mirror of
https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject.git
synced 2024-12-26 21:30:55 +08:00
bingzxy
GitHub
commit
33bd6943db
@ -1,146 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (robsean)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Installing Kali Linux on VirtualBox: Quickest & Safest Way)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/install-kali-linux-virtualbox/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/)
|
||||
|
||||
Installing Kali Linux on VirtualBox: Quickest & Safest Way
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
_**This tutorial shows you how to install Kali Linux on Virtual Box in Windows and Linux in the quickest way possible.**_
|
||||
|
||||
[Kali Linux][1] is one of the [best Linux distributions for hacking][2] and security enthusiasts.
|
||||
|
||||
Since it deals with a sensitive topic like hacking, it’s like a double-edged sword. We have discussed it in the detailed Kali Linux review in the past so I am not going to bore you with the same stuff again.
|
||||
|
||||
While you can install Kali Linux by replacing the existing operating system, using it via a virtual machine would be a better and safer option.
|
||||
|
||||
With Virtual Box, you can use Kali Linux as a regular application in your Windows/Linux system. It’s almost the same as running VLC or a game in your system.
|
||||
|
||||
Using Kali Linux in a virtual machine is also safe. Whatever you do inside Kali Linux will NOT impact your ‘host system’ (i.e. your original Windows or Linux operating system). Your actual operating system will be untouched and your data in the host system will be safe.
|
||||
|
||||
![][3]
|
||||
|
||||
### How to install Kali Linux on VirtualBox
|
||||
|
||||
I’ll be using [VirtualBox][4] here. It is a wonderful open source virtualization solution for just about anyone (professional or personal use). It’s available free of cost.
|
||||
|
||||
In this tutorial, we will talk about Kali Linux in particular but you can install almost any other OS whose ISO file exists or a pre-built virtual machine save file is available.
|
||||
|
||||
**Note:** _The same steps apply for Windows/Linux running VirtualBox._
|
||||
|
||||
As I already mentioned, you can have either Windows or Linux installed as your host. But, in this case, I have Windows 10 installed (don’t hate me!) where I try to install Kali Linux in VirtualBox step by step.
|
||||
|
||||
And, the best part is – even if you happen to use a Linux distro as your primary OS, the same steps will be applicable!
|
||||
|
||||
Wondering, how? Let’s see…
|
||||
|
||||
[Subscribe to Our YouTube Channel for More Linux Videos][5]
|
||||
|
||||
### Step by Step Guide to install Kali Linux on VirtualBox
|
||||
|
||||
_We are going to use a custom Kali Linux image made for VirtualBox specifically. You can also download the ISO file for Kali Linux and create a new virtual machine – but why do that when you have an easy alternative?_
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1\. Download and install VirtualBox
|
||||
|
||||
The first thing you need to do is to download and install VirtualBox from Oracle’s official website.
|
||||
|
||||
[Download VirtualBox][6]
|
||||
|
||||
Once you download the installer, just double click on it to install VirtualBox. It’s the same for [installing VirtualBox on Ubuntu][7]/Fedora Linux as well.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2\. Download ready-to-use virtual image of Kali Linux
|
||||
|
||||
After installing it successfully, head to [Offensive Security’s download page][8] to download the VM image for VirtualBox. If you change your mind to utilize [VMware][9], that is available too.
|
||||
|
||||
![][10]
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see the file size is well over 3 GB, you should either use the torrent option or download it using a [download manager][11].
|
||||
|
||||
[Kali Linux Virtual Image][8]
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3\. Install Kali Linux on Virtual Box
|
||||
|
||||
Once you have installed VirtualBox and downloaded the Kali Linux image, you just need to import it to VirtualBox in order to make it work.
|
||||
|
||||
Here’s how to import the VirtualBox image for Kali Linux:
|
||||
|
||||
**Step 1** : Launch VirtualBox. You will notice an **Import** button – click on it
|
||||
|
||||
![Click on Import button][12]
|
||||
|
||||
**Step 2:** Next, browse the file you just downloaded and choose it to be imported (as you can see in the image below). The file name should start with ‘kali linux‘ and end with . **ova** extension.
