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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (warmfrog)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (New Features Coming to Debian 10 Buster Release)
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[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/new-features-coming-to-debian-10-buster-release/)
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[#]: author: (Shirish https://itsfoss.com/author/shirish/)
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New Features Coming to Debian 10 Buster Release
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======
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Debian 10 Buster is nearing its release. The first release candidate is already out and we should see the final release, hopefully, in a few weeks.
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If you are excited about this major new release, let me tell you what’s in it for you.
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### Debian 10 Buster Release Schedule
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There is no set release date for [Debian 10 Buster][1]. Why is that so? Unlike other distributions, [Debian][2] doesn’t do time-based releases. It instead focuses on fixing release-critical bugs. Release-critical bugs are bugs which have either security issues [CVE’s][3] or some other critical issues which prevent Debian from releasing.
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Debian has three parts in its archive, called Main, contrib and non-free. Of the three, Debian Developers and Release Managers are most concerned that the packages which form the bedrock of the distribution i.e. Main is rock stable. So they make sure that there aren’t any major functional or security issues. They are also given priority values such as Essential, Required, Important, Standard, Optional and Extra. More on this in some later Debian article.
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This is necessary because Debian is used as a server in many different environments and people have come to depend on Debian. They also look at upgrade cycles to see nothing breaks for which they look for people to test and see if something breaks while upgrading and inform Debian of the same.
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This commitment to stability is one of the [many reasons why I love to use Debian][4].
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### What’s new in Debian 10 Buster Release
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Here are a few visual and under the hood changes in the upcoming major release of Debian.
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#### New theme and wallpaper
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The Debian theme for Buster is called [FuturePrototype][5] and can be seen below:
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![Debian Buster FuturePrototype Theme][6]
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#### 1\. GNOME Desktop 3.30
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The GNOME desktop which was 1.3.22 in Debian Stretch is updated to 1.3.30 in Buster. Some of the new packages included in this GNOME desktop release are gnome-todo, tracker instead of tracker-gui , dependency against gstreamer1.0-packagekit so there is automatic codec installation for playing movies etc. The big move has been all packages being moved from libgtk2+ to libgtk3+ .
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#### 2\. Linux Kernel 4.19.0-4
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Debian uses LTS Kernel versions so you can expect much better hardware support and long 5 year maintainance and support cycle from Debian. From kernel 4.9.0.3 we have come to 4.19.0-4 .
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```
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$ uname -r
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4.19.0-4-amd64
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```
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#### 3\. OpenJDK 11.0
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For a long time Debian was stuck on OpenJDK 8.0. Now in Debian Buster we have moved to OpenJDK 11.0 and have a team which will take care of new versions.
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#### 4\. AppArmor Enabled by Default
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In Debian Buster [AppArmor][7] will be enabled by default. While this is a good thing, care would have to be taken care by system administrators to enable correct policies. This is only the first step and would need fixing probably lot of scripts to be as useful as been envisioned for the user.
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#### 5\. Nodejs 10.15.2
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For a long time Debian had Nodejs 4.8 in the repo. In this cycle Debian has moved to Nodejs 10.15.2 . In fact, Debian Buster has many javascript libraries such as yarnpkg (an npm alternative) and many others.
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Of course, you can [install latest Nodejs in Debian][8] from the project’s repository but it’s good to see newer version in Debian repository.
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#### 6\. NFtables replaces iptables
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Debian buster provides nftables as a full replacement to iptables which means better and easier syntax, better support for dual-stack ipv4-v6 firewalls and more.
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#### 7\. Support for lot of ARM 64 and ARMHF SBC Boards.
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There has been a constant stream of new SBC boards which Debian is supporting, the latest amongst these are pine64_plus, pinebook for ARM64, while Firefly-RK3288, u-boot-rockchip for ARMHF 64 as well as Odroid HC1/HC2 boards, SolidRun Cubox-i Dual/Quad (1.5som), and SolidRun Cubox-i Dual/Quad (1.5som+emmc) boards, Cubietruckplus as well. There is support for Rock 64, Banana Pi M2 Berry, Pine A64 LTS Board, Olimex A64 Teres-1 as well as Raspberry Pi 1, Zero and Pi 3. Support will be out-of-the box for RISC-V systems as well.
