
||||
> name=Les RPM de remi pour Enterprise Linux 6 - $basearch
|
||||
> #baseurl=http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/6/remi/$basearch/
|
||||
> mirrorlist=http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/6/remi/mirror
|
||||
> enabled=0
|
||||
> gpgcheck=1
|
||||
> gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-remi
|
||||
|
||||
The very first section that starts with [remi] is the main repository. Change the value of enabled from 0 to 1 to enable it.
|
||||
|
||||
Otherwise it can be enabled via yum when needed using the enablerepo option.
|
||||
|
||||
# yum repolist --enablerepo=remi
|
||||
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
|
||||
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
|
||||
* base: virror.hanoilug.org
|
||||
* epel: mirror.unej.ac.id
|
||||
* extras: mirrors.fibo.vn
|
||||
* remi: mirror.smartmedia.net.id
|
||||
* updates: mirrors.fibo.vn
|
||||
repo id repo name status
|
||||
base CentOS-6 - Base 6,381
|
||||
epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64 10,031
|
||||
extras CentOS-6 - Extras 13
|
||||
nginx nginx repo 47
|
||||
remi Les RPM de remi pour Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64 1,320
|
||||
updates CentOS-6 - Updates 1,555
|
||||
repolist: 19,347
|
||||
#
|
||||
|
||||
Using the enablerepo option is sufficient when needed. As can be seen, the remi repository provides around 1320 packages. There are 2 more repos, namely remi-php55 and remi-test that provide even more packages.
|
||||
|
||||
### List all packages ###
|
||||
|
||||
To list out all the packages provided by the Remi repo, use the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
# yum --disablerepo=* --enablerepo=remi,remi-php55,remi-test list available | less
|
||||
|
||||
### Install packages from Remi repository ###
|
||||
|
||||
To install packages from Remi repo, use the enablerepo option again
|
||||
|
||||
# yum --enablerepo=remi,remi-php55 install php
|
||||
|
||||
### Resources ###
|
||||
|
||||
Remi repository official site
|
||||
[http://rpms.famillecollet.com/][5]
|
||||
|
||||
Remi FAQ
|
||||
[http://blog.famillecollet.com/pages/English-FAQ][6]
|
||||
|
||||
Remi repository configuration instructions
|
||||
[http://blog.famillecollet.com/pages/Config-en][7]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.binarytides.com/setup-remi-repository-centos-fedora/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://rpms.famillecollet.com/
|
||||
[2]:http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-5.rpm
|
||||
[3]:http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-6.rpm
|
||||
[4]:http://rpmfusion.org/
|
||||
[5]:http://rpms.famillecollet.com/
|
||||
[6]:http://blog.famillecollet.com/pages/English-FAQ
|
||||
[7]:http://blog.famillecollet.com/pages/Config-en
|
||||
@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Linux Top 3: Shuttleworth Leaves Upstart, Arch Assaults Security and Android x86 4.4
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
#### 1) Shuttleworth on Upstart ####
|
||||
|
||||
Finding the successor to init has been an interesting debate in recent years, but it is now clear who the winner is and it's not Upstart. Last week, Debian voted in favor of systemd and now Ubuntu has followed suit.
|
||||
|
||||
> "I know the many people who work on Upstart appreciated the high praise for its code quality, rigorous testing and clarity of purpose expressed even by members who voted against it; from my perspective, it has been a pleasure to support the efforts of people who want to create truly great free software, and do it properly," Mark Shuttleworth wrote in a [blog post][1]. " Upstart has served Ubuntu extremely well – it gave us a great competitive advantage at a time when things became very dynamic in the kernel, it’s been very stable (it is after all the init used in both Ubuntu and RHEL 6 ;) and has set a high standard for Canonical-lead software quality of which I am proud."
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2) Arch Assault ####
|
||||
|
||||
A new Arch based security distribution is now surfacing, for penetration testers.
|
||||
|
||||
> "The ArchAssault Project is an Arch Linux derivative for penetration testers, security professionals and all-around Linux enthusiasts," the main [project page states][2]."We aim to give you everything you love about Arch Linux but designed around the needs and wants of security professionals."
|
||||
|
||||
Arch Assault isn't just for x86 either, there is also support for ARMv6h and ARMv7h.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3) Android x86 4.4 ####
|
||||
|
||||
While desktop type distros like Arch continue to make inroads into ARM, Android, which is essentially an ARM Linux distro is going the other way.
|
||||
|
||||
> "The 4.4-RC1 release is based on the Android 4.4.2 (KitKat-MR1 release)," the project page [states][3]. "We have fixed and added x86 specified code to let the system runs smoothly on x86 platforms, especially for netbooks or tablets. "
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxplanet.com/news/linux-top-3-shuttleworth-leaves-upstart-arch-assaults-security-and-android-x86-4-4.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/1316
|
||||
[2]:https://archassault.org/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.android-x86.org/releases/releasenote-4-4-rc1
|
||||
@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[翻译中]zsJacky
|
||||
|
||||
Linux pwd command - Know Your Current Working Directory
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Where you are inside a deep directory, sometimes you may want to know where exactly you are. With this pwd command, you can do it.
|
||||
|
||||
### What is pwd ###
|
||||
|
||||
Pwd is a command to print name of current / working directory. When we are “lost” into a deep directory, we can always reveal where we are.
|
||||
|
||||
### How to use it ###
|
||||
|
||||
Since pwd command is intended to only print name of current / working directory, pwd does not have a lot of parameter to add. To use it, you just can type :
|
||||
|
||||
$ pwd
|
||||
|
||||
And it will print where you are. For a shell like bash, sometimes this information already print after host-name. Take a look at below picture.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see above, the **/lib/udev/rules.d** is printed a hostname. When we type pwd, it will print **/lib/udev/rules.d** again. But when you are using another shell such as **csh**, pwd may help you to tell where are you. Here’s a sample of it.
|
||||
|
||||
% pwd
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Print physical directory avoid all symlinks ###
|
||||
|
||||
When you are in directory which is a symbolic links to another directory, you will find that pwd will print the alias / symbolic links to it. To print the real directory name, we can use **-P** parameter.
|
||||
|
||||
$ pwd -P
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
At the screenshot above, we are change the directory to **PlayOnLinux’s virtual drives**. This directory is located in **/home/pungki** and its a symbolic link to wineprefix directory. When we do pwd command, the shell return **/home/pungki/PlayOnLinux’s virtual drives**. But if we add **-P** parameter, the we will know that the real directory is **/home/pungki/.PlayOnLinux’s/wineprefix**
|
||||
|
||||
### Reveal which pwd ###
|
||||
|
||||
On bash shell, pwd may already built-in inside it. To know it, we can use this command :
|
||||
|
||||
$ type -a pwd
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You see that there are **two** pwd’s. When you use pwd, you may use the built-in pwd command on your shell. This pwd will override the original pwd. Here’s a sample.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
On the screenshot above, we are now inside **/home/pungki./PlayOnLinux/wineprefix**. When we use **/bin/pwd**, it will return the real name of current directory. But when we add **-L** parameter, it will return a symbolic link name of current directory.
|
||||
|
||||
This **-L** parameter output the same result if we just type pwd, which use built-in shell pwd.
|
||||
|
||||
### Print pwd version ###
|
||||
|
||||
To print pwd version, we can use **--version** parameter. But for bash shell, we need to use **/bin/pwd** instead of pwd. Otherwise, it will return an error message.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
pwd may help you to know where your current directory when your bash don’t print it directly on command prompt. As usual, you can always type **man pwd** to explore pwd usage more detail.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-pwd-command/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[zsJacky](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,209 +0,0 @@
|
||||
没人领我就继续做吧
|
||||
Setup Apache 2.4 and Php FPM with mod proxy fcgi on Ubuntu 13.10
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
### mod_proxy_fcgi ###
|
||||
|
||||
The module mod_proxy_fcgi is a new one and it allows apache to connect to/forward requests to an external fastcgi process manager like php fpm. This allows for a complete separation between the running of php scripts and Apache. Earlier we had to use modules like mod_fcgid and mod_fastcgi which all had some limitations. Mod_fcgid for example did not properly utilise the process management capability of php-cgi whereas mod_fastcgi is a third party module.
|
||||
|
||||
With the arrival of mod_proxy_fcgi Apache finally gets the ability to neatly talk to external fastcgi process managers making it more efficient at the task. Delegating php requests to external fpm servers greatly reduces the load on web servers like apache resulting into efficient utilisation of machine resources and faster processing speed for users on the other end. Along with all that, php fpm can run opcode caching engines like apc in a very stable manner.
|
||||
|
||||
So in this post, our task is to setup apache + php-fpm using the mod_proxy_fcgi connector.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Setup Apache ###
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu 13.10 already ships with apache 2.4 so all installables are in the repository itself.
|
||||
|
||||
Install Apache if not already done
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install apache2
|
||||
|
||||
Enable mod_proxy_fcgi
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo a2enmod proxy_fcgi
|
||||
Considering dependency proxy for proxy_fcgi:
|
||||
Enabling module proxy.
|
||||
Enabling module proxy_fcgi.
|
||||
To activate the new configuration, you need to run:
|
||||
service apache2 restart
|
||||
|
||||
Restart Apache
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo service apache2 restart
|
||||
|
||||
### Configure virtual host ###
|
||||
|
||||
Next task is to configure a vhost to use mod fcgi proxy to communicate with fpm. The vhost configuration files are stored in the following location
|
||||
|
||||
/etc/apache2/sites-available
|
||||
|
||||
Get inside there any create your new vhost configuration file by copying the 000-default.conf file which comes with apache.
|
||||
|
||||
$ cd /etc/apache2/sites-available
|
||||
$ sudo cp 000-default.conf mysite.conf
|
||||
$ sudo nano mysite.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Now its time to configure the virtualhost. Here is how I configured the file
|
||||
|
||||
> <VirtualHost *:80>
|
||||
> # The ServerName directive sets the request scheme, hostname and port that
|
||||
> # the server uses to identify itself. This is used when creating
|
||||
> # redirection URLs. In the context of virtual hosts, the ServerName
|
||||
> # specifies what hostname must appear in the request's Host: header to
|
||||
> # match this virtual host. For the default virtual host (this file) this
|
||||
> # value is not decisive as it is used as a last resort host regardless.
|
||||
> # However, you must set it for any further virtual host explicitly.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> ServerName fpm.localhost
|
||||
>
|
||||
> ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
|
||||
> DocumentRoot /var/www/mysite
|
||||
>
|
||||
> # Available loglevels: trace8, ..., trace1, debug, info, notice, warn,
|
||||
> # error, crit, alert, emerg.
|
||||
> # It is also possible to configure the loglevel for particular
|
||||
> # modules, e.g.
|
||||
> #LogLevel info ssl:warn
|
||||
>
|
||||
> ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
|
||||
> CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
|
||||
>
|
||||
> # For most configuration files from conf-available/, which are
|
||||
> # enabled or disabled at a global level, it is possible to
|
||||
> # include a line for only one particular virtual host. For example the
|
||||
> # following line enables the CGI configuration for this host only
|
||||
> # after it has been globally disabled with "a2disconf".
|
||||
> #Include conf-available/serve-cgi-bin.conf
|
||||
>
|
||||
> ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*\.php(/.*)?)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/var/www/mysite/$1
|
||||
>
|
||||
> <Directory "/var/www/mysite">
|
||||
> Order allow,deny
|
||||
> Allow from all
|
||||
> AllowOverride FileInfo All
|
||||
> # New directive needed in Apache 2.4.3:
|
||||
> Require all granted
|
||||
> </Directory>
|
||||
>
|
||||
> </VirtualHost>
|
||||
|
||||
The important things to note are :
|
||||
|
||||
1. **ServerName** - This is the domain or the subdomain of your vhost. In this example I used fpm.localhost so that when using that sub domain on localhost, php fpm is used. Its just an example.
|
||||
|
||||
2. **DocumentRoot** - This is the root of this vhost from where the web files shall be served.
|
||||
|
||||
3. **ProxyPassMatch** - This is the directive that tells forward all requests for ".php" files to fcgi server at 127.0.0.1:9000. This is where our php fpm process manager would be running. More on this in the next section.
|
||||
The fcgi url must contain the exact path to the document root. Otherwise it would say "File Not Found" when requesting for files.
|
||||
|
||||
> ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*\.php(/.*)?)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/var/www/mysite/$1
|
||||
|
||||
The first parameter is the pattern to match. So all urls that have a ".php" in them followed by an option slash and anything else are matched and the matched part is forwarded to the fcgi server running at 127.0.0.1:9000.
|
||||
|
||||
4. **Require all granted** - After the ProxyPassMatch line we added a section with Require and AllowOverride directives. It is necessary as of Apache 2.4
|
||||
|
||||
Save the file and enable it using the a2ensite command which saves the effort to create the symlink in sites-enabled directory.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo a2ensite mysite
|
||||
Enabling site mysite.
|
||||
To activate the new configuration, you need to run:
|
||||
service apache2 reload
|
||||
|
||||
Now reload apache configuration
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo service apache2 reload
|
||||
* Reloading web server apache2
|
||||
|
||||
That completes the apache configuration. The other half of the task is to configure php fpm so that it can finally work.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Setup Php-FPM ###
|
||||
|
||||
Next thing is to setup php fpm. Install it via synaptic, if not already done so.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install php5-fpm
|
||||
|
||||
The configuration files for fpm are located at
|
||||
|
||||
> /etc/php5/fpm
|
||||
|
||||
/etc/php5/fpm$ ls
|
||||
conf.d php-fpm.conf php.ini pool.d
|
||||
|
||||
The pool.d directory contains the configuration file for each fpm pool and php-fpm.conf is the main configuration file. Our only work is to configure a fpm pool that is to be used with apache or the specific virtual host.
|
||||
|
||||
The configuration file for a pool is quite large and there are many parameters that can be configured. But in this post we shall be talking about only the important fields that need be set to get fpm up and running
|
||||
|
||||
> ; Start a new pool named 'www'.
|
||||
> ; the variable $pool can we used in any directive and will be replaced by the
|
||||
> ; pool name ('www' here)
|
||||
> [www]
|
||||
>
|
||||
> ; Per pool prefix
|
||||
> ; It only applies on the following directives:
|
||||
> ; - 'slowlog'
|
||||
> ; - 'listen' (unixsocket)
|
||||
> ; - 'chroot'
|
||||
> ; - 'chdir'
|
||||
> ; - 'php_values'
|
||||
> ; - 'php_admin_values'
|
||||
> ; When not set, the global prefix (or /usr) applies instead.
|
||||
> ; Note: This directive can also be relative to the global prefix.
|
||||
> ; Default Value: none
|
||||
> ;prefix = /path/to/pools/$pool
|
||||
>
|
||||
> ; Unix user/group of processes
|
||||
> ; Note: The user is mandatory. If the group is not set, the default user's group
|
||||
> ; will be used.
|
||||
> user = enlightened
|
||||
> group = enlightened
|
||||
>
|
||||
> ; The address on which to accept FastCGI requests.
|
||||
> ; Valid syntaxes are:
|
||||
> ; 'ip.add.re.ss:port' - to listen on a TCP socket to a specific address on
|
||||
> ; a specific port;
|
||||
> ; 'port' - to listen on a TCP socket to all addresses on a
|
||||
> ; specific port;
|
||||
> ; '/path/to/unix/socket' - to listen on a unix socket.
|
||||
> ; Note: This value is mandatory.
|
||||
> listen = 127.0.0.1:9000
|
||||
>
|
||||
> ; Set listen(2) backlog.
|
||||
> ; Default Value: 128 (-1 on FreeBSD and OpenBSD)
|
||||
> ;listen.backlog = 128
|
||||
|
||||
Create a new configuration file by copying the www.conf file. And edit the fields as explained next.
|
||||
|
||||
1. The first options is the name of the pool. We named it 'www' over here. Name it to anything you like or after the domain name it is going to be used with. 'yoursite' for example. That way it would be easier to remember.
|
||||
|
||||
2. Setup the user and group that this pool will run with. When you are setting up multiple sites/domains/virtualhosts on a server, you would always want to setup separate user accounts and corresponding pool for each of those. This is an essential security measure, so that every pool has privileges of its own user only.
|
||||
|
||||
3. Setup the listening socket. This is the socket on which the master fpm process shall listen for incoming requests. This can be a unix socket or a tcp socket. However [mod_proxy_fcgi does not yet support unix sockets][1], so we are limited to tcp sockets.
|
||||
Over here its port number 9000 on localhost.
|
||||
|
||||
Now restart fpm
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo service php5-fpm restart
|
||||
|
||||
Now the new fpm pool should take effect. You can see the new pool process in htop for example.
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Test the setup ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now that both apache and php fpm are configured and setup, its time to test. Get inside the document root directory and create a php file containing a call to phpinfo() function and open it in your browser.
|
||||
The "Server API" should be reported as "FPM/FastCGI".
|
||||
|
||||
Now that apache and php are setup, you may want to install other things like APC, mariadb database, phpmyadmin etc. Move around this site to find how-to guides on those.
|
||||
|
||||
### Resources ###
|
||||
|
||||
Check out the following links to learn more
|
||||
[https://wiki.apache.org/httpd/PHP-FPM][2]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.binarytides.com/setup-apache-php-fpm-mod-proxy-fcgi-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://issues.apache.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=54101
|
||||
[2]:https://wiki.apache.org/httpd/PHP-FPM
|
||||
@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
|
||||
The Linux Foundation Delivers Complete 2014 Event Schedule
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
he Linux Foundation has changed up its mode of planning events, and has released its schedule of events for the entire year. A new video is also being launched with the announcement, which is live here: [The Linux Foundation Event Experience][1]. Here are more details on what this year's foundation events will focus on.
|
||||
|
||||
The 2014 events schedule, which includes LinuxCon and CloudOpen in North America and Europe, as well as the Linux Foundation Collaboration Summit, Embedded Linux Conference, Android Builders Summit and ApacheCon, among others. LinuxCon and CloudOpen North America will take place this year in Chicago and will be co-located with the Linux Kernel Summit. LinuxCon and CloudOpen Europe will be in Duesseldorf, Germany, along with Embedded Linux Conference, KVM Forum and Linux Plumbers Conference.
|
||||
|
||||
“Nearly every technology sector and community is eager to benefit from open, collaborative development process in some way,” said Jim Zemlin, executive director at The Linux Foundation, in a statement. “Today, industries as varied as automotive, life sciences and gaming are interested in tapping into the collective knowledge base and success of Linux and open development."
|
||||
|
||||
Here are highlights from the 2014 event schedule, including some interesting cloud computing events:
|
||||
|
||||
#### [OpenDaylight Summit][2] ####
|
||||
|
||||
February 4-5, 2014, Hyatt Santa Clara, Santa Clara, Calif.
|
||||
|
||||
A technical summit for developers and users involved in the community, projects, products, and companies in the Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) space.
|
||||
|
||||
#### [Linux Storage, Filesystem and MM Summit][3] ####
|
||||
|
||||
March 24-25, 2014, The Meritage Resort, Napa Valley, Calif.
|
||||
|
||||
Invitation-only event that brings together developers and researchers who work with the Linux storage, memory management and file system stack.
|
||||
|
||||
#### [Linux Foundation Collaboration Summit][4] ####
|
||||
|
||||
March 26-28, 2014, The Meritage Resort, Napa Valley, Calif.
|
||||
|
||||
An exclusive, invitation-only summit that brings together core kernel developers, distribution maintainers, ISVs, end users, system vendors and other community organizations for sessions and workgroup meetings that help solve the most pressing issues facing Linux today.
|
||||
|
||||
#### [ApacheCon][5] ####
|
||||
|
||||
April 7-9, 2014, The Westin, Denver, Co.
|
||||
|
||||
ApacheCon is the only event dedicated to bringing together the 100+ Apache Software Foundation project communities as well as other open source projects across multiple sectors in one venue to advance the work that is defining the future of technology and that represents a new generation of software development. It hosts collaboration on some of the today’s hottest open source projects, including Apache projects like Cassandra, Cordova, CloudStack, CouchDB, Geronimo, Hadoop, Hive, HTTP Server, Lucene, OpenOffice, Struts, Subversion and Tomcat, among many others.
|
||||
|
||||
#### [CloudStack Collaboration Conference North America][6] ####
|
||||
|
||||
April 9-11, 2014, The Westin, Denver, Co.
|
||||
|
||||
The CloudStack Collaboration Conference North America brings together developers, systems administrators and DevOps professionals who are building and managing large networks of virtual machines and advancing the state-of-the-art for cloud computing technologies. The event offers a neutral environment where attendees can advance their work with Apache CloudStack.
|
||||
|
||||
#### [Embedded Linux Conference][7] ####
|
||||
|
||||
April 29-May 1, 2014, San Jose Marriott, San Jose, Calif.
|
||||
|
||||
Now in its 10th year, this is the premier vendor-neutral technical conference for companies and developers using Linux in embedded products.
|
||||
|
||||
#### [Android Builders Summit][8] ####
|
||||
|
||||
April 29-May 1, 2014, San Jose Marriott, San Jose, Calif.
|
||||
|
||||
A technical summit for OEMs, their device manufacturers, integrators, custom builders, and the growing Android and Linux Kernel developer communities.
|
||||
|
||||
#### [LinuxCon North America][9] ####
|
||||
|
||||
August 20-22, 2014, Sheraton Chicago, Chicago
|
||||
|
||||
LinuxCon is the leading annual technical conference in North America, bringing together developers, system administrators, DevOps professionals, business executives and more in a collaboration and education space for the Linux community.
|
||||
|
||||
#### [CloudOpen North America][10] ####
|
||||
|
||||
August 20-22, 2014, Sheraton Chicago, Chicago
|
||||
|
||||
CloudOpen brings together the open source projects, products and companies that are driving the cloud and big data ecosystems today to share best practices from the world of traditional open source.
|
||||
|
||||
#### [LinuxCon Europe][11] ####
|
||||
|
||||
October 13-15, 2014, Duesseldorf Congress Centre, Duesseldorf, Germany
|
||||
|
||||
LinuxCon Europe brings together the European Linux community, from developers, system administrators and DevOps professionals to business executives and more in a collaboration and education space for the Linux community. Previous locations have included Prague and Barcelona.
|
||||
|
||||
#### [CloudOpen Europe][12] ####
|
||||
|
||||
October 13-15, 2014, Duesseldorf Congress Centre, Duesseldorf, Germany
|
||||
|
||||
CloudOpen Europe brings together the open source projects, products and companies that are driving the cloud and big data ecosystems today to share best practices from the world of traditional open source.
|
||||
|
||||
#### [Embedded Linux Conference Europe][13] ####
|
||||
|
||||
October 13-15, 2014, Duesseldorf Congress Centre, Duesseldorf, Germany
|
||||
|
||||
Now in its 10th year, this is the premier vendor-neutral technical conference for companies and developers using Linux in embedded products.
|
||||
|
||||
For more information about Linux Foundation events, you can visit: [http://events.linuxfoundation.org][14].
