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[#]: subject: (Try Linux on any operating system with VirtualBox)
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[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/6/try-linux-virtualbox)
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[#]: author: (Stephan Avenwedde https://opensource.com/users/hansic99)
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (chai001125)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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Try Linux on any operating system with VirtualBox
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======
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VirtualBox helps anyone—even a command line novice—set up a virtual
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machine.
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![Person programming on a laptop on a building][1]
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VirtualBox makes it easy for anyone to try Linux. You don't even need experience with the command line to set up a simple virtual machine to tinker with Linux. I'm kind of a power user when it comes to virtual machines, but this article will show even novices how to virtualize a Linux system. In addition, it provides an overview of how to run and install a Linux system for testing purposes with the open source hypervisor [VirtualBox][2].
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### Terms
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Before starting, you should understand the difference between the two operating systems (OSes) in this setup:
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* **Host system:** This is your actual OS on which you install VirtualBox.
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* **Guest system:** This is the system you want to run virtualized on top of your host system.
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Both systems, host and guest, must interact with each other when it comes to input/output, networking, file access, clipboard, audio, and video.
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In this tutorial, I'll use Windows 10 as the _host system_ and [Fedora 33][3] as the _guest system_.
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### Prerequisites
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When we talk about virtualization, we actually mean [hardware-assisted virtualization][4]. Hardware-assisted virtualization requires a compatible CPU. Almost every ordinary x86 CPU from the last decade comes which this feature. AMD calls it **AMD-V,** and Intel calls it **VT-x**. The virtualization feature adds some additional CPU instructions, and it can be enabled or disabled in the BIOS.
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To start with virtualization:
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* Make sure that AMD-V or VT-x is enabled in the BIOS.
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* Download and install [VirtualBox][5].
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### Prepare the virtual machine
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Download the image of the Linux distribution you want to try out. It does not matter if it's a 32-bit or 64-bit OS image. You can even start a 64-bit OS image on a 32-bit host system (with limitations in memory usage, of course) and vice versa.
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> **Considerations:** If possible, choose a Linux distribution that comes with the [Logical Volume Manager][6] (LVM). LVM decouples the filesystem from the physical hard drives. This allows you to increase the size of your guest system's hard drive if you are running out of space.
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Now, open VirtualBox and click on the yellow **New** button:
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![VirtualBox New VM][7]
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(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
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Next, configure how much memory the guest OS is allowed to use:
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![Set VM memory size][9]
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(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
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My recommendation: **Don't skimp on memory!** When memory is low, the guest system will start paging memory from RAM to the hard drive, worsening the system's performance and responsiveness extremely. If the underlying host system starts paging, you might not notice. For a Linux workstation system with a graphical desktop environment, I recommend at least 4GB of memory.
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Next, create the hard disk:
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![Create virtual hard disk][10]
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(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
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Choose the default option, **VDI**:
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![Selecting hard disk file type][11]
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(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
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In this window, I recommend choosing **dynamically allocated**, as this allows you to increase the size later. If you choose **fixed size**, the disk will be probably faster, but you won't be able to modify it:
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![Dynamically allocating hard disk][12]
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(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
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With a Linux distribution that uses LVM, you can start with a small hard disk. If you are running out of space, you can increase it on demand.
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> **Note**: Fedora's website says [it requires][13] a minimum of 20GB free disk space. I highly recommend you stick to that specification. I chose 8GB here so that I can demonstrate how to increase it later. If you are new to Linux or inexperienced with the command line, choose 20GB.
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![Setting hard disk size][14]
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(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
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After creating the hard drive, select the newly created virtual machine from the list in VirtualBox's main window and click on **Settings**. In the Settings menu, go to **System** and select the **Processor** tab. By default, VirtualBox assigns only one CPU core to the guest system. On a modern multicore CPU, it should not be any problem to assign at least two cores, which will speed up the guest system significantly:
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![Assigning cores to guest system][15]
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(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
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#### Network adapter setup
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The next thing to take care of is the network setup. By default, VirtualBox creates one NAT connection, which should be OK for most use cases:
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![Network settings][16]
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(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
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You can create more than one network adapter. Here are the most common types:
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* **NAT:** The NAT adapter performs a [network address translation][17]. From the outside, it looks like the host and the guest system use the same IP address. You are not able to access the guest system from within the host system over the network. (Although you could define [port forwarding][18] to access certain services.) When your host system has access to the internet, the guest system will have access, too. NAT requires no further configuration.