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#### 8\. Python 2 is dead, long live Python 3
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Python 2 will be [deprecated][9] on January 1, 2020 by python.org . While Debian does have Python 2.7 efforts are on to remove after moving all packages to Python 3 to remove it from the repo. This may happen either at Buster release or in a future point release but this is imminent. So Python developers are encouraged to move their code-base to be compatible with Python 3. At the moment of writing, both python2 and python3 are supported in Debian buster.
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#### 9\. Mailman 3
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Mailman3 is finally available in Debian. While [Mailman][10] has been further sub-divided into components. To install the whole stack, install mailman3-full to get all the components.
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#### 10\. Any existing Postgresql databases used will need to be reindexed
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Due to updates in glibc locale data, the way the information is sorted in put in text indexes will change hence it would be beneficial to reindex the data so no data corruption arises in near future.
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#### 11\. Bash 5.0 by Default
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You probably have already about the [new features in Bash 5.0][11], this version is already in Debian.
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#### 12\. Debian implementing /usr/merge
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An excellent freedesktop [primer][12] on what /usr/merge brings is already shared. Couple of things to note though. While Debian would like to do the whole transition, there is possibility that due to unforseen circumstances, some binaries may not be in a position to do the change. One point to note though, /var and /etc/ will be left alone so people who are using containers or cloud would not have to worry too much :)
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#### 13\. Secure-boot support
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With Buster RC1, Debian now has secure-boot support. Which means machines which have the secure-boot bit turned on in the machine should be easily able to install Debian on such machines. No need to disable or workaround Secure boot anymore :)
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#### 14\. Calameres Live-installer for Debian-Live images
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For Debian buster, Debian Live, Debian introduces [Calameres Installer][13] instead of plain old debian-installer. While the Debian-installer has lot many features than Calameres, for newbies Calameres provides a fresh alternative to install than debian-installer. Some screenshots from the installation process.
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![Calamares Partitioning Stage][14]
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As can be seen it is pretty easy to Install Debian under Calamares, only 5 stages to go through and you can have Debian installed at your end.
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### Download Debian 10 Live Images (only for testing)
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Don’t use it on production machines just yet. Try it on a test machine or a virtual machine.
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You can get Debian 64-bit and 32 bit images from Debian Live [directory][15]. If you want the 64-bit look into 64-bit directory, if you want the 32-bit, you can look into the 32-bit directory.
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[Debian 10 Buster Live Images][15]
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If you upgrade from existing stable and something breaks, see if it is reported against the [upgrade-reports][16] psuedo-package using [reportbug][17] you saw the issue with. If the bug has not reported in the package then report it and share as much information as you can.
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**In Conclusion**
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While thousands of packages have been updated and it is virtually impossible to list them all. I have tired to list some of the major changes that you can look for in Debian buster. What do you think of it?
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://itsfoss.com/new-features-coming-to-debian-10-buster-release/
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作者：[Shirish][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/shirish/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://wiki.debian.org/DebianBuster
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[2]: https://www.debian.org/
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[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures
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[4]: https://itsfoss.com/reasons-why-i-love-debian/
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[5]: https://wiki.debian.org/DebianArt/Themes/futurePrototype
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[6]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/debian-buster-theme-800x450.png