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ostatic.com/blog/the-linux-foundation-delivers-complete-2014-event-schedule
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://youtu.be/-WUeelICQ2U
|
||||
[2]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/opendaylight-summit
|
||||
[3]:https://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/lsfmm-summit
|
||||
[4]:https://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/collaboration-summit
|
||||
[5]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/apachecon-north-america
|
||||
[6]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/apachecon-north-america
|
||||
[7]:https://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/embedded-linux-conference
|
||||
[8]:https://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/android-builders-summit
|
||||
[9]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/linuxcon
|
||||
[10]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/cloudopen-north-america
|
||||
[11]:https://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/linuxcon-europe
|
||||
[12]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/cloudopen-europe
|
||||
[13]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/embedded-linux-conference-europe
|
||||
[14]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/
|
||||
@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
|
||||
The Linux Software Store Conundrum
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Surveying the choices, the Linux OS could use a better retail online outlet.
|
||||
|
||||
For quite some time, I've pleaded with the Ubuntu team to consider updating the Ubuntu Software Center. It's nearly unusable on older PCs, and even on modern hardware this method of software installation leaves a lot to be desired – especially with paid applications.
|
||||
|
||||
It's my hope that this article will not only help each of us take a hard look at the existing methods of Linux software discovery and installation, but perhaps we'll finally settle on a means of handling paid software titles as well.
|
||||
|
||||
### Linspire was close ###
|
||||
|
||||
Whether you hated or loved the company [Linspire][1] before [Xandros][2] purchased the brand, the fact of the matter is that the early days of its Click-n-Run (CNR) Warehouse was years ahead of its time. Before CNR became a one size fits all tool trying to be all things to all distributions, Linspire offered what I felt was the most newbie friendly method for installing software onto Linux. Even by today's standards, "classic" CNR has yet to be touched in terms of easily installing FoSS and commercial applications in a seamless environment.
|
||||
|
||||
### Steam as a software store ###
|
||||
|
||||
While there are a number of "other" software stores available for the Linux desktop, none of them actually support paid applications like the Ubuntu Software Center. The only viable alternative I've seen to the Ubuntu Software Center for distributing paid applications on the Linux desktop is Valve's [Steam][3] digital software manager. Known as a top outlet for distributing paid Linux games, I've found that Steam is already being used to [distribute software][4] for other platforms. I think that it's entirely possible Steam would be a good option for distributing paid software for Linux users as well.
|
||||
|
||||
Unlike other software distribution tools, Steam is designed specifically to handle payments in a much cleaner way than existing Linux alternatives. Also, Steam presents games and software titles in a fantastic light, so those browsing these titles can settle on the right application for their needs.
|
||||
|
||||
Now I'm not suggesting that Steam would be the best replacement for say, discovering open source software titles. I'm firmly against such an idea. I would suggest, however, that Steam provides a multiple distro option for handling all software/games of a proprietary nature.
|
||||
|
||||
### A new ecosystem is born ###
|
||||
|
||||
By now, you may think that I'm firmly against software distribution tools like the Ubuntu Software Center. But the truth is, I'd love to see it improved and to succeed with as many open source titles as possible. Again, while I think it needs work, it still provides a fairly decent tool for software title discovery. But as I noted out above, the payment system provided in the Software Center is simply not providing a good user experience overall. It's slow, and doesn't really provide a solid tool for discovering the latest releases of paid software.
|
||||
|
||||
In this arena, I see Steam as the clear winner here. And if we can get Steam ramped up in distributing paid applications that people actually want to use – not just the limited paid title library for Linux we have now – the options could be limitless.
|
||||
|
||||
Imagine a new ecosystem where paid applications have their own distribution tool free from dependency on any one Linux distro. Ubuntu, Arch, OpenSUSE, whatever the distro might happen to be, I see Steam as the tool introducing yet-to-be-ported software over to the Linux space. And as new software titles are released and discovered, more will follow. Perhaps we'd even see mega-brands making an appearance? Adobe Photoshop and Microsoft Office – if the paying audience is there, I see no reason why these titles wouldn't be made available.
|
||||
|
||||
### Hurdles and challenges ###
|
||||
|
||||
There are some serious challenges to overcome before Steam for software could take a hold of the Linux space. The first challenge is the Linux user base itself: we can be cynical, reserved and always concerned about the next big "proprietary threat" coming down the road. Despite the warm reception Valve has seen with Steam delivering games onto the various Linux distributions, I think this "welcome" would cool a bit if software titles were also being actively promoted.
|
||||
|
||||
Another concern that has crossed my mind is whether Valve would welcome tons of "junk" applications like the ones you can find in the mobile software space. Nothing would be worse than hundreds of junk applications and hardly any compelling ones in the Steam store. It's my hope that we find a balance between quantity and quality with regard to paid Linux software titles.
|
||||
|
||||
### No Steam – No Problem? ###
|
||||
|
||||
I'm not one to put too much emphasis on a single solution to any problem, therefore I acknowledge that Steam alone might not be the only method of delivering paid software titles to the Linux-using masses. But my question then shifts to: if it's not Steam – what is the solution? We've seen distributions like Ubuntu make attempts at bringing in paid software titles and clearly, [the results][5] haven't been all that great.
|
||||
|
||||
I do give props to Ubuntu for their attempts at getting new titles submitted into the Software Center, thanks to their [App Developer Week][6]. It's a great idea and for casual apps, it's been fun to see what new titles have come out of the event. Sadly, though, I don't see this luring Adobe or Microsoft into making highly requested titles available for non-Microsoft and Apple platforms.
|
||||
|
||||
In the end, are there genuinely viable alternatives for paid software to make their way into the Linux landscape? In the enterprise realm, it's already happening.
|
||||
|
||||
### Enterprise applications ###
|
||||
|
||||
Based on my personal experience, I honestly don't see a future where paid applications will gain a major foothold on the Linux desktop. But I do see paid applications making major waves in the future on the Linux server. Like most things Linux, it's on the server where the money is earned; through services and enterprise grade products.
|
||||
|
||||
So even if Steam can align itself to become a distribution tool for paid applications, I fear it won't be that desirable for the enterprise space. On the flip side, perhaps we'll be able to revisit this in the future, and Steam will indeed be in a place to distribute paid Linux software for consumers and not just great games.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.datamation.com/open-source/the-linux-software-store-conundrum-1.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linspire
|
||||
[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xandros
|
||||
[3]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(software)
|
||||
[4]:http://store.steampowered.com/software/
|
||||
[5]:http://developer.ubuntu.com/2013/04/top-10-ubuntu-app-downloads-for-march/
|
||||
[6]:http://developer.ubuntu.com/2013/12/ubuntu-app-developer-week-call-for-papers/
|
||||
@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Translating by icybreaker
|
||||
Ubuntu Wallpaper Contest Offers Artists Chance to Feature on Millions of Desktops
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Ubuntu is giving amateur and professional artists alike the chance to have their work seen by millions of people across the world.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The Ubuntu 14.04 wallpaper contest [has opened for entries][1], and invites anyone with an interest in photography or digital design to imprint their passion into pixel form and take part.
|
||||
|
||||
A selection of the best submissions will be selected to ship as part of the stock Ubuntu 14.04 LTS desktop, due for release in April.
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu’s wallpaper competition has become a traditional fixture of the development cycle having run twice a year since 2009 and the release of Ubuntu 9.10 Karmic Koala.
|
||||
|
||||
### No Theme ###
|
||||
|
||||
Despite [earlier discussions][2] hinting at a thematic arc, the 14.04 contest **does not feature an over-arching theme** or brief to which submissions should adhere — which is good news for fans of diverse and varied backgrounds.
|
||||
|
||||
That’s not to say it’s a free for all. Those taking part should keep to the set of sensible guidelines listed on the Ubuntu Wallpaper Contest Wiki page.
|
||||
|
||||
Entries should be added to the [Ubuntu 14.04 Wallpaper pool on photo-sharing site Flickr][3] and are limited to one submission per person.
|
||||
|
||||
Submissions must be licensed under [Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0][4], with all attribution declared if elements are remixing or riffing off of other work.
|
||||
|
||||
Other than that the usual straightforward guidelines apply:
|
||||
|
||||
- Keep it simple: avoid busy designs, too many shapes or clashing colours
|
||||
- Use a single point of focus to draw the eye in
|
||||
- Design around the Unity interface elements
|
||||
- Ensure you’re designing at a minimum resolution of 2560 x 1600
|
||||
|
||||
Deadline for all submissions is **March 5, 2014 at 18:00 GMT**. Winning entries will be selected by a panel comprising of the previous releases’ chosen artists, with their final choices revealed on March 11, 2014, ahead of the Trusty Tahr UI freeze.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/02/ubuntu-14-04-lts-wallpaper-contest
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://hungfu.wordpress.com/2014/02/10/ubuntu-14-04-needs-a-splash-of-colour-and-you-can-help/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/02/ubuntu-14-04-wallpaper-contest-changes
|
||||
[3]:http://www.flickr.com/groups/2535978@N21
|
||||
[4]:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
|
||||
Git 1.9.3 Version Control System Officially Released
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Git 1.9.3, a free and open source distributed version control system designed to handle everything from small to very large projects with speed and efficiency, is now available for download.**
|
||||
|
||||
The new Git 1.9.x branch continues the trend of large releases, integrating a big number of changes and fixes. This latest build in the branch is a little bit smaller than what we were expecting, but it does feature some interesting changes. If you are using Git, you might consider to update to the new version.
|
||||
|
||||
According to the developers, "git p4" dealing with changes in binary files was broken by a change in 1.9 release, but it has been fixed. The shell prompt script (in contrib/), when using the PROMPT_COMMAND interface, no longer uses an unsafe construct when showing the branch name in $PS, and "git rebase" no longer uses a POSIX shell construct.
|
||||
|
||||
Also, some more Unicode codepoints defined in Unicode 6.3 as having zero width have been fixed, and some tests used shell constructs that did not work well on FreeBSD, but they have been fixed.
|
||||
|
||||
For a complete list of changes, check out the [changelog][1].
|
||||
|
||||
### download Git 1.9.3 ###
|
||||
|
||||
- [tar.gz][2][sources] [4.60 MB]
|
||||
- [Debian/Ubuntu DEB ALL][3][ubuntu_deb] [0 KB]
|
||||
- [Red Hat/Fedora/Mandriva/openSUSE RPM noarch][4][rh_rpm] [0 KB]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Git-1-9-3-Version-Control-System-Officially-Released-441600.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://github.com/git/git/blob/master/Documentation/RelNotes/1.9.3.txt
|
||||
[2]:https://github.com/git/git/archive/v1.9.3.tar.gz
|
||||
[3]:http://git-scm.com/download/linux
|
||||
[4]:http://git-scm.com/download/linux
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
|
||||
translating --------------------------- by jutzyn
|
||||
How has the Press Reacted to Ubuntu 14.04? We Round Up the Reviews
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**The release of Ubuntu 14.04 just before the Easter holiday arrived gave tech journalists and bloggers an extended period in which to play with the newest long-term support release.**
|
||||
|
||||
But what did they make of it?
|
||||
|
||||
### Press Reaction ###
|
||||
|
||||
The last few years have seen each successive release of Ubuntu greeted by fewer and fewer pixels (as opposed to column inches).
|
||||
|
||||
As an LTS, the recommended choice for home users and enterprise deployments alike, does 14.04 buck the trend?
|
||||
|
||||
> ‘Reviews from mainstream tech publications and news site are once again thin on the ground.’
|
||||
|
||||
In short: not really. Reviews from mainstream tech publications and news site are once again thin on the ground. Whether it’s that this release has little newsworthy to offer (outside of extended support and a few extras that only enthusiasts are likely to care about) or whether there’s an increasing weariness about covering an established product that has, by and large, remained a niche interest is not for me to postulate.
|
||||
|
||||
But while there’s no mention of the Trusty Tahr on the BBC News website or in the technology section of The Guardian, it didn’t arrive totally unnoticed. What press reaction there has been, has been positive.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Quote, Unquote ####
|
||||
|
||||
ZDNet offers up a [detailed overview][1], describing the release as “solid and stable”. While noting that it features ‘no big changes’ the reviewer, Terry Ralph-Knight, goes on to declare Ubuntu as being “**pretty hard to beat**”.
|
||||
|
||||
> ‘Terry Ralph-Knight of Zdnet declares Ubuntu 14.04 LTS
|
||||
|
||||
Over at TechRepublic Jack Wallen, in his concise overview, [says Trusty][2] ‘wows through subtlety‘.
|
||||
|
||||
Jon Gold of **Network World** conveys the salient [changes with a slideshow][3]. On the subject of improved HiDPI support Gold notes that this “could prove important as 4K screens begin to gain traction in the market.”
|
||||
|
||||
Tech site The Inquirer [covers the release][4] from the ‘Windows XP Alternative’ angle, but noted it is a ‘natty bit of kit in its own right’.
|
||||
|
||||
> ‘Other coverage tended to regurgitate the official Canonical press release’
|
||||
|
||||
Other coverage tended to regurgitate the Canonical press release that trumpets the lure for Windows XP users and businesses; touts the ‘optimised for multi-touch trackpads and touchscreen’ angle; and touches on the co-release of new 14.04-based tablet and phone builds.
|
||||
|
||||
Of these, **Engadget** and **PCAdvisor** cover the [above points concisely][5], while Jon Brodkin of Ars Technica [distills the essentials points in depth][6] with added insight from an email conversation he had with Rick Spencer, VP of Engineering at Canonical.
|
||||
|
||||
The decision to refer to Ubuntu Touch as merely ‘Ubuntu’ (something that while technically true forgoes a distinction still warranted) confused a few reporters, with many inferring that the screenshots of the desktop version accompanying their articles is what will be shipping on tablets later this year.
|
||||
|
||||
As we have previously reported, the ‘Unity 8′-based version of Ubuntu will be sold preinstalled on tablets from unknown OEMs later this year.
|
||||
|
||||
In all the reception has been positive, if a little lacking. But what critics think matters not a jot — it’s you, the user whose opinion is the true decider. Have you upgraded yet?
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/press-reaction-ubuntu-14-04
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.zdnet.com/ubuntu-14-04-lts-trusty-tahr-review-solid-and-stable-but-no-big-changes-7000028437/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/ubuntu-14-04-wows-through-subtlety/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.networkworld.com/slideshow/149046/first-look-ubuntu-1404-lts.html
|
||||
[4]:http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2340343/ubuntu-1404-lts-desktop-arrives-this-week-as-windows-xp-alternative#%C2%A0
|
||||
[5]:http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/news/software/3512604/ubuntu-1404-lts-plays-better-with-high-res-displays-forms-ubuntus-tablet-backbone/
|
||||
[6]:http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/04/ubuntu-14-04-will-power-first-commercially-available-ubuntu-tablets/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
||||
Limit Theory Developer Switches to Linux Because Windows Is Annoying
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Limit Theory, an infinite, procedural space sim developed by only one man, will launch on Linux, Windows, and Mac OS X. The developer announced that he switched from the Windows platform to Linux mostly because he was annoyed.
|
||||
|
||||
Limit Theory sounds like an impossible project, especially for one man. The developer of the game, Josh Parnell, has managed to build a beautiful universe by himself and to provide support for three different platforms.
|
||||
|
||||
He was able to do that because the game is written in C++ and OpenGL, which makes it quite easy to port the work on any platform. In one of his latest updates about Limit Theory, he explained that he was no longer using the Windows platform because it was "annoying," without going into any specific details.
|
||||
|
||||
Even The Linux Foundation has taken notice of him and decided to promote the work that he's been doing, especially because he is a one-man show that does everything from core programming to the ambient music.
|
||||
|
||||
"Game developer Josh Parnell has released the latest development update on his open-world space simulation and strategy game, Limit Theory. While the graphics are beautiful, this release is particularly notable because Parnell has switched to developing on the native Linux client version from Windows (which he called 'just annoying')"
|
||||
|
||||
"Limit Theory is Kickstarter-funded as of December 2012 and has a planned release date for early 2014. When it's finished, players will be able to explore space, prospect for and mine asteroids, command a fleet of star ships, and more," notes The Linux Foundation on its [website][1].
|
||||
|
||||
The most interesting aspect of Limit Theory is the infinite universe, which might sound strange at first or like just another marketing ploy. In fact, Josh Parnell made a very smart engine that generates systems, planets, NPCs, and almost anything else as the player progresses through the universe.
|
||||
|
||||
None of these elements is present when the game starts and they are produced at the player moves. This also means that no two playthroughs will be the same.
|
||||
|
||||
Limit Theory managed to get all the funding it needs on Kickstarter and the developer is working full steam on it, but this is a huge undertaking and it will take some time to finish. Even if the proposed launch of January 2014 has come and gone, the fans are willing to wait, especially after seeing what the game will be capable of doing.
|
||||
|
||||
Enjoy!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Limit-Theory-Developer-Switches-to-Linux-Because-Windows-is-Annoying-441642.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/news-media/blogs/browse/2014/05/linux-video-week-limit-theory-game-developer-switches-linux
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
|
||||
zpl1025
|
||||
Next-Gen Linux Desktop LXQt Makes First Public Release
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**The first public release of LXQt, the next generation of popular lightweight Linux desktop environment LXDE, has been made available to download.**
|
||||
|
||||
It arrives [almost a year][1] after the teams behind the LXDE Qt initiative and Razor-qt desktop projects decided to merge. By pooling resources to focus on a single desktop environment, instead of two, the team say they hope to “offer the best possible experience while reusing as much code as possible.”
|
||||
|
||||
Ten months on and a number of core improvements have been made, both in the way the desktop works and in the feature set it offers. Today’s beta release, intended for early testers and developers, is already said to be ‘stable and useable’.
|
||||
|
||||
### The Beginning of Something Beautiful ###
|
||||
|
||||
The unified development team behind the project are continuing to focus on offering a lightweight and user-friendly alternative to the heavier and increasingly complex shells. LXQt will remain well suited to lower specced computers using a leaner, faster and modular codebase than that currently offered by the GTK-based LXDE.
|
||||
|
||||
Several significant changes have bridged the previous formal release of Razor-qt (0.5.2) and today’s debut, including a Qt port of the PCManFM file manager, improvements to system settings, new modular components and on-going progress in supporting both Qt5 and the Wayland display protocol.
|
||||
|
||||
Development of the GTK version of the shell will, the team say, continue for the foreseeable future. Those running Lubuntu 14.04 LTS certainly have no need to panic, with Lubuntu devs committed to providing three years of ongoing fixes.
|
||||
|
||||
The team behind the Ubuntu spin have previously stated their intention to transition to the Qt-based desktop as early as Lubuntu 14.10. Whether this happens will be decided in the coming months.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Trying it Out ####
|
||||
|
||||
LXQt is in active development and so it is not recommended for use on any device you hold dear.
|
||||
|
||||
The [Lubuntu Daily PPA][2] plays host to the required packages for LXQt, including a meta-package to simplify installation.
|
||||
|
||||
A number of Qt dependencies will be pulled in as part of the installation process. Those wrestling with a particularly pathetic internet connection should plan accordingly.
|
||||
|
||||
Source tarballs, install details for Arch and Debian users, and links to more information can be found on the newly launched website for the project.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Visit the Official LXQt Project Website][3]
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/05/next-gen-linux-desktop-lxqt-makes-first-public-release
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://blog.lxde.org/?p=1046
|
||||
[2]:https://launchpad.net/~lubuntu-dev/+archive/lubuntu-daily
|
||||
[3]:http://lxqt.org/
|
||||
27
sources/news/OpenVPN Import Broken in Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md
Normal file
27
sources/news/OpenVPN Import Broken in Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
||||
OpenVPN Import Broken in Ubuntu 14.04 LTS
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Ubuntu 14.04 LTS was released a few weeks ago and the reception for the new operating system from Canonical has been great, but there are still some problems that need to be solved, like an issue with the OpenVPN import feature.**
|
||||
|
||||
If you ever used a VPN connection in Ubuntu, you know that you need to download a package from the official repository called network-manager-openvpn that allows users to import an openVPN file with all the setting and certificates in place.
|
||||
|
||||
This particular feature used to work in the early versions of Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, but right before the launch something broke in the network-manager-openvpn packages, which crashes the entire network manager during the import.
|
||||
|
||||
The problem has been reported on [Launchpad][1] by numerous users, but so far it hasn't been fixed. The first bug report was submitted back in March, which means that the distribution shipped with the problem in place.
|
||||
|
||||
With the exception of the fact that the problem has been confirmed, it seems that no one is working on it, or at least it’s not yet listed on Launchpad.
|
||||
|
||||
As it turns out, if we judge by the sheer number of the people that left comments on that first bug report, this is something used extensively and it’s annoying that a fix hasn't been released yet.
|
||||
|
||||
We’ll keep you apprised if something changes and the bug gets fixed.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/OpenVPN-Import-Broken-in-Ubuntu-14-04-LTS-441601.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/network-manager-openvpn/+bug/1294899
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
|
||||
Torvalds Is Unconvinced By LTO'ing A Linux Kernel
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Yesterday patches were published via a pull request to [enable experimental LTO support for the Linux 3.15 kernel][1], but Linus Torvalds hasn't yet decided whether he will accept this code in the upstream Linux kernel... Linus doesn't yet see the benefits in link-time optimizations for the kernel and isn't sure whether this code is ready yet to be mainlined.
|
||||
|
||||
[LTO'ing the Linux kernel][2] has the potential of reducing the size of the Linux kernel image along with generating a faster and more efficient binary. Link-time optimizations within GCC allow the whole program to be optimized at link-time stage across the entire binary. Previous results showed that an LTO'ed kernel could be over 10% smaller in size and a few percent faster by optimizing the kernel in this manner, but it currently results in much greater system memory usage and a much longer compilation process.
|
||||
|
||||
In responding to the Linux 3.15 LTO Kconfig pull request that would make it an experimental option for the next kernel release, Linus Torvalds [wrote][3]:
|
||||
|
||||
> So right now, I see several reasons not to merge it ("It's so experimental that we don't even want to encourage people to test it" to "it's not fully fleshed out yet and makes compile times _much_ longer").
|
||||
>
|
||||
> And yet nobody has actually talked about why I *should* merge it.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Which - I think understandably - makes me less than enthusiastic.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> So I think I'll let this wait a bit longer, _unless_ people start talking about the upsides. How much smaller is the end result? How much faster is it? How much more beautiful is it? Does it make new cool things possible? Are those cool things really close on the horizon and really want this merged even though it's not really quite ready yet?
|
||||
>
|
||||
> So please: convince me. Andi?
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Linus
|
||||
|
||||
In response to Torvalds' concerns, among the responses back were that the LTO kernels are smaller in size, they reduce the need for many lower-level Kconfig symbols / reduce the number of CONFIG options needed since unused code can automatically be eliminated, etc. Numbers reported by Tim Bird saw an 11% binary reduction on ARM with the LTO configuration while other users can see upwards of a 30% reduction. There's also reports of an LTO kernel having about 4% less system calls. Benchmark results vary based upon workload but can range from no improvement to generally a couple of percent.
|
||||
|
||||
At the moment the matter of [link-time optimization][4] support for the Linux kernel is still being discussed with Linus not yet coming out with any revised thoughts whether he's willing to merge this experimental feature for Linux 3.15 or not.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTY1OTg
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTY1ODA
|
||||
[2]:http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTY0OTc
|
||||
[3]:http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/1404.1/00275.html
|
||||
[4]:http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=search&q=link-time+optimization
|
||||
@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Ultimate Edition 3.9 Linux Distro Is a Complete Mess
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Ultimate Edition 3.9, a Linux distribution based on Ubuntu 13.04 (Raring Ringtail), has been released and is now available for download.**
|
||||
|
||||
The previous version of Ultimate Edition was a more down-to-earth variant that came up with some interesting features. It was one of the few distros out there that chose to keep Unity as a desktop environment, but the current version is a complete mess.
|
||||
|
||||
You will notice that the current desktop environment is KDE, or better yet a mutant form of KDE, that is both ugly and infective. The developer chose to implement a host of effects for the window manager, but this kind of glitter is no longer taken seriously.
|
||||
|
||||
The distribution comes with a couple of Internet browsers including Firefox, LibreOffice, and a bunch of other apps that have been duplicated when the developer though that it was a good idea to have multiple software that did the same thing.
|
||||
|
||||
Ultimate Edition 3.9 has been deemed as a stable distribution, and users are encouraged to use it with confidence, although we can only ask ourselves why anyone would do it.
|
||||
|
||||
More details about this release are available in the official [announcement][1]. You can download the [Ultimate Edition 3.9][2] Linux distribution.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ultimate-Edition-3-9-Linux-Distro-Is-a-Complete-Mess-436797.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://ultimateedition.info/ultimate_edition/time-is-of-the-essence/
|
||||
[2]:http://ultimateedition.info/ultimate-edition/ultimate_edition_3-6/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
|
||||
这年头 就是要多占坑 No grown-ups will ever understand that this is a matter of so much importance!
|
||||
10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems
|
||||
==========================================
|
||||
Linux has a wide variety of uses. The platform is used by many for simple home use, while it is also the chosen platform for programmers and hackers. In addition, Linux is widely used in embedded systems and there are distributions that are tailored specifically to such systems. Here are 10 Linux platforms that can work great on embedded systems!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. [Ampro Embedded Linux][1] ###
|
||||
|
||||
This is a free and open source reduced footprint operating system that has been derived from Ubuntu packages.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. [BlueCat Linux from Lynx][2] ###
|
||||
|
||||
This Linux-based distribution is a part of the Lynx suite and is meant for embedded systems.
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. [CacheGuard OS][3] ###
|
||||
|
||||
CacheGuard OS is an integrated Security solution based on a custom-hardened version of Linux built from scratch and specially designed to manage Web traffic.
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. [Darma NAS OS][4] ###
|
||||
|
||||
This distribution has an SSL-based encrypted client server and a Java-based graphical user interface.
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. [DIET-PC][5] ###
|
||||
|
||||
This is an open source thin client software kitset that allows users to build network appliances.
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. [ELinOS][6] ###
|
||||
|
||||
This distribution provides a number of technologies for users working on embedded systems. It is a pretty popular Linux platform for these systems.
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. [eLux][7] ###
|
||||
|
||||
This one has a pretty simple and easy-to-use interface and offers the unique situation where neither the client nor the administrator needs to have any knowledge in Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. [eLux NG][8] ###
|
||||
|
||||
This one adds new models to the list of supported processors for eLux.
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. [Embedded Coyote Linux][9] ###
|
||||
|
||||
This Firewall and VPN server-based on Coyote Linux has been the platform of choice for many.
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. [Embedded Debian Project][10] ###
|
||||
|
||||
This project aims to make the Debian GNU/Linux the first choice for embedded systems.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=137612
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.ampro.com/company/News/04_08_08_Ampro_Reveals_Ubuntu_Embedded_Linux.htm
|
||||
[2]:http://www.lynuxworks.com/embedded-linux/embedded-linux-virtualization.php
|
||||
[3]:http://www.cacheguard.com/cacheguard-os.html
|
||||
[4]:http://nas.darma.com/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.dietpc.org/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.sysgo.com/products/elinos-embedded-linux/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.myelux.com/index.htm?Unicon_Session=32bf53f198c94ba2ac2ce1ea45211754
|
||||
[8]:http://www.myelux.com/eluxng.htm
|
||||
[9]:http://www.myelux.com/eluxng.htm
|
||||
[10]:http://www.emdebian.org/
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
[sailing]
|
||||
5 Pointers To Supercharge Your Raspberry Pi Projects
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> From SSH to port forwarding, these advanced techniques will ease Raspberry Pi development.
|
||||
@ -181,4 +182,4 @@ via: http://readwrite.com/2014/04/09/raspberry-pi-projects-ssh-remote-desktop-st
|
||||
[14]:http://sourceforge.net/p/ddclient/wiki/Home/
|
||||
[15]:https://www.dnsdynamic.org/
|
||||
[16]:http://dnsdynamic.blog.com/2011/06/26/using-ddclient-with-dnsdynamic/
|
||||
[17]:http://readwrite.com/2014/01/21/raspberry-pi-great-projects#feed=/search?keyword=raspberry+pi&awesm=~oAWzuuuChYu9vm
|
||||
[17]:http://readwrite.com/2014/01/21/raspberry-pi-great-projects#feed=/search?keyword=raspberry+pi&awesm=~oAWzuuuChYu9vm
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
|
||||
A Beginners Guide for XP Users to Switch to Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Microsoft has ended its support for Windows XP and most of you might not even care but for some of you who do care and understand the complications involved in using a discontinued piece of software, you are in for a change. You can either install already outdated Windows 7, no one’s favourite Windows 8 or you can join the elite group of Linux users by installing on of the many available flavours of Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
Unlike Windows, you don’t have to pay hundreds of dollars to get your system up and running, Linux is free and will always be and it comes with all the essential applications like internet browser, email client, video player, photo editor and many others which are also free but first you need to convince yourself why switch to Linux. You might be thinking why bother with something different when you can keep using the same old windows, well, that won’t take long.
|
||||
|
||||
Unlike Windows Linux is not made by some employees paid by Microsoft, it is build by thousands of volunteers around the world in collaboration with big tech giants like Red Hat, IBM, HP, Samsung and many others under the guidance of Linux Foundation. So you can be sure when using Linux that you are not using something build by a few big shot engineers but a solid operating build by contributors around the globe.
|
||||
|
||||
This makes Linux one of the most secure operating systems in the world, well nothing is completely secure but be assure while using Linux you are in safe hands. That is the sole reason why companies like Google, Facebook, Twitter, IBM, NASA depends solely on Linux and here is a [list of world’s top companies and organizations using Linux][1]. Linux is a very lightweight operating system and supports the most cutting edge as well as decades old hardware.
|
||||
|
||||
Now if you are excited by the concept of Linux, let us shot the next elephant in the room, your favourite applications on Windows XP. Linux has most of your favourite application you use on Windows including Firefox, Chrome, Steam, VLC, Skype and Team Viewer. If you cannot find something you use on Windows, there are tons of free alternatives on Linux that actually offer superior functionality as compared to your Windows Applications and they all are build collaboratively.
|
||||
|
||||
Some of the most common alternatives are Libre Office for Microsoft Office, Thunderbird for Outlook, Gimp for Adobe Photoshop and they all are free forever and you don’t have to pay hundreds of dollars every year to get minor upgrades. You are not limited to few limited applications as it is on Windows due to monoplic Microsoft behaviour, say if you are not satisfied with Libre Office you can always go for Open Office another very reliable office suite.
|
||||
|
||||
The very best thing about using Linux, you don’t have to worry about viruses and no need to install expensive unnecessary resource hog internet security programs as they are hardly any helpful in protecting you. The very foundation of Windows is build in such a way that this entire Cyber Security thing can be monetized and by the look of it, these antivirus companies are doing pretty well. Linux on other hands discourage such practises and it is one of the most secure operating systems in the world. There is a reason why most Global Defence Systems and Stock Exchanges runs on Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
Well, if you are still not convinced about using Linux as you might have never seen anyone using Linux, take this, the android phones you and everyone around you uses is build on Linux. The television, air conditioner, washing machine and that coffee machine you love so dearly is running Linux. You are already living in a world run by Linux but you are still not a part of it. One more step and you’ll be one of the Elite Linux users.
|
||||
|
||||
Enough of the convincing and let’s start using Linux. First we need to choose a Linux flavor and this is the most fun part. Choosing a Linux for the first time is like Harry Potter choosing a Magic Wand. Every Linux flavours runs the same solid Linux base underneath which we call “Kernel” and different Linux flavours are called “Distributions”.
|
||||
|
||||
There are hundred of distributions available and all of them are listed on [Distrowatch][2] in order of their popularity. Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Fedora, Debian and Open Suse are some of the famous Linux distributions but if you want something familiar to Windows XP then you better stick to Linux Mint or if you are feeling adventurous you can try the Unity interface in Ubuntu, Gnome in Fedora or KDE in Open Suse. Unity, Gnome, KDE are the names of different kind of user interfaces which we call “Desktop Environments”. These DEs will be fine on even older systems but if you are going to use Linux on something very ancient you can use the lightweight DEs like XFCE and LXDE as they are very lightweight and offer simpler user interface.
|
||||
|
||||
So that’s it, choose the Linux distribution you like and start using it. Linux is free, stable and secure, what more you can ask for and if you feel lucky you can donate some money to the Linux Foundation for all the awesome work those guys do. I won’t be writing any installations tutorials as there are tons of them on internet. I am already helping my friends online and offline in their switch to Linux, you should start using Linux and help your friends.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxfederation.com/beginners-guide-xp-users-switch-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.linuxfederation.com/linux-everywhere/
|
||||
[2]:http://distrowatch.com/
|
||||
@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Beautiful Zukitwo Theme Is the First One for GNOME 3.12
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Zukitwo, a beautiful theme designed for GNOME 3.12 that makes use of the GTK2 engine Murrine and the GTK2 pixbuf engine, is now at version 2014.03.29.**
|
||||
|
||||
The Zukitwo theme was updated shortly after the release of GNOME 3.12 and it’s probably the first theme to support the new version of GNOME. A lot of other themes will probably follow soon but, coincidentally, Zukitwo is also one of the best ones around.
|
||||
|
||||
According to the changelog, the GNOME 3.12 update is practically the only thing that’s different from the previous version, but there is also something noteworthy. Users of older version of GNOME should not upgrade to the new build. This is made exclusively for the GNOME 3.12 users.
|
||||
|
||||
The funny thing about this fact is that there are no GNOME 3.12 users as of yet. Even if the new updated desktop environment has been released, there aren't any Linux distributions out there that are using it, so it’s going to be difficult to test it.
|
||||
|
||||
The theme has two requirements: GTK2 engine Murrine 0.98.1.1 or later and GTK2 pixbuf engine or the gtk(2)-engines package.
|
||||
|
||||
Check out the changelog for a complete list of fixes. [Download Zukitwo 2014.03.29][1] right now from gnome.org.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Beautiful-Zukitwo-Theme-Is-the-First-One-for-GNOME-3-12-434833.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://gnome-look.org/content/show.php/Zukitwo?content=140562
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
|
||||
Coverity scan report finds open source software quality outpaces proprietary code for first time
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Coverity opens up access to free development testing service, allows anyone interested in open source software quality to view projects**
|
||||
|
||||
Features | CIOL Bureau
|
||||
|
||||
MOUNTAIN VIEW, USA: Coverity Inc., a Synopsys company released the 2013 Coverity Scan Open Source Report.
|
||||
|
||||
The report details the analysis of 750 million lines of open source software code through the Coverity Scan service and commercial usage of the Coverity Development Testing Platform, the largest sample size that the report has studied to date.
|
||||
|
||||
For the 2013 Coverity Scan Report, the company analyzed code from more than 700 open source C/C++ projects as well as an anonymous sample of enterprise projects. In addition, the report highlights analysis results from several popular, open source Java projects that have joined the Scan service since March 2013.
|
||||
|
||||
The Coverity Scan Open Source Report has become a widely accepted standard for measuring the state of open source quality. During the past eight years, the Coverity Scan service has analyzed several hundreds of millions of lines of code from more than 1,500 open source projects - including C/C++ projects such as NetBSD, FreeBSD, LibreOffice and Linux, and Java projects such as Apache Hadoop, HBase and Cassandra.
|
||||
|
||||
The Scan service has helped developers find and fix more than 94,000 defects since 2006. Nearly 50,000 defects were fixed in 2013 alone - the largest single number of defects fixed in a single year by Scan users. More than 11,000 of these defects were fixed by the four largest projects in the service: NetBSD, FreeBSD, LibreOffice and Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
### Key findings in the 2013 report include: ###
|
||||
|
||||
* Open source code quality surpasses proprietary code quality in C/C++ projects. Defect density (defects per 1,000 lines of software code) is a commonly used measurement for software quality, and a defect density of 1.0 is considered the accepted industry standard for good quality software.
|
||||
|
||||
Coverity's analysis found an average defect density of .59 for open source C/C++ projects that leverage the Scan service, compared to an average defect density of .72 for proprietary C/C++ code developed for enterprise projects. In 2013, code quality of open source projects using the Scan service surpassed that of proprietary projects at all code base sizes, which further highlights the open source community's strong commitment to development testing.
|
||||
|
||||
* Linux continues to be a benchmark for open source quality. By leveraging the Scan service, Linux has reduced the average time to fix a newly detected defect from 122 days to just 6 days. Since the original Coverity Scan Report in 2008, scanned versions of Linux have consistently achieved a defect density of less than 1.0. In 2013, Coverity scanned more than 8.5 million lines of Linux code and found a defect density of .61.
|
||||
|
||||
* C/C++ developers fixed more high-impact defects. The Coverity analysis found that developers contributing to open source Java projects are not fixing as many high-impact defects as developers contributing to open source C/C++ projects.
|
||||
|
||||
Java project developers participating in the Scan service only fixed 13 percent of the identified resource leaks, whereas participating C/C++ developers fixed 46 percent. This could be caused in part by a false sense of security within the Java programming community, due to protections built into the language, such as garbage collection. However, garbage collection can be unpredictable and cannot address system resources so these projects are at risk.
|
||||
|
||||
* HBase serves as benchmark for Java projects. Coverity analyzed more than 8 million lines of code from 100 open source Java projects, including popular Big Data projects Apache Hadoop 2.3 (320,000 lines of code), Apache HBase (487,000 lines of code) and Apache Cassandra (345,000 lines of code).
|
||||
|
||||
Since joining the Scan service in August 2013, Apache HBase - which is Hadoop's database - fixed more than 220 defects, including a much higher percentage of resource leaks compared to other Java projects in the Scan service (i.e., 66 percent for HBase compared to 13 percent on average for other projects).
|
||||
|
||||
"If software is eating the world, then open source software is leading the charge," said Zack Samocha, senior director of products for Coverity. "Our objective with the Coverity Scan service is to help the open source community create high-quality software. Based on the results of this report - as well as the increasing popularity of the service - open source software projects that leverage development testing continue to increase the quality of their software, such that they have raised the bar for the entire industry."
|
||||
|
||||
Coverity also announced today that it has opened up access to the Coverity Scan service, allowing anyone interested in open source software to view the progress of participating projects. Individuals can now become Project Observers, which enables them to track the state of relevant open source projects in the Scan service and view high-level data including the count of outstanding defects, fixed defects and defect density.
|
||||
|
||||
"We've seen an exponential increase in the number of people who have asked to join the Coverity Scan service, simply to monitor the defects being found and fixed. In many cases, these people work for large enterprise organizations that utilize open source software within their commercial projects," added Samocha. "By opening up the Scan service to these individuals, we are now enabling a new level of visibility into the code quality of the open source projects, which they are including in their software supply chain."
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.ciol.com/ciol/features/213112/coverity-scan-report-source-software-quality-outpaces-proprietary-code/page/1
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Finally: Ubuntu 14.04 Will Include ‘Minimise On Click’ Option for Unity Launcher
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Well this is unexpected: [after years][1] of refusing to budge on the issue, Canonical will, finally, offer up an option for ‘minimise on click’ behaviour on the Unity Launcher.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The long-sought feature allows app windows to be minimised by clicking its respective icon in the Unity Launcher, and restore it on subsequent click. Despite the demand for such an option, Canonical had previously rejected several community patches that would’ve added it sooner.
|
||||
|
||||
Its arrival is the latest in a string of out standing user experience issues to be patched up ahead of the Ubuntu 14.04 LTS release, joining a newly unified lockscreen, support for locally-integrated menus and the reintroduction of borderless app windows.
|
||||
|
||||
### Coming, But In What Form? ###
|
||||
|
||||
[Confirming the news][2] on the bug report requesting the feature, Ubuntu developer Chris Townsend gave further details on what to expect:
|
||||
|
||||
> We are going to put in as an unsupported option to allow clicking the Launcher icon of single windowed apps and minimize that window. By unsupported, I mean that functionality is “as-is” and no more tweaks or enhancements to it.
|
||||
|
||||
It’s currently unclear how or where the option will surface in the main UI (or if it ever will) it is unlikely to be put anywhere where Joe User can accidentally activate it.The current code points to it being available through the Unity plugin pane of the Compiz Config Settings Manager.
|
||||
|
||||
The feature will also only work on applications when they have a single window open. Clicking on an app icon with more than once window open will continue to open the App Spread, the standard Unity behaviour.
|
||||
|
||||
Good news? It certainly will be to a large chunk of you. [In a poll we ran last month][3] almost 58% of you said you thought minimize on click should be added to Unity.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/03/minimize-click-launcher-option-ubuntu-14-04
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://bugs.launchpad.net/ayatana-design/+bug/733349
|
||||
[2]:https://bugs.launchpad.net/ayatana-design/+bug/733349/comments/403
|
||||
[3]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/02/poll-unity-bring-back-minimize-click-feature
|
||||
@ -1,110 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Vic020
|
||||
|
||||
Here Are Top 20 Linux Tutorials!
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Want to learn Linux but don't know where to start? Well, the internet is flooded with countless resources and tutorials that will take you on a step-by-step tour through the goodness of Linux. All you have to do is chose the right one for you, and you're good to go!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1. [Linux Knowledge Base and Tutorial][1] ####
|
||||
|
||||
The Linux Tutorial goes beyond the basics, providing you with the knowledge necessary to get the most out of your Linux system.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2. [HowtoForge - Linux Howtos and Tutorials][2] ####
|
||||
|
||||
Consists of a number of tutorials on: how to convert Outlook PST into Thunderbird/Evolution compatible SBD format, how to prepare a CentOS 5.10 x86_64 server for the installation of ISPConfig 3 ans so on.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3. [UNIX / Linux Tutorial for Beginners][3] ####
|
||||
|
||||
A beginners guide to the Unix and Linux operating system. Eight simple tutorials which cover the basics of UNIX / Linux commands.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 4. [Linux Shell Scripting Tutorial - A Beginner's handbook][4] ####
|
||||
|
||||
This tutorial is designed for beginners who wish to learn the basics of shell scripting/programming plus introduction to power tools such as awk, sed, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 5. [LinuxCommand.org: Learn the Linux command line. Write shell scripts][5] ####
|
||||
|
||||
Designed for the new command line user, this 537-page volume covers the same material as LinuxCommand.org but in much greater detail. In addition to the basics of command line use and shell scripting, The Linux Command Line includes chapters on many common programs used on the command line, as well as more advanced topics.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 6. [bash commands - Linux MAN Pages][6] ####
|
||||
|
||||
#### 7. [Linux Online - Getting Started with Linux: Table of Contents][7] ####
|
||||
|
||||
Find all the frequently used Linux terms here.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 8. [The Linux Documentation Project: Guides][8] ####
|
||||
|
||||
The overall goal of the LDP is to collaborate in taking care of all of the issues of Linux documentation, ranging from online documentation (man pages, HTML, and so on) to printed manuals covering topics such as installing, using, and running Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 9. [LinuxCommand.org: Learning the shell][9] ####
|
||||
|
||||
Simply put, the shell is a program that takes your commands from the keyboard and gives them to the operating system to perform. In the old days, it was the only user interface available on a Unix computer. Nowadays, we have graphical user interfaces (GUIs) in addition to command line interfaces (CLIs) such as the shell. Learn all this and more.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 10. [The Linux Documentation Project][10] ####
|
||||
|
||||
Provides free, high quality documentation for the Linux operating system.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 11. [Linux Tutorial][11] ####
|
||||
|
||||
This website is a free course for learning Linux, a version of Unix that runs on ordinary personal computers.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 12. [Linux Network Configuration][12] ####
|
||||
|
||||
This Linux tutorial covers TCP/IP networking, network administration and system configuration basics.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 13. [Linux Online - Getting Started with Linux - Introduction][13] ####
|
||||
|
||||
#### 14. [Linux Commands - A practical reference][14] ####
|
||||
|
||||
This is a linux command line reference for common operations.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 15. [20 Linux System Monitoring Tools Every SysAdmin Should Know][15] ####
|
||||
|
||||
Provides with tools to solve server bottleneck issues related to CPU, Memory, Disk, and networking subsystems.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 16. [Linux Newbie Guide: Shortcuts And Commands][16] ####
|
||||
|
||||
This is a practical selection of the commands we use most often in Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 17. [Debian Linux Tutorial][17] ####
|
||||
|
||||
The guide pages will walk you through installing the Debian Linux OS and setting up a network with the most common types of Internet and LAN servers all on one system.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 18. [YoLinux: Index of Linux Tutorials][18] ####
|
||||
|
||||
Linux tutorials and technical how-to information and examples for Linux desktop and server configurations. Technical on-line training of Linux and Linux applications installation, configuration and use for the novice and professional.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 19. [Linux Tutorial][19] ####
|
||||
|
||||
This site is intended as a tutorial, not as step-by-step instructions or a place to provide you links to every other Linux site on the Internet.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 20. [Linux Online - Linux Courses][20] ####
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=132962
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.linux-tutorial.info/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.howtoforge.com/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Teaching/Unix/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.freeos.com/guides/lsst/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.linuxcommand.org/
|
||||
[6]:http://ss64.com/bash/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.linux.org/
|
||||
[8]:http://www.tldp.org/guides.html
|
||||
[9]:http://www.linuxcommand.org/learning_the_shell.php
|
||||
[10]:http://www.tldp.org/
|
||||
[11]:http://www.lowfatlinux.com/
|
||||
[12]:http://www.yolinux.com/TUTORIALS/LinuxTutorialNetworking.html
|
||||
[13]:http://www.linux.org/
|
||||
[14]:http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html
|
||||
[15]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/top-linux-monitoring-tools.html
|
||||
[16]:http://www.unixguide.net/linux/linuxshortcuts.shtml
|
||||
[17]:http://www.aboutdebian.com/
|
||||
[18]:http://www.yolinux.com/TUTORIALS/
|
||||
[19]:http://www.linux-tutorial.info/modules.php?name=MContent&pageid=224
|
||||
[20]:http://www.linux.org/
|
||||
135
sources/talk/Making Linux Feel at Home.md
Normal file
135
sources/talk/Making Linux Feel at Home.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
|
||||
Linux-pdz重又复出，先占一坑哦！
|
||||
Making Linux Feel at Home
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Hiring Tux is a smart move for both small and large businesses. Linux once was considered a hobbyist's operating system, but it has come a long way and now is considered enterprise class. It is considered very stable and secure. Linux can easily be customized, and there is a huge community eager to help out. Those are just some of the reasons to migrate to the Linux desktop.**
|
||||
|
||||
Migrating to a different operating system is never easy. Keeping the Windows opened or not chewing on a MacIntosh can be a frustrating and costly experience. Buying new upgraded hardware to keep up with costly new software releases is often an exercise in futility.
|
||||
|
||||
Running a Linux distribution at home or in a small office environment can be a productive endeavor that brings cost savings and increased efficiency. Adopting a Linux server system instead of playing catch-up with a Microsoft infrastructure is often a smart business move for enterprise environments.
|
||||
|
||||
However, the process of giving up a comfort zone around a familiar operating system often seems more of a challenge than it actually is. Individual users and SMBs can move into the Linux desktop in stages. The software is free, and users already have suitable hardware that can function with both platforms.
|
||||
|
||||
Many larger enterprises already run their own Linux server silos and integrate Linux desktop use where it fits more easily. The growing use of cloud-based software lets office workers use their workstations without realizing any major change occurred.
|
||||
|
||||
"Migrating to Linux is based on the use case. If you are home or are a developer, you are going to want to use all the power available in Linux. That is a no-brainer. There is no one easy way to migrate to another operating system. No one use case fits all. It is dependent on the user base," Mike Vitale, chief technology officer for [TalkPoint][1], told LinuxInsider.
|
||||
|
||||
Working with enterprise clients in SMB environments, Vitale sees a growing movement of individual users and corporate leaders taking advantage of new technologies that draw them toward Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
### Comfort Counts ###
|
||||
|
||||
One of those Linux technologies is the Chrome OS and the low-cost laptop computers now powered by the Linux-based Chrome browser OS.
|
||||
|
||||
For users already familiar with Google's Chrome browser or the open source Chromium browser project, using a Chromebook or cloud-based delivery system makes migrating to Linux an easy walk in the park.
|
||||
|
||||
"One of the issues, regardless of which OS is used, is the browser capabilities. We have found that 85 percent of the time the user is in a browser," Thomas Deng, cofounder and senior vice president of product management for [Splashtop][2], told LinuxInsider.
|
||||
|
||||
There's a growing interest in people adapting to newer technologies with quick learning curves, Deng observed. People use a variety of products. So migrating to an OS that resembles what they use on another device makes for a smoother transition.
|
||||
|
||||
### hrome Craze Caters ###
|
||||
|
||||
Mobile device users both at home and at work are becoming proficient with Linux without knowing it. They move back and forth among several operating systems. With that familiarity comes a comfort zone for open source. Using cross-platform software delivered from a cloud platform is an added migration measure.
|
||||
|
||||
"What Google is doing is really interesting with the office suite. Google is opening the door with its Chrome OS now," said Vitale.
|
||||
|
||||
A good example of opening doors while shutting Windows is how his company uses Chrome-driven tools in-house. For instance, TalkPoint uses the ChromeBox appliance.
|
||||
|
||||
"That is opening the door for multimedia teams and traditional AV users. We are seeing a lot of inroads with that technology," Vitale explained.
|
||||
|
||||
### Tablets Tackle Tradition ###
|
||||
|
||||
Another instance of Linux devices paving the way for desktop OS migration is the popularity of the Android OS. Add to this the Linux distros retooled for smartphones and tablets.
|
||||
|
||||
"As far as migrating people to Linux goes, people are getting more comfortable with the tablet interface, especially with their unhappiness over the Windows 8 interface. Everyone I know is trying to turn it back to Windows 7," said Vitale.
|
||||
|
||||
### Cloud Has Linux Clout ###
|
||||
|
||||
People expect to use their familiar productivity tools like MS Office for word processing. There is less familiarity with open source products on the Windows platform, so integrating open source before starting a move to fully implementing the Linux desktop helps, noted Deng.
|
||||
|
||||
That trend of Windows users not knowing about open source is changing with the popularity of Google Docs and the Google Chrome browser, he pointed out.
|
||||
|
||||
"What is also easing the transition to Linux is the shift to using cloud applications," Deng said. "Educating the user is the most effective way to move users into Linux. The Chromebook is becoming very widely adopted. It is an easy migration path into Linux."
|
||||
|
||||
### Tux the Mighty ###
|
||||
|
||||
Hiring Tux, the Penguin that is the Linux mascot, is a smart move for both small and large businesses. It is a mature, stable and flexible operating system that definitely can do the job, according to Shaun Seller, senior product manager at [Vision Solutions][3].
|
||||
|
||||
"For a small business, running Linux is a compelling alternative to other operating systems and may provide advantages, depending on your business needs," Seller told LinuxInsider.
|
||||
|
||||
It once was considered a hobbyist's operating system. Linux has come a long way and now is considered enterprise class. It is considered very stable and secure. Linux can easily be customized, and there is a huge community eager to help out, he said. Those are just some of the reasons to migrate to the Linux desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
### Good Business Cents ###
|
||||
|
||||
Leveraging more of the community support model can create cost savings, Seller said. Linux is available free with community support or through subscriptions that offer full technical support. Some Linux distributions also come with things like hardware and software certifications, which may be important for some work environments.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, small businesses and larger enterprises can run a distribution such as CentOS or OpenSuse completely or in combination with a subscription-based version from [Red Hat][4] or Suse. Even with a full subscription model, Linux offers a lower total cost of ownership and better return on investment than Windows or traditional Unix, explained Seller.
|
||||
|
||||
"I believe it makes sense for smaller businesses to take a close look at Linux," added Sellers. "Linux has a bright future, as open source software in general is helping drive innovation at a fast pace, with help and collaboration from the community, and companies like IBM and Red Hat."
|
||||
|
||||
### Cozy but Cautious ###
|
||||
|
||||
Operating systems can produce divided loyalties within families and workplaces. Take the case of Walker White, CTO of [BDNA][5]. He uses Linux as a desktop OS at home, but his family is not so enthusiastic about his computing passion.
|
||||
|
||||
"My family members use Mac gear. They blindly follow the marketing ploys and the feature hype without any consideration of performance and such. I am on a personal holy war at home to try slipping more allegiance towards Linux," White told LinuxInsider.
|
||||
|
||||
There are similar allegiance struggles in his company, he said, where the Linux desktop is not yet universally used -- but he is laying the foundation for a wider Linux deployment at work.
|
||||
|
||||
BDNA uses the Google applications internally quite a bit. The company is migrating more and more things to cloud-based offerings. However, that will take more support from ongoing preparations.
|
||||
|
||||
"When I switch over to applications like [OpenOffice][6], that operation has to be really seamless for it to start getting better adoption. From a pure marketing perspective, developers need to change the game a little bit. Apple is winning the hearts and minds of the young kids and the younger generations through their 30s. I see that attitude often at my company," he said.
|
||||
|
||||
### Tux Takes On Apple ###
|
||||
|
||||
Requests for new equipment are very specific to the high-end MacBook Pro, explained White. Even though the tools they mostly are using are based online, workers BDNA want the flashy, highly advertised hardware names.
|
||||
|
||||
To break that view, he has to separate function from OS and hardware. Part of that battle is to insulate the user from the operating system itself. That can happen only when the industry has productivity applications both online and offline, according to While.
|
||||
|
||||
"Even simple things like using file managers need to focus on not the OS but what that OS allows us to do within the apps that we use," he said.
|
||||
|
||||
### Making Comfy Complete ###
|
||||
|
||||
How much should an operating system control the computer user? That question is critical in migrating to Linux, said Whites.
|
||||
|
||||
Consider the growing success of the Chromebook and Android phones and tablets. Do consumers really need to know they are running Linux?
|
||||
|
||||
"I think the key to Linux migration and success of the Linux desktop in the home is tied to how much can we actually do online," White said. "Since I use Linux at home, I see the advantages."
|
||||
|
||||
Whether you start at the consumer level at home or move up to the business user in the home or in a small business setting, it's important that users be comfortable with all of the tools and features they use. That includes things like sharing and creating documents, and everything that goes along with that, he explained.
|
||||
|
||||
### Migrating Measures ###
|
||||
|
||||
As for marketing, software and hardware makers need to put less emphasis on the operating system. For example, Chromebook is gaining acceptance in much the same way as Apple sells the MacBook. Google is not so much hawking a Linux OS as it is selling an appliance, White reasoned.
|
||||
|
||||
"What developers really need to do is change the focus, so users get comfortable with Linux in their homes without dwelling on using a non-Windows or non-Mac operating system. Whatever you use has to be able to do the things you want it to do. Something like Chromebook does that with Linux under the covers," he pointed out.
|
||||
|
||||
Computer makers must first start to break that mold of "it is Windows" or "it is a Mac." Until that happens, migrating to Linux will be a steep climb, White concluded.
|
||||
|
||||
"It is not about branding the OS," he said. "It is about the capabilities of the devices the OS runs."
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80415.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.talkpointcommunications.com/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.splashtop.com/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.visionsolutions.com/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.redhat.com/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.bdna.com/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.openoffice.org/
|
||||
[7]:
|
||||
[8]:
|
||||
[9]:
|
||||
[10]:
|
||||
[11]:
|
||||
[12]:
|
||||
[13]:
|
||||
[14]:
|
||||
[15]:
|
||||
[16]:
|
||||
[17]:
|
||||
[18]:
|
||||
[19]:
|
||||
[20]:
|
||||
@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Mir Display Server May Not Arrive on Desktops As Default Until 2016
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Ubuntu’s next generation display server Mir, developed by Canonical as a flexible alternative to Wayland and XServer, could be facing another delay on its way to the desktop. **
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The technology was initially positioned as a candidate for shipping by default on the desktop later this year but, [in a video address][1] to developers, Mark Shuttleworth has now intimated that Mir may not find its way on to the Ubuntu desktop until the release of Ubuntu 16.04 LTS — in 2016.
|
||||
|
||||
Responding to a question asking when users could expect to find it available on PCs, Shuttleworth replied:
|
||||
|
||||
> “I expect Mir to be the display server [to be default] as soon as it’s rock solid and we have a story we’re really proud of on it. You can run it on your desktop [now], but we don’t want to let a love of technology interfere with our mission to be great for the user. This is a great place for us to set the bar very high in terms of performance…where we have freedom to get it right, without having to worry too much about compatibility.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> By 16.04 it’ll be the default display server…That’s the kind of timeline we’re looking at.”
|
||||
|
||||
### Mir Oh Mir ###
|
||||
|
||||
It’s not immediately clear what impact, if any, such a delay would mean for Unity 8, scheduled to arrive on desktops this October.
|
||||
|
||||
Similarly, it’s also not clear from his words whether the ‘by 16.04′ references a pure Mir experience or something akin to the Mir + Xmir hybrid proposed for Ubuntu 13.10. Either way a slip in timeframe is a hazard of any development process. Display servers are not easy technologies to build, particularly when designing one to span all manner of screen sizes and form factors.
|
||||
|
||||
This delay, if as assured as some news outlets are reporting it as being, won’t be the first to scupper Canonical’s plans. Ubuntu [originally intended to land a Mir Hybrid in Ubuntu 13.10][2], but technical flaws prevented that from happened. Its inclusion in the upcoming release of 14.04 LTS [was also ruled][3] out early on.
|
||||
|
||||
### Mir As It Is ###
|
||||
|
||||
As disappointing as the above may read Mir is continuing to evolve at breakneck pace. In fact, while it won’t be default, it will be possible to install a Mir session in Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, bundled with an in-progress version of the Unity 8 desktop. It’s also rocking out as the default on Ubuntu Touch for both phones and tablets.
|
||||
|
||||
But on the desktop it looks like things may take a little longer. Unlike on phones and tablets, where Ubuntu is able to make use of Android device drivers [via Hybris][4], there are currently no proprietary AMD, Intel or Nvidia desktop graphics drivers supporting Mir. Upstream support in open-source drivers remain patchy at best, with Canonical [being forced][5] to carry patches to enable functionality.
|
||||
|
||||
**The more time Canonical has to refine, iterate and improve on the technology in its desktop form, the better the end user experience of it will be.**
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/03/mir-default-display-server-ubuntu-2016
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dWTVe5Mdv0Y&feature=share&t=29m19s
|
||||
[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/10/xmir-longer-default-supported-cards-13-10
|
||||
[3]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/11/expect-ubuntu-14-04-lts
|
||||
[4]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybris_(software)
|
||||
[5]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/09/intel-remove-xmir-support-in-xorg-video-driver
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
|
||||
Open Source's Cult Of Personality Is Dying—Thankfully
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Roy Rubin, co-founder of the popular [Magento][1] open-source project, [announced this week][2] he is bowing out of the project he helped launch back in 2008.
|
||||
|
||||
![](url("http://readwrite.com/files/styles/1400_0/public/fields/richardstallman_0.jpg"))
|
||||
|
||||
It's not the first time the leader of an open-source project has stepped away from her project, but it's remarkable by its response: Relative silence.
|
||||
|
||||
It's not because Rubin wasn't critical to Magento. He was. For six years, Rubin was the soul of Magento. But open source has grown up, and it's increasingly shedding its cult of personality. While no one wishes Linux founder Linus Torvalds gets hit by a bus, we're to the point that we, [like Linus][3], "won't care."
|
||||
|
||||
But it wasn't always this way.
|
||||
|
||||
### Worshipping The Benevolent Dictator ###
|
||||
|
||||
Successful open-source projects have long been associated with strong leaders, and for good reason. Influencing a vibrant community of individually-minded developers can be the equivalent of herding cats. While differences of opinion on the direction a particular open-source project can turn into a parting of ways (and code, called a "fork"), more often than not a "benevolent dictator for life," or project leader, will step in, exert leadership and keep the community together.
|
||||
|
||||
The term "benevolent dictator for life" (BDFL) [may have started with Guido von Rossum][4], the former Python development lead. It has since been applied to Linus Torvalds, the creator of Linux, as well as Mark Shuttleworth, Ubuntu's lead, among others. Sometimes two leaders on a project share the title, as did Adrian Holovaty and Jacob Kaplan-Moss for [Django][5].
|
||||
|
||||
At their peak, the departure of any one of these leads would have wreaked havoc on the fortunes of the project, given how closely identified the projects were with these strong leaders. Over time, however, this has changed. The Django BDFLs [moved on to other projects][6], and Django kept chugging along. Ditto Python, Lucene (Doug Cutting), JBoss (Marc Fleury) and many other projects.
|
||||
|
||||
While open source communities still rally around strong leaders, we don't seem to be as dependent on them as we once were. Open source's "cult of personality" faded, and perhaps has died altogether. But what happened?
|
||||
|
||||
### Apache And The Rise Of Community ###
|
||||
|
||||
Well, community did, for starters. I realize I'm making a somewhat subjective assertion here, but over the roughly 15 years I've been involved in open source, I've seen a gradual shift away from tightly-controlled free software projects to more loosely joined open-source communities, often with significant corporate interest.
|
||||
|
||||
While it's not clear whether the open, BSD/Apache-style licensing "chicken" came before the corporate open source interest "egg," the two together have definitely changed how open source operates.
|
||||
|
||||
This includes the need for a BDFL. For example, and while it's not a project, it's hard to imagine Free GNU without Richard Stallman. By contrast, it's pretty easy to imagine Apache Hadoop without... wait, who is in charge of Hadoop, anyway?
|
||||
|
||||
The answer? Everyone. Or [many][7], rather. It started with Doug Cutting, but it has since grown to become a community of companies and individuals (but mostly companies that employ those individuals) working together.