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* _Choose **NAT** if you only need internet access for the guest system._
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* **Bridged adapter:** Here, the guest and the host system share the same physical Ethernet device. Both systems will have independent IP addresses. From the outside, it looks like there are two separate systems in the network, both sharing the same physical Ethernet adapter. This setup is more flexible but requires more configuration.
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* _Choose **Bridged adapter** if you want to share the guest system's network services._
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* **Host-only adapter:** In this configuration, the guest system can only talk to the host or other guest systems running on the same host. The host system can also connect to the guest system. There is no internet nor physical network access for the guest.
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* _Choose **Host-only adapter** for advanced security._
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#### Assign the OS image
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Navigate to **Storage** and select the virtual optical drive. Click on the **CD icon** on the right, and select **Choose a disk file…**. Then assign the downloaded Linux distribution image you want to install:
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![Assigning OS image][19]
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(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
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### Install Linux
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The virtual machine is now configured. Leave the **Settings** menu and go back to the main window. Click on the **Green arrow** (i.e., the start button). The virtual machine will start up and boot from the virtual optical drive, and you will find yourself in your Linux distribution's installer:
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![VirtualBox Fedora installer][20]
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(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
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#### Partitioning
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The installer will ask you for partitioning information during the installation process. Choose **Custom**:
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![Selecting Custom partition configuration][21]
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(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
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> **Note:** I'm assuming you're creating this virtual machine just for testing purposes. Also you don't need to care about hibernation for your guest system, as this function is implicitly provided by VirtualBox. Therefore, you can omit the swap partition to save disk space on your host system. Keep in mind that you can add a swap partition later if needed. In [_An introduction to swap space on Linux systems_][22], David Both explains how to add a swap partition and choose the correct size.
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Fedora 33 and later offer a [zram][23] partition, a compressed part of the memory used for paging and swap. The zram partition is resized on demand, and it is much faster than a hard disk swap partition.
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To keep it simple, just add these two mount points:
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![Adding mount points][24]
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(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
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Apply the changes and proceed with the installation.
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### Install VirtualBox Guest Additions
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After you finish the installation, boot from the hard drive and log in. Now you can install VirtualBox Guest Additions, which include special device drivers and system applications that provide:
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* Shared clipboard
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* Shared folders
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* Better performance
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* Freely scalable window size
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To install them, click on the top menu in **Devices** and select **Insert Guest Additions CD image…**:
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![Selecting Guest Additions CD image][25]
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(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
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On most Linux distributions, the CD image with the Guest Additions is mounted automatically, and they are available in the file browser. Fedora will ask you if you want to run the installation script. Click **Run** and enter your credentials to grant the process root rights:
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![Enabling Guest Additions autorun][26]
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(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
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When the installation is finished, reboot the system.
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### LVM: Enlarge disk space
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Creating an 8GB hard disk was a dumb decision, as Fedora quickly starts signaling that it is running out of space:
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![Fedora hard disk running out of space][27]
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(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
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As I mentioned, a disk space of 20GB is recommended, and 8GB is the _absolute_ minimum for a Fedora 33 installation to boot up. A fresh installation with no additional software (except the VirtualBox Guest Additions) takes nearly the whole 8GB of available space. Don't open the GNOME Software center or anything else that might download files from the internet in this condition.
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Luckily, I chose to use LVM, so I can easily fix this mishap.
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To increase the filesystem's space within the virtual machine, you must first increase the virtual hard drive on your host system.
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Shut down the virtual machine. If your host system is running Windows, open a command prompt and navigate to `C:\Program Files\Oracle\VirtualBox`. Resize the disk to 12,000MB with the following command:
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```
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`VBoxManage.exe modifyhd "C:\Users\StephanA\VirtualBox VMs\Fedora_33\Fedora_33.vdi" --resize 12000`
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```
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Boot the virtual machine and open the **Disks** utility. You should see the newly created unassigned free space. Select **Free Space** and click the **+** button:
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![Free space before adding][28]
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(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
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Now, create a new partition. Select the amount of free space you want to use:
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![Creating a new partition and setting size][29]
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(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
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You don't want to create a filesystem or anything else on your new partition, so select **Other**:
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![Selecting "other" for partition volume type][30]
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(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
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Select **No Filesystem**:
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![Setting "No filesystem" on new partition][31]
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(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
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The overview should now look like this:
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![VirtualBox after adding new partition][32]
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(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
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There is a new partition device, **/dev/sda3**. Check your LVM volume group by typing `vgscan`:
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![Checking LVM volume group by typing vgscan:][33]
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(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
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Now you have everything you need. Extend the volume group in the new partition:
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```
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`vgextend fedora_localhost-live /dev/sda3`
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```
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![vgextend command output][34]
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(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
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Because the volume group is larger, you can increase the size of the logical volume. The command `vgdisplay` shows that it has 951 free extends available:
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![vgdisplay command output][35]
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(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
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Increase the logical volume by 951 extends:
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```
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`lvextend -l+951 /dev/mapper/fedora_localhost--live-root`
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```
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![lvextend command output][36]
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(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
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After you increase the logical volume, the last thing to do is to resize the filesystem:
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```
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`resize2fs /dev/mapper/fedora_localhost--live-root`
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```
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![resize2fs command output][37]
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(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][8])
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Done! Check the **Disk Usage Analyzer**, and you should see that the extended space is available for the filesystem.
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### Summary
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With a virtual machine, you can check how a piece of software behaves with a specific operating system or a specific version of an operating system. Besides that, you can also try out any Linux distribution you want to test without worrying about breaking your system. For advanced users, VirtualBox offers a wide range of possibilities when it comes to testing, networking, and simulation.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/21/6/try-linux-virtualbox
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作者：[Stephan Avenwedde][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/hansic99
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/computer_code_programming_laptop.jpg?itok=ormv35tV (Person programming on a laptop on a building)
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[2]: https://www.virtualbox.org/
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[3]: https://getfedora.org/
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[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware-assisted_virtualization
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[5]: https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads
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[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)
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[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_new_vm.png (VirtualBox New VM)
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[8]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
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[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_memory_size_1.png (Set VM memory size)
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[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_create_hd_1.png (Create virtual hard disk)
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[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_create_hd_2.png (Selecting hard disk file type)
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[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_create_hd_3.png (Dynamically allocating hard disk)
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[13]: https://getfedora.org/en/workstation/download/
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[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_create_hd_4.png (Setting hard disk size)
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[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_cpu_settings.png (Assigning cores to guest system)
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[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_network_settings2.png (Network settings)
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[17]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation
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[18]: https://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch06.html#natforward
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[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_choose_image3.png (Assigning OS image)
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[20]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_running.png (VirtualBox Fedora installer)
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[21]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_partitioning_1.png (Selecting Custom partition configuration)
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[22]: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/swap-space-linux-systems
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[23]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Changes/SwapOnZRAM
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[24]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_partitioning_2.png (Adding mount points)
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[25]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_guest_additions_2.png (Selecting Guest Additions CD image)
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[26]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_guest_additions_autorun.png (Enabling Guest Additions autorun)
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[27]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_disk_usage_1.png (Fedora hard disk running out of space)
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[28]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_disks_before.png (Free space before adding)
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[29]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_new_partition_1.png (Creating a new partition and setting size)
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[30]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_new_partition_2.png (Selecting "other" for partition volume type)
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[31]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_no_partition_3.png (Setting "No filesystem" on new partition)
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|
||||||
[32]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_disk_after.png (VirtualBox after adding new partition)
|
|
||||||
[33]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_vgscan.png (Checking LVM volume group by typing vgscan:)
|
|
||||||
[34]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_vgextend_2.png (vgextend command output)
|
|
||||||
[35]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_vgdisplay.png (vgdisplay command output)
|
|
||||||
[36]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_lvextend.png (lvextend command output)
|
|
||||||
[37]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_resizefs.png (resize2fs command output)
|
|
||||||
@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
|
|||||||
|
[#]: subject: (Try Linux on any operating system with VirtualBox)
|
||||||
|
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/6/try-linux-virtualbox)
|
||||||
|
[#]: author: (Stephan Avenwedde https://opensource.com/users/hansic99)
|
||||||
|
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||||
|
[#]: translator: (chai001125)
|
||||||
|
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||||
|
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||||
|
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
使用 VirtualBox 安装 Linux 虚拟机
|
||||||
|
======
|
||||||
|
VirtualBox 能帮助任何人（即使是命令行新手）安装一个新的虚拟机。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![Person programming on a laptop on a building][1]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
VirtualBox 能让任何人都可以轻松安装 Linux 虚拟机。你不需要有使用命令行的经验，就可以自己安装一个简单的 Linux 虚拟机。在虚拟机方面，我精通很多东西，但这篇文章将向新手展示如何安装一个 Linux 虚拟机。此外，这篇文章还概述了如何使用开源虚拟机管理程序 [VirtualBox][2] ，来运行以及安装一个测试目的的 Linux 系统。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 一些术语
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
在开始之前，你需要了解在本安装教程中的两个操作系统（OS）之间的区别：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* **主机系统（host system）：** 这指的是你安装 VirtualBox 的操作系统（即本机的操作系统）。
|
||||||
|
* **访客系统（guest system）：** 这指的是你想要在主机系统之上运行的虚拟化系统。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
在输入/输出、网络、文件访问、剪贴板、音频和视频方面，主机系统和访客系统都必须能够交互。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
在本教程中，我将使用 Windows 10 作为 _主机系统_，[Fedora 33][3] 作为 _访客系统_。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 安装前的准备
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
当我们谈论虚拟化时，实际上，我们指的是 [硬件辅助虚拟化][4]。硬件辅助虚拟化需要兼容的 CPU。过去十年来，几乎每个普通的 x86 CPU 都有这一功能。AMD 公司称这样的 x86 CPU 是具有 **AMD 虚拟化技术（AMD-V）** 的处理器，英特尔公司则称其是具有 **Intel 虚拟化技术（VT-x）** 的处理器。虚拟化功能增加了一些额外的 CPU 指令，你可以在 BIOS 中启用或禁用这些指令。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
在安装虚拟机之前：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* 确保在 BIOS 中启用了虚拟化技术（AMD-V 或 VT-x）。
|
||||||
|
* 下载并安装好 [VirtualBox][5]。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 准备虚拟机
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
下载你要用的 Linux 发行版的镜像文件。下载 32 位还是 64 位的操作系统映像都没有关系，因为在 32 位的主机系统上也可以启动 64 位的操作系统映像（当然内存的使用会受限），反之亦然。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> **注意事项：** 如果可以的话，请下载附带有 [逻辑卷管理器][6]（LVM）的 Linux 发行版。LVM 会将文件系统与物理硬盘驱动器解耦。如果你的空间不足时，这能够让你增加访客系统的硬盘驱动器的大小。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
现在，打开 VirtualBox，然后单击黄色的**新建**按钮：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![VirtualBox New VM][7]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
接下来，配置访客操作系统允许使用多少内存：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![Set VM memory size][9]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
我的建议是：**不要吝啬访客操作系统的内存！**
|
||||||
|
当访客操作系统的内存不足时，访客系统将开始从随机存取存储器（RAM）转换到硬盘驱动器（hard drive），进行内存的分页，这样会极大地恶化系统的性能和响应能力。如果底层的主机系统开始分页，你很可能不会注意到。对于具有图形化桌面环境的 Linux 工作站系统，我建议至少分配 4GB 内存。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
接下来，创建虚拟磁盘：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![Create virtual hard disk][10]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
虚拟磁盘的格式选择默认的选项 **VDI（VirtualBox 磁盘映像）** 就可以了：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![Selecting hard disk file type][11]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
在以下的窗口中，我建议选择**动态分配**，因为这允许你在之后增加虚拟磁盘的大小。如果你选择了**固定大小**，磁盘的速度可能会更快，但你将无法修改虚拟磁盘的大小了：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![Dynamically allocating hard disk][12]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
建议你使用附带有逻辑卷管理器（LVM）的 Linux 发行版，这样你就可以先创建一个较小的硬盘。如果之后你的访客系统的空间快用完了，你可以按需增加磁盘的大小。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> **注意**：我选择的访客系统为 Fedora，在 Fedora 的官网说明：[Fedora 至少需要分配 20GB 的空闲磁盘空间][13]。我强烈建议你遵守该规范。在这里，我选择了 8GB，以便稍后演示如何用命令行增加磁盘空间。如果你是 Linux 新手，或者对命令行没有经验，请依旧选择 20GB。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![Setting hard disk size][14]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
创建好硬盘驱动器后，从 VirtualBox 主窗口的列表中选择新创建的虚拟机，然后单击**设置**。在设置菜单中，点击**系统**，然后选择**处理器**标签。默认情况下，VirtualBox 只向访客系统分配一个 CPU 内核。在现代多核 CPU 计算机上，分配至少两个内核是没有任何问题的，这能显著地加快访客系统的速度：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![Assigning cores to guest system][15]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### 设置网络适配器
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
接下来，要处理的是网络设置。默认情况下， VirtualBox 会创建一个 NAT 连接，这对于大多数情况来说，是没有问题、不用做其他更改的：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![Network settings][16]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
你也可以创建多个网络适配器。以下是网络适配器最常见的类型：
|
||||||
|
* **NAT：** NAT适配器能自动执行 [网络地址转换][17]。从外部看，主机和访客系统使用着相同的 IP 地址。你无法通过网络从主机系统内访问访客系统。（尽管，你也可以通过定义 [端口转发][18]，来访问某些服务。）当你的主机系统可以访问互联网时，则你的访客系统也可以访问互联网。NAT 不再需要进一步的配置。
|
||||||
|
* _如果你只需要让访客系统接入互联网就可以的话，请选择 **NAT**。_
|
||||||
|
* **桥接适配器（Bridged adapter）：** 在此配置中，访客系统和主机系统可以共享相同的物理以太网设备。这两个系统都将拥有独立的 IP 地址。从外部看，网络中会有两个独立的系统，它们共享相同的物理以太网适配器。这种设置更灵活，但需要更多的配置。
|
||||||
|
* _如果你想要共享访客系统的网络服务的话，请选择 **桥接适配器**。_
|
||||||
|
* **仅限主机的适配器（Host-only adapter）：** 在此配置中，访客系统只能与主机，或在同一主机上运行的其他访客系统，相互通信。主机系统也可以连接到访客系统。但访客系统不能接入互联网或物理网络。
|
||||||
|
* _如果你想要获得高安全性，请选择 **仅限主机的适配器**。_
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### 分配操作系统映像
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
在设置菜单中，点击**存储**，然后选择虚拟光盘驱动器。单击右侧的 **光盘图标**，然后点击**选择一个磁盘文件...**，然后分配你想要安装的、已下载的 Linux 发行版映像：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![Assigning OS image][19]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 安装 Linux
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
现在，就已经配置好了虚拟机。右上角关闭**设置**菜单，返回主窗口。点击**绿色箭头**（即“开始”按钮）。虚拟机将从虚拟光盘驱动器启动，你将发现你已经进入到 Linux 发行版的安装程序中：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![VirtualBox Fedora installer][20]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### 设置分区
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
安装程序将在安装过程中要求你提供分区信息。选择**自定义（Custom）**：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![Selecting Custom partition configuration][21]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> **注意：** 我假设，你创建这一虚拟机的目的是为了测试。此外，你也无需关心访客系统的休眠，因为此功能会由 VirtualBox 来隐式地提供。因此，你可以省略交换分区，以节省主机系统的磁盘空间。请记住，如果你需要的话，你可以稍后自己添加交换分区。在 [Linux 系统交换空间的介绍][22] 这篇文章中，作者 David Both 进一步解释了如何添加交换分区，并选择交换分区正确的大小。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Fedora 33 及之后更高的版本提供了一个 [zram 分区][23]，zram 分区可以用于存放分页和交换、并经过压缩过后的硬盘数据。zram 分区可以按需地调整大小，并且它比硬盘交换分区快得多。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
为了简单，我们只添加以下两个挂载点（mount point）：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![Adding mount points][24]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
保存更改，接下来我们继续安装。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 安装 VirtualBox 增强功能 Guest Additions
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
完成安装后，从硬盘驱动器启动，并登录到虚拟机。现在，你可以安装 VirtualBox 增强功能，其中包括特殊的设备驱动程序和系统应用程序，他们能提供以下内容：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* 共享剪贴板
|
||||||
|
* 共享文件夹
|
||||||
|
* 更好的性能
|
||||||
|
* 可自由扩展的窗口大小
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
点击顶部菜单栏的**设备**，然后选择**插入增强功能的CD映像...**，来安装 VirtualBox 增强功能：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![Selecting Guest Additions CD image][25]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
在大多数 Linux 发行版上，带有增强功能的CD映像会自动挂载，并且能够在 File Browser 文件管理器中找到。Fedora 会问你是否要运行安装脚本。单击**运行**，并授予该安装进程 root 权限：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![Enabling Guest Additions autorun][26]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
安装完成后，需要重新启动系统。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### LVM：扩大磁盘空间
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
我在之前给 Fedora 虚拟机分配了 8GB 硬盘空间，是一个愚蠢的决定，因为 Fedora 很快就会告警空间不足：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![Fedora hard disk running out of space][27]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
正如我提到的，Fedora 官网建议安装时分配 20GB 的磁盘空间。因为 8GB 是 Fedora 33 安装启动就需要的最少空间。没有新安装其他软件（除了 VirtualBox Guest Additions），启动项就几乎占用了整个 8GB 的可用空间。这时候，不要打开 GNOME 软件中心或任何其他可能从互联网下载文件的东西。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
幸运的是，我选择了附带有 LVM 的 Fedora，这样我就可以用命令行轻松地修复这个问题。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
要增加虚拟机中文件系统的空间，你必须先增加主机系统上分配的虚拟硬盘驱动器。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
关闭虚拟机。如果你的主机系统运行的是 Windows，请打开终端，并进入到 `C:\Program Files\Oracle\VirtualBox` 目录下。使用以下命令，将磁盘大小扩大到 12,000MB：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
`VBoxManage.exe modifyhd "C:\Users\StephanA\VirtualBox VMs\Fedora_33\Fedora_33.vdi" --resize 12000`
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
然后启动虚拟机，并打开**磁盘**的利用。你可以看到你刚刚新创建且未分配的可用空间。选择**可用空间**，然后单击 **+** 按钮：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![Free space before adding][28]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
现在，创建一个新的分区。选择你要使用的可用空间的大小：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![Creating a new partition and setting size][29]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
You don't want to create a filesystem or anything else on your new partition, so select **Other**:
|
||||||
|
如果你不想在新分区上创建文件系统或任何其他内容，请选择**其他**：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![Selecting "other" for partition volume type][30]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
选择**无文件系统**：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![Setting "No filesystem" on new partition][31]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
现在，磁盘空间应该如下图所示：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![VirtualBox after adding new partition][32]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
虚拟机有了一个新的分区设备：**/dev/sda3**。通过输入 `vgscan` ，来检查你的 LVM 卷组，找到 **fedora_localhost_live** 这一LVM 卷组 ：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![Checking LVM volume group by typing vgscan:][33]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
现在，已经万事俱备了。在新分区 **/dev/sda3** 中扩展卷组 **fedora_localhost_live**：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
`vgextend fedora_localhost-live /dev/sda3`
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![vgextend command output][34]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
由于卷组较大，你可以增加逻辑卷的大小。命令 `vgdisplay` 显示了共有 951 个可用的空闲扩展：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![vgdisplay command output][35]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
将逻辑卷增加 951 个扩展：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
`lvextend -l+951 /dev/mapper/fedora_localhost--live-root`
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![lvextend command output][36]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
在增加了逻辑卷后，最后一件事就是调整文件系统的大小：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
`resize2fs /dev/mapper/fedora_localhost--live-root`
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![resize2fs command output][37]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
这样磁盘空间就增加完成了！检查**磁盘使用分析器**，你就可以看到扩展空间已经可用于文件系统了。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 总结
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
使用虚拟机，你可以检查在一个特定的操作系统或一个特定版本的操作系统，软件是如何操作的。除此之外，你还可以尝试任何想测试的 Linux 发行版，而不必担心系统损坏。对于高级用户来说，VirtualBox 在测试、网络和模拟方面提供了广泛的可能性。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
via: https://opensource.com/article/21/6/try-linux-virtualbox
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
作者：[Stephan Avenwedde][a]
|
||||||
|
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||||
|
译者：[chai001125](https://github.com/chai001125)
|
||||||
|
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/hansic99
|
||||||
|
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/computer_code_programming_laptop.jpg?itok=ormv35tV (Person programming on a laptop on a building)
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[2]: https://www.virtualbox.org/
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[3]: https://getfedora.org/
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[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware-assisted_virtualization
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[5]: https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads
|
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[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)
|
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[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_new_vm.png (VirtualBox New VM)
|
||||||
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[8]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||||||
|
[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_memory_size_1.png (Set VM memory size)
|
||||||
|
[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_create_hd_1.png (Create virtual hard disk)
|
||||||
|
[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_create_hd_2.png (Selecting hard disk file type)
|
||||||
|
[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_create_hd_3.png (Dynamically allocating hard disk)
|
||||||
|
[13]: https://getfedora.org/en/workstation/download/
|
||||||
|
[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_create_hd_4.png (Setting hard disk size)
|
||||||
|
[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_cpu_settings.png (Assigning cores to guest system)
|
||||||
|
[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_network_settings2.png (Network settings)
|
||||||
|
[17]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation
|
||||||
|
[18]: https://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch06.html#natforward
|
||||||
|
[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_choose_image3.png (Assigning OS image)
|
||||||
|
[20]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_running.png (VirtualBox Fedora installer)
|
||||||
|
[21]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_partitioning_1.png (Selecting Custom partition configuration)
|
||||||
|
[22]: https://opensource.com/article/18/9/swap-space-linux-systems
|
||||||
|
[23]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Changes/SwapOnZRAM
|
||||||
|
[24]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_partitioning_2.png (Adding mount points)
|
||||||
|
[25]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_guest_additions_2.png (Selecting Guest Additions CD image)
|
||||||
|
[26]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_guest_additions_autorun.png (Enabling Guest Additions autorun)
|
||||||
|
[27]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_disk_usage_1.png (Fedora hard disk running out of space)
|
||||||
|
[28]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_disks_before.png (Free space before adding)
|
||||||
|
[29]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_new_partition_1.png (Creating a new partition and setting size)
|
||||||
|
[30]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_new_partition_2.png (Selecting "other" for partition volume type)
|
||||||
|
[31]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_no_partition_3.png (Setting "No filesystem" on new partition)
|
||||||
|
[32]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_disk_after.png (VirtualBox after adding new partition)
|
||||||
|
[33]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_vgscan.png (Checking LVM volume group by typing vgscan:)
|
||||||
|
[34]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_vgextend_2.png (vgextend command output)
|
||||||
|
[35]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_vgdisplay.png (vgdisplay command output)
|
||||||
|
[36]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_lvextend.png (lvextend command output)
|
||||||
|
[37]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/virtualbox_resizefs.png (resize2fs command output)
|
||||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user