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[7]: https://wiki.debian.org/AppArmor
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[8]: https://itsfoss.com/install-nodejs-ubuntu/
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[9]: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0373/
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[10]: https://www.list.org/
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[11]: https://itsfoss.com/bash-5-release/
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[12]: https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/TheCaseForTheUsrMerge/
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[13]: https://calamares.io/about/
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[14]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/calamares-partitioning-wizard.jpg?fit=800%2C538&ssl=1
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[15]: https://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/weekly-live-builds/
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[16]: https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/pkgreport.cgi?pkg=upgrade-reports;dist=unstable
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[17]: https://itsfoss.com/bug-report-debian/
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@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (warmfrog)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (New Features Coming to Debian 10 Buster Release)
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[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/new-features-coming-to-debian-10-buster-release/)
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[#]: author: (Shirish https://itsfoss.com/author/shirish/)
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Debian 10 Buster 发布即将到来的新特点
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=======================================
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Debian 10 Buster 即将发布。第一版发布日期已经确定，我们应该期待最终版，希望在几周内。
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如果你对这个主要的新发布版本感到激动，让我告诉你里面有什么。
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### Debian 10 Buster 发布计划
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[Debian 10 Buster][1] 的发布日期并没有确定。为什么这样呢？不像其他分发版，[Debian][2] 不是基于时间的发布版。相反地它主要关注于修复 release-critical 的 Bug。Release-critical 的 bug 不是有严重安全问题就是一些其他组织 Debian 发布的严重问题。
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Debian 在它的文档总分文三部分，叫做 Main，contrib，和 non-free。在这三者之中，Debian 开发者和发布管理者最关心的包组成了该分发版的基石。Main 是像石头一样稳定的。因此他们确保那里没有主要的基础或者安全问题。他们同样给了优先级的值例如 Essential， Required，Importanct，Standard，Optional 和 Extra。更多关于此方面的知识参考后续的 Debian 文章。
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这是必要的，因为 Debian 在很多环境中被用作服务器，人们已经变得依赖 Debian。他们同样看重升级周期是否有破环，因此他们寻找人们来测试，来查看当升级的时候是否有破坏并通知 Debian 这样的问题。
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这种提交方式带来的稳定性[是我喜欢 Debian 的众多原因之一][4]。
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这里是在即将到来的主要的 Debian 发布版的少量的视觉上的改变和内部的改变。
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#### 新的主题和壁纸
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Buster 的 Debian 主题被称为 [FuturePrototype][5] 并且看起来如下图：
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![Debian Buster FuturePrototype Theme][6]
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#### 1\. GNOME 桌面 3.30
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Debian Stretch 版中的 GNOME 桌面在 Buster 中从 1.3.22 升级到了 1.3.30。在 GNOME 桌面发布版中新包含的一些包是 gnome-todo, tracker 替代了 tracker-gui，gstreamer1.0-packagekit 的依赖，因此可以通过自动地编码解码器安装来做播放电影之类的事。对于所有包来说一个大的改变是从 libgtk2+ 到 libgtk3+。
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#### 2\. Linux 内核 4.19.0-4
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Debian 使用 LTS 内核版本，因此你可以期待更好的硬件支持和长达5年的维持和 Debian 的支持周期。我们已经从内核 4.9.0.3 到 4.19.0-4。
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```
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$ uname -r
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4.19.0-4-amd64
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```
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#### 3\. OpenJDK 11.0
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Debian 在很长时间里都是 OpenJDK 8.0。现在在 Debian Buster 里我们已经升级为 OpenJDK 11.0 并且会有一个团队维护新的版本。
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#### 4\. 默认地允许 AppArmor
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在 Debian Buster 中 [AppArmor][7] 默认是允许地。这是一个好事，谨慎是系统管理员必须考虑的事来允许正确的策略。这仅仅是第一步并且可能需要修复很多对用户来说与预期一样有用的脚本。
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#### 5\. Nodejs 10.15.2
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在很长一段时间里 Debian 在仓库中都只有 Nodejs 4.8。这这个周期里 Debian 已经移到 Nodejs 10.15.2。事实上，Debian Buster 有很多 javascript 库例如 yarnpkg （一个 nmp 的替代品）和很多其它的。
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当然，你可以从项目仓库中[在 Debian 中安装最新的 Nodejs][8]，但是从 Debian 仓库中看到更新的版本是很棒的。
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#### 6\. NFtables 替代了 iptables
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Debian Buster 提供了 nftables 作为 iptables 的完整替代，因为它有更好的更简单的语法，更好的支持双栈 ipv4-v6 防火墙并且还有更多。
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#### 7\. 支持更多的 ARM 64 和 ARMHF 的单片机。
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Debian 已经支持一些常见的新的单片机，在这些之间最新的是 pine64_plus，ARM64 的 pinebook，Firefly-RK3288， ARMHF 64 的 u-boot-rockchip 和 Odroid
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HC1/HC2 板，SolidRun Cubox-i 双核/四核 （1.5som），和 SolidRun Cubox-i 双核/四核 （1.5som+emmc）板，Cubietruckplus。同样支持 Rock 64，Banana Pi M2 Berry，Pine A64 LTS Board， Olimex A64 Teres-1 与 Rapberry Pi 1，Zero 和 Pi 3。对于 RISC-V 系统同样支持开箱即用。
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#### 8\. Python 2 死了，Python 3 长期存活
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在 2020 年 1 月 1 日，Python 2 将被 python.org 遗弃。在 Debian 将所有的软件包从 Python 2.7 移到 Python 3 以后，Python 2.7 将从软件仓库中移除。这可能发生在 Buster 发布版或者将来的某个发布版，这是即将来临的。因此 Python 开发者被鼓励移植他们的代码库来兼容 Python 3。在写的时候，在 Debian Buster 中同时支持 python2 和 pythone3。
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#### 9\. Mailman 3
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在 Debian 中最终可以获得 Mailman3。同时 [Mailman][10] 已经被细分成为组件。为了安装整个软件栈，安装 mailman3-full 来获取所有组件。
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#### 10\. 任意已存在的 Postgresql 数据库将被重新索引
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由于 glibc 本地数据的更新，放入文本索引中的信息排序的方式将会改变，因为重新索引是有益的，这样在将来就不会有数据破坏发生。
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#### 11\. 默认的 Bash 5.0
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你可能已经了解了 [Bash 5.0 的新特点][11]，在 Debian 中已经是该版本了。
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#### 12\. Debian 实现 /usr/merge
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/user/merge 带来的一个优秀的自由桌面[初级读物][12]已经被分享了。有一些事项需要注意。当 Debian 想要做整个过度时，可能由于未预见的情况，一些文件可能并没有做这些改变。有一点需要注意的是，/var 和 /etc 将不被干涉，因此使用容器或者云的不需要考虑太多 :)。
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#### 13\. 安全启动支持
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在 Buster RC1 中，Debian 现在支持安全启动。意味着有安全启动位并且打开的机器应该能够轻松安装 Debian。不再需要禁止或者处理安全启动的事 :)
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#### \14. Debian-Live 镜像的 Calameres Live-installer
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对于 Debian buster 来说，Debian Live，Debian 引入了 [Calameres 安装器][13]来替代老的 debian-installer。当 Debian-安装器 比 Calameres 有更多特点时，对于初学者，Calameres 相对于 debian-installer 提供了可替换的一个全新的安装方式。安装国政的一些截图。
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![Calamares Partitioning Stage][14]
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如图所见，在 Calamares 下安装 Debian 相当简单，只要经历 5 步骤你就能在你的终端上安装 Debian。
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### 下载 Debian 10 Live 镜像 （只用于测试）
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现在还不要将它用于生产机器。在测试机上尝试或者一个虚拟机。
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你可以获取 Debian 64-bit 和 32 位的镜像从 Debian Live [目录][15]。如果你想要 64-bit 的进入 64-bit 目录，如果你想要 32-bit 的，你可以进入 32-bit 目录。
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[Debian 10 Buster Live Images][15]
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如果你从已存在的稳定版升级并且一些东西被破坏，查看它是否在[升级报告][16]中报道，使用预安装的包 [reportbug][17] 报告你看到的问题。如果 bug 没有在包中被报道，那么请尽可能地报告和分享更多地信息。
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**总结**
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当上千个包被升级时，在视觉上是不可能全部列出的。我已经列出了一些你在 Debian buster 可以找到的一些主要的改变。你怎么看呢？
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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||||
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||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/new-features-coming-to-debian-10-buster-release/
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作者：[Shirish][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/shirish/
|
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://wiki.debian.org/DebianBuster
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[2]: https://www.debian.org/
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[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures
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||||
[4]: https://itsfoss.com/reasons-why-i-love-debian/
|
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[5]: https://wiki.debian.org/DebianArt/Themes/futurePrototype
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||||
[6]: https://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/debian-buster-theme-800x450.png
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[7]: https://wiki.debian.org/AppArmor
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[8]: https://itsfoss.com/install-nodejs-ubuntu/
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||||
[9]: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0373/
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[10]: https://www.list.org/
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[11]: https://itsfoss.com/bash-5-release/
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[12]: https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/TheCaseForTheUsrMerge/
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[13]: https://calamares.io/about/
|
||||
[14]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/calamares-partitioning-wizard.jpg?fit=800%2C538&ssl=1
|
||||
[15]: https://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/weekly-live-builds/
|
||||
[16]: https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/pkgreport.cgi?pkg=upgrade-reports;dist=unstable
|
||||
[17]: https://itsfoss.com/bug-report-debian/
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user