|
||||
|
||||
The same is true of OpenStack, which has a [host of companies involved][8]. If any particular OpenStack developer were to leave, the OpenStack show would go on. And it has thus far. The same is true of an increasing number of open-source projects.
|
||||
|
||||
### A BDFL-Free Future? ###
|
||||
|
||||
This isn't to suggest that leaders aren't needed in open source. They are. But as more open-source projects become communities of corporations, the risk of a BDFL leaving diminishes. Frankly, even if companies aren't heavily involved, projects with an Apache license may not be as dependent on a BDFL, anyway.
|
||||
|
||||
Photo of Richard Stallman [courtesy of Friprog on Flickr][9]
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://readwrite.com/2014/05/02/open-source-magento-roy-rubin-bdfl#feed=/hack&awesm=~oDgSTEdnXAjUv0
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://magento.com/
|
||||
[2]:http://magento.com/blog/magento-news/note-roy-and-mark#.U2JhPK1dVii
|
||||
[3]:http://www.serverwatch.com/server-news/if-linus-torvalds-got-hit-by-a-bus-would-linux-die.html
|
||||
[4]:http://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=235725
|
||||
[5]:https://www.djangoproject.com/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/01/on-the-reign-of-benevolent-dictators-for-life-in-software/283139/
|
||||
[7]:http://hadoop.apache.org/who.html
|
||||
[8]:http://activity.openstack.org/dash/releases/
|
||||
[9]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/friprog/
|
||||
@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Puzzle Game ’2048′ Packaged Up For Ubuntu
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Hold on, I’ll be with you in 2 secs. Make that 4. Maybe 8. What? It’s been 16 minutes? Crikey!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[2048][1] mania [has swept the world][2] (though by the time you read this it may have dissipated, such is the fickle nature of viral gaming in a post-Flappy Bird landscape).
|
||||
|
||||
The game, inspired by an equally popular game called ‘threes’, is simple in aim: you move tiles around a grid, combining those with matching numbers to create a new tile with a larger number, and so on until you reach the 2048 tile.
|
||||
|
||||
Moving tiles is done using keyboard **arrow keys**. When two squares with the same number touch they merge into a one tile or a larger number (2 + 2 = 4, 4 + 4 = 8, and so on).
|
||||
|
||||
Note that the goal is to reach the 2048 tile, not score. So many <del>Facebook status brags</del> seem to miss that distinction.
|
||||
|
||||
As games go 2048 certainly falls in the ‘pick up and pass time’ category, being both addictively simple and fiendishly annoying. Prepare to lose hours to it.
|
||||
|
||||
*“Just one more go…”*
|
||||
|
||||
### Install 2048 on Ubuntu ###
|
||||
|
||||
The game can be played freely on any device with internet access and a modern browser by visiting the website ([link][3]). There is also [a gazillion mobile clones][4] available to grab from the Google Play, Apple App, and Windows Phone Stores.
|
||||
|
||||
But if you want to have it available to launch locally in Ubuntu with offline play support, you’re in luck. The (very awesome) folks over at Lffl [have packaged][5] the open-source puzzler, which is distributed via GitHub, as a .deb installer for Debian-based distros.
|
||||
|
||||
Once installed, you can launch the game from the Unity Dash (or other DE menu alternative). While it continues to open in a browser (minor annoyance) installing it locally does preserve your high score between sessions — which is pretty handy should you like to best yourself.
|
||||
|
||||
The .deb installer can be downloaded below and will work on Ubuntu 12.04 or later.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Download 2048 for Ubuntu][6]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/03/install-2048-on-ubuntu-download
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://gabrielecirulli.github.io/2048/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-2048-hit-game-creator-gabriele-cirulli-20140327,0,3285397.story#axzz2xGiZCbkl
|
||||
[3]:http://gabrielecirulli.github.io/2048/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/columnist/talkingtech/2014/03/28/talking-tech-2048/6951781/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.lffl.org/2014/03/giocare-2048-su-linux-window-e-mac.html
|
||||
[6]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxfreedomfor/files/ubuntu/2048_1_all.deb/download
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
|
||||
Raspberry Pi's Eben Upton: How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Inside the mind that prototyped a $35 computer for tinkerers.
|
||||
|
||||
I’ll never forget my first time seeing a Raspberry Pi. The tiny, credit-card sized computer is powerful enough to operate as a home PC, a media center, a gaming console, or anything you can dream up. At only $35, it’s a bargain for tinkerers of all ages who want to try out hardware and software experiments without worrying about bricking their pricier family computers.
|
||||
|
||||
[Eben Upton][1], cofounder of the Raspberry Pi Foundation, is generally credited as the magician behind this incredible machine. While working on his doctorate in philosophy at the University of Cambridge's computer laboratory, Upton painstakingly put together Raspberry Pi prototypes by hand.
|
||||
|
||||
Today, Upton is CEO of the Raspberry Pi Foundation’s trading company, where he oversees production and sales of the Raspberry Pi. The foundation has now sold more than 2.5 million units.
|
||||
|
||||
### Pi In The Sky ###
|
||||
|
||||
ReadWrite: What got you really interested in technology in the first place? How did that lead you eventually to the Raspberry Pi project?
|
||||
|
||||
**Eben Upton**: So I actually got started when I was a kid. I have a father who has a certain amount of interest in engineering. He’s not an engineer, he’s an English academic. There were always piles of electrical stuff around the house that I used to play with before I understood what it did. Little things like making a light to have by your bed so you could read after “lights out” and stuff.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
And then I got a computer. In the UK we have these machines called [BBC Microcomputers][2], which were 8-bit micros that were build for education. We had them at school, I got into programming at school, and I enjoyed it.
|
||||
|
||||
These things weren’t necessarily in school for programming, or at least they didn’t tend to get used for programming. They would get used to run educational software. But I used to program on them. And then I bought one to program at home. I mean, the day I got my BBC micro, I went in my room, turned it on, and never came out again. [Laughs]
|
||||
|
||||
Programming is amazing for a kid. When you’re a kid you don’t have a lot of power. You don’t have a lot of agency, a lot of control over the world around you. The great thing about programming is it’s a little world where you do whatever you want. And I certainly found that very compelling.
|
||||
|
||||
I’d always been interested in science, math, kind of hard science subjects. Did a lot of computing, did a lot of programming on my BBC. I had a Commodore Amiga after that.
|
||||
|
||||
At university I did a mixture of physics, engineering, and computer science. And then that really kind of led me to the Pi. Because after I’d been at university for a decade [while getting a doctorate], I realized that the kids who were arriving hadn’t had the chance to have that set of experiences as a child. You could still get Legos but … that ladder.
|
||||
|
||||
We’d kind of pulled the ladder up after us. We built these very sophisticated and user-friendly computers for children to use now. Or not even computers—game consoles and phones and tablets, kind of appliances. But people were being denied that opportunity to tinker. So really Raspberry Pi is an attempt to get back—without kind of being too retro—some of what we kind of feel was lost from the evolution of computers over the last 25 years.
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** What were some of the biggest hurdles you had to overcome?
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** Well, we didn’t have any investors, so that was one nice thing. We’ve been trying to do this since 2006 so you can see it took us a long time to get from the idea of a Raspberry Pi to something you could sell. Finding something that had the right tradeoff between price and performance, or price and programmability was a big deal.
|
||||
|
||||
Getting the money together. We’re a not-for-profit, so we had to go find some money, and there ended up being a few of us on the board of trustees just loaning money out of our own pockets. So we had about a quarter of a million dollars of startup funding which was entirely loans from me and a couple of other people. So having the guts to do that, I guess.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### From East To West ###
|
||||
|
||||
Finding a way to get it manufactured at the right price. We ended up taking an unusual route. Generally when people make more conventional products, what they do is make them locally, when they’re low volume. And they [manufacturers] charge a high price. Most people have thicker margins than Raspberry Pi.
|
||||
|
||||
So what people do is manufacture in the west. Later on, in search of a squeeze, they got the volume and are looking to improve their production costs, so they go to the far east.
|
||||
|
||||
The issue for us was that, because we didn’t have enough margin to support that kind of order, we built our very first units in China. Which was of course, at first a slightly daunting prospect. I knew nothing about manufacturing in China, and we ended up sending $50,000 of chips and $50,000 to some guy in Hong Kong. And he sent us back 2,000 working Raspberry Pis.
|
||||
|
||||
It got to the point where there was a little bit of a delay and we were convinced that we’d gotten shafted. And then one day, the first 2,000 of now 2.5 million Raspberry Pis turned up on the doorstep on a pallet.
|
||||
|
||||
This UPS guy comes out of his truck with a pallet and a pallet jack and jacks this pallet into the garage. It’s got 2,000 Raspberry Pis on it and each one of those is massively more powerful than any computer I had when I was a kid. And we were just picking them out at random out of the pallet just to sample them and they all worked perfectly.
|
||||
|
||||
So getting lucky, I guess, with China, and then finally having got the volume, we went in the other direction from everyone else. I guess the other defining moment in the project was when we realized that, having got the volume, we could now build in the west for the same price we would have been able to build in China. So we were able to repatriate, to reshore all the manufacturing back to Wales, which is where I was born. Kind of a nice sort of circle.
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** Were there any precursors to the Pi that didn’t work out?
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** Yeah, we built a number of different prototype devices. We were trying to build something that was programmable but interesting to kids. “Interesting to kids” means kind of … powerful in some respects. Able to play video and games and go on the Web.
|
||||
|
||||
We had a number of prototypes that met the price goal and the programmability goal, but it was only very late, post 2010 and 2011, that we were able to identify a path that allowed us to build something that was also powerful enough that kids were going to engage with it.
|
||||
|
||||
### Whence The Pi Was Baked ###
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** Tell me about inventing the Raspberry Pi.
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** We tried building some units based on what you’d call microcontroller technology. I don’t know if you’ve come across an [open source electronics prototyping] platform called Arduino? Sort of a similar level of performance to the Arduino. The nice thing about those chips is they’re very available, they’re commodity parts, they’re very cheap and easy to get ahold of.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
So we tried that. And we ended up with something which was technically a computer—you plug it into your television and stuff. But it was kind of primitive and it was clear that kids weren’t going to engage with it. So that was prototype one, and that prototype is coming to a museum in Ireland in an exhibition called “Fail.” [Laughs] I’m going to go see it next month. It’s in a glass cabinet as an example of a glorious failure.
|
||||
|
||||
The nice thing about that was that was hand built. You can’t really build a modern Raspberry Pi by hand. But this one was primitive enough that you could actually solder it together and I soldered it together in a week. And it was a nice little toy.
|
||||
|
||||
After I’d been at university for a decade of so, I went to work for a company called Broadcom, which is based in southern California but has a big office in Cambridge. They make cellphone chips. And we realized that cell phone chips are quite a good fit. They’re quite a good platform for building a Pi-like device, since they have a lot of graphics performance.
|
||||
|
||||
I built a prototype based on that, based on a Broadcom dev kit. And that was much more powerful, much more capable, again at the same price point. But the challenge we had with that was that it was really a custom environment. It wasn’t a standards based platform.
|
||||
|
||||
We were writing our own SD card drivers, our own file system, our own text editor. You find yourself doing a lot of basic work and although you end up with a platform which is powerful and programmable, it's completely nonstandard [and] completely unlike any other machine. You don’t get to leverage any of the work that’s already been done by people on desktop platforms. That was prototype two.
|
||||
|
||||
The real breakthrough for us was with prototype three. We got hold of another chip from Broadcom which had an ARM processor which was able to run standard Linux. That was really the point where we realized we had something that met all our goals. And that was the product we went to market with.
|
||||
|
||||
### Hacking The Next Generation Of Hackers ###
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** Kids as young as eight have built projects using the Raspberry Pi. Did you intend that, or did it take you by surprise?
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** Eight is a good age. I think everyone defines the right age as being the age when they started programming. I was eight when I started programming. To some extent, all a child needs is to be old enough to have the relevant suite of cognitive skills, kind of problem solving type skills. A little bit of math maybe, at school.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To be old enough to be able to plan activities—programming is the ultimate planned activity. You need to have the mental equipment to do that. By the age of eight, a lot of children are quite mature in their way of thinking. You also need mechanical dexterity; another challenge that younger children have is the lack of mechanical dexterity required to use a keyboard.
|
||||
|
||||
So eight’s a great age. You’ve got the physical equipment, the mental equipment, and you’re still at that point in your life where you’re able to learn new things very easily. Your brain’s very plastic, you’re able to learn languages....
|
||||
|
||||
I mean, if you want a child to learn French, start teaching them at eight, don’t start teaching them at 16. One of the weaknesses we have historically in our formal teaching of computing is we start people incredibly late, and then are surprised when people have difficulty picking up the concepts. So I think the younger you can get them the better and eight is a fantastic age. Eight, 10, 12—12 is maybe a little bit late.
|
||||
|
||||
Our foundation CEO, [Lance][3] [Howarth], is particularly passionate about primary education. He really perceives a real opportunity there to do something quite special.
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** So that was an intention of the Raspberry Pi, to get really young kids programming?
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** I think we’ve always thought that young kids could do programming just by example. But the intention of the Raspberry Pi was to make this thing available and just see who buys it. We always believed that at least a subset of young children would find it exciting. Now we have the breadth and scale to get it to young kids with support.
|
||||
|
||||
There’s a big difference between [just] making a platform like Raspberry Pi available and offering support for it. I think if you just make it available, you’ll find one percent of eight-year-olds will be the one percent who love that sort of thing and will get into it, regardless of how much or how little support you give them.
|
||||
|
||||
I think the real opportunity for the foundation right now is that, since we can afford to pay for the development of educational material, we can afford to advocate for good training for teachers throughout this. There’s an opportunity to get more than one percent. There’s an opportunity to reach the bright kids who don’t quite have the natural inclination to personally tackle complicated technical tasks. If you give them good teaching and compelling material that’s relevant and interesting to them, you can reach ten percent, twenty percent, fifty percent, many more.
|
||||
|
||||
We look back to the 1980s as this golden era [of learning to program], and in practice, only a very few percent of people were learning to program to any great degree. Most people could probably write a couple of lines. But doing any significant programming was still rare.
|
||||
|
||||
I think the real opportunity for us now, because we can intervene on the material and teacher training levels, we can potentially blow past where we were in the 1980s. There’s much more participation, there’s much more gender equality. Programming was largely a boy’s activity in the 1980s, and that’s now reflected in the makeup of our engineering community. I think there’s a real opportunity to get more girls programming computers. That’s the lowest of low hanging fruit. If we do that, we instantly double the number of people.
|
||||
|
||||
There are a lot of opportunities and I think the most satisfying thing for Pi is we’re kind of at the scale where we can start to attack some of them.
|
||||
|
||||
### Pi For Everyone ###
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** What does that say to you about the potential demand for DIY projects like the Pi? Are we all going to be DIY hackers one day?
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** Yeah, I mean, that’s the thing. There is an enormous demand for it. And I think that there is a tie to the maker community. The maker community is much more developed in American than it is in the UK. We do have maker fairs and hackerspaces now, but it’s probably five years behind where it is in the U.S.
|
||||
|
||||
So one thing we found when we started talking about Raspberry Pi, when it started getting international attention, we found we were launching into this very well established community of people who like doing all sorts of DIY activity: knitting, or, you know, woodworking.
|
||||
|
||||
So that’s one of the things that led to that surprise increase in volume for the Pi. Makers who see it as a component they can use to build their projects. Which is great!
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** What do you think about the emergence of mainstream hardware-hacking culture?
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** I mean, it’s fantastic, right? It’s something we would never have predicted on the software engineering front. I’ve come to this stuff from a software background, so the fact that most of the cool stuff people do with the Raspberry Pi is hardware related is surprising to me. It’s not surprising to me anymore, but it was surprising to me originally.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
I think it’s a very positive trend, for all sorts of reasons. It’s positive because it provides children with relevant experiences. In my mind, moving pixels around on the screen is still cool, but in reality, it’s much less cool than it was in the 1980s. I think moving objects around in the world, like robots, is what’s cool for kids now.
|
||||
|
||||
When you get more relevance, you attract more girls. There’s a really insidious tendency to try and design activities for girls around tech, and it actually isn’t about girls. It’s about appealing to a broader audience.
|
||||
|
||||
There is this tiny segment—I’ve talked about the one percent, the kids who find the abstract computer programming exciting. “Let’s learn about variables!” And I was one of those kids. But that’s only a small number of people, and it seems to be boys, more often. I don’t know whether that’s a cultural thing or what but it just seems to be the way the world is.
|
||||
|
||||
Quite often when people are talking about pursuing relevance in order to attract girls, it’s not about attracting girls at all. It’s about attracting anyone other than that tiny little sliver of boys. You’re not just attracting girls, you’re attracting all the other boys as well.
|
||||
|
||||
One of the wonderful things from an education standpoint is that part of actually doing stuff in the real world with a computer is automatically more relevant than just doing things on the computer itself. So it gives you a route to attract girls into the subject, it gives you a route to track more than one percent of boys into the subject.
|
||||
|
||||
It’s great not to be alone. It’s fantastic to be launching into this tidal wave of interest, of people doing stuff in the real world. I know a guy in southern California whose two hobbies are Pi hacking and making his own chainmail. It’s just a wonderful thing that people are doing that sort of stuff.
|
||||
|
||||
### Sharing The Pi ###
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** Can you give me an example of the sort of “relevant” projects that attract more than the one percent?
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** The whole broad area of robotics is one. There are just vast numbers of people using the Pi as a base to make little robots that run around and do stuff, particularly now that we have the camera module, which acts as kind of computer vision.
|
||||
|
||||
I think other camera-based projects as well tend to get a lot of play. People doing wildlife photography type things, people doing time lapse photography, a wide range of stuff because we have this $25 camera module, and an infrared version so you can do nighttime animal photography—writing scripts to take pictures at night and save away the ones that have some motion in them. So those ones are nice.
|
||||
|
||||
I’m particularly fond of anything that has to do with high altitude ballooning. Environmental monitoring—there are some high school kids in the UK who did an IndieGoGo called [AirPi][4], which is a pollution monitoring shield that would sit on top of the Pi. So lots of those things that let you do physics or chemistry or biology using the Pi—those are the things that I think have relevance. Those are the things that are much easier to justify to the bulk of kids as a thing that’s worth paying attention to.
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** When will we be seeing a Raspberry Pi Model C?
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** We have no plans at the moment. We are mostly doing software work at the moment. I think we’ve discovered that there is a large amount of performance gain available by nickel and diming the software, buffing it a little bit.
|
||||
|
||||
If we go and make a Model C, we orphan 2.5 million people who are committed to the current platform. So I think we are, at least for now, pretty committed to trying to do software work because that helps all of those people who are in the field. We feel there is still significant performance gain available through software optimization.
|
||||
|
||||
Obviously, we’ll have to do something [about hardware] at some point. I don’t really known when. If we’re still shipping the Pi Model B in 2017, 2018, that would be bad. But I think we’re probably a year away from giving any serious consideration to what to do next.
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** Lots of people are building projects using both the Pi and Arduino, the DIY electronics-hacking kit. Did you design Pi with kits like Arduino in mind?
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** Not really, but we realized very early on there could sometimes be a tendency in the press to see us as a competitor to the Arduino. We were always skeptical, I think, as to whether that was really the case because I think the Pi and Arduino do different things and do them well.
|
||||
|
||||
We didn’t design it to work with the Arduino, but the Arduino is designed to work with a house PC. We make a great low power house PC for the Arduino. So yeah, it was just lucky, I guess.
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** What do you use Raspberry Pi for at home? At work?
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** At home, I use it as a media center; that’s a fairly common use of the Pi. It’s an interesting thing that you have people doing actual consumer electronics, using it as a piece of consumer electronics. And I’m certainly one of those.
|
||||
|
||||
I don’t have anywhere near as much time to play with it at work as I would like. Usually when I get a Pi at work it’s because I’m testing some new piece of software that I’ve commissioned. Mostly I’m just using it to check that the contractors I’ve paid to do work have done a good job.
|
||||
|
||||
I’m really hoping that I will get some more downtime over the next year. Sometimes it feels like, aside from the media center, I’ve been involved with making this fantastic toy, and because it’s been so successful I don’t get much time to play with it.
|
||||
|
||||
But it’s really gratifying to see how many people are having fun with it, to see it show up in different places. I understand we got mentioned on The Big Bang Theory, I need to track down the episode. It shows up in all these unusual places. It’s really nice to see how many people have taken it to heart and started doing stuff with it.
|
||||
|
||||
Eben Upton image courtesy of the Raspberry Pi Foundation; Raspberry Pi images by Flickr users [Johan Larsson][5], [Clive Darra][6], [Pete Sneekes][7], [Luca Sbardella][8] and [Ashley Basil][9]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://readwrite.com/2014/04/08/raspberry-pi-eben-upton-builders#awesm=~oBGnazhOCOfaUd
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://twitter.com/EbenUpton
|
||||
[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Micro
|
||||
[3]:http://www.raspberrypi.org/welcome-lance/
|
||||
[4]:http://airpi.es/
|
||||
[5]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/johanl/8384790662
|
||||
[6]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/osde-info/8626662243
|
||||
[7]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/p8/7950485168
|
||||
[8]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/sbardella/7473604878
|
||||
[9]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/28438417@N08/8006786385/in/photolist-dcwSD8-d8PKa3-bmosVm-bmosWG-bz3YJF-e8NRQD-btyqN1-dorXrE-hTF7id-hTF7jL-hTF4mJ-hTF4jj-hTF4q1-hTF7jA-hTF7gj-gKRLrn-ftALdo-c7Qnjs-c7Qnyh-c7QmZj-c7QnY1-c7QmNY-cu8zs3-cu8BWm-cu8u5S-cu8yC3-cu8DBN-cu8wRq-cu8xNL-cu8CJj-cu8tss-cu8BcG-cu8uVL-cu8AoW-hTF7dU-hTEzCr-hTFBCp-hTFBvR-hTFBBH-hTF4hA-hTF7c1-hTEzza-hTFBM2-cdtf1b-bz7n87-gKQSJ7-gKQUko-ds8x8q-dqweVP-cVwvJq
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
|
||||
{Translating}Linchenguang
|
||||
=======================================================
|
||||
Daily Ubuntu Tips – Identify Folders By Colors In Ubuntu
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Here’s a brief tip that will show you how to identify folders by colors in Ubuntu 14.04 or previous with this nifty tool. This tool which is called **Folder Color**, allows users to change the color of folders in Nautilus so they could easily indentify and distinguish them from others.
|
||||
|
||||
It is designed to work with Nautilus can be used with other Icon themes in Ubuntu. It’s nice tool to install. It’s light weight and doesn’t interface with your system’s performance.
|
||||
|
||||
Installing it is easy and this brief tutorial is going to show you how.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, if you want to color important files folder red, or travel documents yellow, you can change them easily with Folder Color.
|
||||
|
||||
Here’s how to install this tool.
|
||||
|
||||
In Ubuntu, press **Ctrl – Alt – T** on your keyboard to open the terminal console. When it opens, run the commands below to add the below PPA archive.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:costales/folder-color
|
||||
|
||||
Next, run the commands below to update your system and install Folder Color.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install folder-color
|
||||
|
||||
That’s it. Now all you have to do is log out and log back in or restart Nautilus. Then go to Nautilus, right-click on the folder you wish to change and select the color. There are pre-defined colors to choose from which isn’t as many as you may want, but enough for the average users.
|
||||
|
||||
If you wish to uninstall it, run the commands below to remove the PPA archive.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo add-apt-repository -r ppa:costales/folder-color
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, run the commands below to remove Folder Color
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get remove folder-color
|
||||
|
||||
Enjoy!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2014/04/daily-ubuntu-tips-identify-folders-by-colors-in-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:
|
||||
[2]:
|
||||
[3]:
|
||||
[4]:
|
||||
[5]:
|
||||
[6]:
|
||||
[7]:
|
||||
[8]:
|
||||
[9]:
|
||||
[10]:
|
||||
[11]:
|
||||
[12]:
|
||||
[13]:
|
||||
[14]:
|
||||
[15]:
|
||||
[16]:
|
||||
[17]:
|
||||
[18]:
|
||||
[19]:
|
||||
[20]:
|
||||
@ -1,84 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Daily Ubuntu Tips – Ubuntu One Shuts Down, Switch To Dropbox Or Box Cloud Services
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
With Canonical’s [decision to shutdown Ubuntu One cloud file services][1], you may be looking for other services to host your data. Although there are many cloud services, just few of the big players support Linux, including Ubuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
Dropbox fully supports Ubuntu. It has a Linux client that integrates well with Ubuntu desktop and other notification services. Box, formally Box.net also support Linux via WebDav protocol.
|
||||
|
||||
Here’s an excerpt from Canonical’s announcement about Ubuntu One:
|
||||
|
||||
> As of today (April 2), it will no longer be possible to purchase storage or music from the Ubuntu One store. The Ubuntu One file services will not be included in the upcoming Ubuntu 14.04 LTS release, and the Ubuntu One apps in older version of Ubuntu and in the Ubuntu, Google and Apple stores will be updated appropriately.
|
||||
|
||||
It’s sad that we lost this useful service in Ubuntu. One the other hand, moving your data to a more stabled and reputable storage provider is the best decision you can make going forward.
|
||||
|
||||
This brief tutorial shows you how to starting using DropBox or Box cloud services in Ubuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
### Installing DropBox Cloud storage in Ubuntu ###
|
||||
|
||||
We’ve written a lot on this topic. To install DropBox in Ubuntu, all you have to do is follow the steps in the tutorial. It provides a step by step guide in installing and using DropBox in Ubuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
To view the tutorial, [click here][2]. Or use the link below:
|
||||
|
||||
[http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/03/how-to-install-dropbox-in-ubuntu-13-04-raring-ringtail/][2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Using Box Cloud storage in Ubuntu ###
|
||||
|
||||
Since Box doesn’t have a full feature client for Linux systems, including Ubuntu, you must use WebDav protocol to access and store your content automatically to your account.
|
||||
|
||||
To do that, press **Ctrl – Alt – T** on your keyboard to open the terminal. When the terminal console opens, run the commands below to install these packages.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install davfs2
|
||||
|
||||
Next, run the commands below to reconfigure davfs2 and choose **Yes** to allow unprivileged users to be allowed to mount WebDav resources.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo dpkg-reconfigure davfs2
|
||||
|
||||
Next, copy davfs2 folder to your home directory by running the commands below
|
||||
|
||||
sudo cp -r /etc/davfs2/ $HOME/.davfs2
|
||||
|
||||
Then take ownership of the content by running the commands below
|
||||
|
||||
sudo chown -R username $HOME/.davfs2/
|
||||
|
||||
replace username with your account name.
|
||||
|
||||
Next, open the password file so you can enter your login credentials
|
||||
|
||||
gedit ~/.davfs2/secrets
|
||||
|
||||
Then type your username (email address) and password in the file as shown below. Add the line below at the end of the file and save.
|
||||
|
||||
https://dav.box.com/dav richard@liberiangeek.net <box_password>
|
||||
|
||||
replace the the email address and password with your account info
|
||||
|
||||
Next, run the commands below to add your account to the davfs2 group
|
||||
|
||||
sudo adduser <username> davfs2
|
||||
|
||||
Next, open the /etc/fstab tab and add the line below in it.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo gedit /etc/fstab
|
||||
|
||||
Add this line at the end of the file and save.
|
||||
|
||||
https://dav.box.com/dav/ /home/<username>/box davfs _netdev,rw,user 0 0
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, create a mount point to mount Box’s content
|
||||
|
||||
mkdir ~/box
|
||||
|
||||
Restart your computer and your Box content should be mounted on the launcher.
|
||||
|
||||
Enjoy!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2014/04/daily-ubuntu-tips-ubuntu-one-shuts-down-switch-to-dropbox-or-box-cloud-services/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://blog.canonical.com/2014/04/02/shutting-down-ubuntu-one-file-services/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/03/how-to-install-dropbox-in-ubuntu-13-04-raring-ringtail/
|
||||
142
sources/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md
Normal file
142
sources/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
|
||||
Encrypting Your Cat Photos
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
The truth is, I really don't have anything on my hard drive that I would be upset over someone seeing. I have some cat photos. I have a few text files with ideas for future books and/or short stories, and a couple half-written starts to NaNoWriMo novels. It would be easy to say that there's no point encrypting my hard drive, because I have nothing to hide. The problem is, we wrongly correlate a "desire for privacy" with "having something to hide". I think where I live, in America, we've taken our rights to privacy for granted. Rather than the traditional "he must be hiding porn or bombs", think about something a little more mundane.
|
||||
|
||||
I live in Michigan. It's cold here in the winter, and I tend to keep my thermostat set around 75 degrees. That might seem high to you, but for my family, it's just right. Thanks to the privacy of my own home, my neighbors don't know how toasty warm we keep it. Some of those neighbors would be very upset to see how "wasteful" the Powers family is in the winter. In fact, there's one local man who makes it a point to let everyone know that anything over 60 degrees is ecologically wasteful. I don't want to get into a fight with Old Man Icebritches, so we just keep our comfortable house a secret. We don't have anything to hide, but it's not something everyone needs to know about.
|
||||
|
||||
Obviously my example is silly, but hopefully it makes you think. Modern Linux allows us to encrypt our data easily and reliably, so why not take advantage of it?
|
||||
|
||||
### How Does It Work? ###
|
||||
|
||||
I won't go into too much detail about how encryption works, but a basic understanding is necessary for even the simplest implementation. To encrypt and decrypt a file, two "keys" are required. One is the private key, which is just that, private. I like to think of the private key as an actual key—you can make copies if you want, but it's not wise to do so. The more copies of your private keys you make, the more likely someone nefarious will get one and break into your apartment—er, I mean files.
|
||||
|
||||
The public key is more like a schematic for a lock that only you can open (with your private key). You make this key available for anyone. You can post it on a Web site, put it in your e-mail, tattoo it on your back, whatever. When others want to create a file that only you can see, they encrypt it using your public key.
|
||||
|
||||
This one-to-many scenario also has a cool side effect. If you encrypt something using your private key, anyone can decrypt it using your public key. This may sound silly, but what makes such a scenario useful is that although the encrypted file isn't protected from prying eyes, it is guaranteed to be from you. Only a file encrypted with your private key can be decrypted with your public key. In this way, encrypting something with your private key digitally "signs" the file.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Usually it works like this: ####
|
||||
|
||||
1. You have a file you want to send to Suzy, so you encrypt it with Suzy's public key. Only Suzy can open it, but there's no way for Suzy to know that you are the one who sent it, since anyone could encrypt a file with her public key.
|
||||
1. Therefore, you take the file you encrypted with Suzy's public key and encrypt that file with your private key. Suzy will have to decrypt the file twice, but she'll know it came from you.
|
||||
1. Suzy receives the file and decrypts the first layer with your public key, proving it came from you.
|
||||
1. Suzy then decrypts the second layer of encryption with her private key, as that's the only key able to decrypt the original file. (Because you originally encrypted it with her public key.)
|
||||
|
||||
That scenario is when encryption is used for safely transferring files, of course. It's also quite common simply to encrypt your files (or partitions) so that no one can see them unless you decrypt them first. Let's start with file encryption, because that's what most people will want to do on their systems.
|
||||
|
||||
### Starting Simple ###
|
||||
|
||||
Before I go into more complex type setting, let's discuss simply encrypting a file. There are various programs to handle encryption. In fact, it's easy to get overwhelmed with the available options for file and system encryption. Today, let's use a basic (but very powerful) command-line tool for encrypting a file. GPG (Gnu Privacy Guard) is an open-source implementation of PGP (Pretty Good Protection). It allows encryption and signing, and manages multiple keys and so on. For this example, let's simply encrypt a file.
|
||||
|
||||
Let's say you have a file called secret_manifesto.txt, which contains the secrets to life, the universe and everything. Using GPG, you can encrypt the file with a passphrase. Using a passphrase is far simpler than using a public and private key pair, because it's simply encrypted using your passphrase. This does make your file more susceptible to cracking (using rainbow tables or other hacking tools), but like the label on the tin says, it's Pretty Good Protection. To encrypt your file, you can do this:
|
||||
|
||||
# gpg -c secret_manifesto.txt
|
||||
# Enter passphrase:
|
||||
# Repeat passphrase:
|
||||
|
||||
Once complete, you'll have a new file in the same directory. It will be named secret_manifesto.txt.gpg by default. This is a binary file, which means it's fairly small, but it can't be copy/pasted into an e-mail or IM. For portability, you can add the -a flag, which will create an encrypted file that contains only ASCII text:
|
||||
|
||||
# gpg -a -c secret_manifesto.txt
|
||||
# Enter passphrase:
|
||||
# Repeat passphrase:
|
||||
# ls -l
|
||||
-rw-rw-r-- 1 spowers spowers 6 Nov 23 1:26 secret_manifesto.txt
|
||||
-rw-rw-r-- 1 spowers spowers 174 Nov 23 1:27 secret_manifesto.txt.asc
|
||||
-rw-rw-r-- 1 spowers spowers 55 Nov 23 1:26 secret_manifesto.txt.gpg
|
||||
|
||||
Notice there is now a file with .asc as the extension. This is text-only, but you can see in the code snippet that it's also much larger than the binary encrypted file, and much much larger than the original text file. Once you've encrypted your file, if you truly want to keep your information secret, it would be wise to delete the original text file.
|
||||
|
||||
To decrypt the file, you'll again use the gpg program. The same command will decrypt either file, whether it's binary or ASCII:
|
||||
|
||||
# gpg secret_manifesto.txt.asc
|
||||
# gpg: CAST5 encrypted data
|
||||
# Enter passphrase:
|
||||
# gpg: encrypted with 1 passphrase
|
||||
# File `secret_manifesto.txt' exists. Overwrite? (y/N)
|
||||
|
||||
Notice in the example above, I hadn't deleted the original text file, so gpg gave me the option of overwriting. Once complete, I have my original file back, unencrypted. If you just have a file or two you want to protect, the command-line gpg program might be all you need. If you'd rather have an area on your system that automatically encrypts everything you save, it's a little more complicated. It's still not terribly difficult, but let's start with a fairly simplistic model.
|
||||
|
||||
### Encrypting a USB Drive ###
|
||||
|
||||
Like I mentioned earlier, there are many options when it comes to encryption. One of the more popular methods of encrypting partitions is the LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup) system. A USB drive with a LUKS-formatted partition should be detected automatically by most systems. In fact, if you're using a desktop environment like Ubuntu Desktop, encrypting a USB drive is a simple check box during the formatting process. Although that's a perfectly acceptable way to encrypt your USB drive, I'm going to demonstrate how to do it on the command line, so you understand what's actually happening behind the scenes.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 1: identify your USB drive. ####
|
||||
|
||||
If you type `dmesg` after plugging in your USB drive, you should get all sorts of system information, including the device name of your freshly plugged-in USB device. Make sure you have the correct device identified, because what you're doing will destroy any data on the drive. You wouldn't want to format the wrong disk accidentally. (It should go without saying, but I'll say it anyway, make sure there's nothing on your USB drive that you want to save—this is a destructive process.)
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 2: partition the USB drive. ####
|
||||
|
||||
Assuming that your USB drive is the /dev/sdb device on your system, you need to create a single partition on the drive. Let's use fdisk. Below is the interaction with fdisk required. Basically, you create a new empty partition with the o command, then write changes with w. Then, you'll restart fdisk and use the n command to create a new primary partition, using the defaults so that the entire drive is used:
|
||||
|
||||
# sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
|
||||
|
||||
Command (m for help): o
|
||||
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x1234567.
|
||||
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
|
||||
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.
|
||||
|
||||
Command (m for help): w
|
||||
The partition table has been altered!
|
||||
|
||||
# sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
|
||||
Command (m for help): n
|
||||
Command action
|
||||
e extended
|
||||
p primary partition (1-4)
|
||||
p
|
||||
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
|
||||
Using default value 1
|
||||
First sector (2048-1016522, default 2048):
|
||||
Using default value 2048
|
||||
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-1016522, default 1016522):
|
||||
Using default value 1016522
|
||||
|
||||
Command (m for help): w
|
||||
The partition table has been altered!
|
||||
|
||||
Now you have a USB drive with a single partition (/dev/sdb1), but there is no filesystem on it. That's exactly what you want, because the LUKS system creates an encryption layer on the partition before you put a filesystem on it. So before creating a filesystem, let's create the LUKS layer on the partition, using the cryptsetup program. If you don't have cryptsetup, search for it in your distribution's repository; it should be there. To create the LUKS encrypted partition layer:
|
||||
|
||||
# cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sdb1
|
||||
|
||||
WARNING!
|
||||
========
|
||||
This will overwrite data on /dev/sdb1 irrevocably.
|
||||
|
||||
Are you sure? (Type uppercase yes): YES
|
||||
Enter LUKS passphrase:
|
||||
Verify passphrase:
|
||||
|
||||
Follow the directions, and be sure to remember your passphrase! Note, that a "passphrase" is usually more than just a word. It's most often a phrase, thus the name. The longer the phrase, the tougher to crack.
|
||||
|
||||
Once the process completes, you have an encrypted partition, but it's not mounted or formatted yet. The first step is to mount the partition, which again uses the cryptsetup utility:
|
||||
|
||||
# cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sdb1 my_crypto_disk
|
||||
Enter passphrase for /dev/sdb1:
|
||||
|
||||
When you type in your passphrase, the device name you entered will be mounted like a virtual hard drive. Usually, it's mounted under /dev/mapper/devicename, so this example mounts a partition at /dev/mapper/my_crypto_disk.
|
||||
|
||||
This device is now being accessed as an unencrypted volume. As long as it stays mounted, it will act like any other unencrypted volume. That means you need to write a filesystem to it if you want to use it:
|
||||
|
||||
# mkfs.vfat /dev/mapper/my_crypto_disk -n my_crypto_disk
|
||||
mkfs.vfat 3.0.9 (31 Jan 2010)
|
||||
|
||||
Now the drive is fully functional and can be mounted like any other disk. In fact, when you put the USB drive into your computer, if you have a modern GUI desktop, it should prompt you for a password and mount it automatically. Then you can eject it like a normal disk, and it will be encrypted until you next enter your passphrase. It's simple to unmount and, therefore, re-encrypt the drive on the command line too, using cryptsetup:
|
||||
|
||||
# cryptsetup luksClose my_crypto_disk
|
||||
|
||||
That's Only the Tip of the Iceberg
|
||||
|
||||
In this article, my hope is to peel back some of the mystery behind encryption. It's simple to encrypt and decrypt a file. It's not too much more difficult (especially if you use the GUI desktop tools) to encrypt an entire USB drive. With most distributions, it's possible to encrypt the entire home directory during the installation process! When encryption is set up on your entire home directory, however, there are some issues you need to address. For example, jobs that run while you're not logged in most likely will not have access to your home directory. If you have cron jobs that need access to your home directory, you should rewrite them to access data elsewhere on the system. I find a happy medium between security and convenience is to encrypt a USB drive and store my personal data on it.
|
||||
|
||||
Once you get the encryption bug, I must warn you, you'll want to start encrypting everything. That's not a bad thing, but like the home directory scenario, you'll run into a few snags. Cross-platform accessibility is a big one if you go between systems. For situations like that, I highly recommend [TrueCrypt][1]. I've mentioned TrueCrypt in UpFront pieces before, but it's basically an open-source, cross-platform encryption system that allows you to encrypt files, folders, partitions and more while being able to access that data on any system. Windows, Mac and Linux clients are all available, and the community has great support.
|
||||
|
||||
You don't have to have something to hide in order to desire encryption for your files. Just like it's wise to lock your house at night, even if you live in a good neighborhood, it's a smart move to encrypt your personal data. If you want to share your photos of Mr Whiskerton in his cute little beanie hat with everyone on the Internet, that's your right. But others don't need to see those things if they're being nosey and poking around your hard drive!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/encrypting-your-cat-photos
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.truecrypt.org/
|
||||
@ -1,149 +0,0 @@
|
||||
File encryption with GNU Privacy Guard
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Encryption ensures that files are stored in an encrypted form whether you are transmitting it over the Internet, backing it up on a server, carrying it on USB or on your laptop. Encrypting your data makes it unreadable to anyone but you or intended recipient, thus preventing unwanted access to it.
|
||||
|
||||
### GPG (GNU Privacy Guard) ###
|
||||
|
||||
GPG stands for GNU Privacy Guard. It is a key-based encryption method which means that a pair of keys is used to encrypt and decrypt a message so that it arrives securely. Initially, a user receives a public and a private key pair from a certificate authority. Any other user who wants to send an encrypted message can get the intended recipient's public key from the public directory. They use this key to encrypt the message, and then send it to the recipient. When the recipient gets the message, they decrypt it with their private key, which no one else should have an access to.
|
||||
|
||||
### GPG gives you the public key and the private key. ###
|
||||
|
||||
A public key is a key that you share with the public. It can be given to anyone you wish to received encrypted messages from. They would encrypt the message with your public key. They cannot decrypt their own message after they encrypt it. Only you, who hold the private key, can decrypt the message. A private key is your own personal password. Your private key will be used to decrypt messages encrypted in your public key, If you give someone your private key he can decrypt and read all your messages written in your public key.
|
||||
|
||||
### Using GPG from the terminal ###
|
||||
|
||||
Today most Linux distributions include GPG by default. To find out if this is the case, open up a terminal and type:
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --version
|
||||
|
||||
You should get version number. If so, you don't need to do anything, if not you can install GPG from your distribution's repositories.
|
||||
|
||||
### Key Generation ###
|
||||
|
||||
To use GPG to encrypt your communications, you need to create a key pair. Launch your terminal and run the following command to get started:
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --gen-key
|
||||
|
||||
You will be prompted back with the following:
|
||||
|
||||
Please select what kind of key you want:
|
||||
(1) DSA and Elgamal (default)
|
||||
(2) DSA (sign only)
|
||||
(5) RSA (sign only)
|
||||
Your selection?
|
||||
|
||||
Select number 1, as it can be used for encryption and decryption, the second and third choices are only allowed to sign messages. To do so, press the number 1, and then press Enter.
|
||||
|
||||
You then will be prompted with the following:
|
||||
|
||||
1 DSA key-pair will have 1024 bits.
|
||||
2 ELG-E keys may be between 1024 and 4096 bits long.
|
||||
3 What key-size do you want? (2048)
|
||||
|
||||
You will want to enter "2048" here, as recommended by GPG. If you don't want your key to expire (for the next prompt, select 0). Answer Yes if the information is correct, when prompted, and then enter your real name, your email address, and a comment (which is optional). If everything is correct, press "o" (for OK) and then Enter.
|
||||
|
||||
After that, you will be asked to enter a pass-phrase. This process will be repeated. As usual, make a strong password which will be difficult to crack. Do not enter a name/address/birth date or word from a dictionary as your password.
|
||||
|
||||
After entering your pass-phrase, follow the instructions in the terminal: We need to generate a lot of random bytes. It is a good idea to perform some other action (type on the keyboard, move the mouse, utilize the disk) during the prime generation; this gives the random number generator a better chance to gain enough entropy.
|
||||
|
||||
When you have successfully finished generating your key, you will see a message similar to the following one: gpg: key 083C39A4 marked as ultimately trusted. public and secret key created and signed.
|
||||
|
||||
### Key Servers ###
|
||||
|
||||
Key servers are used to distribute your public key to other key servers so that other users can easily look up your name (or the e-mail address) in the database and find your public key to send encrypted messages to you. This eliminates the process of physically or insecurely giving your friend your public key, and allows others to be able to find you on the on-line database.
|
||||
|
||||
Uploading your public key to the key server:
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --send-keys --keyserver [keyservers.address.com] [yourpublicid]
|
||||
|
||||
You should replace keyservers.address.com with key server of your choice (or use mit.edu which syncs it with other servers) also replace yourpublicid with yours. In the end it would look as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --send-keys --keyserver hkp://pgp.mit.edu 083C39A4
|
||||
|
||||
### To Encrypt a File ###
|
||||
|
||||
If you wish to encrypt a file for your friend with his public key, run the command in the following format:
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg -o encrypted_file.gpg --encrypt -r key-id original.file
|
||||
|
||||
Explanation:
|
||||
|
||||
-o encrypted_file.gpg = Output to the following filename.
|
||||
--encrypt = Encrypting a file
|
||||
-r = Recipient. KEY-ID would be your friends KEY-ID here.
|
||||
original.file = The file that you will be encrypting.
|
||||
|
||||
### To Decrypt a File ###
|
||||
|
||||
If someone has sent you a file that has been encrypted with your public key, you can decrypt it with following command:
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --decrypt filename.gpg
|
||||
|
||||
### Symmetric Encryption ###
|
||||
|
||||
With GPG you can do a symmetric encryption where you encrypt a file with a pass-phrase. This is not a key based encryption. In symmetric cryptography, the same key is used for both encryption and decryption. This approach is simpler in dealing with each message, but it is less secure since the key must be communicated to recipient. To encrypt a file with a pass-phrase, use:
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg -c filename.txt
|
||||
|
||||
To decrypt this type of file, just use:
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg filename.txt
|
||||
|
||||
You will be prompted for the pass-phrase and it will decrypt the file.
|
||||
|
||||
### Clearsign a Document ###
|
||||
|
||||
Clearsigning is very similar to adding your signature to the bottom of a letter or an important document. It signifies that it actually comes from you. By clearsigning, it generates a SHA1 hash of the entire file's contents and adds the SHA1 sum to the bottom of the signature. If the file has been tampered with, the signature verification will fail, which can be used to spot the forgery. If the user edits the file after it has been signed, the verification of the signature will also fail, because the SHA1 sum will not match the one of the actual content.
|
||||
|
||||
To clearsign a document or file, run the following:
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --clearsign filename.txt
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Generating Revocation Key ###
|
||||
|
||||
A revocation key is used to revoke your public key if your private key has been compromised in any way, or you suspect that it may be compromised. To create a revocation key, run the command:
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --output revoke.asc --gen-revoke keyid
|
||||
|
||||
Keep the revocation key in a safe place, anyone who gets a hold of it can use it to disable your key. (You could use symmetric encryption on your revocation file.)
|
||||
|
||||
### Tips for using GPG from terminal ###
|
||||
|
||||
To list the Keys you have imported into GPG, you can issue the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --list-keys
|
||||
|
||||
A list of the keys registered with your e-mail should appear (and since there should be only one, it will only list your key.) Then, you can obtain your KEY-ID and run the command above in order to submit it to the key servers.
|
||||
|
||||
To display the private or public keys on your key ring
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --list-public-keys # will list public keys
|
||||
$ gpg --list-secret-keys # will lists private keys
|
||||
|
||||
### Importing Keys ###
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --import KEYFILE
|
||||
|
||||
Keyfile would be the filename of the public key in your home folder. (If it is not in your home folder, use the cd command to go to the proper directory first, and then run the above command.)
|
||||
|
||||
### Exporting your Public Key ###
|
||||
|
||||
To export your public key in the ASCII Armored fashion, run the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --export -a > publickey.asc
|
||||
|
||||
\* * * * *
|
||||
### About Richard White ###
|
||||
|
||||
Richard is technology enthusiast, on more than one occasion he was called a geek, he is also the author of three books, his most recent, Privacy in Digital Era is forthcoming in hardcover in May 2014. He is also the head editor and the driving force behind Digital Era website. The purpose of Digital Era is to present and give resources and tools to achieve and maintain anonymity, security and privacy. Richard regularly writes about privacy related issues and is hard at work on The Art of CLI, a collection of command line, open-source software. For [more information][1] on GNU Privacy Guard works and how to use graphical front-ends to the GPG software, you can find further reading on White's Digital Era website.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://distrowatch.com/weekly.php?issue=20140407
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://digital-era.net/gpa-gnu-privacy-assistant/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
|
||||
Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Previously I had written about [dual booting Ubuntu Linux with Windows 7][1] and 8 previously, But those tutorials did not cover systems that come with Windows 8 pre-installed. The newer systems that come with Windows 8 or Windows 8.1, have UEFI instead of BIOS. This makes thing a little different from the conventional way of dual booting. In this tutorial, we shall see **how to install Ubuntu Linux in dual boot mode with Windows 8 or Windows 8.1**.
|
||||
|
||||
This tutorial is performed on a newly bought Dell Inspiron 7437 that has Core i7 fourth generation processor, 256 GB SSD, 8 GB RAM and built in 1 GB Intel graphics. I’ll cover all the steps you need to do in order to successfully dual boot Linux with Windows 8 UEFI. If you have already done some of these steps, just skip to the next one. If you have a fresh system, even better.
|
||||
|
||||
The steps mentioned here are applicable to other Ubuntu based Linux distributions such as Linux Mint, Elementary OS etc. Cutting the chit-chat, let’s see how to dual boot Linux on a UEFI secure boot enabled Windows 8 system.
|
||||
|
||||
### Dual boot Ubuntu 14.04 with Windows 8: ###
|
||||
|
||||
There are various prerequisites to install Ubuntu on a UEFI system. Let’s see them one by one:
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 1: Make a backup [optional] ####
|
||||
|
||||
It is always nice to make a back up, just in case if you mess up with the system. There are numerous articles on the web to show you how to backup your system. You can follow this tutorial [here][2].
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 2: Create a live USB/disk of Ubuntu ####
|
||||
|
||||
The next thing you need to do is to create a live USB or disk. I recommend [Universal USB Installer][3] to create a live USB of Linux OS in Windows.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 3: Make a partition where Ubuntu will be installed ####
|
||||
|
||||
Assuming tat you have a fresh system, the first thing we need to do is to make partition to install Linux. The 256 GB in my system was already had several partitions from manufacturer but mainly for backup and other purposes. Main partition was C drive, of around 220 GB, where Windows 8.1 was installed.
|
||||
|
||||
If you have just one partition like this, you need to make some free space out of it for Linux. If you have several partitions of considerable size, use any of them except C drive because it may erase the data.
|
||||
|
||||
To make a partition in Windows 8, go to Disk Management tool. You can find disk management tool by searching for ‘disk’ in Control Panel.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In the Disk Management tool, right click on the drive which you want to partition and select shrink volume. In my case, I shrank the C drive to make some free space:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You can leave the free space as it is. We shall use it while installing Ubuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 4: Disable fast startup in Windows [optional] ####
|
||||
|
||||
Windows 8 introduced a new feature called “fast startup” for quick boot. While it is not mandatory, it would be better to have it disabled.
|
||||
|
||||
Go to **Control Panel > Hardware and Sound > Power Options > System Settings > Choose what the power buttons do** and uncheck the **Turn on fast startup box**.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 5: Disable secureboot in Windows 8 and 8.1 ####
|
||||
|
||||
This is the most important step. The new secure boot feature of Windows 8, originally intended for security feature for rootkit viruses, prevents dual booting of Windows with Linux. To dual boot Windows 8 with Linux, we must disable secure boot in UEFI.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 6: Installing Ubuntu alongside Windows 8 ####
|
||||
|
||||
Once you have disabled secure boot, it’s time to install Ubuntu. I hope you already created the live USB as mentioned in step 2. Plug in the USB and boot the system from it.
|
||||
|
||||
To boot from USB, will have to choose boot from USB option from within Windows itself. Either with PC Setting (like for UEFI) or pressing shift key while clicking on Restart.
|
||||
|
||||
Once you have booted in the live USB, you will be presented with option to try or install Ubuntu. Click on install. You will be presented with few screen options to choose the language. It will then do some checks on available space, power and internet connection etc. Just click on **Continue**.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The main screen which you should pay attention to is **Installation Type**. Choose **Something else** here:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Remember we had created some free space beforehand? We shall use the free space to create Root, Swap and Home. Select the free space and click on the + sign.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
It will provide you with option to create Linux partition. We are creating the Root partition. Any thing between 10-20 GB is more than sufficient for it. Choose the size, select Ext 4 as file type and / (means root) as the mount point.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Clicking on OK in previous step will bring you to the partition screen. Next we will create swap. Like previously, click on the + sign again. This time use the file type as Swap area. Suggestible swap size is double of RAM.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In similar fashion, create a Home partition. Allocate it maximum space (in fact allocate it rest of the free space) because this is where you’ll save music, pictures and downloaded files.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Once you are ready with Root, Swap and Home, click on **Install Now**:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Well, you have almost won the battle. You can smell victory now. Next you will be asked to set username password etc. Basically, you just need to click next now.
|
||||
|
||||
Once the installation is completed, restart the computer, you should be welcomed by a purple grub screen. Enjoy Ubuntu along with Windows 8 in dual boot mode.
|
||||
|
||||
I hope this guide helped you to dual boot Ubuntu with Windows 8 UEFI. Though this article is written for Ubuntu, it should be heloful for other Linux OS as well. Any questions or suggestions are always welcomed.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu-1404-dual-boot-mode-windows-8-81-uefi/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu-dual-boot-mode-windows/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/6-safest-ways-to-backup-restore-your-files-in-windows-7-8/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.pendrivelinux.com/universal-usb-installer-easy-as-1-2-3/
|
||||
@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
|
||||
How to Change Umask Value Permanently in Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**The following tutorial will teach all Linux users how to permanently change the Umask value in their operating systems. It is recommended especially for fresh installations (see below why).**
|
||||
|
||||
What is Umask? Well, we can tell you that UMASK stands for User Mask or User file-creation MASK, and it is the default permissions base used for newly created files and folders.
|
||||
|
||||
The above translates into the ability of any Linux-based operating system to add a default set of permissions for new files (including folders). For educational purposes, here are the octal values that can be used to set permissions to files:
|
||||
|
||||
0 – Read, Write, Execute (rwx)
|
||||
1 – Read and Write (rw-)
|
||||
2 – Read and Execute (r-x)
|
||||
3 – Read only (r--)
|
||||
4 – Write and Execute (-wx)
|
||||
5 – Write only (-w-)
|
||||
6 – Execute only (--x)
|
||||
7 – No permissions (---)
|
||||
|
||||
The default Umask value in almost all Linux distributions is 0022 (022) and can be viewed from a terminal emulator by running the umask command. It can be temporarily changed by running a “umask octal_value” command (e.g. umask 027).
|
||||
|
||||
As you might know, the default set of permissions for newly created files is 0666, and for newly created directories is 0777. Applying the Umask value to the above will result in the 644 and 755 permissions.
|
||||
|
||||
Many consider the 022 value as a privacy issue. This means that all the files that you create on your system will be readable by other users, which is not so cool if you think about it.
|
||||
|
||||
Getting down to business, one can change the default Umask value to anything he or she wants, as long as it’s supported, of course. To do that, **write a new Umask value in your shell’s configuration file (~/.bashrc for Bash) or in the /etc/profile file**.
|
||||
|
||||
That’s it! From now on, any new file or folder that you create on your Linux system will have that exact set of permissions. However, please keep in mind that the permissions of existing files and folders will not be changed by the above action.
|
||||
|
||||
If you are used to the command-line, you can see the current permissions of files by running the ls -lah command in any directory you want. On the other hand, novices can easily view permissions of files by right clicking on them and going to Properties -> Persmissions tab under the GNOME desktop environment.
|
||||
|
||||
Do not hesitate to drop a comment below if you encounter any issues with this tutorial.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/How-to-Change-Umask-Value-Permanently-in-Linux-435026.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
|
||||
CHINAANSHE翻译
|
||||
How to Install Windows 8.1 and Ubuntu 14.04 LTS on the Same Computer
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Numerous Windows users are looking to also try a Linux operating system without deleting the one they are already using. They will be happy to know that this can be done quite easily and that Linux OSes are usually more friendly towards other operating systems that share the same computer.**
|
||||
|
||||
If you are a Windows user and you want to give Ubuntu a go, for example, the procedure is actually quite simple and involves very little effort from the user, who only has to pay a little attention to the procedures.
|
||||
|
||||
A normal installation of a new operating system on a PC is not complicated, not even with Linux and Ubuntu. For the most part, users only click next in the dialogs and everything is taken care of by the scripts. When you want to preserve an operating system that is also present on the same PC (it doesn't have to be a Windows one specifically), a little more work is required, but that can be handled very easily.
|
||||
|
||||
Writing an Ubuntu image from Linux is easy and it can be done with a number of applications. On Windows you will need to get Ubuntu either on a DVD or on a USB (which is preferable). In order to get Ubuntu properly copied to a USB device, you will need to download a handy little tool called [Win32 Disk Imager 0.9.5][1]. It features a simple interface and it's fully automated.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, before rebooting to get Ubuntu installed, you might want to set some free space aside that will be available for Ubuntu, but a partition will not be enough. You will need two of them, one for Ubuntu itself (10GB should suffice if you don't plan to get too many applications) and a second partition for the Swap (the pagefile equivalent for Windows), which has to be double the amount of you RAM memory. You don't need to format them, just make sure they are free. If you install Ubuntu on a second HDD, that's even better.
|
||||
|
||||
Plug the USB in and reboot. You will get a prompt to Try or Install. Choose Install and read the options you are given: Install Ubuntu Alongside Windows 8 (or whatever version you have), Replace Windows 8 with Ubuntu, or Something Else.
|
||||
|
||||
You can choose to install alongside Windows 8, but you might not like what the installer will choose for you. It's better to hit Something Else and install it manually.
|
||||
|
||||
Spot the free partition that you set aside for Ubuntu (the installer doesn't read volume names from Windows), double click on it, select EXT4 as the filesystem, and “/” as the default mount point.
|
||||
|
||||
Now select the smaller partition and choose SWAP as the filesystem. That is all. Once you hit Next, the installation will start and you will have to choose the name, password, and other such details.
|
||||
|
||||
The next time you boot you will get a simple list of operating systems that will allow you to choose whichever OS you prefer.
|
||||
|
||||
Enjoy!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/How-to-Install-Windows-8-1-and-Ubuntu-14-04-LTS-on-the-Same-Computer-440356.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.softpedia.com/get/CD-DVD-Tools/Data-CD-DVD-Burning/Win32-Disk-Imager.shtml
|
||||
101
sources/tech/How to Upgrade to GNOME 3.12 in Ubuntu 14.04.md
Normal file
101
sources/tech/How to Upgrade to GNOME 3.12 in Ubuntu 14.04.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
|
||||
How to Upgrade to GNOME 3.12 in Ubuntu 14.04
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**If you’ve recently installed or upgraded to Ubuntu GNOME 14.04 LTS then you will no doubt be enjoying a stable, dependable GNOME Shell experience.**
|
||||
|
||||
But I suspect that the more nerdcore users among you would rather trade in the stability that’s offered up by default for a newer, badder, and potentially much buggier experience. You want to know how to upgrade to GNOME 3.12 in Ubuntu 14.04?
|
||||
|
||||
### Well, I’m here to show you how. First though, I n ###
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME 3.12 was released in late March to much fanfare and some fantastic reviews. But despite going ‘stable’ before Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, released last month, it is not available to install from the Ubuntu 14.04 repositories — why?
|
||||
|
||||
Simply put it came too late in the development cycle to give enough time to thoroughly vet, test and ensure it was up to the standards an LTS release commands, and its users expect. Defaulting to the older 3.10 release makes sense as it benefits from having an extra cycle of thorough testing under its belt.
|
||||
|
||||
It’s for this reason that **upgrading to GNOME 3.12 is not recommended**.
|
||||
|
||||
Understood? Great, let’s move on to the fun stuff.
|
||||
|
||||
### How to Upgrade to GNOME 3.12 in Ubuntu 14.04 ###
|
||||
|
||||
#### Make sure you’re running 3.10 ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To follow this guide correctly you need to be running the latest release of Ubuntu (14.04 LTS) or Ubuntu GNOME. If not, stop now; you must upgrade before you continue. If you don’t you can expect a whole world of hassle to follow.
|
||||
|
||||
If you’re running the regular version of Ubuntu (i.e., the one with Unity) then you should go ahead and grab GNOME 3.10 from the Ubuntu Software Centre before proceeding.
|
||||
|
||||
Click the button below to prompt installation.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Install GNOME 3.10 in Ubuntu 14.04 LTS][1]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Add the GNOME 3.12 PPA ####
|
||||
|
||||
It was originally expected that GNOME 3.12 would be made available through the standard GNOME Team PPA following the release of Trusty. Three weeks hence, that hasn’t happened. As of writing it contains a handful of minor 3.10 packages and not anything related to the newest release.
|
||||
|
||||
However, the [GNOME Team Staging PPA][2] does contain all of the various 3.12 packages one needs to upgrade. Adding this archive should, the developers behind it say, result in a desktop that ‘runs smoothly’ but that packages included within have not been deemed ‘ready for general use’.
|
||||
|
||||
Providing you’re a dab hand with the PPA Purge tool you should be okay to continue. First, let’s check for and install any outstanding distribution updates:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
|
||||
|
||||
Install any packages waiting by hitting the enter key.
|
||||
|
||||
Once complete, or if you have no pending updates at all, you can add the GNOME 3 Team Staging PPA. To do this, open a new Terminal window and enter the following commands:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3-staging
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
|
||||
|
||||
You’ll be prompted to enter your password before the upgrade process can begin. Pay attention to any notices or alerts given. If all is acceptable agree to the installation by hitting the ‘y’ key.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Extras ####
|
||||
|
||||
For a true GNOME experience you may wish to grab some of the new GNOME applications, such as the [Polari IRC client, GNOME Maps and the GNOME Web browser][3]. To install these three in particular run the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install epiphany-browser gnome-maps polari -y
|
||||
|
||||
After everything has finished doing what it needs to, you’re safe to reboot!
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install epiphany-browser gnome-maps polari -y
|
||||
|
||||
After everything has finished doing what it needs to, you’re safe to reboot!
|
||||
|
||||
### After Care ###
|
||||
|
||||
#### Logging In ####
|
||||
|
||||
If you’re coming from Unity, Xfce or another desktop environment don’t forget to select the GNOME session from the login screen before logging in.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Drawbacks ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
For me, in my lone experience, GNOME 3.12 on Ubuntu 14.04 runs pretty much fine. There do not appear to be any significant performance regressions after upgrading, though I do see the odd, infrequent visual glitch that occurs when opening the activities overlay, and the occasional disappearing drop shadow from under an app. But as bugs go these are hardly deal breakers.
|
||||
|
||||
Performance seems to be on par with GNOME 3.10; applications open with just as much pep and there are no noticeable drops in interactivity.
|
||||
|
||||
I was marginally disappointed to find that the all new GNOME Videos application has not been packaged up in this PPA. One suspects there are reasons for this (likely requiring a newer version of streamer). I also noticed that several GNOME extensions refused to work after upgrading, something else to bear in mind.
|
||||
|
||||
With the lack of testing this has received, bugs are pretty much guaranteed. If you want stability (or to keep Unity working and intact) stick with the thoroughly tested GNOME 3.10.
|
||||
|
||||
### Downgrade from GNOME 3.12 to 3.10 ###
|
||||
|
||||
But if you want shiny new features and access to the latest builds of GNOME apps then don’t be afraid to give the staging PPA a whirl. You can always ‘downgrade’ using PPA Purge if things go awry.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install ppa-purge
|
||||
|
||||
sudo ppa-purge ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3-staging
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/05/upgrade-gnome-3-12-ubuntu-14-04
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:apt:gnome-shell
|
||||
[2]:https://launchpad.net/~gnome3-team/+archive/gnome3-staging?field.series_filter=trusty
|
||||
[3]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/03/top-12-features-gnome-3-12
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
|
||||
|
||||
How to download webcomics from the command line on Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Do you never miss a new strip from xkcd? Read webcomics regularly? Or would you like to back up all the strips of your favorite website? Hopefully, the open source community has the solution: a command line program to download all your favorite webcomics from your terminal.
|
||||
|
||||
Before we begin, remember that you should keep these downloaded strips for your personal use, and not broadcast them without permission. If you really like an author's work, support the comic by donating or buying some of the merchandise.
|
||||
|
||||
### Install Dosage on Linux ###
|
||||
|
||||
The open source program to download webcomics is called [dosage][1]. There are a couple of ways to install this webcomic downloader on your machine since it is written in Python. Today we will go with an easy way.
|
||||
|
||||
First, you will need to [install pip][2]. Also, make sure that you have at least Python 2.7.0 or Python 3.3 installed. Then use pip to install dosage as follows.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo pip install dosage
|
||||
|
||||
If pip cannot somehow find the package (like on Ubuntu 14.04), use the following command instead.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo pip install http://wummel.github.io/dosage/dist/dosage-2.13.tar.gz
|
||||
|
||||
dosage will automatically create a new folder called "Comics" in your home directory.
|
||||
|
||||
### Basic Usage of Dosage ###
|
||||
|
||||
dosage's basic usage can be described as follows. Using dosage, you can find webcomics in the database that you are interested in reading, download the strips, and easily fetch the latest strips as they come out. In a sense, you more or less subscribe to a webcomic, and dosage will take care of making sure that you never miss any unread strips.
|
||||
|
||||
To start downloading and reading offline your webcomics, begin by listing them with the command:
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage -l
|
||||
|
||||
Right now, dosage has over 2000 comics in its database. My personal tip is if you are looking for a particular webcomic, use the syntax:
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage -l | grep [keyword]
|
||||
|
||||
It will then return all the comics with title containing [keyword].
|
||||
|
||||
Once you decided which comic you wanted to subscribe to from the list, use this command to subsribe to the comic:
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage [name of the webcomic]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Subscribing to a comic will automatically create a folder in the "Comics" directory, and download the latest strip of that webcomic.
|
||||
|
||||
If instead of downloading just the latest strip, you are interested in all the issues, use this command:
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage -a [name of the comic]
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, once you subscribed to a couple of webcomics, you can easily download the latest strip of all of them in one shot with the simple command below:
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage @
|
||||
|
||||
If you never want to miss your daily comics for example, you should run this command every day.
|
||||
|
||||
### Advanced Usage of Dosage ###
|
||||
|
||||
Past the first day playing around with dosage, you might want to get the most out of it. It entails knowing a bit more about the command's syntax and shortcuts.
|
||||
|
||||
If you tried to download some xkcd strips, you might have noticed that dosage refuses with the message:
|
||||
|
||||
use the --adult option to confirm your age
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Because by default dosage will ignore any webcomic flagged for people over 18 (and for some reason xkcd is one of them). To bypass that, just do as it says:
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage --adult xkcd
|
||||
|
||||
From a previous example, you may have noticed that the argument '@' is used to refer to all downloaded comics. A continuation is '@@' for all comics in dosage database.
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage @@
|
||||
|
||||
The above command will download the latest strip of every comic that dosage knows about.
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to fetch the strips from the beginning of the series up to a particular day, you can do:
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage -a [name of the comic]:[year-month-day]
|
||||
|
||||
For example, to see all of Calvin and Hobbes' strips from 2014 until its creation, run:
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage -a calvinandhobbes:2014-01-01
|
||||
|
||||
Finally for all the developers out there who would like to do something of these strips for your personal use, dosage integrates the possibility of generating rss, json, and html log files while downloading strips:
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage -o [type] [name of the comic]
|
||||
|
||||
In the above command, [type] is either rss, json, or html, and [name of the comic] can also be just '@'. For example, the "html" argument will create a nice HTML code to see all the strips downloaded:
|
||||
|
||||
The command below will download all the strips for Calvin and Hobbes, and then spit out an HTML code to view in your web browser all the strips in a nice webpage format.
|
||||
|
||||
$ dosage -o html -a calvinandhobbes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To conclude, I invite you to read the [manual page][3] for more information. dosage is a really neat tool, and I know that it will be of great use to any fans of webcomics out there. I'm very curious to know what can come out of the fancier options like creating a json file out of downloaded strips.
|
||||
|
||||
Do you have an alternative to dosage? Or are you actually a fan of the latter and use it regularly? Let us know in the comments.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/04/download-webcomics-command-line-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://wummel.github.io/dosage/
|
||||
[2]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-pip-linux.html
|
||||
[3]:http://wummel.github.io/dosage/dosage.1.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
|
||||
How to take full length screenshots of websites via terminal
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
This is a guest post, written by **Tsamis Konstantinos**. He is an avid user of Linux and Open Source, and also a regular visitor of Unixmen. You can contact him via email: **tsamis73@gmail.com**
|
||||
|
||||
Taking screenshots is something we all do to remember things instead of notes and for sending things we saw to others. But usually, if not always the webpage we’re taking screenshots of doesn’t fit into our screen and so we need to take multiple screenshots to capture all of it.
|
||||
|
||||
For Linux there is a GNOME application that can take any url you give it and return a full length screenshot of it. The application is called **gnome-web-photo** and in this article you can see how to install it and use it.
|
||||
|
||||
To install gnome-web-photo on Ubuntu or Debian you type:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install gnome-web-photo
|
||||
|
||||
If you are using Fedora:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yum install gnome-web-photo
|
||||
|
||||
If you are using CentOS or RedHat user, be aware that `gnome-web-photo` depends on GTK+ 3.0. This means that `gnome-web-photo` is not compatible with GNOME 2, which is shipped with CentOS/RHEL 6.
|
||||
|
||||
To actually take a screenshot of a web page:
|
||||
|
||||
$ gnome-web-photo -t 0 --mode=photo http://www.unixmen.com output.png
|
||||
|
||||
The above command will take the full length screenshot of the Unixmen website, and save it in the current directory.
|
||||
|
||||
Sample output:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The **-t** parameter specifies the timeout value (in seconds) for screenshot generation. **-t 0** means that timeout is disabled.
|
||||
|
||||
**With** gnome-web-photo, you can also generate a small thumbnail of a webpage like this: Optionally, you can specify thumbnail size by using “**-s**” option. The default thumbnail size is **256×256**.
|
||||
|
||||
$ gnome-web-photo -t 0 -s 128 --mode=thumbnail http://www.unixmen.com output.png
|
||||
|
||||
Sample output:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to save a screenshot of a website as a multi-page PDF, so that you can print it out later, you can type:
|
||||
|
||||
$ gnome-web-photo -t 0 --mode=print http://www.unixmen.com output.pdf
|
||||
|
||||
Note that the application doesn’t support the **.jpg** format.
|
||||
|
||||
This application is quite useful for all sort of uses. Thumbnails and full length screenshots are useful to me and hopefully to you, too.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/take-full-length-screenshots-websites-via-terminal/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[VizV](https://github.com/vizv) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
355
sources/tech/How to use LVM in Linux.md
Normal file
355
sources/tech/How to use LVM in Linux.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
|
||||
Vic020 在被关，我就急
|
||||
|
||||
How to use LVM in Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Logical Volume Manager (LVM) is a versatile disk management system that can easily be used in Linux or similar operating systems. Traditional partitions are created in fixed sizes, and resizing them is a tedious process. On the other hand, LVM creates and manages "logical" volumes off of physical hard disks, and provides administrators the flexibility to extend and shrink logical volumes easily on demand without damaging stored data. Additional hard disks can be added to LVM at will, further increasing existing logical volumes. LVM does not need reboot as long as the kernel is aware of the existence of a partition.
|
||||
|
||||
LVM uses a hierarchical structure as it can be seen in the following diagram.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
At the top, we have physical volumes. One or more physical volumes are used to create a volume group. Logical volumes are then created from these volume groups. As long as there is space available in the volume group, we can create logical volumes from the volume group. File system is created on these logical volumes, which are then mounted and accessible in the operating system.
|
||||
|
||||
### LVM Test Scenario ###
|
||||
|
||||
This tutorial will describe **how to use LVM to create and manage LVM volumes in Linux**. The tutorial will be divided into two parts. In the first part, we will create several logical volumes on one hard disk, and mount them in /lvm-mount directory. We will then resize the created volumes. In the second part, we will add additional volumes created from a second hard disk to LVM.
|
||||
|
||||
### Preparing Disk Partitions ###
|
||||
|
||||
Disk partitions are created using fdisk. We will create three partitions of 1 GB each, though identical sized partitions are not mandatory. Also, the partitions are created as type '8e' to make them compatible with LVM.
|
||||
|
||||
# fdisk /dev/sdb
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
Command (m for help): n ## new
|
||||
Command action
|
||||
e extended
|
||||
p primary partition (1-4)
|
||||
p ## primary
|
||||
|
||||
Partition number (1-4): 1 ## partition number
|
||||
First cylinder (1-1044, default 1): ## hit enter
|
||||
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-1044, default 1044): +1G ## size
|
||||
|
||||
Command (m for help): t ## change type
|
||||
Selected partition 1
|
||||
Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e ## code for LVM
|
||||
Changed system type of partition 1 to 8e (Linux LVM)
|
||||
|
||||
We repeat the same steps to create two other partitions. After the partitions are created, we should get an output similar to this:
|
||||
|
||||
# fdisk -l
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
|
||||
/dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 8e Linux LVM
|
||||
/dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 8e Linux LVM
|
||||
/dev/sdb3 265 396 1060290 8e Linux LVM
|
||||
|
||||
### Preparing Physical Volumes ###
|
||||
|
||||
The newly created partitions are used to store physical volumes. LVM can work with different sized physical volumes.
|
||||
|
||||
# pvcreate /dev/sdb1
|
||||
# pvcreate /dev/sdb2
|
||||
# pvcreate /dev/sdb3
|
||||
|
||||
Physical volumes can be verified using the following command. The following section contains partial output. "/dev/sdb2" is a new physical volume of "1.01 GiB".
|
||||
|
||||
# pvdisplay
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
--- NEW Physical volume ---
|
||||
PV Name /dev/sdb2
|
||||
VG Name
|
||||
PV Size 1.01 GiB
|
||||
Allocatable NO
|
||||
PE Size 0
|
||||
Total PE 0
|
||||
Free PE 0
|
||||
Allocated PE 0
|
||||
PV UUID jszvzz-ENA2-g5Pd-irhV-T9wi-ZfA3-0xo092
|
||||
|
||||
Physical volumes can be deleted using the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
# pvremove /dev/sdb1
|
||||
|
||||
### Preparing Volume Groups ###
|
||||
|
||||
The following command creates a volume group named 'volume-group1' by using the physical volumes /dev/sdb1, /dev/sdb2 and /dev/sdb3.
|
||||
|
||||
# vgcreate volume-group1 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdb3
|
||||
|
||||
Volume groups can be verified using the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
# vgdisplay
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
--- Volume group ---
|
||||
VG Name volume-group1
|
||||
System ID
|
||||
Format lvm2
|
||||
Metadata Areas 3
|
||||
Metadata Sequence No 1
|
||||
VG Access read/write
|
||||
VG Status resizable
|
||||
MAX LV 0
|
||||
Cur LV 0
|
||||
Open LV 0
|
||||
Max PV 0
|
||||
Cur PV 3
|
||||
Act PV 3
|
||||
VG Size 3.02 GiB
|
||||
PE Size 4.00 MiB
|
||||
Total PE 774
|
||||
Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0
|
||||
Free PE / Size 774 / 3.02 GiB
|
||||
VG UUID bwd2pS-fkAz-lGVZ-qc7C-TaKv-fFUC-IzGNBK
|
||||
|
||||
We can view used/total size of the volume group from the output. Logical volumes take the space of the volume group. As long as there is free space available in the volume group, we can create logical volumes.
|
||||
|
||||
Volume groups can be deleted using the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
# vgremove volume-group1
|
||||
|
||||
### Creating Logical Volumes ###
|
||||
|
||||
The following command creates a logical volume named 'lv1' of size 100MB. We are using small sized partitions to reduce processing time. The logical volume will take its space from the volume group defined earlier.
|
||||
|
||||
# lvcreate -L 100M -n lv1 volume-group1
|
||||
|
||||
Logical volumes can be verified using the command lvdisplay.
|
||||
|
||||
# lvdisplay
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
--- Logical volume ---
|
||||
LV Name /dev/volume-group1/lv1
|
||||
VG Name volume-group1
|
||||
LV UUID YNQ1aa-QVt1-hEj6-ArJX-I1Q4-y1h1-OFEtlW
|
||||
LV Write Access read/write
|
||||
LV Status available
|
||||
# open 0
|
||||
LV Size 100.00 MiB
|
||||
Current LE 25
|
||||
Segments 1
|
||||
Allocation inherit
|
||||
Read ahead sectors auto
|
||||
- currently set to 256
|
||||
Block device 253:2
|
||||
|
||||
Now that the logical volume is ready, we can format and mount the logical volume like any other ext2/3/4 partition.
|
||||
|
||||
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/volume-group1/lv1
|
||||
# mkdir /lvm-mount
|
||||
# mount /dev/volume-group1/lv1 /lvm-mount/
|
||||
|
||||
Once the logical volume is mounted, we can access it by reading/writing to the mount point /lvm-mount/. To create and mount additional logical volumes, we can repeat this process.
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, we can delete any logical volume with lvremove.
|
||||
|
||||
# umount /lvm-mount/
|
||||
# lvremove /dev/volume-group1/lv1
|
||||
|
||||
### Expanding an LVM Volume ###
|
||||
|
||||
The ability to resize a logical volume is the best part about using LVM. This section will discuss how we can expand an existing logical volume. We will be expanding the previously created logical volume 'lv1' to 200 MB.
|
||||
|
||||
Note that after resizing a logical volume, we also need to resize the file system to match. This extra step varies depending on which file system is created in the volume. In this tutorial, we created ext4 file system on 'lv1', so the instruction here focused on ext4 file system (it is compatible with ext2/3 file system as well). The sequence of the commands is important.
|
||||
|
||||
First, we unmount the volume.
|
||||
|
||||
# umount /lvm-mount/
|
||||
|
||||
Then, the size of the volume is set to be 200M.
|
||||
|
||||
# lvresize -L 200M /dev/volume-group1/lv1
|
||||
|
||||
Next, the disk is checked for errors.
|
||||
|
||||
# e2fsck -f /dev/volume-group1/lv1
|
||||
|
||||
After that, the ext4 information is updated.
|
||||
|
||||
# resize2fs /dev/volume-group1/lv1
|
||||
|
||||
The logical volume should be extended to 200 MB by now. We can verify it by checking the LV status.
|
||||
|
||||
# lvdisplay
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
--- Logical volume ---
|
||||
LV Name /dev/volume-group1/lv1
|
||||
VG Name volume-group1
|
||||
LV UUID 9RtmMY-0RIZ-Dq40-ySjU-vmrj-f1es-7rXBwa
|
||||
LV Write Access read/write
|
||||
LV Status available
|
||||
# open 0
|
||||
LV Size 200.00 MiB
|
||||
Current LE 50
|
||||
Segments 1
|
||||
Allocation inherit
|
||||
Read ahead sectors auto
|
||||
- currently set to 256
|
||||
Block device 253:2
|
||||
|
||||
Now the logical volume can be mounted again, and be used just like any partition.
|
||||
|
||||
### Shrinking an LVM Volume ###
|
||||
|
||||
This section will cover the method of reducing the size of an LVM. The sequence of the commands is important. Again, this instruction is valid for ext2/3/4 file system.
|
||||
|
||||
Note that reducing the size of the logical volume to a value less than stored data will end in loss of data.
|
||||
|
||||
First, the volume is unmounted.
|
||||
|
||||
# umount /dev/volume-group1/lv1
|
||||
|
||||
Then, the volume is checked for errors.
|
||||
|
||||
# e2fsck -f /dev/volume-group1/lv1
|
||||
|
||||
Next, the ext4 information is updated.
|
||||
|
||||
# resize2fs /dev/volume-group1/lv1 100M
|
||||
|
||||
After that, the logical volume is reduced.
|
||||
|
||||
# lvresize -L 100M /dev/volume-group1/lv1
|
||||
|
||||
> WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 100.00 MiB
|
||||
> THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)
|
||||
> Do you really want to reduce lv1? [y/n]: y
|
||||
> Reducing logical volume lv1 to 100.00 MiB
|
||||
> Logical volume lv1 successfully resized
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, the updated size of the logical volume is verified.
|
||||
|
||||
# lvdisplay
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
--- Logical volume ---
|
||||
LV Name /dev/volume-group1/lv1
|
||||
VG Name volume-group1
|
||||
LV UUID 9RtmMY-0RIZ-Dq40-ySjU-vmrj-f1es-7rXBwa
|
||||
LV Write Access read/write
|
||||
LV Status available
|
||||
# open 0
|
||||
LV Size 100.00 MiB
|
||||
Current LE 25
|
||||
Segments 1
|
||||
Allocation inherit
|
||||
Read ahead sectors auto
|
||||
- currently set to 256
|
||||
Block device 253:2
|
||||
|
||||
### Expanding a Volume Group ###
|
||||
|
||||
This section will cover the method of expanding a volume group by adding a new physical volume to the volume group. Let us assume that our volume group 'volume-group1' is full, and needs to be expanded. Our current hard disk (sdb) does not have any spare partitions, and we have added another hard disk (sdc). We will see how we can expand the volume group by adding a partition from sdc.
|
||||
|
||||
To check the current state of VG.
|
||||
|
||||
# vgdisplay volume-group1
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
--- Volume group ---
|
||||
VG Name volume-group1
|
||||
System ID
|
||||
Format lvm2
|
||||
Metadata Areas 3
|
||||
Metadata Sequence No 8
|
||||
VG Access read/write
|
||||
VG Status resizable
|
||||
MAX LV 0
|
||||
Cur LV 1
|
||||
Open LV 0
|
||||
Max PV 0
|
||||
Cur PV 3
|
||||
Act PV 3
|
||||
VG Size 3.02 GiB
|
||||
PE Size 4.00 MiB
|
||||
Total PE 774
|
||||
Alloc PE / Size 25 / 100.00 MiB
|
||||
Free PE / Size 749 / 2.93 GiB
|
||||
VG UUID bwd2pS-fkAz-lGVZ-qc7C-TaKv-fFUC-IzGNBK
|
||||
|
||||
First, we create a 2 GB partition sdc1 of type LVM (8e) as explained earlier in the tutorial.
|
||||
|
||||
# fdisk /dev/sdc
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
Command (m for help): n
|
||||
Command action
|
||||
e extended
|
||||
p primary partition (1-4)
|
||||
p
|
||||
Partition number (1-4): 1
|
||||
First cylinder (1-1044, default 1):
|
||||
Using default value 1
|
||||
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-1044, default 1044): +2G
|
||||
|
||||
Command (m for help): t
|
||||
Selected partition 1
|
||||
Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e
|
||||
Changed system type of partition 1 to 8e (Linux LVM)
|
||||
|
||||
Command (m for help): w
|
||||
The partition table has been altered!
|
||||
|
||||
Then, we create a physical volume /dev/sdc1.
|
||||
|
||||
# pvcreate /dev/sdc1
|
||||
|
||||
Now that the physical volume is ready, we can simply add it to the existing volume group 'volume-group1'.
|
||||
|
||||
# vgextend volume-group1 /dev/sdc1
|
||||
|
||||
We can verify it using vgdisplay.
|
||||
|
||||
# vgdisplay
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
--- Volume group ---
|
||||
VG Name volume-group1
|
||||
System ID
|
||||
Format lvm2
|
||||
Metadata Areas 4
|
||||
Metadata Sequence No 9
|
||||
VG Access read/write
|
||||
VG Status resizable
|
||||
MAX LV 0
|
||||
Cur LV 1
|
||||
Open LV 0
|
||||
Max PV 0
|
||||
Cur PV 4
|
||||
Act PV 4
|
||||
VG Size 5.03 GiB
|
||||
PE Size 4.00 MiB
|
||||
Total PE 1287
|
||||
Alloc PE / Size 25 / 100.00 MiB
|
||||
Free PE / Size 1262 / 4.93 GiB
|
||||
VG UUID bwd2pS-fkAz-lGVZ-qc7C-TaKv-fFUC-IzGNBK
|
||||
|
||||
Note that although we have used a separate disk for demonstration, any disk of type '8e' can be used for expanding a volume group.
|
||||
|
||||
To sum up, LVM is a very powerful tool for creating and managing resizable partitions. In this tutorial, we have seen how dynamic partitions can be created and used using LVM. We have also seen the method of expanding/reducing the logical volumes and volume groups, and adding new hard disks to LVM.
|
||||
|
||||
Hope this helps.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/use-lvm-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
[zzlyzq translating...]
|
||||
Linux findmnt Command To Find Mounted Filesystems
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
The command findmnt is used to find mounted filesystems in Linux. This command will look for a particular filesystem in /etc/fstab, /etc/mtab or /proc/self/mountinfo.
|
||||
@ -108,4 +109,4 @@ via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/powerful-findmnt-command/
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/
|
||||
[1]:ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
Some files were not shown because too many files have changed in this diff Show More
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user