|
||||
|
||||
![Importing Kali Linux image][13]
|
||||
|
||||
**S** Once selected, proceed by clicking on **Next**.
|
||||
|
||||
**Step 3** : Now, you will be shown the settings for the virtual machine you are about to import. So, you can customize them or not – that is your choice. It is okay if you go with the default settings.
|
||||
|
||||
You need to select a path where you have sufficient storage available. I would never recommend the **C:** drive on Windows.
|
||||
|
||||
![Import hard drives as VDI][14]
|
||||
|
||||
Here, the hard drives as VDI refer to virtually mount the hard drives by allocating the storage space set.
|
||||
|
||||
After you are done with the settings, hit **Import** and wait for a while.
|
||||
|
||||
**Step 4:** You will now see it listed. So, just hit **Start** to launch it.
|
||||
|
||||
You might get an error at first for USB port 2.0 controller support, you can disable it to resolve it or just follow the on-screen instruction of installing an additional package to fix it. And, you are done!
|
||||
|
||||
![Kali Linux running in VirtualBox][15]
|
||||
|
||||
The default username in Kali Linux is root and the default password is toor. You should be able to login to the system with it.
|
||||
|
||||
Do note that you should [update Kali Linux][16] before trying to install a new applications or trying to hack your neighbor’s WiFi.
|
||||
|
||||
I hope this guide helps you easily install Kali Linux on Virtual Box. Of course, Kali Linux has a lot of useful tools in it for penetration testing – good luck with that!
|
||||
|
||||
**Tip** : Both Kali Linux and Ubuntu are Debian-based. If you face any issues or error with Kali Linux, you may follow the tutorials intended for Ubuntu or Debian on the internet.
|
||||
|
||||
### Bonus: Free Kali Linux Guide Book
|
||||
|
||||
If you are just starting with Kali Linux, it will be a good idea to know how to use Kali Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
Offensive Security, the company behind Kali Linux, has created a guide book that explains the basics of Linux, basics of Kali Linux, configuration, setups. It also has a few chapters on penetration testing and security tools.
|
||||
|
||||
Basically, it has everything you need to get started with Kali Linux. And the best thing is that the book is available to download for free.
|
||||
|
||||
[Download Kali Linux Revealed for FREE][17]
|
||||
|
||||
Let us know in the comments below if you face an issue or simply share your experience with Kali Linux on VirtualBox.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/install-kali-linux-virtualbox/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.kali.org/
|
||||
[2]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-hacking-penetration-testing/
|
||||
[3]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/kali-linux-virtual-box.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
|
||||
[4]: https://www.virtualbox.org/
|
||||
[5]: https://www.youtube.com/c/itsfoss?sub_confirmation=1
|
||||
[6]: https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads
|
||||
[7]: https://itsfoss.com/install-virtualbox-ubuntu/
|
||||
[8]: https://www.offensive-security.com/kali-linux-vm-vmware-virtualbox-image-download/
|
||||
[9]: https://itsfoss.com/install-vmware-player-ubuntu-1310/
|
||||
[10]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/kali-linux-virtual-box-image.jpg?resize=800%2C347&ssl=1
|
||||
[11]: https://itsfoss.com/4-best-download-managers-for-linux/
|
||||
[12]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/vmbox-import-kali-linux.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[13]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/vmbox-linux-next.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[14]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/vmbox-kali-linux-settings.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[15]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/kali-linux-on-windows-virtualbox.jpg?resize=800%2C429&ssl=1
|
||||
[16]: https://linuxhandbook.com/update-kali-linux/
|
||||
[17]: https://kali.training/downloads/Kali-Linux-Revealed-1st-edition.pdf
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: translator: (robsean)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: translator: (robsean)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,84 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (New Linux Distribution UbuntuDDE Brings The Beautiful Deepin Desktop to Ubuntu)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/ubuntudde/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
|
||||
|
||||
New Linux Distribution UbuntuDDE Brings The Beautiful Deepin Desktop to Ubuntu
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
Deepin is a beautiful desktop environment with an intuitive UI. UbuntuDDE project combines the power of Ubuntu and the beauty of Deepin.
|
||||
|
||||
[Deepin Desktop Environment][1] (DDE) is a beautiful desktop environment created by the developers of [Deepin Linux][2]. Initially, Deepin Linux was based on [Ubuntu][3] but later they switched to [Debian][4].
|
||||
|
||||
![Deepin Desktop Environment in Ubuntu][5]
|
||||
|
||||
One major problem with Deepin Linux is its slow servers. A regular system takes hours to download for the fact that they have all their servers in China and these servers are unfortunately extremely slow.
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to use Deepin desktop, nothing stops you from installing it on your regular Ubuntu system. [UbuntuDDE][6] is trying to make it simpler by providing you an out of the box Deepin desktop experience on top of Ubuntu. This saves you time and effort in installing and configuring Deepin on Ubuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
![Screenshot of UbuntuDDE][7]
|
||||
|
||||
### Ubuntu DDE: Power of Ubuntu and beauty of Deepin desktop
|
||||
|
||||
Please note that UbuntuDDE is not an official flavor of Ubuntu. UbuntuDDE developers are not associated with the Ubuntu team. UbuntuDDE is currently a Remix distribution and is aiming for getting recognized as Ubuntu’s official flavor in future releases.
|
||||
|
||||
UbuntuDDE developers are helped by Alan Pope of Ubuntu’s Snapcraft team and teams of Ubuntu Budgie and [Ubuntu Cinnamon][8] and a few other developers.
|
||||
|
||||
In a conversation with It’s FOSS, its lead developer Arun highlighted that the important aspect of this project is to regularly maintain the DDE packages for Ubuntu and help users enjoy the full taste of DDE (Deepin Desktop Environment).
|
||||
|
||||
![Ubuntu Deepin Edition login screen][9]
|
||||
|
||||
Arun also mentioned that this Ubuntu Deepin remix project started first by maintaining and packaging the packages to the latest release from the upstream i.e. Deepin Repository. Then, it eventually got spin with Ubuntu 20.04 focal resulting in an image file that everyone can install without the hassle to install regular Ubuntu first and then the Deepin Desktop. UbuntuDDE is not just the combo of DDE and Ubuntu but also the fusion of selective packages and design changes by the UbuntuDDE Team.
|
||||
|
||||
![UbuntuDDE screenshot][10]
|
||||
|
||||
Unlike Deepin Linux, UbuntuDDE doesn’t use Deepin Appstore. It uses Ubuntu Software Center instead. This should be a good news if you are spooked by the [spyware labeling of Wuhan-based Deepin Linux][11].
|
||||
|
||||
### Download UbuntuDDE 20.04 Beta
|
||||
|
||||
UbuntuDDE is aiming to release its first official stable release with Ubuntu 20.04. Like [other Ubuntu flavors][12], UbuntuDDE 20.04 beta is also available for you to download and try.
|
||||
|
||||
Warning!
|
||||
|
||||
A word of warning. UbuntuDDE is a novice project under development. Please don’t use it on your main system. If you want to try it, use it in virtual machine or on a spare system.
|
||||
|
||||
[Download Ubuntu 20.04 DDE Beta][13]
|
||||
|
||||
![Installing UbuntuDDE][14]
|
||||
|
||||
Since it is essentially Ubuntu, installing UbuntuDDE is the same as installing Ubuntu. You may refer to this tutorial showing [how to install Ubuntu inside VirtualBox][15].
|
||||
|
||||
I know you may think ‘not another Ubuntu’ or ‘it’s just Deepin on Ubuntu that anyone can do’ and you do have a point. But I also know there is a small segment of users who like projects like UbuntuDDE that makes thing easier for them. I mean that’s how many Ubuntu flavor came into existence. What do you think?
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntudde/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.deepin.org/en/dde/
|
||||
[2]: https://www.deepin.org/en/
|
||||
[3]: https://ubuntu.com/
|
||||
[4]: https://www.debian.org/
|
||||
[5]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/ubuntu-deepin-edition-screenshot.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[6]: https://ubuntudde.com/
|
||||
[7]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/ubuntu-deepin-edition-screenshot-1.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[8]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-cinnamon/
|
||||
[9]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/ubuntu-deepin-edition-screenshot-5.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[10]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/ubuntu-deepin-edition-screenshot-2.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[11]: https://www.deepin.org/en/2018/04/14/linux-deepin-is-not-spyware/
|
||||
[12]: https://itsfoss.com/which-ubuntu-install/
|
||||
[13]: https://ubuntudde.com/download/
|
||||
[14]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/ubuntu-deepin-edition-screenshot-4.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[15]: https://itsfoss.com/install-linux-in-virtualbox/
|
||||
@ -1,136 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (How I'm using AI to translate 'wash your hands' in 500 languages)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/4/ai-translation)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Daniel Whitenack https://opensource.com/users/datadan)
|
||||
|
||||
How I'm using AI to translate 'wash your hands' in 500 languages
|
||||
======
|
||||
By using both human and machine-generated translations, key health
|
||||
phrases can be translated into local languages spoken all over the
|
||||
world.
|
||||
![Two diverse hands holding a globe][1]
|
||||
|
||||
You might not know, but there are currently [7,117 languages spoken in the world][2]. Not dialects, but living languages! However, much of the world's digital media is available in only a couple dozen languages, and translation platforms like Google Translate only support around 100 languages. This reality means that there are billions of people around the world that are marginalized due to a lack of timely access to information. The current coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has made this painfully clear, and it has stressed the need for immediate, rapid translation of health-related phrases (like "wash your hands" or "keep your distance") into the long tail of languages.
|
||||
|
||||
To this end, I applied state-of-the-art AI techniques to construct something close to the phrase "wash your hands" in 544 languages and counting (my GPUs are still running). Multilingual Unsupervised and Supervised Embeddings (MUSE) methods are used to train cross-lingual word embeddings between each of 544 languages and English. These embeddings then allow for the extraction of a phrase similar to the target phrase from existing documents.
|
||||
|
||||
I performed this work in collaboration with my colleagues at SIL International, who have gathered even more human translations of the phrase. The combination of these human translations and some of my machine translations can be searched on [this Ethnologue guide page][3] (machine-generated phrases are indicated with a little robot icon), and more translations will be added as they are generated/gathered.
|
||||
|
||||
### Leveraging existing corpora
|
||||
|
||||
SIL International has done linguistic work in over 2000 languages and is currently managing over 1600 language projects. Thus, as I approached this particular problem, I knew that we had likely already translated the phrase "wash your hands" and/or similar phrases many times into hundreds of languages, and that guess paid off in spades. I was able to quickly gather documents (mostly completed shell book templates, educational materials, and Bibles) from our archives in over 900 languages. Each of these documents has an English parallel, which necessarily includes the phrase "wash your hands" and/or similar phrases like "wash your face." Moreover, each of these documents is very high quality and translated and checked in cooperation with the local language communities.
|
||||
|
||||
That is quite the multilingual data set. However, there are two problems to overcome. First, this data included thousands of samples for most languages, which is in contrast to the millions used to train machine translation models. Second, even if the documents include the phrase "wash your hands" in the target language, we don't know the exact location of the phrase within the surrounding text.
|
||||
|
||||
We could certainly exploit some of the latest tricks in [machine translation for low resource languages][4], but it would take some time to tune automated methods for rapidly adapting translation models in each language pair. Moreover, many of the languages we are targeting have no existing baseline with which we could compare evaluation metrics, e.g., [BLEU score][5]. Given the pressing concerns about the Coronavirus pandemic, we wanted to move a bit faster than that (although we plan to return to this problem in the future).
|
||||
|
||||
I opted to try and construct the phrase "wash your hands" by finding the phrase itself or components of the phrase (like "wash your" or "your hands") in existing documents. To find these, I trained cross-lingual embedding for each {English, Target Language} pair using [Multilingual Unsupervised and Supervised Embedding (MUSE)][6] from Facebook Research. MUSE takes monolingual word embeddings as input (I used [_fasttext_][7] to generate these) and learns a mapping from the English to the target embedding space using adversarial methods. The output of this process is cross-lingual word embeddings.
|
||||
|
||||
![Using fasttext along with MUSE to perform cross-language embedding][8]
|
||||
|
||||
Once the cross-lingual embeddings are generated, we can get to finding the phrase components in the target language documents. As it turns out, the phrase "wash your face" was most clearly used throughout the documents along with instances of "hands," "wash your," etc. in isolation. For each of the languages, I search through n-grams in areas where I expected the phrase to appear (based on its usage in the English parallel). N-grams were vectorized using the cross-lingual embedding and compared with vectorized versions of the English phrases using various distance metrics. The n-grams that were "closest" to the English phrases in the embedding space were determined to be the target language matches.
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, component phrases matching their English counterparts were combined to generate the phrase "wash your hands" in the target language. This combination utilizes the cross-lingual embedding again to make sure that the components are combined in an appropriate manner. For example, if we matched the phrase "wash your feet" in the target language, the n-gram corresponding to "feet" must be replaced with the n-gram corresponding to "hands." Here's an example for Belize Kriol English:
|
||||
|
||||
![][9]
|
||||
|
||||
There were, of course, some assumptions that were made during this matching process, and it is entirely possible that this procedure does not produce grammatically correct predictions. For example, I assumed that in most languages, the word for "hands" and the word for "feet" are both one token long (with tokens being separated by spaces and punctuation). This is certainly not always the case. This could create a bad word salad something like "and wash the and hand you" or similar. Hopefully, we can overcome some of these limitations and extend the system in the future, but, for now, we chose to reinforce the idea with graphics.
|
||||
|
||||
We adapted the World Health Organization's hand washing instructions into a template PNG image. We then took our translated and generated phrases and rendered them into the hand washing image using a combination of Bash and Go scripts. In this way, the idea of proper hand washing is emphasized in both text and imagery (just in case our generated translations are awkward).
|
||||
|
||||
![][10]
|
||||
|
||||
### Results
|
||||
|
||||
Thus far, I've been able to train cross-lingual embeddings for 544 languages. I used the above-discussed method to try and construct "wash your hands" for all of these languages. Because I don't have aligned data for many of the language pairs, I used separate holdout documents also containing components of "wash your hands" to help validate the tokens in the constructed phrase. This gives us some confidence in the translations that we publicly release (at least that they contain information indicating washing and/or hands). In addition, I compared the method with language pairs that are also supported by Google Translate and/or have available human translations. Here's a sample of the translations with language stats from [the Ethnologue][11]:
|
||||
|
||||
#### Language: Italian [ita]
|
||||
|
||||
Location: Italy
|
||||
Population: 68,000,000
|
||||
Our system: "làvati la mani"
|
||||
Google Translate: "Lavati le mani"
|
||||
|
||||
#### Language: Bulgarian [bul]
|
||||
|
||||
Location: Bulgaria
|
||||
Population: 8,000,000
|
||||
Our system: "умий ръцете"
|
||||
Google Translate: "Измий си ръцете"
|
||||
|
||||
#### Language: Dutch [nld]
|
||||
|
||||
Location: Netherlands
|
||||
Population: 24,000,000
|
||||
Our system: "wast uw handen"
|
||||
Google Translate: "Was je handen"
|
||||
|
||||
#### Language: Pijin [pis]
|
||||
|
||||
Location: Solomon Islands
|
||||
Population: 550,000
|
||||
Our system: "wasim han"
|
||||
Google Translate: Not supported
|
||||
|
||||
#### Language: Tikar [tik]
|
||||
|
||||
Location: Cameroon
|
||||
Population: 110,000
|
||||
Our system: "ɓɔsi fyàