From 2a389265d6910d486abe5917491a8969039fab2f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 16 Oct 2014 11:51:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 01/27] PUB:20140924 How To Install Vmware 10 On CentOS 7 @GOLinux --- ...0140924 How To Install Vmware 10 On CentOS 7.md | 14 +++++++------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140924 How To Install Vmware 10 On CentOS 7.md (71%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140924 How To Install Vmware 10 On CentOS 7.md b/published/20140924 How To Install Vmware 10 On CentOS 7.md similarity index 71% rename from translated/tech/20140924 How To Install Vmware 10 On CentOS 7.md rename to published/20140924 How To Install Vmware 10 On CentOS 7.md index bb1a63a96b..13bb1202b5 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140924 How To Install Vmware 10 On CentOS 7.md +++ b/published/20140924 How To Install Vmware 10 On CentOS 7.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -在CentOS 7上安装Vmware 10 +技巧：在CentOS 7上安装Vmware 10 ================================================================================ -在CentOS 7上安装Vmware 10.0.3，我将给你们我的经验。通常，这个版本上不能在CentOS 7工作的，因为它只能运行在比较低的内核版本3.10上。 +在CentOS 7上安装Vmware 10.0.3，我来介绍下我的经验。通常，这个版本是不能在CentOS 7工作的，因为它只能运行在比较低的内核版本3.10上。 -1 - 以正常方式下载并安装（没有问题）。唯一的问题是在后来体验vmware程序的时候。 +首先，以正常方式下载并安装（没有问题）。唯一的问题是在后来运行vmware程序的时候。 ### 如何修复？ ### -**1 – 进入/usr/lib/vmware/modules/source。** +**1 – 进入 /usr/lib/vmware/modules/source。** cd /usr/lib/vmware/modules/source -**2 – 解压vmnet.tar.** +**2 – 解压 vmnet.tar.** tar -xvf vmnet.tar -**3 – 进入vmnet-only目录。** +**3 – 进入 vmnet-only 目录。** cd vmnet-only @@ -54,6 +54,6 @@ via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-vmware-10-centos-7/ 作者： M.el Khamlichi 译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 7d8fbe3c4310302273772f382ab4b2867b29d80d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 16 Oct 2014 13:11:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 02/27] PUB:20140929 Learning Vim in 2014--Working with Files MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @haimingfg 翻译的基本不错，有几处错误。另外，应该自己先校对一下，把错别字修改下。 --- ...earning Vim in 2014--Working with Files.md | 91 ++++++++++++++ ...29 Learning Vim in 2014--Working with Files.md | 113 ------------------ 2 files changed, 91 insertions(+), 113 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140929 Learning Vim in 2014--Working with Files.md delete mode 100644 translated/tech/[翻译完成]20140929 Learning Vim in 2014--Working with Files.md diff --git a/published/20140929 Learning Vim in 2014--Working with Files.md b/published/20140929 Learning Vim in 2014--Working with Files.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ad7278ddad --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140929 Learning Vim in 2014--Working with Files.md @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +学习VIM之2014 +================================================================================ + +作为一名开发者，你不应该把时间花费在考虑如何去找你所要编辑的代码上。在我转移到完全使用 VIM 的过程中，感到最痛苦的就是它处理文件的方式。从之前主要使用 Eclipse 和 Sublime Text 过渡到 VIM，它没有捆绑一个常驻的文件系统查看器对我造成了不少阻碍，而其内建的打开和切换文件的方式总是让我泪流满面。 + +就这一点而言，我非常欣赏VIM文件管理功能的深度。在工作环境上我已经装配了这些工具，甚至比起那些视觉编辑器好很多。因为这个是纯键盘操作，可以让我更快地在代码里面穿梭。搭建环境需要花费一些时间，安装几个插件。首先第一步是我明白vim内建功能只是处理文件的一种选择。在这篇文章里我会带你去认识vim文件管理功能与使用更高级的插件。 + +### 基础篇:打开新文件 ### + +学习vim其中最大的一个障碍是缺少可视提示，不像现在的GUI图形编辑器，当你在终端打开一个新的vim是没有明显的提示去提醒你去走什么，所有事情都是靠键盘输入，同时也没有更多更好的界面交互，vim新手需要习惯如何靠自己去查找一些基本的操作指令。好吧，让我开始学习基础吧。 + +创建新文件的命令是**:e 或:e** 打开一个新缓冲区保存文件内容。如果文件不存在它会开辟一个缓冲区去保存与修改你指定文件。缓冲区是vim是术语，意为"保存文本块到内存"。文本是否能够与存在的文件关联，要看是否每个你打开的文件都对应一个缓冲区。 + +打开文件与修改文件之后，你可以使用**:w**命令来保存在缓冲区的文件内容到文件里面，如果缓冲区不能关联你的文件或者你想保存到另外一个地方，你需要使用**:w **来保存指定地方。 + +这些是vim处理文件的基本知识，很多的开发者都掌握了这些命令，这些技巧你都需要掌握。vim提供了很多技巧让人去深挖。 + +### 缓冲区管理 ### + +基础掌握了，就让我来说更多关于缓冲区的东西，vim处理打开文件与其他编辑器有一点不同，打开的文件不会作为一个标签留在一个可见的地方，而是只允许你同时只有一个文件在缓冲区打开，vim允许你打开多个缓存区。一些会显示出来，另外一些就不会，你需要用**:ls**来查看已经打开的缓存，这个命令会显示每个打开的缓存区，同时会有它们的序号，你可以通过这些序号使用**:b **来切换或者使用循序移动命令 **:bnext** 和 **:bprevious** 也可以使用它们的缩写**:bn**和**:bp**。 + +这些命令是vim管理文件缓冲区的一个基础，我发现他们不会按照我的想法映射出来。我不想关心缓冲区的顺序，我只想按照我的想法去到那个文件或者想在当前这个文件.因此必需了解vim更深入的缓存模式，我不是推荐你必须用内部命令来作为主要的文件管理方案。但这些的确是很强大可行的选择。 + +![](http://benmccormick.org/content/images/2014/Jul/skitch.jpeg) + +### 分屏 ### + +分屏是vim其中一个最好用的管理文件功能，在vim中你可以将当前窗口同时分开为2个窗口，可以按照你喜欢的配置去重设大小和分配，个别时候，我可以在同时打开6文件每个文件，每个都拥有不同大小。 + +你可以通过命令**:sp **来新建水平分割窗口或者 **:vs **垂直分割窗口。你可以使用这些关键命令去调整你想要的窗口大小，老实说，我喜欢用鼠标处理vim任务，因为鼠标能够给我更加准确的两列的宽度而不需要猜大概的宽度。 + +创建新的分屏后，你需要使用**ctrl-w [h|j|k|l]**来向后向前切换。这个有一点笨拙，但这个却是很重要、很普遍、很容易、很高效的操作。如果你经常使用分屏,我建议你去.vimrc使用以下代码去设置别名为**ctrl-h** **ctrl-j** 等等。 + + nnoremap "Ctrl-j to move down a split + nnoremap "Ctrl-k to move up a split + nnoremap "Ctrl-l to move right a split + nnoremap "Ctrl-h to move left a split + +### 跳转表 ### + +分屏是解决多个关联文件同时查看问题,但我们仍然不能解决已打开文件与隐藏文件之间快速移动问题。这时跳转表是一个能够解决的工具。 + +跳转表是众多插件中看起来奇怪而且很少使用的一个。vim能够追踪每一步命令还有切换你正在修改的文件。每次从一个分屏窗口跳到另外一个，vim都会添加记录到跳转表里面。它记录你去过的地方，这样就不需要担心之前的文件在哪里，你可以使用快捷键去快速追溯你的踪迹。**Ctrl-o**允许你返回你上一次地方。重复操作几次就能够返回到你最先编写的代码段地方。你可以使用**ctrl-i**来向前返回。当你在调试多个文件或在两个文件之间切换时，它能够发挥极大的快速移动功能。 + +### 插件 ### + +如果你想vim像Sublime Text 或者Atom一样，我就让你认清一下，这里有很好的机会让你看清一些难懂，可怕和低效的事情。例如大家会发出"当Sublime有了模糊查找功能，为什么我一定要输入全路径才能够打开文件" "没有侧边栏显示目录树我怎样查看项目结构" 等等。但vim有了解决方案。这些方案不需要破坏vim的核心。我只需要经常修改vim配置与添加一些最新的插件，这里有3个有用的插件可以让你像Sublime管理文件 + +- [CtrlP][1] 是一个跟Sublime的"Go to Anything"栏一样模糊查找文件.它快如闪电并且非常可配置性。我使用它主要用来打开文件。我只需知道部分的文件名字不需要记住整个项目结构就可以查找了。 + +- [The NERDTree][2] 这个一个文件管理夹插件，它重复了很多编辑器都有的侧边文件管理夹功能。我实际上很少用它，对于我而言模糊查找会更加快。对于你接手一个项目，尝试学习项目结构与了解什么可以用是非常方便的，NERDTree是可以自己定制配置，安装它能够代替vim内置的目录工具。 + +- [Ack.vim][3] 是一个专为vim的代码搜索插件，它允许你跨项目搜索文本。它封装了Ack 或 Ag 这[两个极其好用的搜索工具][4]，允许你在任何时候在你项目之间快速搜索跳转。 + +在vim核心与它的插件生态系统之间，vim 提供足够的工具允许你构建你想要得工作环境。文件管理是软件开发系统的最核心部分并且你值得拥有体验的权利。 + +开始时需要通过很长的时间去理解它们，然后在找到你感觉舒服的工作流程之后再开始在上面添加工具。但依然值得你去使用，你不用爆头就可以理解如何去使用，能够轻易编写你的代码。 + +### 更多插件资源 ### + +- [Seamlessly Navigate Vim & Tmux Splits][5] 这个插件需要每一个想使用它的人都要懂得使用[tmux][6]，这个跟vim的splits 一样简单好用。 + +- [Using Tab Pages][7] 它是一个vim的标签功能插件，虽然它的名字用起来有一点疑惑，但它不是文件管理器。对如何在有多个工作可视区使用"tab pages" 在vim wiki 网站上有更好的概述。 + +- [Vimcasts: The edit command][8] 一般来说 Vimcasts 是大家学习vim的一个好资源。这个屏幕截图与一些内置工作流程很好地描述了之前说的文件操作方面的知识。 + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://benmccormick.org/2014/07/07/learning-vim-in-2014-working-with-files/ + +作者：[Ben McCormick][a] +译者：[haimingfg](https://github.com/haimingfg) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://benmccormick.org/2014/07/07/learning-vim-in-2014-working-with-files/ +[1]:https://github.com/kien/ctrlp.vim +[2]:https://github.com/scrooloose/nerdtree +[3]:https://github.com/mileszs/ack.vim +[4]:http://benmccormick.org/2013/11/25/a-look-at-ack/ +[5]:http://robots.thoughtbot.com/seamlessly-navigate-vim-and-tmux-splits +[6]:http://tmux.sourceforge.net/ +[7]:http://vim.wikia.com/wiki/Using_tab_pages +[8]:http://vimcasts.org/episodes/the-edit-command/ +[9]:http://feedpress.me/benmccormick +[10]:http://eepurl.com/WFYon +[11]:http://benmccormick.org/2014/07/14/learning-vim-in-2014-configuring-vim/ +[12]:http://benmccormick.org/2014/06/30/learning-vim-in-2014-the-basics/ +[13]:http://benmccormick.org/2014/07/02/learning-vim-in-2014-vim-as-language/ diff --git a/translated/tech/[翻译完成]20140929 Learning Vim in 2014--Working with Files.md b/translated/tech/[翻译完成]20140929 Learning Vim in 2014--Working with Files.md deleted file mode 100644 index 0a1eb2a3f3..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/[翻译完成]20140929 Learning Vim in 2014--Working with Files.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,113 +0,0 @@ -2014年学习如何使用vim处理文件工作 -================================================================================ - -作为一名开发者你不能够只化时间去写你想要的代码。其中最难以处理的部分是我的工作只使用vim来处理文本。我感觉到很无语与无比的蛋疼,vim没有自己额外文件查看系统与内部打开与切换文件功能。因此，继vim之后，我主要使用Eclipse 和 Sublime Text. - -就此,我非常欣赏深度定制的vim文件管理功能。在工作环境上我已经装配了这些工具，甚至比起那些视觉编辑器好很多。因为这个是纯键盘操作，促使我可以更加快地移动我的代码。第一篇文章使我明白这个vim内建功能只是处理文件的另一选择。在这篇文章里我会带你去认识vim文件管理功能与使用更高级的插件。 - -### 基础篇:打开新文件 ### - -学习vim其中最大的一个障碍是缺少可视提示，不像现在的GUI图形编辑器，当你在终端打开一个新的vim是没有明显的提示去提醒你去走什么，所有事情都是靠键盘输入，同时也没有更多更好的界面交互，vim新手需要习惯如何靠自己去查找一些基本的操作指令。好吧，让我开始学习基础吧。 - -创建新文件的命令是**:e 或:e** 打开一个新缓冲区保存文件内容。如果文件不存在它会开辟一个缓冲区去保存与修改你指定文件。缓冲区是vim是术语，意为"保存文本块到内存"。文本是否能够与存在的文件关联，要看是否每个你打开的文件都对应一个缓冲区。 - - -打开文件与修改文件之后，你可以使用**:w**命令来保存在缓冲区的文件内容到文件里面，如果缓冲区不能关联你的文件或者你想保存到另外一个地方，你需要使用**:w **来保存指定地方。 - -这些是vim处理文件的基本知识，很多的开发者都掌握了这些命令，这些技巧你都需要掌握。vim提供了很多技巧让人去深挖。 - - -### 缓冲区管理 ### - -基础掌握了，就让我来说更多关于缓冲区得东西，vim处理打开文件与其他编辑器有一点不同，打开的文件不会作为一个标签留在一个可视地方，而是只允许你同时只有一个文件在缓冲区打开，vim允许你多个缓存打开。一些会显示出来，另外一些就不会，你需要用**:ls**来查看已经打开的缓存，这个命令会显示每个打开的缓存区，同时会有它们的序码，你可以通过这些序码实用**:b **来切换或者使用循序移动命令**:bnext** 和 **:bprevious** 也可以使用它们的缩写**:bn**和**:bp**。 - -这些命令是vim管理文件缓冲区的一个基础，我发现他们不会按照我的思维去映射出来。我不想关心缓冲区的顺序，我只想按照我的思维去到那个文件或者想在当前这个文件.因此必需了解vim更深的缓存模式，我不是推荐你必须内部命令来作为主要的文件管理方案。但这些的确是很强大可行的选择。 - -![](http://benmccormick.org/content/images/2014/Jul/skitch.jpeg) - -### 分屏 ### - -分屏是vim其中一个最好用的管理文件功能，在vim -你可以在当前窗同时分开2个窗口，可以按照你喜欢的配置去重设大小和分配,这个很特别可以在不同地方同时打开6文件每个文件都拥有自己的窗口大少 - -你可以通过命令**:sp **来新建水平分割窗口或者 **:vs **垂直分割窗口。你可以使用这些关键命令去重置你想要的窗口, -老实说，我喜欢用鼠标处理vim任务，因为鼠标能够给我更加准确的两列的宽度而不需要猜大概的宽度。 - -创建新的分屏后，你需要使用**ctrl-w -[h|j|k|l]**来向后向前切换。这个有少少笨拙，但这个确实很重要很普遍很容易很高效的操作.如果你经常使用分屏,我建议你去.vimrc使用以下代码q去设置别名为**ctrl-h** **ctrl-j** 等等。 - - nnoremap "Ctrl-j to move down a split - nnoremap "Ctrl-k to move up a split - nnoremap "Ctrl-l to move right a split - nnoremap "Ctrl-h to move left a split - -### 跳转表 ### - -分屏是解决多个关联文件同时查看问题,但我们仍然不能满足打开文件与隐藏文件之间快速移动。这时跳转表是一个能够解决的工具。 - -跳转表是众多插件中看其来奇怪而且很少使用。vim能够追踪每一步命令还有切换你正在修改的文件。每次从一个分屏窗口跳到另外一个，vim都会添加记录到跳转表里面。这个记录你去过的地方，这样就不需要担心之前的文件在哪里，你可以使用快捷键去快速追溯你的踪迹。**Ctrl-o**允许你返回你上一次地方。重复操作几次就能够返回到你最先编写的代码段地方。你可以使用**ctrl-i**来向前返回。当你在调试多个文件或两个文件之间切换能够发挥极大的快速移动功能。 - - -### 插件 ### - -如果你想vim像Sublime Text 或者Atom一样，我就让你认清一下，这里有很好的机会让你看到一些难懂，可怕和低效的事情。例如大家会发出"当Sublime有了模糊查找功能，为什么我一定要输入全路径才能够打开文件" "没有侧边栏显示目录树我怎样查看项目结构" 。但vim有了解决方案。这些方案不需要破坏vim的核心。我只需要经常修改vim配置与添加一些最新的插件，这里有3个有用的插件可以让你像Sublime管理文件 - -- [CtrlP][1] 是一个跟Sublime的"Go to Anything"栏一样模糊查找文件.它快如闪电并且非常可配置性。我使用它最主要打开文件。我只需知道部分的文件名字不需要记住整个项目结构就可以查找了 - -- [The NERDTree][2] - 这个一个文件管理夹插件，它重复了很多编辑器的有的侧边文件管理夹功能。我实际上很少用它，对于我模糊查找会更加快。对于你接手一个项目，尝试学习项目结构与了解什么可以用是非常方便的，NERDTree是可以自己定制配置，安装它能够代替vim内置的目录工具。 - - -- [Ack.vim][3] 是一个专为vim的代码搜索插件，它允许你跨项目搜索文本。通过Ack 或 Ag 去高亮查找 - [第二个极其好用的搜索工具][4]，允许你在任何时候在你项目之间快速搜索跳转 - - -在vim核心与它的插件生态系统之间，vim 提供足够的工具允许你构建你想要得工作环境。文件管理是软件开发系统的最核心部分并且你值得拥有体验的权利 - - -开始是需要通过很长的时间去理解它们，然后才找到你感觉舒服的工作流程之后才开始添加工具在上面。但依然值得你去使用，当你不需要头爆去理解如何去使用就能够轻易编写你的代码。 - - -### 更多插件资源 ### - -- [Seamlessly Navigate Vim & Tmux Splits][5] 这个插件需要每一个想使用它的人都要懂得实用[tmux][6],这个跟vim的splits 一样简单好用 - - -- [Using Tab Pages][7] 它是一个vim的标签功能插件，虽然它的名字用起来有一点疑惑，但我不能说它是文件管理器。 - 对如何在有多个工作可视区使用"tab - pages" 在vim wiki 网站上有更好的概述 - -- [Vimcasts: The edit command][8] 一般来说 Vimcasts - 是大家学习vim的一个好资源。这个屏幕截图与一些内置工作流程是很好描述之前说得文件操作方面的知识 - - -### 订阅 ### - -这篇文章通过第三个方面介绍如何通过一些好的手法学习vim。如果你喜欢这篇文章你可以通过[feed][8]来订阅或email我[mailing -list][10]。在这个星期javascript小插曲之后，下星期我会继续介绍vim的配置方面的东西，你可以先看基础篇：使用vim -看我前2篇系列文章和vim与vi的语言 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://benmccormick.org/2014/07/07/learning-vim-in-2014-working-with-files/ - -作者：[Ben McCormick][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/haimingfg) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://benmccormick.org/2014/07/07/learning-vim-in-2014-working-with-files/ -[1]:https://github.com/kien/ctrlp.vim -[2]:https://github.com/scrooloose/nerdtree -[3]:https://github.com/mileszs/ack.vim -[4]:http://benmccormick.org/2013/11/25/a-look-at-ack/ -[5]:http://robots.thoughtbot.com/seamlessly-navigate-vim-and-tmux-splits -[6]:http://tmux.sourceforge.net/ -[7]:http://vim.wikia.com/wiki/Using_tab_pages -[8]:http://vimcasts.org/episodes/the-edit-command/ -[9]:http://feedpress.me/benmccormick -[10]:http://eepurl.com/WFYon -[11]:http://benmccormick.org/2014/07/14/learning-vim-in-2014-configuring-vim/ -[12]:http://benmccormick.org/2014/06/30/learning-vim-in-2014-the-basics/ -[13]:http://benmccormick.org/2014/07/02/learning-vim-in-2014-vim-as-language/ From d98556b8a1d178eb89ebdd2d6a76bee02eda1179 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 16 Oct 2014 14:21:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 03/27] =?UTF-8?q?PUB:Sysstat=20=E2=80=93=20All-in-One=20Sy?= =?UTF-8?q?stem=20Performance=20and=20Usage=20Activity=20Monitoring=20Tool?= =?UTF-8?q?=20For=20Linux=20&&=20=20Linux=20Performance=20Monitoring=20wit?= =?UTF-8?q?h=20Vmstat=20and=20Iostat=20Commands?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @cvsher --- ... Monitoring with Vmstat and Iostat Commands.md | 15 +++---- ... Usage Activity Monitoring Tool For Linux.md | 40 ++++++++++--------- 2 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-) rename translated/tech/Linux Performance Monitoring with Vmstat and Iostat Commands 翻译完成.md => published/Linux Performance Monitoring with Vmstat and Iostat Commands.md (96%) rename {translated/tech => published}/Sysstat – All-in-One System Performance and Usage Activity Monitoring Tool For Linux.md (81%) diff --git a/translated/tech/Linux Performance Monitoring with Vmstat and Iostat Commands 翻译完成.md b/published/Linux Performance Monitoring with Vmstat and Iostat Commands.md similarity index 96% rename from translated/tech/Linux Performance Monitoring with Vmstat and Iostat Commands 翻译完成.md rename to published/Linux Performance Monitoring with Vmstat and Iostat Commands.md index 97325f964b..70e334e9d9 100644 --- a/translated/tech/Linux Performance Monitoring with Vmstat and Iostat Commands 翻译完成.md +++ b/published/Linux Performance Monitoring with Vmstat and Iostat Commands.md @@ -1,11 +1,12 @@ -使用Vmstat和Iostat命令进行Linux性能监控 +使用vmstat和iostat命令进行Linux性能监控 ================================================================ -这是我们正在进行的**Linux**命令和性能监控系列的一部分。**Vmstat**和**Iostat**两个命令都适用于所有主要的类**unix**系统（**Linux/unix/FreeBSD/Solaris**）。 -如果**vmstat**和**iostat**命令在你的系统中不可用，请安装**sysstat**软件包。**vmstat**，**sar**和**iostat**命令都包含在**sysstat**（系统监控工具）软件包中。iostat命令生成**CPU**和所有设备的统计信息。你可以从连接[sysstat][1]中下载源代码包编译安装sysstat，但是我们建议通过**YUM**命令进行安装。 +这是我们正在进行的**Linux**命令和性能监控系列的一部分。**vmstat**和**iostat**两个命令都适用于所有主要的类**unix**系统（**Linux/unix/FreeBSD/Solaris**）。 + +如果**vmstat**和**iostat**命令在你的系统中不可用，请安装**sysstat**软件包。**vmstat**，**sar**和**iostat**命令都包含在**sysstat**（系统监控工具）软件包中。iostat命令生成**CPU**和所有设备的统计信息。你可以从[这个连接][1]中下载源代码包编译安装sysstat，但是我们建议通过**YUM**命令进行安装。 ![使用Vmstat和Iostat命令进行Linux性能监控](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Linux-VmStat-Iostat-Commands.png) -使用Vmstat和Iostat命令进行Linux性能监控 +*使用Vmstat和Iostat命令进行Linux性能监控* ###在Linux系统中安装sysstat### @@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ ####1. 列出活动和非活动的内存#### -如下范例中输出6列。**vmstat**的man页面中解析的每一列的意义。最重要的是内存中的**free**属性和交换分区中是**si**和**so**属性。 +如下范例中输出6列。**vmstat**的man页面中解析的每一列的意义。最重要的是内存中的**free**属性和交换分区中的**si**和**so**属性。 [root@tecmint ~]# vmstat -a @@ -33,6 +34,7 @@ **注意**：如果你不带参数的执行**vmstat**命令，它会输出自系统启动以来的总结报告。 ####2. 每X秒执行vmstat，共执行N次#### + 下面命令将会每2秒中执行一次**vmstat**，执行6次后自动停止执行。 [root@tecmint ~]# vmstat 2 6 @@ -65,7 +67,6 @@ **vmstat**命令的**-s**参数，将输出各种事件计数器和内存的统计信息。 - [tecmint@tecmint ~]$ vmstat -s 1030800 total memory @@ -237,7 +238,7 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/linux-performance-monitoring-with-vmstat-and-iostat- 作者：[Ravi Saive][a] 译者：[cvsher](https://github.com/cvsher) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translated/tech/Sysstat – All-in-One System Performance and Usage Activity Monitoring Tool For Linux.md b/published/Sysstat – All-in-One System Performance and Usage Activity Monitoring Tool For Linux.md similarity index 81% rename from translated/tech/Sysstat – All-in-One System Performance and Usage Activity Monitoring Tool For Linux.md rename to published/Sysstat – All-in-One System Performance and Usage Activity Monitoring Tool For Linux.md index 2c28c2c7d2..ae3e1fcd54 100644 --- a/translated/tech/Sysstat – All-in-One System Performance and Usage Activity Monitoring Tool For Linux.md +++ b/published/Sysstat – All-in-One System Performance and Usage Activity Monitoring Tool For Linux.md @@ -1,19 +1,17 @@ -集所有功能与一身的Linux系统性能和使用活动监控工具-Sysstat +全能冠军：Linux系统性能和使用活动监控工具 sysstat =========================================================================== **Sysstat**是一个非常方便的工具，它带有众多的系统资源监控工具，用于监控系统的性能和使用情况。我们在日常使用的工具中有相当一部分是来自sysstat工具包的。同时，它还提供了一种使用cron表达式来制定性能和活动数据的收集计划。 ![Install Sysstat in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/sysstat.png) -在Linux系统中安装Sysstat - 下表是包含在sysstat包中的工具 -- [**isstat**][1]: 输出CPU的统计信息和所有I/O设备的输入输出（I/O）统计信息。 -- **mpstat**: 关于多有CPU的详细信息（单独输出或者分组输出）。 +- [**iostat**][1]: 输出CPU的统计信息和所有I/O设备的输入输出（I/O）统计信息。 +- **mpstat**: 关于CPU的详细信息（单独输出或者分组输出）。 - **pidstat**: 关于运行中的进程/任务、CPU、内存等的统计信息。 -- **sar**: 保存并输出不同系统资源（CPU、内存、IO、网络、内核、等。。。）的详细信息。 -- **sadc**: 系统活动数据收集器，用于手机sar工具的后端数据。 -- **sa1**: 系统手机并存储sadc数据文件的二进制数据，与sadc工具配合使用 +- **sar**: 保存并输出不同系统资源（CPU、内存、IO、网络、内核等。。。）的详细信息。 +- **sadc**: 系统活动数据收集器，用于收集sar工具的后端数据。 +- **sa1**: 系统收集并存储sadc数据文件的二进制数据，与sadc工具配合使用 - **sa2**: 配合sar工具使用，产生每日的摘要报告。 - **sadf**: 用于以不同的数据格式（CVS或者XML）来格式化sar工具的输出。 - **Sysstat**: sysstat工具的man帮助页面。 @@ -26,9 +24,9 @@ pidstat命令新增了一些新的选项：首先是“-R”选项，该选项 sar、sadc和sadf命令在数据文件方面同样带来了一些功能上的增强。与以往只能使用“**saDD**”来命名数据文件。现在使用**-D**选项可以用“**saYYYYMMDD**”来重命名数据文件，同样的，现在的数据文件不必放在“**var/log/sa**”目录中，我们可以使用“SA_DIR”变量来定义新的目录，该变量将应用与sa1和sa2命令。 -###在Linux系统中安装Sysstat#### +###在Linux系统中安装sysstat#### -在主要的linux发行版中，‘**Sysstat**’工具包可以在默认的程序库中安装。然而，在默认程序库中的版本通常有点旧，因此，我们将会下载源代码包，编译安装最新版本（**11.0.0**版本）。 +在主要的linux发行版中，‘**sysstat**’工具包可以在默认的程序库中安装。然而，在默认程序库中的版本通常有点旧，因此，我们将会下载源代码包，编译安装最新版本（**11.0.0**版本）。 首先，使用下面的连接下载最新版本的sysstat包，或者你可以使用**wget**命令直接在终端中下载。 @@ -38,7 +36,7 @@ sar、sadc和sadf命令在数据文件方面同样带来了一些功能上的增 ![Download Sysstat Package](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Download-Sysstat.png) -下载Sysstat包 +*下载sysstat包* 然后解压缩下载下来的包，进去该目录，开始编译安装 @@ -47,21 +45,25 @@ sar、sadc和sadf命令在数据文件方面同样带来了一些功能上的增 这里，你有两种编译安装的方法： -a).第一，你可以使用**iconfig**(这将会给予你很大的灵活性，你可以选择/输入每个参数的自定义值) +####a)#### + +第一，你可以使用**iconfig**(这将会给予你很大的灵活性，你可以选择/输入每个参数的自定义值) # ./iconfig ![Sysstat iconfig Command](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Sysstat-iconfig-Command.png) -Sysstat的iconfig命令 +*sysstat的iconfig命令* -b).第二，你可以使用标准的**configure**命令在当行中定义所有选项。你可以运行 **./configure –help 命令**来列出该命令所支持的所有限选项。 +####b)#### + +第二，你可以使用标准的**configure**，在命令行中定义所有选项。你可以运行 **./configure –help 命令**来列出该命令所支持的所有限选项。 # ./configure --help ![Sysstat Configure Help](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Configure-Help.png) -Stsstat的cofigure -help +*stsstat的cofigure -help* 在这里，我们使用标准的**./configure**命令来编译安装sysstat工具包。 @@ -71,7 +73,7 @@ Stsstat的cofigure -help ![Configure Sysstat in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Configure-Sysstat.png) -在Linux系统中配置sysstat +*在Linux系统中配置sysstat* 在编译完成后，我们将会看到一些类似于上图的输出。现在运行如下命令来查看sysstat的版本。 @@ -80,7 +82,7 @@ Stsstat的cofigure -help sysstat version 11.0.0 (C) Sebastien Godard (sysstat orange.fr) -###在Linux 系统中更新sysstat### +###更新Linux 系统中的sysstat### 默认的，sysstat使用“**/usr/local**”作为其目录前缀。因此，所有的二进制数据/工具都会安装在“**/usr/local/bin**”目录中。如果你的系统已经安装了sysstat 工具包，则上面提到的二进制数据/工具有可能在“**/usr/bin**”目录中。 @@ -112,11 +114,11 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/install-sysstat-in-linux/ 作者：[Kuldeep Sharma][a] 译者：[cvsher](https://github.com/cvsher) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/kuldeepsharma47/ -[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-performance-monitoring-with-vmstat-and-iostat-commands/ +[1]:http://linux.cn/article-4024-1.html [2]:http://sebastien.godard.pagesperso-orange.fr/download.html [3]:http://sebastien.godard.pagesperso-orange.fr/documentation.html From b46967ba134a45e27ac892eb69941e9475b90801 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Thu, 16 Oct 2014 17:37:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 04/27] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...configure SNMPv3 on ubuntu 14.04 server.md | 22 +++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/How to configure SNMPv3 on ubuntu 14.04 server.md b/translated/tech/How to configure SNMPv3 on ubuntu 14.04 server.md index c6f03ea4a0..30eafa9c8b 100644 --- a/translated/tech/How to configure SNMPv3 on ubuntu 14.04 server.md +++ b/translated/tech/How to configure SNMPv3 on ubuntu 14.04 server.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ 在ubuntu14.04上配置SNMPv3 ============================================ -简单网络管理协议（SNMP）是用于IP网络设备管理的标准协议。典型的支持SNMP协议的设备有路由器、交换机、服务器、工作站、打印机及数据机柜等等。SNMP一般被网络管理系统用于监视网络附加设备，令行政注意（译者注：这个不太明白...按字面意思翻了，麻烦校对更正）。SNMP是因特网协议套件中的一个组成部分，它由IETF机构定义。它包含一系列的网络管理标准，其中有一个应用层协议，一个数据库架构以及一组数据对象。[2] +简单网络管理协议（SNMP）是用于IP网络设备管理的标准协议。典型的支持SNMP协议的设备有路由器、交换机、服务器、工作站、打印机及数据机柜等等。SNMP一般被网络管理系统用于监视网络附加设备，以确保行政监管。SNMP是因特网协议套件中的一个组成部分，它由IETF机构定义。它包含一系列的网络管理标准，其中有一个应用层协议，一个数据库架构以及一组数据对象。[2] SNMP将管理数据以变量的形式暴露出来，这些变量描述了系统配置。同时这些变量可以被管理应用查询（或者被设置）。 @@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ SNMPv3在SNMP的基础之上增强了安全性以及远程配置功能。 最初，SNMP最大的缺点就是安全性弱。SNMP的第一与第二个版本中，身份验证仅仅是在管理员与代理间传送一个明文的密码而已。[1]目前每一个SNMPv3的信息都包含了被编码成8进制的安全参数。这些安全参数的具体意义由所选用的安全模型决定。 -SNMPv3提供了重要的安全特征： +SNMPv3提供了重要的安全特性： -保密性 -- 加密数据包以防止未经授权的源监听。 +保密性 —— 加密数据包以防止未经授权的源监听。 -完整性 -- 数据完整性特性确保数据在传输的时候没有被干扰，并且包含了课选的数据响应保护机制。 +完整性 —— 数据的完整性特性确保数据在传输的时候没有被干扰，并且包含了课选的数据响应保护机制。 -身份验证 -- 检查数据是否来自一个合法的源 +身份验证 —— 检查数据是否来自一个合法的源 ### 在ubuntu中安装SNMP服务器及客户端 ### @@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ SNMPv3提供了重要的安全特征： ###配置SNMPv3### -获得守护进程的权限 +获得从外部守护进程的权限 -默认的安装仅提供本地的访问权限，如果想要获得外部访问权限的话编辑文件 /etc/default/snmpd。 +默认的安装仅提供本地的访问权限，如果想要获得外部访问权限，打开文件 /etc/default/snmpd。 sudo vi /etc/default/snmpd @@ -54,7 +54,11 @@ SNMPv3提供了重要的安全特征： “securityLevel”参数使得SNMPv3有多种不同的用途。 -noAuthNoPriv -- 没有授权，加密以及任何安全保护！authNoPriv -- 需要身份认证，但是不对数据进行加密。 autoPriv -- 最健壮的模式。需要身份认证以及数据会被加密。 +noAuthNoPriv —— 没有授权，加密以及任何安全保护！ + +authNoPriv —— 需要身份认证，但是不对通过网络发送的数据进行加密。 + +autoPriv —— 最健模式。需要身份认证而且数据会被加密。 snmpd 的配置以及设置都保存在文件 /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf。使用编辑器编辑文件： @@ -92,6 +96,6 @@ snmpd 的配置以及设置都保存在文件 /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf。使用编 via: http://www.ubuntugeek.com/how-to-configure-snmpv3-on-ubuntu-14-04-server.html 译者：[SPccman](https://github.com/SPccman) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 765b06458c49ef45383bbf7ea0e4936d78aca2d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Thu, 16 Oct 2014 17:38:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 05/27] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../tech/How to configure SNMPv3 on ubuntu 14.04 server.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/How to configure SNMPv3 on ubuntu 14.04 server.md b/translated/tech/How to configure SNMPv3 on ubuntu 14.04 server.md index 30eafa9c8b..946e866977 100644 --- a/translated/tech/How to configure SNMPv3 on ubuntu 14.04 server.md +++ b/translated/tech/How to configure SNMPv3 on ubuntu 14.04 server.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ 在ubuntu14.04上配置SNMPv3 ============================================ -简单网络管理协议（SNMP）是用于IP网络设备管理的标准协议。典型的支持SNMP协议的设备有路由器、交换机、服务器、工作站、打印机及数据机柜等等。SNMP一般被网络管理系统用于监视网络附加设备，以确保行政监管。SNMP是因特网协议套件中的一个组成部分，它由IETF机构定义。它包含一系列的网络管理标准，其中有一个应用层协议，一个数据库架构以及一组数据对象。[2] +简单网络管理协议（SNMP）是用于IP网络设备管理的标准协议。典型的支持SNMP协议的设备有路由器、交换机、服务器、工作站、打印机及数据机柜等等。SNMP一般被网络管理系统用于监视网络附加设备，以确保行政监管。SNMP是因特网协议套件中的一个组成部分，它由IETF机构定义。它包含一系列的网络管理标准，其中有一个应用层协议，一个数据库架构以及一组数据对象。 SNMP将管理数据以变量的形式暴露出来，这些变量描述了系统配置。同时这些变量可以被管理应用查询（或者被设置）。 @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ SNMP将管理数据以变量的形式暴露出来，这些变量描述了系统 SNMPv3在SNMP的基础之上增强了安全性以及远程配置功能。 -最初，SNMP最大的缺点就是安全性弱。SNMP的第一与第二个版本中，身份验证仅仅是在管理员与代理间传送一个明文的密码而已。[1]目前每一个SNMPv3的信息都包含了被编码成8进制的安全参数。这些安全参数的具体意义由所选用的安全模型决定。 +最初，SNMP最大的缺点就是安全性弱。SNMP的第一与第二个版本中，身份验证仅仅是在管理员与代理间传送一个明文的密码而已。目前每一个SNMPv3的信息都包含了被编码成8进制的安全参数。这些安全参数的具体意义由所选用的安全模型决定。 SNMPv3提供了重要的安全特性： From ae631201280f204c6f352590d9370d5a18a5f7ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2014 10:39:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 06/27] =?UTF-8?q?PUB:20=20Useful=20Commands=20of=20?= =?UTF-8?q?=E2=80=98Sysstat=E2=80=99=20Utilities=20(mpstat,=20pidstat,=20i?= =?UTF-8?q?ostat=20and=20sar)=20for=20Linux=20Performance=20Monitoring?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @cvsher --- ...t, iostat and sar) for Linux Performance Monitoring.md | 31 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) rename translated/tech/[翻译完成]20 Useful Commands of ‘Sysstat’ Utilities (mpstat, pidstat, iostat and sar) for Linux Performance Monitoring.md => published/20 Useful Commands of ‘Sysstat’ Utilities (mpstat, pidstat, iostat and sar) for Linux Performance Monitoring.md (94%) diff --git a/translated/tech/[翻译完成]20 Useful Commands of ‘Sysstat’ Utilities (mpstat, pidstat, iostat and sar) for Linux Performance Monitoring.md b/published/20 Useful Commands of ‘Sysstat’ Utilities (mpstat, pidstat, iostat and sar) for Linux Performance Monitoring.md similarity index 94% rename from translated/tech/[翻译完成]20 Useful Commands of ‘Sysstat’ Utilities (mpstat, pidstat, iostat and sar) for Linux Performance Monitoring.md rename to published/20 Useful Commands of ‘Sysstat’ Utilities (mpstat, pidstat, iostat and sar) for Linux Performance Monitoring.md index 2b4ec54a39..d5a9708ec6 100644 --- a/translated/tech/[翻译完成]20 Useful Commands of ‘Sysstat’ Utilities (mpstat, pidstat, iostat and sar) for Linux Performance Monitoring.md +++ b/published/20 Useful Commands of ‘Sysstat’ Utilities (mpstat, pidstat, iostat and sar) for Linux Performance Monitoring.md @@ -1,13 +1,9 @@ -‘Sysstat’工具包中20个实用的Linux性能监控工具（包括mpstat, pidstat, iostat 和sar） +Sysstat性能监控工具包中20个实用命令 =============================================================== -在我们上一篇文章中，我们已经学习了如何去安装和更新**sysstat**，并且了解了包中的一些实用工具。 - -注：此文一并附上，在同一个原文中更新 -- [Sysstat – Performance and Usage Activity Monitoring Tool For Linux][1] +在我们[上一篇文章][1]中，我们已经学习了如何去安装和更新**sysstat**，并且了解了包中的一些实用工具。 ![20 Sysstat Commands for Linux Monitoring](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/sysstat-commands.png) -Linux系统监控的20个Sysstat命令 今天，我们将会通过一些有趣的实例来学习**mpstat**, **pidstat**, **iostat**和**sar**等工具，这些工具可以帮组我们找出系统中的问题。这些工具都包含了不同的选项，这意味着你可以根据不同的工作使用不同的选项，或者根据你的需求来自定义脚本。我们都知道，系统管理员都会有点懒，他们经常去寻找一些更简单的方法来完成他们的工作。 ### mpstat - 处理器统计信息 ### @@ -21,7 +17,7 @@ Linux系统监控的20个Sysstat命令 12:23:57 IST CPU %usr %nice %sys %iowait %irq %soft %steal %guest %gnice %idle 12:23:57 IST all 37.35 0.01 4.72 2.96 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 54.88 -2.使用‘**-p**’(处理器编码)和‘ALL’参数将会从0开始独立的输出每个CPU的统计信息，0表示第一个cpu。 +2.使用‘**-p**’ (处理器编号)和‘ALL’参数将会从0开始独立的输出每个CPU的统计信息，0表示第一个cpu。 tecmint@tecmint ~ $ mpstat -P ALL @@ -151,7 +147,7 @@ Linux系统监控的20个Sysstat命令 12:51:55 IST 0 19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 writeback 12:51:55 IST 0 20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 kintegrityd -8.使用‘**-d 2**’参数，我们可以看到I/O统计信息，2表示以秒为单位对统计信息进行刷新。这个参数可以方便的知道当系统在进行繁重的I/O时，那些进行占用大量的资源。 +8.使用‘**-d 2**’参数，我们可以看到I/O统计信息，2表示以秒为单位对统计信息进行刷新。这个参数可以方便的知道当系统在进行繁重的I/O时，那些进行占用大量的资源的进程。 tecmint@tecmint ~ $ pidstat -d 2 @@ -171,7 +167,6 @@ Linux系统监控的20个Sysstat命令 9.想要每间隔**2**秒对进程**4164**的cpu统计信息输出**3**次，则使用如下带参数‘**-t**’（输出某个选定进程的统计信息）的命令。 - tecmint@tecmint ~ $ pidstat -t -p 4164 2 3 Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU) @@ -250,13 +245,13 @@ Linux系统监控的20个Sysstat命令 01:09:08 IST 1000 5 99 FIFO migration/0 01:09:08 IST 1000 6 99 FIFO watchdog/0 -因为我们已经学习过Iostat命令了，因此在本文中不在对其进行赘述。若想查看Iostat命令的详细信息，请参看“[使用Iostat和Vmstat进行Linux性能监控][2]注：此文也一并附上在同一个原文更新中” +因为我们已经学习过iostat命令了，因此在本文中不在对其进行赘述。若想查看iostat命令的详细信息，请参看“[使用Iostat和Vmstat进行Linux性能监控][2]” ###sar - 系统活动报告### 我们可以使用‘**sar**’命令来获得整个系统性能的报告。这有助于我们定位系统性能的瓶颈，并且有助于我们找出这些烦人的性能问题的解决方法。 -Linux内核维护者一些内部计数器，这些计数器包含了所有的请求及其完成时间和I/O块数等信息，sar命令从所有的这些信息中计算出请求的利用率和比例，以便找出瓶颈所在。 +Linux内核维护着一些内部计数器，这些计数器包含了所有的请求及其完成时间和I/O块数等信息，sar命令从所有的这些信息中计算出请求的利用率和比例，以便找出瓶颈所在。 sar命令主要的用途是生成某段时间内所有活动的报告，因此，必需确保sar命令在适当的时间进行数据采集（而不是在午餐时间或者周末。） @@ -274,7 +269,7 @@ sar命令主要的用途是生成某段时间内所有活动的报告，因此 01:42:38 IST all 50.75 0.00 3.75 0.00 0.00 45.50 Average: all 46.30 0.00 3.93 0.00 0.00 49.77 -14.在上面的例子中，我们交互的执行sar命令。sar命令提供了使用cron进行非交互的执行sar命令的方法，使用**/usr/local/lib/sa1**和**/usr/local/lib/sa2**脚本（如果你在安装时使用了**/usr/local**作为前缀） +14.在上面的例子中，我们交互的执行sar命令。sar命令也提供了使用cron进行非交互的执行sar命令的方法，使用**/usr/local/lib/sa1**和**/usr/local/lib/sa2**脚本（如果你在安装时使用了**/usr/local**作为前缀的话） - **/usr/local/lib/sa1**是一个可以使用cron进行调度生成二进制日志文件的shell脚本。 - **/usr/local/lib/sa2**是一个可以将二进制日志文件转换为用户可读的编码方式。 @@ -287,7 +282,7 @@ sar命令主要的用途是生成某段时间内所有活动的报告，因此 #在每天23:53时生成一个用户可读的日常报告 53 23 * * * /usr/local/lib/sa/sa2 -A -在sa1脚本执行后期，sa1脚本会调用**sabc**(系统活动数据收集器，System Activity Data Collector)工具采集特定时间间隔内的数据。**sa2**脚本会调用sar来将二进制日志文件转换为用户可读的形式。 +在sa1脚本的后端，sa1脚本会调用**sabc**(系统活动数据收集器，System Activity Data Collector)工具采集特定时间间隔内的数据。**sa2**脚本会调用sar来将二进制日志文件转换为用户可读的形式。 15.使用‘**-q**’参数来检查运行队列的长度，所有进程的数量和平均负载 @@ -303,7 +298,7 @@ sar命令主要的用途是生成某段时间内所有活动的报告，因此 02:00:54 IST 0 431 1.64 1.23 0.97 0 Average: 2 431 1.68 1.23 0.97 0 -16.使用‘**-F**’参数查看当前挂载的文件系统统计信息 +16.使用‘**-F**’参数查看当前挂载的文件系统的使用统计信息 tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sar -F 2 4 @@ -387,7 +382,7 @@ sar命令主要的用途是生成某段时间内所有活动的报告，因此 ![Network Graph](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/sar-graph.png) -网络信息图表 +*网络信息图表* 现在，你可以参考man手册来后去每个参数的更多详细信息，并且请在文章下留下你宝贵的评论。 @@ -397,10 +392,10 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/sysstat-commands-to-monitor-linux/ 作者：[Kuldeep Sharma][a] 译者：[cvsher](https://github.com/cvsher) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/kuldeepsharma47/ -[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-sysstat-in-linux/ -[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-performance-monitoring-with-vmstat-and-iostat-commands/ +[1]:http://linux.cn/article-4025-1.html +[2]:http://linux.cn/article-4024-1.html From d84cf322b35c5d9dd3fb3b34dc74a1d7a7ed7eb5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2014 10:43:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 07/27] =?UTF-8?q?20141017-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98=20Vito-L?= =?UTF-8?q?=20=E6=8E=A8=E8=8D=90=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...isk health on Linux using smartmontools.md | 146 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 146 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20141017 How to check hard disk health on Linux using smartmontools.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20141017 How to check hard disk health on Linux using smartmontools.md b/sources/tech/20141017 How to check hard disk health on Linux using smartmontools.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..74a9680a9b --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20141017 How to check hard disk health on Linux using smartmontools.md @@ -0,0 +1,146 @@ +How to check hard disk health on Linux using smartmontools +================================================================================ +If there is something that you never want to happen on your Linux system, that is having hard drives die on you without any warning. [Backups][1] and storage technologies such as [RAID][2] can get you back on your feet in no time, but the cost associated with a sudden loss of a hardware device can take a considerable toll on your budget, especially if you haven't planned ahead of time what to do in such circumstances. + +To avoid running into this kind of setbacks, you can try [smartmontools][3] which is a software package that manages and monitors storage hardware by using Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology (S.M.A.R.T. or just SMART). Most modern ATA/SATA, SCSI/SAS, and solid-state hard disks nowadays come with the SMART system built-in. The purpose of SMART is to monitor the reliability of the hard drive, to predict drive failures, and to carry out different types of drive self-tests. The smartmontools consists of two utility programs called smartctl and smartd. Together, they will provide advanced warnings of disk degradation and failure on Linux platforms. + +This tutorial will provide installation and configuration guide for smartmontools on Linux. + +### Installing Smartmontools ### + +Installation of smartmontools is straightforward as it available in base repositories of most Linux distros. + +#### Debian and derivatives: #### + + # aptitude install smartmontools + +#### Red Hat-based distributions: #### + + # yum install smartmontools + +### Checking Hard Drive Health with Smartctl ### + +First off, list the hard drives connected to your system with the following command: + + # ls -l /dev | grep -E 'sd|hd' + +The output should be similar to: + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3953/15352881249_96c09f7ccc_o.png) + +where sdx indicate device names assigned to the hard drives installed on your machine. + +To display information about a particular hard disk (e.g., device model, S/N, firmware version, size, ATA version/revision, availability and status of SMART capability), run smartctl with "--info" flag, and specify the hard drive's device name as follows. + +In this example, we will choose /dev/sda. + + # smartctl --info /dev/sda + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3928/15353873870_00a8dddf89_z.jpg) + +Although the ATA version information may seem to go unnoticed at first, it is one of the most important factors when looking for a replacement part. Each ATA version is backward compatible with the previous versions. For example, older ATA-1 or ATA-2 devices work fine on ATA-6 and ATA-7 interfaces, but unfortunately, that is not true for the other way around. In cases where the device version and interface version don't match, they work together at the capabilities of the lesser of the two. That being said, an ATA-7 hard drive is the safest choice for a replacement part in this case. + +You can examine the health status of a particular hard drive with: + + # smartctl -s on -a /dev/sda + +In this command, "-s on" flag enables SMART on the specified device. You can ommit it if SMART support is already enabled for /dev/sda. + +The SMART information for a disk consists of several sections. Among other things, "READ SMART DATA" section shows the overall health status of the drive. + + === START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION === + SMART overall-health self-assessment rest result: PASSED + +The result of this test can be either PASSED or FAILED. In the latter case, a hardware failure is imminent, so you may want to start backing up your important data from that drive! + +The next thing you will want to look at is the [SMART attribute][4] table, as shown below. + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5612/15539511935_dd62f6c9ef_z.jpg) + +Basically, SMART attribute table lists values of a number of attributes defined for a particular drive by its manufacturer, as well as failure threshold for these attributes. This table is automatically populated and updated by drive firmware. + +- **ID#**: attribute ID, usually a decimal (or hex) number between 1 and 255. +- **ATTRIBUTE_NAME**: attribute names defined by a drive manufacturer. +- **FLAG**: attribute handling flag (we can ignore it). +- **VALUE**: this is one of the most important information in the table, indicating a "normalized" value of a given attribute, whose range is between 1 and 253. 253 means the best condition, while 1 means the worse condition. Depending on attributes and manufacturers, an initial VALUE can be set to either 100 or 200. +- **WORST**: the lowest VALUE ever recorded. +- **THRESH**: the lowest value that WORST should ever be allowed to fall to, before reporting a given hard drive as FAILED. +- **TYPE**: the type of attribute (either Pre-fail or Old_age). A Pre-fail attribute is considered a critical attribute; one that participates in the overall SMART health assessment (PASSED/FAILED) of the drive. If any Pre-fail attribute fails, then the drive is considered "about to fail." On the other hand, an Old_age attribute is considered (for SMART purposes) a non-critical attribute (e.g., normal wear and tear); one that does not fail the drive per se. +- **UPDATED**: indicates how often an attribute is updated. Offline represents the case when offline tests are being performed on the drive. +- **WHEN_FAILED**: this will be set to "FAILING_NOW" (if VALUE is less than or equal to THRESH), or "In_the_past" (if WORST is less than equal to THRESH), or "-" (if none of the above). In case of "FAILING_NOW", back up your important files ASAP, especially if the attribute is of TYPE Pre-fail. "In_the_past" means that the attribute has failed before, but that it's OK at the time of running the test. "-" indicates that this attribute has never failed. +- **RAW_VALUE**: a manufacturer-defined raw value, from which VALUE is derived. + +At this point you may be thinking, "Yes, smartctl seems like a nice tool. but I would like to avoid the hassle of having to run it manually." Wouldn't it be nice if it could be run at specified intervals, and at the same time inform me of the testsresults? + +Fortunately, the answer is yes. And that's when smartd comes in. + +### Configuring Smartctl and Smartd for Live Monitoring ### + +First, edit smartctl's configuration file (/etc/default/smartmontools) to tell it to start smartd at system startup, and to specify check intervals in seconds (e.g., 7200 = 2 hours). + + start_smartd=yes + smartd_opts="--interval=7200" + +Next, edit smartd's configuration file (/etc/smartd.conf) to add the followign line. + + /dev/sda -m myemail@mydomain.com -M test + + +- **-m **: specifies an email address to send test reports to. This can be a system user such as root, or an email address such as myemail@mydomain.com if the server is configured to relay emails to the outside of your system. +- **-M **: specifies the desired type of delivery for an email report. + - **once**: sends only one warning email for each type of disk problem detected. + - **daily**: sends additional warning reminder emails, once per day, for each type of disk problem detected. + - **diminishing**: sends additional warning reminder emails, after a one-day interval, then a two-day interval, then a four-day interval, and so on for each type of disk problem detected. Each interval is twice as long as the previous interval. + - **test**: sends a single test email immediately upon smartd startup. + - **exec PATH**: runs the executable PATH instead of the default mail command. PATH must point to an executable binary file or script. This allows to specify a desired action (beep the console, shutdown the system, and so on) when a problem is detected. + +Save the changes and restart smartd. + +You should expect this kind of email sent by smartd. + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5612/15539511945_b344814c74_o.png) + +Luckily for us, no error was detected. Had it not been so, the errors would have appeared below the line "The following warning/error was logged by the smartd daemon." + +Finally, you can schedule tests at your preferred schedule using the "-s" flag and the regular expression in the form of "T/MM/DD/d/HH", where: + +T in the regular expression indicates the kind of test: + +- L: long test +- S: short test +- C: Conveyance test (ATA only) +- O: Offline (ATA only) + +and the remaining characters represent the date and time when the test should be performed: + +- MM is the month of the year. +- DD is the day of the month. +- HH is the hour of day. +- d is the day of the week (ranging from 1=Monday through 7=Sunday). +- MM, DD, and HH are expressed with two decimal digits. + +A dot in any of these places indicates all possible values. An expression inside parentheses such as ‘(A|B|C)’ denotes any one of the three possibilities A, B, or C. An expression inside square brackets such as [1-5] denotes a range (1 through 5 inclusive). + +For example, to perform a long test every business day at 1 pm for all disks, add the following line to /etc/smartd.conf. Make sure to restart smartd. + + DEVICESCAN -s (L/../../[1-5]/13) + +### Conclusion ### + +Whether you want to quickly check the electrical and mechanical performance of a disk, or perform a longer and more thorough test scans the entire disk surface, do not let yourself get so caught up in your day-to-day responsibilities as to forget to regularly check on the health of your disks. You will thank yourself later! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/check-hard-disk-health-linux-smartmontools.html + +作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/gabriel +[1]:http://xmodulo.com/how-to-create-secure-incremental-offsite-backup-in-linux.html +[2]:http://xmodulo.com/create-software-raid1-array-mdadm-linux.html +[3]:http://www.smartmontools.org/ +[4]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.M.A.R.T. \ No newline at end of file From 1749a1baf870c60fbd0f9ac87dc2fafba3f7f9d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2014 10:44:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 08/27] PUB:20140925 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to embed all fonts in a PDF document generated with LaTex @geekpi --- ... embed all fonts in a PDF document generated with LaTex.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140925 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to embed all fonts in a PDF document generated with LaTex.md (94%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140925 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to embed all fonts in a PDF document generated with LaTex.md b/published/20140925 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to embed all fonts in a PDF document generated with LaTex.md similarity index 94% rename from translated/tech/20140925 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to embed all fonts in a PDF document generated with LaTex.md rename to published/20140925 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to embed all fonts in a PDF document generated with LaTex.md index 29b98ab3d4..e3fdfa0da7 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140925 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to embed all fonts in a PDF document generated with LaTex.md +++ b/published/20140925 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to embed all fonts in a PDF document generated with LaTex.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -Linux有问必答-- 如何在PDF中嵌入LaTex中的所有字体 +Linux有问必答：如何在PDF中嵌入LaTex中的所有字体 ================================================================================ > **提问**: 我通过编译LaTex源文件生成了一份PDF文档。然而，我注意到，并不是所有字体都嵌入到了PDF文档中。我怎样才能确保所有的字体嵌入在由LaTex生成的PDF文档中？ @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Linux有问必答-- 如何在PDF中嵌入LaTex中的所有字体 via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/embed-all-fonts-pdf-document-latex.html 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 134714225d2f95bb7158d41e10f8a836ad0a1517 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2014 11:01:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 09/27] PUB:20140822 Want To Start An Open Source Project--Here's How @Vic020 --- ...tart An Open Source Project--Here's How.md | 20 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20140822 Want To Start An Open Source Project--Here's How.md (82%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20140822 Want To Start An Open Source Project--Here's How.md b/published/20140822 Want To Start An Open Source Project--Here's How.md similarity index 82% rename from translated/talk/20140822 Want To Start An Open Source Project--Here's How.md rename to published/20140822 Want To Start An Open Source Project--Here's How.md index 6e3ef819d2..b670b904fe 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20140822 Want To Start An Open Source Project--Here's How.md +++ b/published/20140822 Want To Start An Open Source Project--Here's How.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -白话做好的开源项目 +如何开始一个开源项目 ================================================================================ -> 循序渐进的侃 +> 循序渐进的指导 **你有这个问题**：你已经权衡了[开源代码的优劣势][1]，你也已经知道[你的软件需要成为一个开源项目][2]，但是，你不知道怎么做好的开源项目。 @@ -12,15 +12,15 @@ ### 基本原则 ### -选择开源可能有许多原因。也许你希望吸引一个社区来帮助编写你的代码。也许，[总所周知][4]，你明白“开源--一个开发小团队内部编写代码的倍增器。” +选择开源可能有许多原因。也许你希望吸引一个社区来帮助编写你的代码。也许，[总所周知][4]，你明白“开源 —— 一个开发小团队内部编写代码的倍增器。” 或者你只是认为这是必须做的事，[如同英国政府一样][5]。 -无论何种原因，为了开源能够成功，是必须要做很多的计划给将来使用这个软件的人。如同[我在2005写道][6]，如果你“需要大量的人做贡献（bug修复，扩展等等）”，所以你需要“写一个好的文档，使用易于接受的编程语言，和使用模型架构”。 +无论何种原因，为了开源能够成功，是必须要做很多的计划去给将来使用这个软件的人们。如同[我在2005写道][6]，如果你“需要大量的人做贡献（bug修复，扩展等等）”，那么你需要“写一个好的文档，使用易于接受的编程语言，和使用模型架构”。 对了，你也需要写人们在乎的软件。 -每天思考你依靠的技术：操作系统，web应用框架，数据库，等等。远离像航天这样，特殊行业的小生态技术，让开源拥有更多的可能性产生外部的（人的）兴趣和贡献。更广泛的应用技术，找到更多的贡献者和用户。 +每天思考你依靠的技术：操作系统，web应用框架，数据库，等等。远离像航天这样，特殊行业的小生态技术，让开源拥有更多的可能性以便外部的（人的）产生兴趣和做出贡献。更广泛的应用技术，找到更多的贡献者和用户。 总的来说，任何成功的开源项目有以下共同点： @@ -36,15 +36,15 @@ 6.很好初始源码（如果你放垃圾在Github，你也只会得到垃圾回报） -7.一个自由的许可证-我[个人更爱Apache型的许可证][7]，因为它提出给开发者最低的障碍来采用，当然许多成功的项目（如Linux和MySQL）使用GPL许可证也有很棒的效果。 +7.一个自由的许可证-我[个人更爱Apache型的许可证][7]，因为它让开发者采用时障碍最低，当然许多成功的项目（如Linux和MySQL）使用GPL许可证也有很棒的效果。 -上述几项，是一个项目成功邀请参与最难的部分。这是因为他们不是关于代码而是关于人。 +上述几项，是一个项目成功邀请参与者最难的部分。这是因为他们不是关于代码而是关于人。 ### 开源不单是一个许可证 ### 今年，最棒的一件事是我读到是来自 Vitorio Miliano ([@vitor_io][8])的文章，他是用户体验交互设计师，来自德州的奥斯丁。[Miliano][9]指出，那些不在你的项目上工作的人才是“外行”，从本质上说无论他们技术能力的级别，他们仅仅懂一点代码（也没关系）。 -所以你的工作，他认为，是使加入贡献你的代码变得简单。当阐述如何涉及非程序员到开源项目中，他指出项目的一些事项，项目领导应需要有效地得加入一些任何技术或不懂技术的人到开源项目。 +所以你的工作，他认为，是使人加入，为你贡献你的代码变得简单。当阐述如何涉及非程序员到开源项目中，他指出项目的一些事项，项目领导应需要有效地得加入一些任何技术或不懂技术的人到开源项目。 > 1. 一种方法去了解你的项目价值 > @@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ 许多开源项目的领导提倡包容性，但是他们拥有任何事除了包容。如果你不想要人们做贡献，不要假装开源。 -是的，有时这是老生常谈的话题。就像HackerNews最近的报道[一个开发者开发][11]。 +是的，有时这是老生常谈的话题。就像HackerNews最近的报道[一个开发者的开发工作][11]。 > 小项目可以得到很多，基本不需要很多人合作来完成。我看到了他们的进步，但是我没有看到我自己的进步:如果我帮助了他们，显然，如果我花费了有限的时间在与那些计算机科学的硕士管理合作上，而没有参与编码，这不是我想要的。所以我忽略了他们。 @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ via: http://readwrite.com/2014/08/20/open-source-project-how-to 作者：[Matt Asay][a] 译者：[Vic___/VicYu](http://www.vicyu.net) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 0ef0cb54b25c27994154a4b56141261ab0f6f0d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: barney-ro Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2014 13:04:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 10/27] [translating]20141013 What is good reference management software on Linux --- ...013 What is good reference management software on Linux.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/share/20141013 What is good reference management software on Linux.md b/sources/share/20141013 What is good reference management software on Linux.md index 19ab414ff1..5f3ee29eff 100644 --- a/sources/share/20141013 What is good reference management software on Linux.md +++ b/sources/share/20141013 What is good reference management software on Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +barney-ro translating + What is good reference management software on Linux ================================================================================ Have you ever written a paper so long that you thought you would never see the end of it? If so, you know that the worst part is not dedicating hours on it, but rather that once you are done, you still have to order and format your references into a structured convention-following bibliography. Hopefully for you, Linux has the solution: bibliography/reference management tools. Using the power of BibTex, these programs can help you import your citation sources, and spit out a structured bibliography. Here is a non-exhaustive list of open-source reference management software on Linux. @@ -45,7 +47,7 @@ To conclude, thanks to these tools, you will not have to worry about long papers via: http://xmodulo.com/reference-management-software-linux.html 作者：[Adrien Brochard][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[barney-ro](https://github.com/barney-ro) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 8640cdf9ab3651cc263ead3c7f09399583547048 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2014 13:56:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 11/27] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...w to set up Nagios Remote Plugin Executor (NRPE) in Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140910 How to set up Nagios Remote Plugin Executor (NRPE) in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20140910 How to set up Nagios Remote Plugin Executor (NRPE) in Linux.md index 611d69ad8c..2f09b76fb4 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140910 How to set up Nagios Remote Plugin Executor (NRPE) in Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140910 How to set up Nagios Remote Plugin Executor (NRPE) in Linux.md @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ #### 第三步：初始化 NRPE 服务 #### -对于基于 RedHat 的系统，NRPE 服务需要被添加为启动服务。 +对于基于 RedHat 的系统，NRPE 服务需要被添加为启动服务。 **对于 Debian、Ubuntu、Linux Mint：** From 542f1c958d2759bebf75cf8a61b8a2bf05994f4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2014 13:59:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 12/27] =?UTF-8?q?20141017-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...integrity of a downloaded file on Linux.md | 147 ++++++++++++++++++ ... to create a video DVD on Linux desktop.md | 78 ++++++++++ ...ts or Network Connections with Examples.md | 65 ++++++++ ...and Find Statistics for Linux Procesess.md | 88 +++++++++++ 4 files changed, 378 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20141017 How to verify the authenticity and integrity of a downloaded file on Linux.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20141017 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to create a video DVD on Linux desktop.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20141017 Linux ss Tool to Identify Sockets or Network Connections with Examples.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20141017 pidstat - Monitor and Find Statistics for Linux Procesess.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20141017 How to verify the authenticity and integrity of a downloaded file on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20141017 How to verify the authenticity and integrity of a downloaded file on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ba53d6c20a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20141017 How to verify the authenticity and integrity of a downloaded file on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,147 @@ +How to verify the authenticity and integrity of a downloaded file on Linux +================================================================================ +When you download a file (e.g., an installer, an ISO image, or a compressed archive) from the web, the file can be corrupted under a variety of error conditions, e.g., due to transmission errors on the wire, interrupted download, faulty storage hardware, file system errors, etc. Such failure cases aside, a file can also be deliberately tampered with by determined attackers during or before download. For example, an attacker with a compromised certificate authority could mount a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack, tricking you into downloading a malware-ridden file from a bogus HTTPS website. + +To protect yourself against these kinds of problems, it is often recommended that you verify the authenticity and integrity of a file when you download it from the web. Especially when you downloaded rather sensitive files (e.g., OS images, application binaries, executable installers, etc), blindly trusting downloaded files is not a good habit. + +One quick and easy way to verify the integrity of a downloaded file is to use various checksum tools (e.g., md5sum, sha256sum, cksum) to compute and compare checksums (e.g., MD5, SHA or CRC). However, checksums are vulnerable to [collision attacks][1], and also cannot be used to verify the authenticity (i.e., owner) of a file. + +If you would like to verify both authenticity (owner) and integrity (content) of a downloaded file, you need to rely on cryptographic signatures instead. In this tutorial, I am going to describe how to check file authenticity and integrity by using GnuPG (GNU Privacy Guard). + +In this example, I am going to verify a disk image file available for download from https://onionshare.org. In this website, the publisher offers their official public key, as well as its fingerprint for key verification purpose. + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3933/15360287249_1bc4380a67_z.jpg) + +As for a file to download, the publisher offers its corresponding PGP signature as well. + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5597/15360894527_e12bedce63_z.jpg) + +### Install GnuPG and Generate a Key Pair ### + +Let's start by installing GnuPG on your Linux system. + +On Debian, Ubuntu, and other Debian-derivatives: + + $ sudo apt-get install gnupg + +On Fedora, CentOS or RHEL: + + $ sudo yum install gnupg + +After installation, generate a key pair which you will be using in this tutorial. + + $ gpg --gen-key + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5612/15360848908_ae171c485e_z.jpg) + +During key generation, you will be asked to provide your name and email address, as well as a passphrase to protect your private key. You can also choose when the key pair will expire (no expiration by default). Depending on keysize you choose (between 1024 to 4096 bits), the key generation process can take a couple of minutes or more, as it requires collecting a sufficient amount of random data, which come from your desktop activities (e.g., keyboard typing, mouse movement, disk access). + +After key generation is finished, a public and a private key will be stored in ~/.gnupg directory for use. + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3942/15544226021_a9fbde1e9c_z.jpg) + +### Establish Trust with a File Owner ### + +The first step in verifying a downloaded file is to establish trust with whoever is offering the file for download. For this purpose, we download the public key of a file owner, and verify that the owner of the public key is who he or she claims to be. + +After downloading the public key of a file owner: + + $ wget https://onionshare.org/signing-key.asc + +go ahead and import the public key into your keyring with gpg command: + + $ gpg --import signing-key.asc + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5613/15360894397_48fec1ef05_z.jpg) + +Once the public key of the owner is imported, it will print out a key ID (e.g., "EBA34B1C") as shown above. Make a note of this key ID. + +Now, check the fingerprint of the imported public key by running: + + $ gpg --fingerprint EBA34B1C + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5614/15360894427_feb4df8894_z.jpg) + +You will see the fingerprint string of the key. Compare this string with the fingerprint displayed in the website. If they match, you may choose to trust the file owner's public key. + +Once you decided to trust the public key, you can mark that so explicitly, by editing the key: + + $ gpg --edit-key EBA34B1C + +This command will show you GPG prompt: + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3945/14926729683_ec6d98fcbc_z.jpg) + +Type "trust" at GPG prompt, which will allow you to choose the trust level of this key from 1 to 5. + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5613/15547746702_bee019accc_z.jpg) + +In this case, I decided to assign trust "4". After that, sign it with your own private key by typing "sign", and then finalize by typing "save" at GPG prompt: + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5608/15544225981_f2254e406e_z.jpg) + +Note that this way of explicitly assigning a trust to a public key is not required, and implicit trust by simply importing the key is often sufficient. + +The implication of assigning a "full" trust to the key is that if another key X is signed with this fully trusted key, the key X will be also considered valid by you. In general, key validation relies on a sophisticated mechanism known as "[web of trust][2]". + +Coming back to the tutorial, now let's check a list of imported keys. + + $ gpg --list-keys + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5616/14926159344_b77946ddc9_z.jpg) + +You should see at least two keys: one key with depth 0 and ultimate trust ("1u"), which is your own key, and the other key with depth 1 and full trust ("1f"), which is the key signed by yourself earlier. + +### Verify the Authenticity/Integrity of a File ### + +Once you have established a trust relationship with a file owner using his/her public key, we are now ready to verify the authenticity and integrity of a file that you downloaded from the owner. + +In our example, the file owner publishes a file and a corresponding PGP signature (*.asc) separately. The role of the signature is to certify and put a timestamp on the file. + +A typical signature (*.asc) looks like the following. + + -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- + + iQIcBAABCgAGBQJUJGhsAAoJEP1yCtnro0sc1jUP/ixNY/lKdrcMIAUoqlWKNE8f + sj4SFiwREMew76w66GASDF03fa5zPX6EsS2kucgx8ZsfEiSmN5T0y2P/aSaXwZqF + kywZVEzirKtca5AJ4DBzu6qrt9GgSw6JBJVv1oBJCMNyO+eAj341paR3MudvnyQz + H/N5tc4Qcilzy6M184opGIzy4ipEmMXfLHsd7WJpAyn+tO/z3uhh9NkNuygZpaFr + olpSWPE8revdDJyfMfSmb3ZrFmhLn7FCEltOi+a7SluvrMclizfnbec9rgLJtjo0 + CPDZY7tsWmmL0DA3VvpMVqGvkg/Dyhpn2IIDrNaLAlvGQ5aovf+4tjad5IHvyaWx + 4Gds93G6Hqvv5RwGx7OR3hgt2o0Y+qFsVDxVnPxerGhXeJXHzSDwLQMpdj9IoSU + Ae/53XXnxqSN6POZcwHiHvbsv0pdlg0Ea0dDAAN0ZeINNyZf1R0tLjWkcgpvGCtv + qkJuYFF9W9cWHraPY2ov5Hs/JZzPcG0eVpnDdzfOOH1gDKADq9A5D2X5QJCulsh9 + WwU3X+E43OqIsoRzBucItD9HhZbEH7t8Q0xAqnAkgU3hriZp3dN4cnMfhM6I9hli + EmpSpLKCceMexu2o9QgzGXVm+AGZJe4QkuwAhRIccp5JDMVny61UlKTasjy6co8h + 5GBhhYybPEFM+G1BODMd + =c9wo + -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- + +Let's download both the file and its signature: + + $ wget https://onionshare.org/files/0.6/OnionShare.dmg + $ wget https://onionshare.org/files/0.6/OnionShare.dmg.asc + +Now verify the PGP signature of the downloaded file. + + $ gpg --verify OnionShare.dmg.asc OnionShare.dmg + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3940/15361265960_c64f19707d_z.jpg) + +If the output of the command contains "Good signature from ", the downloaded .dmg file has been successfully authenticated and verified. If the downloaded file were tampered with in any way after the signature has been generated, the verification would fail. + +At this point you can be rest assured and trust the downloaded file. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/verify-authenticity-integrity-downloaded-file.html + +作者：[Dan Nanni][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/nanni +[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_attack +[2]:https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x334.html \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20141017 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to create a video DVD on Linux desktop.md b/sources/tech/20141017 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to create a video DVD on Linux desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0c99e920cd --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20141017 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to create a video DVD on Linux desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +How to create a video DVD on Linux desktop +================================================================================ +> **Question**: I want to create a video DVD from MP4 movie files. Is there an open-source DVD authoring tool that I can use to create a video DVD in the Linux desktop environment? + +[DeVeDe][1] is an open-source (GPLv3) DVD authoring software that allows you to create video DVD, VCD, SVCD or DivX from any number of video files. DeVeDe relies on other software such as Mplayer, FFMpeg, MEncoder, DVDAuthor, VCDImager and MKisofs for format conversion. As such, it supports a variety of popular input video/audio formats (e.g., .mp4, .avi, .mpg, .mkv). You can choose between PAL and NTSC video formats, and can add menus or subtitles. + +DeVeDe can come in handy if you want to preserve or give away a copy of your vacation, family or entertainment videos. + +### Installing Devede ### + +#### Debian, Ubuntu and derivatives: #### + + # aptitude install devede + +#### RHEL or CentOS: #### + +Enable [EPEL][2] and [Nux Dextop][3] repositories, and then run: + + # yum install devede + +#### Fedora: #### + +Enable [RPM Fusion][4] repository, and then run: + + # yum install devede + +### Creating a Video DVD with DeVeDe ### + +Launch DeVeDe and choose Video DVD from the menu. + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3930/15366785019_b5fe164573_z.jpg) + +On the next screen, a title is automatically added to the collection by DeVeDe. You can edit its caption (1), add a file (2), and then add another title. Repeat this process as many times as needed. + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3955/15550730461_e9d830ac64_z.jpg) + +The "Title properties" box allows you to choose between six actions to be performed when the current title ends. Click OK when you're done: + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3928/15554250892_061ef87db3_o.png) + +The "File properties" box is used to add a file to the current title. Click on the folder icon (upper right corner), and browse your computer for a desired file. You can also add a subtitle file by clicking the Add button right next to the subtitles box. Once you have selected a video file (and alternatively a subtitle file as well), click on OK at the bottom right corner. + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5608/15367271798_800a7ff9e9_z.jpg) + +You can add as many files as needed (only limited by the DVD capacity). + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3949/15550730511_7c3ca04026_z.jpg) + +Next, edit the menu options. You can choose a background image and audio file to play while the main menu is displayed (which is as soon as the DVD is inserted into the player). + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5614/15367271808_a4d3ba5639_z.jpg) + +Finally, click on OK in the Menu options box to go back to the main disk structure, where you will need to click Forward in order to begin creating an .iso image with a video DVD structure. + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3951/15550730531_c51e64feb9_o.png) + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5602/15366785109_c9663eb0d5_o.png) + +When DeVeDe is done creating a video DVD, we will be presented with the following box: + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3936/15550730551_0c140ea276_o.png) + +Now we can burn the .iso file (which contains a video DVD) to a disk, using [growisofs][5] or another DVD burning tool. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/create-video-dvd-linux-desktop.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.rastersoft.com/programas/devede.html +[2]:http://xmodulo.com/how-to-set-up-epel-repository-on-centos.html +[3]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/enable-nux-dextop-repository-centos-rhel.html +[4]:http://xmodulo.com/how-to-install-rpm-fusion-on-fedora.html +[5]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/burn-iso-nrg-image-dvd-command-line.html \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20141017 Linux ss Tool to Identify Sockets or Network Connections with Examples.md b/sources/tech/20141017 Linux ss Tool to Identify Sockets or Network Connections with Examples.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..09e26f1fe7 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20141017 Linux ss Tool to Identify Sockets or Network Connections with Examples.md @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +Linux ss Tool to Identify Sockets / Network Connections with Examples +================================================================================ +ss is part of the iproute2 (utilities for controlling TCP/IP networking and traffic) package. iproute2 is intended to replace an entire suite of standard Unix networking tools (often called "net-tools") that were previously used for the tasks of configuring network interfaces, routing tables, and managing the ARP table. The ss utility is used to dump socket statistics, it allows showing information similar to netstat and its able display more TCP and state information. It should also be faster as it gets its information directly from kernel space. The options used with the ss commands are very similar to netstat making it an easy replacement. + +### Usage and common options ### + +ss is very similar to netstat, by default it will show you a list of open non-listening TCP sockets that have established connection and you can shape the output with the following options: + +- **-n** - Do now try to resolve service names. +- **-r** - Try to resolve numeric address/ports. +- **-a** - Display all sockets. +- **-l** - Display listening sockets. +- **-p** - Show process using socket. +- **-s** - Print summary statistics. +- **-t** - Display only TCP sockets. +- **-u** - Display only UDP sockets. +- **-d** - Display only DCCP sockets. +- **-w** - Display only RAW sockets. +- **-x** - Display only Unix domain sockets. +- **-f FAMILY** - Display sockets of type FAMILY. Currently the following families are supported: unix, inet, inet6, link, netlink. +- **-A QUERY** - List of socket tables to dump, separated by commas. The following identifiers are understood: all, inet, tcp, udp, raw, unix, packet, netlink, unix_dgram, unix_stream, packet_raw, packet_dgram. + +### ss command examples ### + +**1.** Display all open TCP ports and the process that uses them: + + # ss -tnap + +![ss tnap](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ss-tnap.jpg) + +**2.** You can use -4 flag to display the IPv4 connections and the -6 flag to display IPv6 connections, for example: + + # ss -tnap6 + +![ss tnap6](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ss-tnap6.jpg) + +**3.** In the same manner, to show all open UDP ports you just have to replace t with n. + + # ss -tnap + +![ss unap](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ss-unap.jpg) + +**4.** To print various useful statistics you can use the -s flag: + + # ss -s + +![ss stats](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ss-stats.jpg) + +**5.** To check all connections in a different state you can use the -o flag, for example to display all the established connection: + + # ss -tn -o state established -p + +![ss est](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ss-est.jpg) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/ss-sockets-network-connection/ + +作者：[Adrian Dinu][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/adriand/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20141017 pidstat - Monitor and Find Statistics for Linux Procesess.md b/sources/tech/20141017 pidstat - Monitor and Find Statistics for Linux Procesess.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..feb459541c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20141017 pidstat - Monitor and Find Statistics for Linux Procesess.md @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +pidstat - Monitor and Find Statistics for Linux Procesess +================================================================================ +The **pidstat** command is used for monitoring individual tasks currently being managed by the Linux kernel. It writes to standard output activities for every task managed by the Linux kernel. The pidstat command can also be used for monitoring the child processes of selected tasks. The interval parameter specifies the amount of time in seconds between each report. A value of 0 (or no parameters at all) indicates that tasks statistics are to be reported for the time since system startup (boot). + +### How to Install pidstat ### + +pidstat is part of the sysstat suite that contains various system performance tools for Linux, it's available on the repository of most Linux distributions. + +To install it on Debian / Ubuntu Linux systems you can use the following command: + + # apt-get install sysstat + +If you are using CentOS / Fedora / RHEL Linux you can install the packages like this: + + # yum install sysstat + +### Using pidstat ### + +Running pidstat without any argument is equivalent to specifying -p ALL but only active tasks (tasks with non-zero statistics values) will appear in the report. + + # pidstat + +![pidstat](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/pidstat.jpg) + +In the output you can see: + +- **PID** - The identification number of the task being monitored. +- **%usr** - Percentage of CPU used by the task while executing at the user level (application), with or without nice priority. Note that this field does NOT include time spent running a virtual processor. +- **%system** - Percentage of CPU used by the task while executing at the system level. +- **%guest** - Percentage of CPU spent by the task in virtual machine (running a virtual processor). +- **%CPU** - Total percentage of CPU time used by the task. In an SMP environment, the task's CPU usage will be divided by the total number of CPU's if option -I has been entered on the command line. +- **CPU** - Processor number to which the task is attached. +- **Command** - The command name of the task. + +### I/O Statistics ### + +We can use pidstat to get I/O statistics about a process using the -d flag. For example: + + # pidstat -d -p 8472 + +![pidstat io](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/pidstat-io.jpg) + +The IO output will display a few new columns: + +- **kB_rd/s** - Number of kilobytes the task has caused to be read from disk per second. +- **kB_wr/s** - Number of kilobytes the task has caused, or shall cause to be written to disk per second. +- **kB_ccwr/s** - Number of kilobytes whose writing to disk has been cancelled by the task. + +### Page faults and memory usage ### + +Using the -r flag you can get information about memory usage and page faults. + +![pidstat pf mem](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/pidstat-pfmem.jpg) + +Important columns: + +- **minflt/s** - Total number of minor faults the task has made per second, those which have not required loading a memory page from disk. +- **majflt/s** - Total number of major faults the task has made per second, those which have required loading a memory page from disk. +- **VSZ** - Virtual Size: The virtual memory usage of entire task in kilobytes. +- **RSS** - Resident Set Size: The non-swapped physical memory used by the task in kilobytes. + +### Examples ### + +**1.** You can use pidstat to find a memory leek using the following command: + + # pidstat -r 2 5 + +This will give you 5 reports, one every 2 seconds, about the current page faults statistics, it should be easy to spot the problem process. + +**2.** To show all children of the mysql server you can use the following command + + # pidstat -T CHILD -C mysql + +**3.** To combine all statistics in a single report you can use: + + # pidstat -urd -h + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-pidstat-monitor-statistics-procesess/ + +作者：[Adrian Dinu][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/adriand/ \ No newline at end of file From 8e9a44a2b337fdda04db3042c0440b58f46806b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2014 14:44:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 13/27] =?UTF-8?q?20141017-3=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...enating Developers with Strong Language.md | 35 +++++++ ...' Best Quotes from LinuxCon Europe 2014.md | 60 ++++++++++++ ...everal games and applications in Ubuntu.md | 94 +++++++++++++++++++ 3 files changed, 189 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20141017 Linus Torvalds Regrets Alienating Developers with Strong Language.md create mode 100644 sources/news/20141017 Linus Torvalds' Best Quotes from LinuxCon Europe 2014.md create mode 100644 sources/share/20141017 UbuTricks--Script to install the latest versions of several games and applications in Ubuntu.md diff --git a/sources/news/20141017 Linus Torvalds Regrets Alienating Developers with Strong Language.md b/sources/news/20141017 Linus Torvalds Regrets Alienating Developers with Strong Language.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..caee147917 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20141017 Linus Torvalds Regrets Alienating Developers with Strong Language.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Linus Torvalds Regrets Alienating Developers with Strong Language +================================================================================ +> He didn't name anyone, but this sounds like an apology + +**Linus Torvalds talked today at LinuxCon and CloudOpen Europe, a conference organized by the Linux Foundation that reunites all the big names in the open source world. He answered a lot of questions and he also talked about the effects of the strong language he uses in the mailing list.** + +Linus Torvalds is recognized as the creator of the Linux kernel and the maintainer of the latest development version. He makes sure that we get a new RC almost every week and he is very involved in the discussions that take place in the mailing list. He doesn't really choose his words and has been blamed for using strong language with some of the developers. + +The latest problem of this kind, which surfaced in the news as well, was when [he decided to block code from a particular developer][1], after making some very harsh remarks. He is known to be very abrasive, especially when kernel developers break user space to fix something in the kernel. The same happened in this case and he basically went mental on the guy. + +### This is the closest he's been to an apology ### + +Linus Torvalds never really talked about that particular discussion since and people moved on, but recently a systemd developer talked about the strong language in the open source community and he mentioned Linus Torvalds by name. He's not known to apologize, so this admission of guilt during LinuxCon is a big step forward. The moderator asked him what single decision in the last 23 years he would change. + +"From a technical standpoint, no single decision has ever been that important... The problems tend to be around alienating users or developers and I'm pretty good at that. I use strong language. But again there's not a single instance I'd like to fix. There's a metric [expletive]load of those." + +"One of the reasons we have this culture of strong language, that admittedly many people find off-putting, is that when it comes to technical people with strong opinions and with a strong drive to do something technically superior, you end up having these opinions show up as sometimes pretty strong language," [said][2] Linus Torvalds. + +He didn't mention anyone by name or any specific incident, but the proximity to the complaints issued by Leonart Pottering, the systemd developer, seems to point towards that issue. + +It also looks like Linux kernel 3.18 RC1 will arrive later this week and we'll soon have something new to play with. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Linus-Torvalds-Regrets-Alienating-Developers-with-Strong-Language-462191.shtml + +作者：[Silviu Stahie][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie +[1]:http://news.softpedia.com/news/Linus-Torvalds-Block-All-Code-from-Systemd-Developer-for-the-Linux-Kernel-435714.shtml +[2]:http://www.linux.com/news/featured-blogs/200-libby-clark/791788-linus-torvalds-best-quotes-from-linuxcon-europe-2014 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/news/20141017 Linus Torvalds' Best Quotes from LinuxCon Europe 2014.md b/sources/news/20141017 Linus Torvalds' Best Quotes from LinuxCon Europe 2014.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a2434e23bb --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20141017 Linus Torvalds' Best Quotes from LinuxCon Europe 2014.md @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +Linus Torvalds' Best Quotes from LinuxCon Europe 2014 +================================================================================ +![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/Linus-Dirk-2014.jpg) + +Linux creator Linus Torvalds answered questions from Dirk Hohndel, Intel's chief Linux and open source technologist, on Wednesday, Oct. 15, 2014 at LinuxCon and CloudOpen Europe. + +Linus Torvalds doesn't regret any of the technical decisions he's made over the past 23 years since he first created Linux, he said Wednesday at [LinuxCon and CloudOpen Europe][1]. + +“Technical issues, even when they're completely wrong, and they have been, you can fix them later,” said Torvalds, a Linux Foundation fellow. + +![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/Linus-Torvalds-2014.jpg) + +Despite these personal issues and disagreements the community has thrived, and created the best technology they possibly can, said Linus Torvalds at LinuxCon Europe 2014. + +He does, however, regret the times he has alienated developers and users with his use of strong language on the kernel mailing list, he said. Relationships can't be so easily fixed. + +Despite these personal issues and disagreements the community has thrived, and created the best technology they possibly can. This is, Torvalds said, the ultimate goal. + +In a Q&A on stage with Dirk Hohndel, Intel's chief Linux and open source technologist, Torvalds spoke about the state of the community, the kernel development process, what it takes to be a kernel developer, and the future of Linux. Here are some highlights of the discussion. + +**1.** “The speed of development has not really slowed down the last few years. We have had around 10,000 patches every release from more than 1,000 people and the end result has been very good.” + +**2.** Dirk Hohndel: “You said you wanted subsystem maintainers to consider following the x86 model and have more than one maintainer share the role. How about applying your own advice at the top? + +Torvalds: “I'll probably have to do that someday. Right now I'm not getting a lot of complaints for not being responsive. Being responsive is one of the most important things a kernel developer at any level can be... So far, partly thanks to Git, I've been able to keep up.” + +**3.** “A lot of people want to have market share numbers, lots of users, because that's how they view their self worth. For me, one of the most important things for Linux is having a big community that is actively testing new kernels; it's the only way to support the absolute insane amount of different hardware we deal with.” + +**4.** Hohndel: “If you could change a single decision you've made in the last 23 years, what would you do differently?” + +Torvalds: “From a technical standpoint, no single decision has ever been that important... The problems tend to be around alienating users or developers and I'm pretty good at that. I use strong language. But again there's not a single instance I'd like to fix. There's a metric shitload of those.” + +**5.** “Most people even if though they don't always necessarily like each other, do tend to respect the code they generate. For Linux that's the important part. What really matters is people are very involved in generating the best technology we can.” + +**6.** “On the internet nobody can hear you being subtle.” + +**7.** “One of the reasons we have this culture of strong language, that admittedly many people find off-putting, is that when it comes to technical people with strong opinions and with a strong drive to do something technically superior, you end up having these opinions show up as sometimes pretty strong language.” + +**8.** Hohndel: What will you tell a student who wants to become the next Linus? + +Torvalds: “Find something that you're passionate about and just do it.” + +**9.** “Becoming a maintainer is easy; you just need an infinite amount of time and respond to email from random people.” + +**10.** Hohndel: “Make a bold prediction about the future of Linux.” + +Torvalds: “The boldest prediction I can say is, I will probably release rc1 in about a week.” + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linux.com/news/featured-blogs/200-libby-clark/791788-linus-torvalds-best-quotes-from-linuxcon-europe-2014 + +作者：[Libby Clark][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/41373/catid/200-libby-clark +[1]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/linuxcon-europe \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/share/20141017 UbuTricks--Script to install the latest versions of several games and applications in Ubuntu.md b/sources/share/20141017 UbuTricks--Script to install the latest versions of several games and applications in Ubuntu.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4e360db2d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/share/20141017 UbuTricks--Script to install the latest versions of several games and applications in Ubuntu.md @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +UbuTricks – Script to install the latest versions of several games and applications in Ubuntu +================================================================================ +UbuTricks is a program that helps you install the latest versions of several games and applications in Ubuntu. + +UbuTricks is a Zenity-based, graphical script with a simple interface. Although early in development, its aim is to create a simple, graphical way of installing updated applications in Ubuntu 14.04 and future releases. + +Apps will be downloaded and installed automatically. Some will require a PPA to be added to the repositories. Others will be compiled from source if no PPA is available. The compilation process can take a long time, while installing from a PPA or DEB file should be quick, depending on your download speed. + +### The install methods are as follows: ### + +- PPA – the program will be downloaded and installed from a PPA +- DEB – the program will be installed from a DEB package +- Source – the program will be compiled (may take a long time) +- Script – the program will be installed using a script provided by the developer +- Archive – the program will be installed from a compressed archive +- Repository – the program will be installed from a repository (not PPA) + +### List of applications you can install ### + +The latest versions of the following applications can be installed via UbuTricks: + +### Games ### + +- 0 A.D. +- Battle for Wesnoth (Dev) +- VCMI (Heroes III Engine) + +### File Managers ### + +- PCManFM + +### Internet ### + +- Geary +- HexChat +- QupZilla +- QuiteRSS + +### Multimedia ### + +- SMPlayer +- Transmageddon +- Kdenlive +- Fotoxx +- jAlbum +- GIMP +- Shutter +- Qmmp +- XBMC + +### Office/Ebooks/Documents ### + +- Calibre +- LibreOffice + +### Tools ### + +- Ubuntu Tweak + +### Desktop Environments ### + +- Cinnamon + +### Other ### + +- Google Earth +- Wine + +### Download and install Ubuntutricks script ### + +You can download ubuntutricks script from [here][1] Once downloaded, make it executable and either double-click the script or run it from the terminal. + +### Screenshots ### + +![](http://www.ubuntugeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/116.png) + +![](http://www.ubuntugeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/213.png) + +![](http://www.ubuntugeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/35.png) + +![](http://www.ubuntugeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/45.png) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.ubuntugeek.com/ubutricks-script-to-install-the-latest-versions-of-several-games-and-applications-in-ubuntu.html + +作者：[ruchi][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.ubuntugeek.com/author/ubuntufix +[1]:http://www.tuxarena.com/intro/files/ubutricks.sh \ No newline at end of file From a6e3c2001dda11c6020a3313cde073a7d5a2bf37 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2014 14:47:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 14/27] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...agios Remote Plugin Executor (NRPE) in Linux.md | 14 +++++++------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140910 How to set up Nagios Remote Plugin Executor (NRPE) in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20140910 How to set up Nagios Remote Plugin Executor (NRPE) in Linux.md index 2f09b76fb4..af1d0267c1 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140910 How to set up Nagios Remote Plugin Executor (NRPE) in Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140910 How to set up Nagios Remote Plugin Executor (NRPE) in Linux.md @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ 你需要在你想要使用 NRPE 监控的每一台远程主机上安装 NRPE 服务。每一台远程主机上的 NRPE 服务守护进程将会与一台 Nagios 监控服务器进行通信。 -取决于所在的平台， NRPE 服务所需要的软件包可以很容易地用 apt-get 或者 yum 来安装。对于 CentOS 来说，由于 NRPE 并不在 CentOS 的仓库中，我们需要[添加 Repoforge 仓库][3]。 +NRPE 服务所需要的软件包可以很容易地用 apt-get 或者 yum 来安装，取决于所在的平台。对于 CentOS 来说，由于 NRPE 并不在 CentOS 的仓库中，我们需要[添加 Repoforge 仓库][3]。 **对于 Debian、Ubuntu 或者 Linux Mint：** @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ NRPE 守护进程的状态信息可以在系统日志中找到。对于基于 De #### 第一步：安装 NRPE 插件 #### -当 Nagios 服务器运行在基于 Debian 的系统（Debian、Ubuntu 或者 Linux Mint）上时，需要的软件宝可以通过 apt-get 安装。 +当 Nagios 服务器运行在基于 Debian 的系统（Debian、Ubuntu 或者 Linux Mint）上时，需要的软件包可以通过 apt-get 安装。 # apt-get install nagios-nrpe-plugin @@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ NRPE 守护进程的状态信息可以在系统日志中找到。对于基于 De ### 为 NRPE 配置自定义命令 ### -#### 远程服务器上的配置 #### +#### 远程服务器上安装 #### 下面列出了一些可以用于 NRPE 的自定义命令。这些命令在远程服务器的 /etc/nagios/nrpe.cfg 文件中定义。 @@ -193,9 +193,9 @@ NRPE 守护进程的状态信息可以在系统日志中找到。对于基于 De ## 当 process_ABC 的实例数量跌到 1 以下时严重警告 ## command[check_process_XYZ]=/usr/lib/nagios/plugins/check_procs -w 1: -c 1: -C process_XYZ -#### Nagios 监控服务器上的配置 #### +#### Nagios 监控服务器上安装 #### -我们通过修改 Nagios 监控服务器里的服务定义来应用上面定义的自定义命令。服务定义可以写在所有服务被定义的地方（比如 /etc/nagios/objects/nrpe.cfg 或 /etc/nagios3/conf.d/nrpe.cfg） +我们通过如下命令来修改 Nagios 监控服务器里的服务定义来应用上面定义的自定义命令。服务定义可以写在所有服务被定义的地方（比如 /etc/nagios/objects/nrpe.cfg 或 /etc/nagios3/conf.d/nrpe.cfg） ## 示例 1：检查进程 XYZ ## define service { @@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ NRPE 守护进程的状态信息可以在系统日志中找到。对于基于 De use generic-service } -总而言之，NRPE 是 Nagios 的一个强大的扩展，它提供了高度可定制的远程服务器监控方案。使用 NRPE，我们可以监控系统的负载、运行的进程、已登录的用户、磁盘状态，以及其它的指标。 +总而言之，NRPE 是 Nagios 的一个强大的扩展，它提供了高度可定制的远程服务器监控方案。使用 NRPE，我们可以监控系统的负载、运行的进程、已登录的用户、磁盘状态，以及其它参数。 希望这些可以帮到你。 @@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/03/nagios-remote-plugin-executor-nrpe-linux.html 作者：[Sarmed Rahman][a] 译者：[felixonmars](https://github.com/felixonmars) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 9edc559b22c946c25f6bde9d374f62412c142f16 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2014 14:59:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 15/27] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...sting Funny Commands of Linux (Fun in Terminal) – Part II.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140829 6 Interesting Funny Commands of Linux (Fun in Terminal) – Part II.md b/translated/tech/20140829 6 Interesting Funny Commands of Linux (Fun in Terminal) – Part II.md index b42da05894..f535456f2f 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140829 6 Interesting Funny Commands of Linux (Fun in Terminal) – Part II.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140829 6 Interesting Funny Commands of Linux (Fun in Terminal) – Part II.md @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ # sudo apt-get install pv [在基于 Debian 的系统上] -'**pv**' 命令安装成功之后, 我们尝试输入下面的命令来在终端查看实时文字输出的效果. +'**pv**' 命令安装成功之后, 我们尝试输入下面的命令来在终端查看实时文字输出的效果. $ echo "Tecmint[dot]com is a community of Linux Nerds and Geeks" | pv -qL 10 From 6b0814f415db18ecc2c2ce4fb0c9eb55a41fc9d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2014 17:46:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 16/27] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ds of Linux (Fun in Terminal) – Part II.md | 32 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140829 6 Interesting Funny Commands of Linux (Fun in Terminal) – Part II.md b/translated/tech/20140829 6 Interesting Funny Commands of Linux (Fun in Terminal) – Part II.md index f535456f2f..84dc635d0d 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140829 6 Interesting Funny Commands of Linux (Fun in Terminal) – Part II.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140829 6 Interesting Funny Commands of Linux (Fun in Terminal) – Part II.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -6个有趣的命令行工具(终端中的乐趣) - 第二部分 +6个有趣的Linux命令行工具(终端中的乐趣)—— 第二部分 ================================================================================ -在之前, 我们给出类一些有关有趣的 Linux 命令行命令的文章, 这些文章告诉我们, Linux 并不像看起来那样复杂, 如果我们知道如何使用的话, 反而会非常有趣. Linux 命令行可以简洁而完美地执行一些复杂的任务, 并且十分有趣. +之前, 我们展示了一些有关有趣的 Linux 命令行命令的文章, 这些文章告诉我们, Linux 并不像看起来那样复杂, 如果我们知道如何使用的话, 反而会非常有趣. Linux 命令行可以简洁而完美地执行一些复杂的任务, 并且十分有趣. - [Linux命令及Linux终端的20个趣事][3] - [Fun in Linux Terminal – Play with Word and Character Counts][2] @@ -8,32 +8,32 @@ ![Funny Linux Commands](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Funny-Linux-Commands.png) 有趣的 Linux 命令 -之前的一篇文章包含了 20 个有趣的 Linux 命令/脚本(和子命令), 得到了读者的高度赞扬. 而另一篇文章则包含了一些处理文字文件, 单词和字符串的命令/脚本和改进, 虽然没有之前那篇文章那么受欢迎. +前者包含了20个有趣的 Linux 命令/脚本(和子命令), 得到了读者的高度赞扬. 而另一篇文章虽然没有之前那篇文章那么受欢迎，包含了一些命令/脚本和改进，让你能够玩儿转文本文件、单词和字符串. -这篇文章介绍了一些新的有趣的命令和单行脚本. +这篇文章介绍了一些新的有趣命令和单行脚本，一定会让你感到欣喜. ### 1. pv 命令 ### -你也许曾经看见电影里的模仿文字, 它们好像是被实时打出来的. 如果我么能在终端里实现这样的效果, 那不是很好? +你也许曾经看到过电影里的模拟字幕, 它们好像是被实时敲打出来的. 如果我么能在终端里实现这样的效果, 那不是很好? -这是可以做到的. 我们可以安装通过 '**apt**' 或者 '**yum**' 工具在 Linux 系统上安装 '**pv**' 命令. 安装命令如下? +这是可以做到的. 我们可以安装通过 '**apt**' 或者 '**yum**' 工具在 Linux 系统上安装 '**pv**' 命令. 安装命令如下. # yum install pv [在基于 RedHat 的系统上] # sudo apt-get install pv [在基于 Debian 的系统上] -'**pv**' 命令安装成功之后, 我们尝试输入下面的命令来在终端查看实时文字输出的效果. +'**pv**' 命令安装成功之后, 我们尝试运行下面的单行命令在终端查看实时文字输出的效果. $ echo "Tecmint[dot]com is a community of Linux Nerds and Geeks" | pv -qL 10 ![pv command in action](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/pv-command.gif) 正在运行的 pv 命令 -**注意**: '**q**' 选项表示'安静'(没有其他输出信息), '**L**' 选项表示每秒转化的字节数上限. 数字变量(必须是整数)用来调整预设的文本模拟.(To be fixed: 这里翻译有问题) +**注意**: '**q**' 选项表示'安静'，没有其他输出信息, '**L**' 选项表示每秒转化的字节数上限. 数字变量可以调整任何一个方向(必须是整数) 来获得所需的模拟文本. ### 2. toilet 命令 ### -用单行命令 '**toilet**' 在终端里显示有边框的文字值一个不错的主意. 同样, 你必须保证 '**toilet**' 已经安装在你的电脑上. 如果没有的话, 请使用 apt 或 yum 安装. (译者注: 'toilet' 并不在 Fedora 的官方仓库里, 你可以从 github 上下载源代码来安装) +用单行脚本命令 '**toilet**' 在终端里显示一个添加边框的文本怎么样呢？同样, 你必须保证 '**toilet**' 已经安装在你的电脑上. 如果没有的话, 请使用 apt 或 yum 安装. (译者注: 'toilet' 并不在 Fedora 的官方仓库里, 你可以从 github 上下载源代码来安装) $ while true; do echo “$(date | toilet -f term -F border –Tecmint)”; sleep 1; done @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ ### 4. aview 命令 ### -你认为在终端用 ASCII 格式显示图片怎么样? 我们必须用 apt 或 yum 安装软件包 '**aview**'. (译者注: 'avieww' 不在 Fedora 的官方仓库中, 可以从 aview 的[项目主页][4]上下载源代码来安装. ) 在当前文件夹下有一个名为 '**elephant.jpg**' 的图片, 我想用 ASCII 模式在终端查看. +你觉得在终端用 ASCII 格式显示图片怎么样? 我们必须用 apt 或 yum 安装软件包 '**aview**'. (译者注: 'avieww' 不在 Fedora 的官方仓库中, 可以从 aview 的[项目主页][4]上下载源代码来安装. ) 在当前工作目录下有一个名为 '**elephant.jpg**' 的图片, 我想用 ASCII 模式在终端查看. $ asciiview elephant.jpg -driver curses @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ ### 5. xeyes 命令 ### -在上一篇文章中, 我们介绍了 '**oneko**' 命令, 它可以显示一个追随鼠标指针运动的小老鼠. '**xeyes**' 是一个类似的程序, 当你运行程序时, 你可以看见两个怪物的眼球追随鼠标的运动. +在上一篇文章中, 我们介绍了 '**oneko**' 命令, 它可以显示一个追随鼠标指针运动的小老鼠. '**xeyes**' 是一个类似的图形程序, 当你运行它, 你可以看见小怪物的两个眼球追随你的鼠标运动. $ xeyes @@ -75,29 +75,29 @@ $ cowsay -l -蟒蛇吃大象怎么样? +如何用ASCII描绘蛇吞象？ $ cowsay -f elephant-in-snake Tecmint is Best ![cowsay command in action](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/cowsay.gif) 正在运行的 cowsay 命令 -山羊怎么样? +换作山羊又会怎样？ $ cowsay -f gnu Tecmint is Best ![cowsay goat in action](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/cowsay-goat.gif) 正在运行的 山羊cowsay 命令 -今天就到这里吧. 我将带着另一篇有趣的文章回来. 跟踪 Tecmint 来获得最新消息. 不要忘记在下面的评论里留下你的有价值的回复. +今天就到这里吧. 我将带着另一篇有趣的文章回来. 不要忘记在下面留下您的评论. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.tecmint.com/linux-funny-commands/ -作者：[Avishek Kumar][a] +作者：[Avishek Kumar][a] 译者：[wangjiezhe](https://github.com/wangjiezhe) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 645b85a68f7f5b9ee4e056ad65c3829c5eed0f0f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: johnhoow Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2014 21:58:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 17/27] johnhoow translating... --- ...idstat - Monitor and Find Statistics for Linux Procesess.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20141017 pidstat - Monitor and Find Statistics for Linux Procesess.md b/sources/tech/20141017 pidstat - Monitor and Find Statistics for Linux Procesess.md index feb459541c..401e88b7ac 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20141017 pidstat - Monitor and Find Statistics for Linux Procesess.md +++ b/sources/tech/20141017 pidstat - Monitor and Find Statistics for Linux Procesess.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +johnhoow translating... pidstat - Monitor and Find Statistics for Linux Procesess ================================================================================ The **pidstat** command is used for monitoring individual tasks currently being managed by the Linux kernel. It writes to standard output activities for every task managed by the Linux kernel. The pidstat command can also be used for monitoring the child processes of selected tasks. The interval parameter specifies the amount of time in seconds between each report. A value of 0 (or no parameters at all) indicates that tasks statistics are to be reported for the time since system startup (boot). @@ -85,4 +86,4 @@ via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-pidstat-monitor-statistics-proceses 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/adriand/ \ No newline at end of file +[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/adriand/ From 6953f703fecb944a953e0735fd1769d2aa87f4eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Sat, 18 Oct 2014 00:00:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 18/27] =?UTF-8?q?20141017-4=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98=20wxy=20?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8E=A8=E8=8D=90=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...dropping Linux and returning to Windows.md | 46 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 46 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20141017 Munich sheds light on the cost of dropping Linux and returning to Windows.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20141017 Munich sheds light on the cost of dropping Linux and returning to Windows.md b/sources/tech/20141017 Munich sheds light on the cost of dropping Linux and returning to Windows.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3c41c2e39a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20141017 Munich sheds light on the cost of dropping Linux and returning to Windows.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +Munich sheds light on the cost of dropping Linux and returning to Windows +================================================================================ +> **Summary**: The mayor of Munich has revealed that abandoning Linux and returning to Windows, after spending years moving away from Microsoft, would cost the German city millions of euros. + +The mayor of Munich has revealed the cost of reversing its move to Linux from Windows will run into millions of euros in hardware alone. + +Earlier this year the newly elected mayors of Munich raised the possibility the city could return to Windows, despite the authority having [spent years switching to a Linux-based OS and free software][1]. + +Munich's adoption of open source software continues to generate debate, as one of best known examples of a large organisation swapping Microsoft for Linux on the desktop. Since Munich began its migration in 2004, a number of German authorities have [followed a similar path][2]. + +No [return to using Windows as the main desktop OS is planned][3], but the council is intending to conduct a study to see which operating systems and software packages - both proprietary and open source - best fit its needs. The audit would also take into account the work already carried out to move the council to free software. + +Now in [a response to Munich's Green Party][4] the mayor Dieter Reiter has revealed the cost of returning to Windows. + +Reiter said that moving to Windows 7 would require the council to replace all the PCs for its 14,000-plus staff, a move he said would cost €3.15 million. That figure did not include software licensing and infrastructure costs, which Reiter said could not be calculated without further planning. He said a move to Windows 8 would be far more costly. + +Reiter said going back to Microsoft would mean writing off about €14m of work it had carried out to shift to [Limux][5], OpenOffice and other free software. Work on project implementation, support, training, modifying systems, licensing of Limux-specific software, on setting up Limux and migrating from Microsoft Office would have to be shelved, he said. + +He also revealed that the move to Limux had saved the council about €11m in licensing and hardware costs, as the Ubuntu-based Limux operating system was less demanding than if it had upgraded to a newer version of Windows. + +In the response Reiter addressed reports that he had told Stadtbild magazine that he was a Microsoft fan, saying his personal beliefs had no bearing on the IT audit. + +"Since my interview in Stadtbild in which I was portrayed as a Microsoft fan, I have received much correspondence about whether our IT can satisfactorily meet the needs of users at all times and whether it’s powerful enough for a modern metropolitan authority. + +"There are many aspects to this, one of which is the corresponding user satisfaction. It's not about my personal taste, nor my individual experiences with open source." + +Suggestions the decision to hold an audit was driven by complaints from staff about the shift to open source were not substantiated in Reiter's response. He said a workplace questionnaire had generated responses from staff relating to a range of IT issues and not just the Limux OS. + +He also addressed a question about the relative security and Windows and Linux-based OSes. Reiter referred to a recent study by the German national security agency BSI, which found that Linux had a higher number of vulnerabilities than Windows but a smaller proporition of critical ones. However, he added the comparison was open to interpretation. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.zdnet.com/munich-sheds-light-on-the-cost-of-dropping-linux-and-returning-to-windows-7000034718/ + +作者：[Avishek Kumar][a] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.zdnet.com/meet-the-team/uk/nick-heath/ +[1]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-munich-rejected-steve-ballmer-and-kicked-microsoft-out-of-the-city/ +[2]:http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/european-technology/its-not-just-munich-open-source-gains-new-ground-in-germany/ +[3]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/no-munich-isnt-about-to-ditch-free-software-and-move-back-to-windows/ +[4]:http://www.ris-muenchen.de/RII2/RII/DOK/ANTRAG/3456728.pdf +[5]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiMux \ No newline at end of file From bb3f56b34eff5ce6cf30783af9bd497938b10ece Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 18 Oct 2014 13:00:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 19/27] PUB:20141017 Munich sheds light on the cost of dropping Linux and returning to Windows --- ...dropping Linux and returning to Windows.md | 45 ++++++++++++++++++ ...dropping Linux and returning to Windows.md | 46 ------------------- 2 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20141017 Munich sheds light on the cost of dropping Linux and returning to Windows.md delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20141017 Munich sheds light on the cost of dropping Linux and returning to Windows.md diff --git a/published/20141017 Munich sheds light on the cost of dropping Linux and returning to Windows.md b/published/20141017 Munich sheds light on the cost of dropping Linux and returning to Windows.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2ecd9b0989 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20141017 Munich sheds light on the cost of dropping Linux and returning to Windows.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +慕尼黑市市长透露重返 Windows 的费用 +================================================================================ +> **摘要**: 慕尼黑市市长透露了在该市摆脱微软十年之后再次放弃 Linux 重返 Windows 的费用，大约需要数以百万计的欧元。 + +慕尼黑市市长透露，重返 Windows 将需要花费上百万欧元购买新的硬件。 + +今年早些时候，该市新当选的市长提出慕尼黑可能重返 Windows，尽管市当局[用了若干年才迁移到基于 Linux 的操作系统和开源软件][1]（摘要译文：http://linux.cn/article-2294-1.html）。 + +作为最著名的从微软迁移到 Linux 桌面系统的案例，慕尼黑投向开源软件的做法一直引发各种争议和讨论。慕尼黑的迁移始于2004年，还有一些德国的地方当局也[追随它的脚步转向开源][2]。 + +目前还没有[制定好返回 Windows 桌面的计划][3]，但是当局正在调研哪种操作系统和软件包（包括专有软件和开源软件）更适合他们的需求。调研报告也将统计迁移到开源软件所花费的费用。 + +Dieter Reiter市长在[回应慕尼黑的绿党的问询][4]时透露了重返 Windows 的费用。 + +Reiter 说，迁移到 Windows 7 需要替换它14000名以上的职员的所有个人电脑，此举将花费 315万欧元。这还没有包括软件许可证费用和基础设施的投入，Reiter 说由于没有进一步计划，所以还没办法测算。他说，如果迁移到 Windows 8 将花费更多。 + +Reiter 说，返回微软将导致迁移到 [Limux][5]、OpenOffice 及其它开源开源所花费的1400万欧元打了水漂。而部署 Limux 并从微软 Office 迁移的项目实施、支持、培训、修改系统以及 Limux 相关软件的授权等工作都将被搁置，他补充道。 + +他还透露说，（之前）迁移到 Limux 为市政府节约了大概1100万欧元的许可证和硬件费用，因为基于 Ubuntu 的 Limux 操作系统要比升级较新版本的 Windows 对硬件的需要要低。 + +在这个回应中 Reiter 告诉 Stadtbild 杂志说，他是微软的粉丝，但是这并不会影响到这份 IT 审计报告。 + +“在接受 Stadtbild 杂志的采访中我透露我是微软粉丝后，我就收到了大量的信件，询问我们的 IT 团队是否能令人满意的满足用户在任何时候的需求，以及是否有足够的能力为一个现代化大都市的政府服务。” + +“这件事有许多方面，用户满意度是其中之一。这和我个人偏好无关，也和我在开源方面的经验无关。” + +在他的回应中，并不是由于职员们的对迁移到开源的抱怨而导致本次审计的决定。他说，这是来自对职员在 IT 方面的调查而产生的审计，并不独是 Limux OS。 + +他还提到了一个 Windows 和基于 Linux 的操作系统的相对安全的问题。他指出，根据德国国家安全局 BSI 的信息，发现 Linux 要比 Windows 漏洞更多，不过只是使用量较少罢了。然而他也补充说，这种比较也许有不同的解释。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.zdnet.com/munich-sheds-light-on-the-cost-of-dropping-linux-and-returning-to-windows-7000034718/ + +作者：[Avishek Kumar][a] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.zdnet.com/meet-the-team/uk/nick-heath/ +[1]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-munich-rejected-steve-ballmer-and-kicked-microsoft-out-of-the-city/ +[2]:http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/european-technology/its-not-just-munich-open-source-gains-new-ground-in-germany/ +[3]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/no-munich-isnt-about-to-ditch-free-software-and-move-back-to-windows/ +[4]:http://www.ris-muenchen.de/RII2/RII/DOK/ANTRAG/3456728.pdf +[5]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiMux \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20141017 Munich sheds light on the cost of dropping Linux and returning to Windows.md b/sources/tech/20141017 Munich sheds light on the cost of dropping Linux and returning to Windows.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3c41c2e39a..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20141017 Munich sheds light on the cost of dropping Linux and returning to Windows.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,46 +0,0 @@ -Munich sheds light on the cost of dropping Linux and returning to Windows -================================================================================ -> **Summary**: The mayor of Munich has revealed that abandoning Linux and returning to Windows, after spending years moving away from Microsoft, would cost the German city millions of euros. - -The mayor of Munich has revealed the cost of reversing its move to Linux from Windows will run into millions of euros in hardware alone. - -Earlier this year the newly elected mayors of Munich raised the possibility the city could return to Windows, despite the authority having [spent years switching to a Linux-based OS and free software][1]. - -Munich's adoption of open source software continues to generate debate, as one of best known examples of a large organisation swapping Microsoft for Linux on the desktop. Since Munich began its migration in 2004, a number of German authorities have [followed a similar path][2]. - -No [return to using Windows as the main desktop OS is planned][3], but the council is intending to conduct a study to see which operating systems and software packages - both proprietary and open source - best fit its needs. The audit would also take into account the work already carried out to move the council to free software. - -Now in [a response to Munich's Green Party][4] the mayor Dieter Reiter has revealed the cost of returning to Windows. - -Reiter said that moving to Windows 7 would require the council to replace all the PCs for its 14,000-plus staff, a move he said would cost €3.15 million. That figure did not include software licensing and infrastructure costs, which Reiter said could not be calculated without further planning. He said a move to Windows 8 would be far more costly. - -Reiter said going back to Microsoft would mean writing off about €14m of work it had carried out to shift to [Limux][5], OpenOffice and other free software. Work on project implementation, support, training, modifying systems, licensing of Limux-specific software, on setting up Limux and migrating from Microsoft Office would have to be shelved, he said. - -He also revealed that the move to Limux had saved the council about €11m in licensing and hardware costs, as the Ubuntu-based Limux operating system was less demanding than if it had upgraded to a newer version of Windows. - -In the response Reiter addressed reports that he had told Stadtbild magazine that he was a Microsoft fan, saying his personal beliefs had no bearing on the IT audit. - -"Since my interview in Stadtbild in which I was portrayed as a Microsoft fan, I have received much correspondence about whether our IT can satisfactorily meet the needs of users at all times and whether it’s powerful enough for a modern metropolitan authority. - -"There are many aspects to this, one of which is the corresponding user satisfaction. It's not about my personal taste, nor my individual experiences with open source." - -Suggestions the decision to hold an audit was driven by complaints from staff about the shift to open source were not substantiated in Reiter's response. He said a workplace questionnaire had generated responses from staff relating to a range of IT issues and not just the Limux OS. - -He also addressed a question about the relative security and Windows and Linux-based OSes. Reiter referred to a recent study by the German national security agency BSI, which found that Linux had a higher number of vulnerabilities than Windows but a smaller proporition of critical ones. However, he added the comparison was open to interpretation. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.zdnet.com/munich-sheds-light-on-the-cost-of-dropping-linux-and-returning-to-windows-7000034718/ - -作者：[Avishek Kumar][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.zdnet.com/meet-the-team/uk/nick-heath/ -[1]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-munich-rejected-steve-ballmer-and-kicked-microsoft-out-of-the-city/ -[2]:http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/european-technology/its-not-just-munich-open-source-gains-new-ground-in-germany/ -[3]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/no-munich-isnt-about-to-ditch-free-software-and-move-back-to-windows/ -[4]:http://www.ris-muenchen.de/RII2/RII/DOK/ANTRAG/3456728.pdf -[5]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiMux \ No newline at end of file From 23151a81a11dd96617e89dc984b75736b999a6e2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: zhengsihua Date: Sat, 18 Oct 2014 13:17:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 20/27] [Translating] Linux ss Tool to Identify Sockets / Network Connections with Examples --- ... to Identify Sockets or Network Connections with Examples.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20141017 Linux ss Tool to Identify Sockets or Network Connections with Examples.md b/sources/tech/20141017 Linux ss Tool to Identify Sockets or Network Connections with Examples.md index 09e26f1fe7..44441d22f2 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20141017 Linux ss Tool to Identify Sockets or Network Connections with Examples.md +++ b/sources/tech/20141017 Linux ss Tool to Identify Sockets or Network Connections with Examples.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Translating-----geekpi + Linux ss Tool to Identify Sockets / Network Connections with Examples ================================================================================ ss is part of the iproute2 (utilities for controlling TCP/IP networking and traffic) package. iproute2 is intended to replace an entire suite of standard Unix networking tools (often called "net-tools") that were previously used for the tasks of configuring network interfaces, routing tables, and managing the ARP table. The ss utility is used to dump socket statistics, it allows showing information similar to netstat and its able display more TCP and state information. It should also be faster as it gets its information directly from kernel space. The options used with the ss commands are very similar to netstat making it an easy replacement. From c7741a2cac42b299ee4d6934b5928d77a2d8a052 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: zhengsihua Date: Sat, 18 Oct 2014 13:42:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 21/27] [Translated] Linux ss Tool to Identify Sockets / Network Connections with Examples --- ...ts or Network Connections with Examples.md | 67 ------------------- ...ts or Network Connections with Examples.md | 65 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 65 insertions(+), 67 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20141017 Linux ss Tool to Identify Sockets or Network Connections with Examples.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20141017 Linux ss Tool to Identify Sockets or Network Connections with Examples.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20141017 Linux ss Tool to Identify Sockets or Network Connections with Examples.md b/sources/tech/20141017 Linux ss Tool to Identify Sockets or Network Connections with Examples.md deleted file mode 100644 index 44441d22f2..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20141017 Linux ss Tool to Identify Sockets or Network Connections with Examples.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,67 +0,0 @@ -Translating-----geekpi - -Linux ss Tool to Identify Sockets / Network Connections with Examples -================================================================================ -ss is part of the iproute2 (utilities for controlling TCP/IP networking and traffic) package. iproute2 is intended to replace an entire suite of standard Unix networking tools (often called "net-tools") that were previously used for the tasks of configuring network interfaces, routing tables, and managing the ARP table. The ss utility is used to dump socket statistics, it allows showing information similar to netstat and its able display more TCP and state information. It should also be faster as it gets its information directly from kernel space. The options used with the ss commands are very similar to netstat making it an easy replacement. - -### Usage and common options ### - -ss is very similar to netstat, by default it will show you a list of open non-listening TCP sockets that have established connection and you can shape the output with the following options: - -- **-n** - Do now try to resolve service names. -- **-r** - Try to resolve numeric address/ports. -- **-a** - Display all sockets. -- **-l** - Display listening sockets. -- **-p** - Show process using socket. -- **-s** - Print summary statistics. -- **-t** - Display only TCP sockets. -- **-u** - Display only UDP sockets. -- **-d** - Display only DCCP sockets. -- **-w** - Display only RAW sockets. -- **-x** - Display only Unix domain sockets. -- **-f FAMILY** - Display sockets of type FAMILY. Currently the following families are supported: unix, inet, inet6, link, netlink. -- **-A QUERY** - List of socket tables to dump, separated by commas. The following identifiers are understood: all, inet, tcp, udp, raw, unix, packet, netlink, unix_dgram, unix_stream, packet_raw, packet_dgram. - -### ss command examples ### - -**1.** Display all open TCP ports and the process that uses them: - - # ss -tnap - -![ss tnap](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ss-tnap.jpg) - -**2.** You can use -4 flag to display the IPv4 connections and the -6 flag to display IPv6 connections, for example: - - # ss -tnap6 - -![ss tnap6](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ss-tnap6.jpg) - -**3.** In the same manner, to show all open UDP ports you just have to replace t with n. - - # ss -tnap - -![ss unap](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ss-unap.jpg) - -**4.** To print various useful statistics you can use the -s flag: - - # ss -s - -![ss stats](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ss-stats.jpg) - -**5.** To check all connections in a different state you can use the -o flag, for example to display all the established connection: - - # ss -tn -o state established -p - -![ss est](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ss-est.jpg) - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/ss-sockets-network-connection/ - -作者：[Adrian Dinu][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/adriand/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/tech/20141017 Linux ss Tool to Identify Sockets or Network Connections with Examples.md b/translated/tech/20141017 Linux ss Tool to Identify Sockets or Network Connections with Examples.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a5a8841d6b --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20141017 Linux ss Tool to Identify Sockets or Network Connections with Examples.md @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +Linux中的鉴别套接字/网络的ss工具示例 +================================================================================ +ss是iproute2包的一部分（控制TCP/IP网络和流量的工具）。iproute2目标是替代先前用于配置网络接口，路由表和管理ARP表的标准Unix网络工具套装（通常称之为“net-tools”）。ss工具用于导出套接字统计，它可以显示与netstat类似的信息，且可以显示更多的TCP和状态信息。它也应该更加快因为它工作与内核空间。ss的操作和netstat很像所以这让它可以很容易就可以取代。 + +### 使用和常见选项 ### + +ss和netstat很像，默认他会显示已经建立连接的开放的非监听TCP套接字列表。并且你可以用下面的选项过滤输出： + +- **-n** - 尝试解析服务名。 +- **-r** - 尝试解析数字地址/端口。 +- **-a** - 显示所有套接字。 +- **-l** - 显示监听套接字。 +- **-p** - 显示进程人使用的套接字。 +- **-s** - 打印统计 +- **-t** - 只显示TCP套接字。 +- **-u** - 只显示UDP套接字。 +- **-d** - 只显示DCCP套接字 +- **-w** - 只显示原始套接字。 +- **-x** - 只显示Unix域套接字 +- **-f FAMILY** - 显示FAMILY套接字的类型。目前支持下面这些家族：unix、inet、inet6、link、netlink。 +- **-A QUERY** - 导出套接字列表，通过逗号分隔。可以识别下面的标识符：all、inet、tcp、udp、raw、unix、packet、netlink、unix_dgram、unix_stream、packet_raw、packet_dgram。 + +### ss 命令示例 ### + +**1.** 显示所有的的TCP端口和使用它们的进程： + + # ss -tnap + +![ss tnap](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ss-tnap.jpg) + +**2.** 你可以使用-4 标志来显示IPv4链接，-6标志来显示IPv6链接，比如： + + # ss -tnap6 + +![ss tnap6](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ss-tnap6.jpg) + +**3.** 跟上面的行为一样，你只需用n代替t就会显示所有开放的UDP端口。 + + # ss -tnap + +![ss unap](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ss-unap.jpg) + +**4.** 你可以使用-s标志来打印不同的有用的统计： + + # ss -s + +![ss stats](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ss-stats.jpg) + +**5.** 你可以使用-o标志来检查所有不同状态下的链接，比如显示所有已经建立的连接。 + + # ss -tn -o state established -p + +![ss est](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ss-est.jpg) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/ss-sockets-network-connection/ + +作者：[Adrian Dinu][a] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/adriand/ \ No newline at end of file From dd6942a9490090810cdcb6c6d9e26983866ca4d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: KayGuoWhu Date: Sat, 18 Oct 2014 16:50:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 22/27] translated --- ...and fault tolerant disk I or O on Linux.md | 140 ------------------ ...and fault tolerant disk I or O on Linux.md | 139 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 139 insertions(+), 140 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20141009 How to set up RAID 10 for high performance and fault tolerant disk I or O on Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20141009 How to set up RAID 10 for high performance and fault tolerant disk I or O on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20141009 How to set up RAID 10 for high performance and fault tolerant disk I or O on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20141009 How to set up RAID 10 for high performance and fault tolerant disk I or O on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 88fc1ead47..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20141009 How to set up RAID 10 for high performance and fault tolerant disk I or O on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,140 +0,0 @@ -[translating by KayGuoWhu] -How to set up RAID 10 for high performance and fault tolerant disk I/O on Linux -================================================================================ -A RAID 10 (aka RAID 1+0 or stripe of mirrors) array provides high performance and fault-tolerant disk I/O operations by combining features of RAID 0 (where read/write operations are performed in parallel across multiple drives) and RAID 1 (where data is written identically to two or more drives). - -In this tutorial, I'll show you how to set up a software RAID 10 array using five identical 8 GiB disks. While the minimum number of disks for setting up a RAID 10 array is four (e.g., a striped set of two mirrors), we will add an extra spare drive should one of the main drives become faulty. We will also share some tools that you can later use to analyze the performance of your RAID array. - -Please note that going through all the pros and cons of RAID 10 and other partitioning schemes (with different-sized drives and filesystems) is beyond the scope of this post. - -### How Does a Raid 10 Array Work? ### - -If you need to implement a storage solution that supports I/O-intensive operations (such as database, email, and web servers), RAID 10 is the way to go. Let me show you why. Let's refer to the below image. - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3844/15179003008_e48806b3ef_o.png) - -Imagine a file that is composed of blocks A, B, C, D, E, and F in the above diagram. Each RAID 1 mirror set (e.g., Mirror 1 or 2) replicates blocks on each of its two devices. Because of this configuration, write performance is reduced because every block has to be written twice, once for each disk, whereas read performance remains unchanged compared to reading from single disks. The bright side is that this setup provides redundancy in that unless more than one of the disks in each mirror fail, normal disk I/O operations can be maintained. - -The RAID 0 stripe works by dividing data into blocks and writing block A to Mirror 1, block B to Mirror 2 (and so on) simultaneously, thereby improving the overall read and write performance. On the other hand, none of the mirrors contains the entire information for any piece of data committed to the main set. This means that if one of the mirrors fail, the entire RAID 0 component (and therefore the RAID 10 set) is rendered inoperable, with unrecoverable loss of data. - -### Setting up a RAID 10 Array ### - -There are two possible setups for a RAID 10 array: complex (built in one step) or nested (built by creating two or more RAID 1 arrays, and then using them as component devices in a RAID 0). In this tutorial, we will cover the creation of a complex RAID 10 array due to the fact that it allows us to create an array using either an even or odd number of disks, and can be managed as a single RAID device, as opposed to the nested setup (which only permits an even number of drives, and must be managed as a nested device, dealing with RAID 1 and RAID 0 separately). - -It is assumed that you have mdadm installed, and the daemon running on your system. Refer to [this tutorial][1] for details. It is also assumed that a primary partition sd[bcdef]1 has been created on each disk. Thus, the output of: - - ls -l /dev | grep sd[bcdef] - -should be like: - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2944/15365276992_db79cac82a.jpg) - -Let's go ahead and create a RAID 10 array with the following command: - - # mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=10 --raid-devices=4 /dev/sd[bcde]1 --spare-devices=1 /dev/sdf1 - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2946/15365277042_28a100baa2_z.jpg) - -When the array has been created (it should not take more than a few minutes), the output of: - - # mdadm --detail /dev/md0 - -should look like: - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2946/15362417891_7984c6a05f_o.png) - -A couple of things to note before we proceed further. - -1. **Used Dev Space** indicates the capacity of each member device used by the array. - -2. **Array Size** is the total size of the array. For a RAID 10 array, this is equal to (N*C)/M, where N: number of active devices, C: capacity of active devices, M: number of devices in each mirror. So in this case, (N*C)/M equals to (4*8GiB)/2 = 16GiB. - -3. **Layout** refers to the fine details of data layout. The possible layout values are as follows. - ----------- - -- **n** (default option): means near copies. Multiple copies of one data block are at similar offsets in different devices. This layout yields similar read and write performance than that of a RAID 0 array. - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2941/15365413092_0aa41505c2_o.png) - -- **o** indicates offset copies. Rather than the chunks being duplicated within a stripe, whole stripes are duplicated, but are rotated by one device so duplicate blocks are on different devices. Thus subsequent copies of a block are in the next drive, one chunk further down. To use this layout for your RAID 10 array, add --layout=o2 to the command that is used to create the array. - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2944/15178897580_6ef923a1cb_o.png) - -- **f** represents far copies (multiple copies with very different offsets). This layout provides better read performance but worse write performance. Thus, it is the best option for systems that will need to support far more reads than writes. To use this layout for your RAID 10 array, add --layout=f2 to the command that is used to create the array. - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2948/15179140458_4a803bb194_o.png) - -The number that follows the **n**, **f**, and **o** in the --layout option indicates the number of replicas of each data block that are required. The default value is 2, but it can be 2 to the number of devices in the array. By providing an adequate number of replicas, you can minimize I/O impact on individual drives. - -4. **Chunk Size**, as per the [Linux RAID wiki][2], is the smallest unit of data that can be written to the devices. The optimal chunk size depends on the rate of I/O operations and the size of the files involved. For large writes, you may see lower overhead by having fairly large chunks, whereas arrays that are primarily holding small files may benefit more from a smaller chunk size. To specify a certain chunk size for your RAID 10 array, add **--chunk=desired_chunk_size** to the command that is used to create the array. - -Unfortunately, there is no one-size-fits-all formula to improve performance. Here are a few guidelines to consider. - -- Filesystem: overall, [XFS][3] is said to be the best, while EXT4 remains a good choice. -- Optimal layout: far layout improves read performance, but worsens write performance. -- Number of replicas: more replicas minimize I/O impact, but increase costs as more disks will be needed. -- Hardware: SSDs are more likely to show increased performance (under the same context) than traditional (spinning) disks. - -### RAID Performance Tests using DD ### - -The following benchmarking tests can be used to check on the performance of our RAID 10 array (/dev/md0). - -#### 1. Write operation #### - -A single file of 256MB is written to the device: - - # dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/md0 bs=256M count=1 oflag=dsync - -512 bytes are written 1000 times: - - # dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/md0 bs=512 count=1000 oflag=dsync - -With dsync flag, dd bypasses filesystem cache, and performs synchronized write to a RAID array. This option is used to eliminate caching effect during RAID performance tests. - -#### 2. Read operation #### - -256KiB*15000 (3.9 GB) are copied from the array to /dev/null: - - # dd if=/dev/md0 of=/dev/null bs=256K count=15000 - -### RAID Performance Tests Using Iozone ### - -[Iozone][4] is a filesystem benchmark tool that allows us to measure a variety of disk I/O operations, including random read/write, sequential read/write, and re-read/re-write. It can export the results to a Microsoft Excel or LibreOffice Calc file. - -#### Installing Iozone on CentOS/RHEL 7 #### - -Enable [Repoforge][5]. Then: - - # yum install iozone - -#### Installing Iozone on Debian 7 #### - - # aptitude install iozone3 - -The iozone command below will perform all tests in the RAID-10 array: - - # iozone -Ra /dev/md0 -b /tmp/md0.xls - -- **-R**: generates an Excel-compatible report to standard out. -- **-a**: runs iozone in a full automatic mode with all tests and possible record/file sizes. Record sizes: 4k-16M and file sizes: 64k-512M. -- **-b /tmp/md0.xls**: stores test results in a specified file. - -Hope this helps. Feel free to add your thoughts or add tips to consider on how to improve performance of RAID 10. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://xmodulo.com/setup-raid10-linux.html - -作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/gabriel -[1]:http://xmodulo.com/create-software-raid1-array-mdadm-linux.html -[2]:https://raid.wiki.kernel.org/ -[3]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/create-mount-xfs-file-system-linux.html -[4]:http://www.iozone.org/ -[5]:http://xmodulo.com/how-to-set-up-rpmforge-repoforge-repository-on-centos.html \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/tech/20141009 How to set up RAID 10 for high performance and fault tolerant disk I or O on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20141009 How to set up RAID 10 for high performance and fault tolerant disk I or O on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d53d0a7a53 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20141009 How to set up RAID 10 for high performance and fault tolerant disk I or O on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,139 @@ +在Linux上组成RAID 10阵列以实现高性能和高容错性的磁盘I/O +================================================================================ +RAID 10阵列 (又名RAID 1+0 或先镜像后分区)通过结合RAID 0 (读写操作并行在多个磁盘上同时执行)和RAID 1 (数据被完全相同地写入到两个或更多的磁盘)两者的特点实现高性能和高容错性的磁盘I/O。 + +这篇文章会指导你如何使用五块相同的8GB磁盘来组成一个软件RAID 10阵列。因为组成一个RAID 10阵列至少需要4块磁盘（比如，两个镜像各有一对分区组合），而且需要添加一块额外的备用磁盘以防某块主要的磁盘出错。本文也会分享一些工具，在稍后用来分析RAID阵列的性能。 + +注意RAID 10的优缺点和其它分区方法（在不同大小的磁盘和文件系统上）的内容不在本文讨论范围内。 + +### Raid 10 阵列如何工作？ ### + +如果你需要实现一种支持I/O密集操作（比如数据库、电子邮件或web服务器）的存储解决方案，RAID 10就是你需要的。来看看为什么这么说，请看下图。 + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3844/15179003008_e48806b3ef_o.png) + +上图中的文件由A、B、C、D、E和F六种块组成，每一个RAID 1镜像对（如镜像1和2）在两个磁盘上复制相同的块。因为需要这样配置，写操作性能会因为每个块需要写入两次而下降，每个磁盘各一次；而读操作与从单块磁盘中读取相比并未发生改变。不过这种配置的好处是除非一个镜像中有超过一块的磁盘故障，否则都能保持冗余以维持正常的磁盘I/O操作。 + +RAID 0的分区通过将数据划分到不同的块，然后执行同时将块A写入镜像1、将块B写入镜像2（以此类推）的并行操作以提高整体的读写性能。在另一方面，没有任何一个镜像包含构成主存的数据片的全部信息。这就意味着如果其中一个镜像故障，那么整个RAID 0组件将无法正常工作，数据将遭受不可恢复的损失。 + +### 建立RAID 10阵列 ### + +有两种建立RAID 10阵列的可行方案：复杂法（一步完成）和嵌套法（先创建两个或更多的RAID 1阵列，然后使用它们组成RAID 0）。本文会关注复杂法创建RAID 10阵列，因为这种方法能够使用偶数或奇数个磁盘去创建阵列，而且能以单个RAID设备的形式被管理，而嵌套法则恰恰相反（只允许偶数个磁盘，必须以嵌套设备的形式被管理，即分开管理RAID 1和RAID 0）。 + +假设你的机器已经安装mdadm，并运行着相应的守护进程，细节参见[这篇文章][1]。也假设每个磁盘上已经划分出一个主分区sd[bcdef]1。使用命令 + + ls -l /dev | grep sd[bcdef] + +查看到的输出应该如下所示： + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2944/15365276992_db79cac82a.jpg) + +然后使用下面的命令创建一个RAID 10阵列： + + # mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=10 --raid-devices=4 /dev/sd[bcde]1 --spare-devices=1 /dev/sdf1 + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2946/15365277042_28a100baa2_z.jpg) + +当阵列创建完毕后（最多花费几分钟），执行命令 + + # mdadm --detail /dev/md0 + +的输出应如下所示： + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2946/15362417891_7984c6a05f_o.png) + +在更进一步之前需要注意以下事项。 + +1. **Used Dev Space**表示阵列所使用的每一块磁盘的容量。 + +2. **Array Size**表示阵列的整体大小。RAID 10阵列的大小通过(N*C)/M计算，其中N是活跃磁盘的数目，C是活跃磁盘的总容量，M是每一个镜像中磁盘的数目。在本文的情形下，这个值等于（4*8GiB）/2 = 16GiB。 + +3. **Layout**是整个数据布局的详细信息。可能的布局数值如下所示。 + +---------- + +- **n**(默认选项)：代表就近拷贝。一个数据块的多个拷贝在不同磁盘里有相同的偏移量。这种布局提供和RAID 0阵列相似的读写性能。 + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2941/15365413092_0aa41505c2_o.png) + +- **o**代表偏移量拷贝。不是复制一个分区里的块，所有的分区都被复制，但会被循环打乱，所以同一个分区中复制的块会出现在不同的磁盘。因此，一个块的后续拷贝会出现在下一个磁盘中，一个块接着一个块。为了在RAID 10阵列中使用这种布局，在创建阵列的命令中添加--layout=o2选项。 + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2944/15178897580_6ef923a1cb_o.png) + +- **f**代表远端拷贝（多个拷贝在不同的磁盘中具有不同的偏移量）。这种布局提供更好的读性能但带来更差的写性能。因此，对于读远远多于写的系统来说是最好的选择。为了在RAID 10阵列中使用这种布局，在创建阵列的命令中添加--layout=f2。 + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2948/15179140458_4a803bb194_o.png) + +跟在布局选项**n**、**f**和**o**后面的数字代表所需的每一个数据块的副本数目。默认值是2，但可以是2到阵列中磁盘数目之间的某个值。提供足够的副本数目可以最小化单个磁盘上的I/O影响。 + +4. **Chunk Size**，以[Linux RAID wiki][2]为准,是写入磁盘的最小数据单元。最佳的chunk大小取决于I/O操作的速率和相关的文件大小。对于大量的写操作，通过设置相对较大的chunks可以得到更低的开销，但对于主要存储小文件的阵列来说更小的chunk性能更好。为了给RAID 10指定一个chunk大小，在创建阵列的命令中添加**--chunk=desired_chunk_size**。 + +不幸的是，并没有设置一个大小就能适合全局的策略用来提高性能，但可以参考下面的一些方案。 + +- 文件系统：就整体而言，[XFS][3]据说是最好的，当然EXT4也是不错的选择。 +- 最佳布局：远端布局能提高读性能，但会降低写性能。 +- 副本数目：更多的副本能最小化I/O影响，但更多的磁盘需要更大的花费。 +- 硬件：在相同的环境下，SSD比传统（机械旋转）磁盘更能带来出性能提升 + +### 使用DD进行RAID性能测试 ### + +下面的基准测试用于检测RAID 10阵列（/dev/md0）的性能。 + +#### 1. 写操作 #### + +往磁盘中写入大小为256MB的单个文件： + + # dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/md0 bs=256M count=1 oflag=dsync + +写入1000次512字节： + + # dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/md0 bs=512 count=1000 oflag=dsync + +使用dsync标记，dd可以绕过文件系统缓存，在RAID阵列上执行同步写。这个选项用于减少RAID性能测试中缓存的影响。 + +#### 2. 读操作 #### + +从阵列中拷贝256KiB*15000（3.9 GB）大小内容到/dev/null: + + # dd if=/dev/md0 of=/dev/null bs=256K count=15000 + +### 使用Iozone进行RAID性能测试 ### + +[Iozone][4]是一款文件系统基准测试工具，用来测试各种磁盘I/O操作，包括随机读写、顺序读写和重读重写。它支持将结果导出为微软的Excel或LibreOffice的Calc文件。 + +#### 在CentOS/RHEL 7上安装Iozone #### + +先保证[Repoforge][5]可用，然后输入： + + # yum install iozone + +#### 在Debian 7上安装Iozone #### + + # aptitude install iozone3 + +下面的iozone命令会在RAID-10阵列中执行所有测试： + + # iozone -Ra /dev/md0 -b /tmp/md0.xls + +- **-R**：往标准输出生成兼容Excel的报告 +- **-a**：以全自动模式运行所有的测试，并测试各种记录/文件大小。记录大小范围：4K-16M，文件大小范围：64K-512M。 +- **-b /tmp/md0.xls**: 把测试结果存储到一个指定的文件中 + +希望这篇文章对你有所帮助，如果想到任何想法或建议可能会提升RAID 10的性能，请讲出来。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/setup-raid10-linux.html + +作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a] +译者：[KayGuoWhu](https://github.com/KayGuoWhu) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/gabriel +[1]:http://xmodulo.com/create-software-raid1-array-mdadm-linux.html +[2]:https://raid.wiki.kernel.org/ +[3]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/create-mount-xfs-file-system-linux.html +[4]:http://www.iozone.org/ +[5]:http://xmodulo.com/how-to-set-up-rpmforge-repoforge-repository-on-centos.html \ No newline at end of file From 725dd44b025dca7da8d3c6d1c865bd2c542c22f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: KayGuoWhu Date: Sat, 18 Oct 2014 16:57:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 23/27] translating by KayGuoWhu --- ...How to check hard disk health on Linux using smartmontools.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20141017 How to check hard disk health on Linux using smartmontools.md b/sources/tech/20141017 How to check hard disk health on Linux using smartmontools.md index 74a9680a9b..ef88153c9f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20141017 How to check hard disk health on Linux using smartmontools.md +++ b/sources/tech/20141017 How to check hard disk health on Linux using smartmontools.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +[translating by KayGuoWhu] How to check hard disk health on Linux using smartmontools ================================================================================ If there is something that you never want to happen on your Linux system, that is having hard drives die on you without any warning. [Backups][1] and storage technologies such as [RAID][2] can get you back on your feet in no time, but the cost associated with a sudden loss of a hardware device can take a considerable toll on your budget, especially if you haven't planned ahead of time what to do in such circumstances. From a028945d396f3ffd6cd933fc5731d4d433cf4da1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: barney-ro Date: Sun, 19 Oct 2014 11:16:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 24/27] [translated] 20141019 --- ... reference management software on Linux.md | 62 ------------------- ... reference management software on Linux.md | 60 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 60 insertions(+), 62 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/share/20141013 What is good reference management software on Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/share/20141013 What is good reference management software on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/share/20141013 What is good reference management software on Linux.md b/sources/share/20141013 What is good reference management software on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 5f3ee29eff..0000000000 --- a/sources/share/20141013 What is good reference management software on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,62 +0,0 @@ -barney-ro translating - -What is good reference management software on Linux -================================================================================ -Have you ever written a paper so long that you thought you would never see the end of it? If so, you know that the worst part is not dedicating hours on it, but rather that once you are done, you still have to order and format your references into a structured convention-following bibliography. Hopefully for you, Linux has the solution: bibliography/reference management tools. Using the power of BibTex, these programs can help you import your citation sources, and spit out a structured bibliography. Here is a non-exhaustive list of open-source reference management software on Linux. - -### 1. Zotero ### - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3936/15492092282_f1c8446624_b.jpg) - -Surely the most famous tool for collecting references, [Zotero][1] is known for being a browser extension. However, there also exists a convenient Linux stand alone program. Among its biggest advantages, Zotero is easy to use, and can be coupled with LibreOffice or other text editors to manage the bibliography of documents. I personally appreciate the interface and the plugin manager. However, Zotero is quickly limited if you have a lot of needs about your bibliography. - -### 2. JabRef ### - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3936/15305799248_d27685aca9_b.jpg) - -[JabRef][2] is one of the most advanced tools out there for citation management. You can import from a plethora of format, lookup entries from external databases (like Google Scholar), and export straight to your favorite editor. JabRef integrates your environment nicely, and can even support plugins. And as a final touch, JabRef can connect to your own SQL database. The only downside to all of this is of course the learning curve. - -### 3. KBibTex ### - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3931/15492453775_c1e57f869f_c.jpg) - -For KDE adepts, the desktop environment has its own dedicated bibliography manager called [KBibTex][3]. And as you might expect from a program of this caliber, the promised quality is delivered. The software is highly customizable, from the shortcuts to the behavior and appearance. It is easy to find duplicates, to preview the results, and to export directly to a LaTeX editor. But the best feature in my opinion is the integration of Bibsonomy, Google Scholar, and even your Zotero account. The only downside is that the interface seems a bit cluttered at first. Hopefully spending enough time in the settings should fix that. - -### 4. Bibfilex ### - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3930/15492453795_f5ec82f5ff_c.jpg) - -Capable of running in both Gtk and Qt environment, [Bibfilex][4] is a user friendly bibliography management tool based on Biblatex. Less advanced than JabRef or KBibTex, it is fast and lightweight. Definitely a smart choice for making a bibliography quickly without thinking too much. The interface is slick and reflects just the necessary functions. I give it extra credits for the complete manual that you can get from the official [download page][5] - -5. Pybliographer - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3929/15305749810_541b4926bd_o.jpg) - -As indicated by its name, [Pybliographer][6] is a non-graphical tool for bibliography management written in Python. I personally like to use Pybliographic as the graphical front-end. The interface is extremely clear and minimalist. If you just have a few references to export and don't really have time to learn how to use an extensive piece of software, Pybliographer is the place to go. A bit like Bibfilex, the intent is on user-friendliness and quick use. - -### 6. Referencer ### - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3949/15305749790_2d3311b169_b.jpg) - -Probably my biggest surprise when doing this list, [Referencer][7] is really appealing to the eye. Capable of integrating itself perfectly with Gnome, it can find and import your documents, look up their reference on the web, and export to LyX, while being sexy and really well designed. The few shortcuts and plugins are a good bonus along with the library style interface. - -To conclude, thanks to these tools, you will not have to worry about long papers anymore, or at least not about the reference section. What did we miss? Is there a bibliography management tool that you prefer? Let us know in the comments. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://xmodulo.com/reference-management-software-linux.html - -作者：[Adrien Brochard][a] -译者：[barney-ro](https://github.com/barney-ro) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/adrien -[1]:https://www.zotero.org/ -[2]:http://jabref.sourceforge.net/ -[3]:http://home.gna.org/kbibtex/ -[4]:https://sites.google.com/site/bibfilex/ -[5]:https://sites.google.com/site/bibfilex/download -[6]:http://pybliographer.org/ -[7]:https://launchpad.net/referencer \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/share/20141013 What is good reference management software on Linux.md b/translated/share/20141013 What is good reference management software on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cb791af3a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/share/20141013 What is good reference management software on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +Linux 上一些很好用的文献目录管理工具 +================================================================================ +你是否写过一些很长很长的文章，以至于你会认为你永远都看不到它的结束？那么你会很明白最糟糕的不是你投入了多少的时间，而是一旦你完成，你仍然要制定和格式化你的所引用的一些参考文献。很幸运的是，Linux 有很多的解决方案：参考书目和文献管理工具。借助BibTex的力量，这些工具可以帮你导入引用源，然后自动生成一个结构化文献目录。这里给大家提供了一些Linux上不完全的参考文献管理工具。 + +### 1. Zotero ### + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3936/15492092282_f1c8446624_b.jpg) + +这应该是最著名的参考文献聚集工具，[Zotero][1]作为一个浏览器的扩展插件。当然，它也有一个方便的Linux 独立工具。拥有强大的性能，Zotero 很容易上手，并且也可以和LibreOffice 或者是其他的文本编辑器配套使用来管理文档的参考文献。我个人很欣赏其操作界面和插件管理器。可惜的是，Zotero 有很快就会受到限制，如果你参考文献有很多不同的需求。 + +### 2. JabRef ### + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3936/15305799248_d27685aca9_b.jpg) + +[JabRef][2] 是最先进的文献管理工具之一。你可以导入大量的格式，可以在其外部的数据库里查找相应的条目（像Google Scholar），并且能直接输出到你喜欢的编辑器。JabRef 可以很好的兼容你的运行环境，甚至也支持插件。最后还有一点，JabRef可以连接你自己的SQL 数据库。而唯一的缺点就是其学习的难度。 + +### 3. KBibTex ### + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3931/15492453775_c1e57f869f_c.jpg) + +对于KDE 使用者，桌面环境也拥有它自己专有的文献管理工具[KBibTex][3]。正如你所期望的必须承诺交付的质量。这个程序高度可定制，通过快捷键就可以很好的操作和体验。你可以很容易找到副本，可以预览结果，也可以直接输出到LaTex 编辑器。而我认为这款软件最大的特色在于它集成了Bigsonomy ，Google Scholar ，甚至是你的Zotero账号。唯一的缺憾是界面看起来实在是有点乱。多花点时间设置软件可以让你使用起来得心应手。 + +### 4. Bibfilex ### + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3930/15492453795_f5ec82f5ff_c.jpg) + +可以运行在Gtk 和Qt 环境中，[Bibfilex][4]是一个基于Biblatex 的界面友好的工具。相对于JabRef 和KBibTex ，缺少了一些高级的功能，但这也让他更加的快速和轻巧。不用想太多，这绝对是快速做文献目录的一个聪明的选择。界面很平滑，仅仅反映了一些必要的功能。我给出了其使用的完全手册，你可以从官方的[下载页面][5]去获得。 + +5. Pybliographer + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3929/15305749810_541b4926bd_o.jpg) + +正如它的名字一样，[Pybliographer][6]是一个用Python 写的非图形化的文献目录管理工具。我个人比较喜欢把Pybiographic 当做是图形化的前端。它的界面极其简洁和抽象。如果你仅仅需要输出少数的参考文献，而且也确实没有时间去学习更多的工具软件，那么Pybliographer 确实是一个不错的选择。有一点点像Bibfilex 的是，它是以让用户方便、快速的使用为目标的。 + +### 6. Referencer ### + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3949/15305749790_2d3311b169_b.jpg) + +这应该是我归纳这些时候的一个最大的惊喜，[Referencer][7] 确实是让人眼前一亮。完美兼容Gnome ，它可以查找和导入你的文档，然后在网上查询他们的参考文献，并且输出到LyX ,非常的性感和很好的设计。为数不多的几个快捷键和插件让它拥有了图书馆的风格。 + +总的来说，很感谢这些工具软件，有了它们，你就可以不用再担心长长的文章了，至少是不用再担心参考文献的部分了。那么我们还有什么遗漏的吗？是否还有其他的文献管理工具你很喜欢？请在评论里告诉我们。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/reference-management-software-linux.html + +作者：[Adrien Brochard][a] +译者：[barney-ro](https://github.com/barney-ro) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/adrien +[1]:https://www.zotero.org/ +[2]:http://jabref.sourceforge.net/ +[3]:http://home.gna.org/kbibtex/ +[4]:https://sites.google.com/site/bibfilex/ +[5]:https://sites.google.com/site/bibfilex/download +[6]:http://pybliographer.org/ +[7]:https://launchpad.net/referencer \ No newline at end of file From b6e3b1f3d87e3461d90d086aafda1b730f2db51a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: zhengsihua Date: Sun, 19 Oct 2014 12:39:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 25/27] [Translating] How to verify the authenticity and integrity of a downloaded file on Linux --- ... authenticity and integrity of a downloaded file on Linux.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20141017 How to verify the authenticity and integrity of a downloaded file on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20141017 How to verify the authenticity and integrity of a downloaded file on Linux.md index ba53d6c20a..14410f7527 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20141017 How to verify the authenticity and integrity of a downloaded file on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20141017 How to verify the authenticity and integrity of a downloaded file on Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Translating----geekpi + How to verify the authenticity and integrity of a downloaded file on Linux ================================================================================ When you download a file (e.g., an installer, an ISO image, or a compressed archive) from the web, the file can be corrupted under a variety of error conditions, e.g., due to transmission errors on the wire, interrupted download, faulty storage hardware, file system errors, etc. Such failure cases aside, a file can also be deliberately tampered with by determined attackers during or before download. For example, an attacker with a compromised certificate authority could mount a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack, tricking you into downloading a malware-ridden file from a bogus HTTPS website. From 6a45fe37f10a1e0f80c906afb7af3ff5a96cb9c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 19 Oct 2014 21:40:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 26/27] PUB:20141013 Ubuntu's Unity Turns 4 Happy Birthday @geekpi --- ...3 Ubuntu's Unity Turns 4 Happy Birthday.md | 37 +++++++++++++++++++ ...3 Ubuntu's Unity Turns 4 Happy Birthday.md | 37 ------------------- 2 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20141013 Ubuntu's Unity Turns 4 Happy Birthday.md delete mode 100644 translated/news/20141013 Ubuntu's Unity Turns 4 Happy Birthday.md diff --git a/published/20141013 Ubuntu's Unity Turns 4 Happy Birthday.md b/published/20141013 Ubuntu's Unity Turns 4 Happy Birthday.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9b2099b13c --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20141013 Ubuntu's Unity Turns 4 Happy Birthday.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Ubuntu Unity 4岁了，生日快乐！ +================================================================================ +> Unity桌面环境在Ubuntu 10.04 Netbook Remix版本中加入，这是一个过期的旧版本。 + +**Canonical开发者以及Ubuntu社区这些天有一个很好的理由来庆祝，因为Unity桌面环境已经4岁了** + +Unity 作为Ubuntu的默认桌面环境，并且已经有4年了，虽然当时并不是该发行版的桌面版本。它首次用于Ubuntu Netbook Remix，是专为笔记本使用的版本。实际上Ubuntu Netbook Remix 10.10 Maverick市场首次接受Unity桌面。 + +常规的Ubuntu 10.10 发行版桌面仍旧使用GNOME 2.x，这也是为什么有用户说10.10 仍是Canonical做的最好的版本。 + +### Unity 是没人想要的替代品 ### + +Canonical决定用他们自己的软件替代GNOME 2.x桌面环境，但是它的设计对用户而言很陌生。一些人喜欢它，但是许多人并不这样认为，并且还被不同的用户在他们决定放弃Ubuntu的时候时不时地提到这个。 + +Unit设计视角上和GNOME不同，但是Ubuntu开发者并没有替换GNOME所有的包，并且还保留了很多（他们现在仍旧这样）。之前不喜欢Unity方向的Ubuntu的粉丝一定对GNOME 2.x被很快抛弃，且被完全不同的、同样引发相同质疑的GNOME 3.0替换感到很失望。 + +### 为什么Unity替换GNOME ### + +回到还在Ubuntu 10.10 的时光，Canonical和GNOME团队习惯于非常紧密地一起工作，但是事情在Ubuntu变得越来越流行后发生了改变。其中一个驱使Canonical构建Unity的理由是GNOME团队不再和他们一致了。 + +用户在抱怨GNOME的问题或者他们想要特定的功能时，Ubuntu团队会发给上游一些补丁。对于GNOME，它会不会接受或者会花很长的时间去实现。在同时，Canonical和Ubuntu因这些他们不能马上解决的问题受到了很多的批评，但是用户并不知道这些。 + +因此，一个与GNOME捆绑不太紧的桌面环境的需求变得非常清晰了。Unity最终在Ubuntu 11.10中引入。官方的发布日期是 2010年10月10日，所以Unity已经4岁了。 + +Unity还没有被全社区的拥抱，虽然有很多用户已经接受了这是一个有用、且可以作为一个生产桌面环境。虽然桌面的大修已经逾期了很久且势必会在一两年内完成，但是它在每个新的发行后都会获得了更多的支持和使用。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-s-Unity-Turns-4-Happy-Birthday--461840.shtml + +作者：[Silviu Stahie][a] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/news/20141013 Ubuntu's Unity Turns 4 Happy Birthday.md b/translated/news/20141013 Ubuntu's Unity Turns 4 Happy Birthday.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3993a45f42..0000000000 --- a/translated/news/20141013 Ubuntu's Unity Turns 4 Happy Birthday.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,37 +0,0 @@ -Ubuntu Unity 4岁了，生日快乐！ -================================================================================ -> Unity桌面环境在Ubuntu 10.04 Netbook Remix版本中加入，这是一个不再存在的版本。 - -**Canonical开发着以及Ubuntu社区这些天有一个很好的理由来庆祝，因为Unity桌面环境已经4岁了** - -Unity是Ubuntu的默认桌面环境，并且已经有4年了，虽然这并不是发行版的桌面版本。它首次用于Ubuntu Netbook Remix，是专为笔记本使用的版本。实际上Ubuntu Netbook Remix 10.10 Maverick市场首次接受Unity桌面。 - -常规的Ubuntu 10.10 发行版桌面仍旧使用GNOME 2.x，这也是为什么有用户说10.10 仍是Canonical做的最好的版本。 - -### Unity 是没人想要的替代品 ### - -Canonical决定用他们自己的软件替代GNOME 2.x桌面环境，但是它的设计对用户而言很陌生。一些人喜欢它，但是许多人并不这样并且还被不同的用户在他们决定放弃Ubuntu的时候还时不时地提到这个。 - -Unit设计视角上和GNOME不同，但是Ubuntu开发者并没有替换GNOME所有的包，并且还保留了很多（他们现在仍旧这样）。之前不喜欢Unity方向的Ubuntu的粉丝一定对GNOME 2.x被很快抛弃且被完全不同的同样引发相同质疑的GNOME 3.0替换感到很失望。 - -### 为什么Unity替换GNOME ### - -回到还在Ubuntu 10.10 的时光，Canonical和GNOME团队习惯与非常紧密地一起工作，但是事情在Ubuntu变得越来越流行后发生了改变。其中一个驱使Canonical构建Unity的理由是GNOME团队的是叫不再和他们一致了。 - -用户在抱怨GMOME的问题或者他们想要特定的功能。Ubuntu团队会发给上游一些补丁，对于GNOME，它不会接受或者会花很长的时间去实现。在同时，Canonical和Ubuntu被一下额他们不能解决的问题受到了很多的批评，但是用户并不知道这些。 - -因此，一个与GNOME捆绑不太紧的桌面环境的需求变得非常清晰了。Unity最终在Ubuntu 11.10中引入。因此官方的发布日期是 2010年10月10日，这让Unity已经4岁了。 - -Unity还没有被全社区的拥抱，虽然有很多用户已经接受了这是一个有用且是一个生产桌面环境。虽然桌面的大修已经逾期了很久且势必会在一两年内完成，但是它在每个新的发行后都会获得了更多的支持和停留。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-s-Unity-Turns-4-Happy-Birthday--461840.shtml - -作者：[Silviu Stahie][a] -译者：[gekepi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie \ No newline at end of file From 642e0b60e513023227f6b8eb996570a5c7ec619c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 19 Oct 2014 22:58:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 27/27] PUB:20140801 What are better alternatives to basic command line utilities MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @wangjiezhe 翻译的非常不错！也很认真。：》 --- ...natives to basic command line utilities.md | 117 ++++++++++++++++++ ...natives to basic command line utilities.md | 108 ---------------- 2 files changed, 117 insertions(+), 108 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140801 What are better alternatives to basic command line utilities.md delete mode 100644 translated/tech/20140801 What are better alternatives to basic command line utilities.md diff --git a/published/20140801 What are better alternatives to basic command line utilities.md b/published/20140801 What are better alternatives to basic command line utilities.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..eea199a31c --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140801 What are better alternatives to basic command line utilities.md @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +命令行基础工具的更佳替代品 +================================================================================ + +命令行听起来有时候会很吓人，特别是在刚刚接触的时候，你甚至可能做过有关命令行的噩梦。然而渐渐地，我们都会意识到命令行实际上并不是那么吓人，反而是非常有用。实际上，没有命令行正是每次我使用 Windows 时让我感到崩溃的地方。这种感觉上的变化是因为命令行工具实际上是很智能的。 你在任何一个 Linux 终端上所使用的基本工具功能都是很强大的， 但还远说不上是足够强大。 如果你想使你的命令行生涯更加愉悦， 这里有几个程序你可以下载下来替换原来的默认程序， 它还可以给你提供比原始程序更多的功能。 + +### dfc ### + +作为一个 LVM 使用者, 我非常喜欢随时查看我的硬盘存储器的使用情况. 我也从来没法真正理解为什么在 Windows 上我们非得打开资源管理器来查看电脑的基本信息。在 Linux 上， 我们可以使用如下命令： + + $ df -h + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3858/14768828496_c8a42620a3_z.jpg) + +该命令可显示电脑上每一分卷的大小、 已使用空间、 可用空间、 已使用空间百分比和挂载点。 注意， 我们必须使用 "-h" 选项使得所有数据以可读形式显示(使用 GiB 而不是 KiB)。 但你可以使用 [dfc][1] 来完全替代 df， 它不需要任何额外的选项就可以得到 df 命令所显示的内容， 并且会为每个设备绘制彩色的使用情况图, 因此可读性会更强。 + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5594/14791468572_a84d4b6145_z.jpg) + +另外， 你可以使用 "-q" 选项将各分卷排序， 使用 "-u" 选项指定你希望使用的单位， 甚至可以使用 "-e" 选项来获得 csv 或者 html 格式的输出. + +### dog ### + +Dog 比 cat 好， 至少这个程序自己是这么宣称的。 你应该相信它一次。 所有 cat 命令能做的事， [dog][2] 都做的更好。 除了仅仅能在控制台上显示一些文本流之外， dog 还可以对其进行过滤。 例如， 你可以使用如下语法来获得网页上的所有图片： + + $ dog --images [URL] + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5568/14811659823_ea8d22d045_z.jpg) + +或者是所有链接： + + dog --links [URL] + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3902/14788690051_7472680968_z.jpg) + +另外， dog 命令还可以处理一些其他的小任务， 比如全部转换为大写或小写， 使用不同的编码， 显示行号和处理十六进制文件。 总之, dog 是 cat 的必备替代品。 + +### advcp ### + +一个 Linux 中最基本的命令就是复制命令： cp。 它几乎和 cd 命令地位相同。 然而， 它的输出非常少。 你可以使用 verbose 模式来实时查看正在被复制的文件， 但如果一个文件非常大的话， 你看着屏幕等待却完全不知道后台在干什么。 一个简单的解决方法是加上一个进度条： 这正是 advcp (advanced cp 的缩写) 所做的！ advcp 是 [GNU coreutils][4] 的一个 [补丁版本][3]， 它提供了 acp 和 amv 命令， 即"高级"的 cp 和 mv 命令. 使用语法如下： + + $ acp -g [file] [copy] + +它把文件复制到另一个位置， 并显示一个进度条。 + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5588/14605117730_fe611fc234_z.jpg) + +我还建议在 .bashrc 或 .zshrc 中设置如下命令别名： + + alias cp="acp -g" + alias mv="amv -g" + +(译者注: 原文给出的链接已貌似失效, 我写了一个可用的安装脚本放在了我的 [gist](https://gist.github.com/b978fc93b62e75bfad9c) 上, 用的是 AUR 里的 [patch](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/advcp)。) + +### The Silver Searcher ### + +[the silver searcher][5] 这个名字听起来很不寻常（银搜索...）， 它是一款设计用来替代 grep 和 [ack][6] 的工具。 The silver searcher 在文件中搜索你想要的部分， 它比 ack 要快， 而且能够忽略一些文件而不像 grep 那样。（译者注： 原文的意思貌似是 grep 无法忽略一些文件， 但 grep 有类似选项） the silver searcher 还有一些其他的功能，比如彩色输出， 跟随软连接， 使用正则表达式， 甚至是忽略某些模式。 + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3876/14605308117_f966c77140_z.jpg) + +作者在开发者主页上提供了一些搜索速度的统计数字， 如果它们的确是真的的话， 那是非常可观的。 另外， 你可以把它整合到 Vim 中， 用一个简洁的命令来调用它。 如果要用两个词来概括它， 那就是： 智能、快速。 + +### plowshare ### + +所有命令行的粉丝都喜欢使用 wget 或其他对应的替代品来从互联网上下载东西。 但如果你使用许多文件分享网站， 像 mediafire 或者 rapidshare。 你一定很乐意了解一款专门为这些网站设计的对应的程序， 叫做 [plowshare][7]。 安装成功之后， 你可以使用如下命令来下载文件： + + $ plowdown [URL] + +或者是上传文件: + + $ plowup [website name] [file] + +前提是如果你有那个文件分享网招的账号的话。 + +最后， 你可以获取分享文件夹中的一系列文件的链接： + + $ plowlist [URL] + +或者是文件名、 大小、 哈希值等等： + + $ plowprobe [URL] + +对于那些熟悉这些服务的人来说， plowshare 还是缓慢而令人难以忍受的 jDownloader 的一个很好的替代品。 + +### htop ### + +如果你经常使用 top 命令， 很有可能你会喜欢 [htop][8] 命令。 top 和 htop 命令都能对正在运行的进程提供了实时查看功能， 但 htop 还拥有一系列 top 命令所没有的人性化功能。 比如， 在 htop 中， 你可以水平或垂直滚动进程列表来查看每个进程的完整命令名， 还可以使用鼠标点击和方向键来进行一些基本的进程操作(比如 kill、 (re)nice 等)，而不用输入进程标识符。 + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5581/14819141403_6f2348590f_z.jpg) + +### mtr ### + +系统管理员的一个基本的网络诊断工具traceroute可以用于显示从本地网络到目标网络的网络第三层协议的路由。mtr（即“My Traceroute”的缩写）继承了强大的traceroute功能，并集成了 ping 的功能。当发现了一个完整的路由时，mtr会显示所有的中继节点的 ping 延迟的统计数据，对网络延迟的定位非常有用。虽然也有其它的 traceroute的变体（如：tcptraceroute 或 traceroute-nanog），但是我相信 mtr 是traceroute 工具里面最实用的一个增强工具。 + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3884/14783092046_b3a90ab462_z.jpg) + + +总的来说， 这些十分有效的基本命令行的替代工具就像那些有用的小珍珠一样， 它们并不是那么容易被发现， 但当一旦你找到一个， 你就会惊讶你是如何忍受这么长没有它的时间！ 如果你还知道其他的与上面描述相符的工具， 请在评论中分享给我们。 + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/better-alternatives-basic-command-line-utilities.html + +作者：[Adrien Brochard][a] +译者：[wangjiezhe](https://github.com/wangjiezhe) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/adrien +[1]:http://projects.gw-computing.net/projects/dfc +[2]:http://archive.debian.org/debian/pool/main/d/dog/ +[3]:http://zwicke.org/web/advcopy/ +[4]:http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/ +[5]:https://github.com/ggreer/the_silver_searcher +[6]:http://xmodulo.com/2014/01/search-text-files-patterns-efficiently.html +[7]:https://code.google.com/p/plowshare/ +[8]:http://hisham.hm/htop/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20140801 What are better alternatives to basic command line utilities.md b/translated/tech/20140801 What are better alternatives to basic command line utilities.md deleted file mode 100644 index 32adf744e4..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/20140801 What are better alternatives to basic command line utilities.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,108 +0,0 @@ -基本的命令行工具有哪些更好的替代品 -================================================================================ -命令行听起来有时候会很吓人, 特别是在刚刚接触的时候. 你甚至可能做过有关命令行的噩梦. 然而渐渐地, 我们都意识到命令行实际上并不是那么吓人, 反而是非常有用. 实际上, 没有命令行正是每次我使用 Windows 时让我感到崩溃的地方. 这种感觉上的变化是因为命令行工具实际上是很智能的. 你在任何一个 Linux 终端上所使用的基本工具功能都是很强大的, 但还远说不上是足够强大. 如果你想使你的命令行生涯更加愉悦, 这里有几个程序你可以下载下来替换原来的默认程序, 它还可以给你提供比原始程序更多的功能给你提供比原始程序更多的功能. - -### dfc ### - -作为一个 LVM 使用者, 我非常喜欢随时查看我的硬盘存储器的使用情况. 我也从来没法真正理解为什么在 Windows 上我们得打开资源管理器来查看电脑的基本信息. 在 Linux 上, 我们可以使用如下命令: - - $ df -h - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3858/14768828496_c8a42620a3_z.jpg) - -该命令可显示电脑上每一分卷的大小, 已使用空间, 可用空间, 已使用空间百分比和挂载点. 注意, 我们必须使用 "-h" 选项使得所有数据以可读形式显示(使用 GiB 而不是 KiB). 但你可以使用 [dfc][1] 来完全替代 df, 它不需要任何额外的选项就可以得到 df 命令所显示的内容, 并且会为每个设备绘制彩色的使用情况图, 因此可读性会更强. - -![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5594/14791468572_a84d4b6145_z.jpg) - -另外, 你可以使用 "-q" 选项将各分卷排序, 使用 "-u" 选项规定你希望使用的单位, 甚至可以使用 "-e" 选项来获得 csv 或者 html 格式的输出. - -### dog ### - -Dog 比 cat 好, 至少这个程序自己是这么宣称的, 你应该相信它一次. 所有 cat 命令能做的事, [dog][2] 都做的更好. 除了仅仅能在控制台上显示一些文本流之外, dog 还可以对其进行过滤. 例如, 你可以使用如下语法来获得网页上的所有图片: - - $ dog --images [URL] - -![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5568/14811659823_ea8d22d045_z.jpg) - -或者是所有链接: - - dog --links [URL] - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3902/14788690051_7472680968_z.jpg) - -另外, dog 命令还可以处理一些其他的小任务, 比如全部转换为大写或小写, 使用不同的编码, 显示行号和处理十六进制文件. 总之, dog 是 cat 的必备替代品. - -### advcp ### - -一个 Linux 中最基本的命令就是复制命令: cp. 它几乎和 cd 命令地位相同. 然而, 它的输出非常少. 你可以使用 verbose 模式来实时查看正在被复制的文件, 但如果一个文件非常大的话, 你看着屏幕等待却完全不知道后台在干什么. 一个简单的解决方法是加上一个进度条: 这正是 advcp (advanced cp 的缩写) 所做的! advcp 是 [GNU coreutils][4] 的一个 [补丁版本][3], 它提供了 acp 和 amv 命令, 即"高级"的 cp 和 mv 命令. 使用语法如下: - - $ acp -g [file] [copy] - -它把文件复制到另一个位置, 并显示一个进度条. - -![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5588/14605117730_fe611fc234_z.jpg) - -我还建议在 .bashrc 或 .zshrc 中设置如下命令别名: - - alias cp="acp -g" - alias mv="amv -g" - -(译者注: 原文给出的链接已貌似失效, 我写了一个可用的安装脚本放在了我的 [gist](https://gist.github.com/b978fc93b62e75bfad9c) 上, 用的是 AUR 里的 [patch](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/advcp)) - -### The Silver Searcher ### - -[the silver searcher][5] 这个名字听起来很不寻常(银搜索...), 它是一款设计用来替代 grep 和 [ack][6] 的工具. The silver searcher 在文件中搜索你想要的部分, 它比 ack 要快, 而且能够忽略一些文件而不像 grep 那样.(译者注: 原文的意思貌似是 grep 无法忽略一些文件, 但 grep 有类似选项) the silver searcher 还有一些其他的功能, 比如彩色输出, 跟随软连接, 使用正则式, 甚至是忽略某些模式. - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3876/14605308117_f966c77140_z.jpg) - -作者在开发者主页上提供了一些搜索速度的统计数字, 如果它们仍然是真的的话, 那是非常可观的. 另外, 你可以把它整合到 Vim 中, 用一个简洁的命令来调用它. 如果要用两个词来概括它, 那就是: 智能, 快速. - -### plowshare ### - -所有命令行的粉丝都喜欢使用 wget 或其他对应的替代品来从互联网上下载东西. 但如果你使用许多文件分享网站, 像 mediafire 或者 rapidshare, 你一定很乐意了解一款专门为这些网站设计的对应的程序, 叫做 [plowshare][7]. 安装成功之后, 你可以使用如下命令来下载文件: - - $ plowdown [URL] - -或者是上传文件: - - $ plowup [website name] [file] - -如果你有那个文件分享网招的账号的话. - -最后, 你可以获取分享文件夹中的一系列文件的链接: - - $ plowlist [URL] - -或者是文件名, 大小, 哈希值等等: - - $ plowprobe [URL] - -对于那些熟悉这些服务的人来说, plowshare 还是缓慢而令人难以忍受的 jDownloader 的一个很好的替代品. - -### htop ### - -如果你经常使用 top 命令, 很有可能你会喜欢 [htop][8] 命令. top 和 htop 命令都能对正在运行的进程提供了实时查看功能, 但 htop 还拥有一系列 top 命令所没有的人性化功能. 比如, 在 htop 中, 你可以水平或垂直滚动进程列表来查看每个进程的完整命令名, 还可以使用鼠标点击和方向键来进行一些基本的进程操作(比如 kill, (re)nice 等), 而不用输入进程标识符. - -![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5581/14819141403_6f2348590f_z.jpg) - -总的来说, 这些十分有效的基本命令行的替代工具就像那些有用的小珍珠一样, 它们并不是那么容易被发现, 但一旦你找到一个, 你就会惊讶你是如何忍受这么长没有它的时间. 如果你还知道其他的与上面描述相符的工具, 请在评论中分享给我们. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/better-alternatives-basic-command-line-utilities.html - -作者：[Adrien Brochard][a] -译者：[wangjiezhe](https://github.com/wangjiezhe) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/adrien -[1]:http://projects.gw-computing.net/projects/dfc -[2]:http://archive.debian.org/debian/pool/main/d/dog/ -[3]:http://zwicke.org/web/advcopy/ -[4]:http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/ -[5]:https://github.com/ggreer/the_silver_searcher -[6]:http://xmodulo.com/2014/01/search-text-files-patterns-efficiently.html -[7]:https://code.google.com/p/plowshare/ -[8]:http://hisham.hm/htop/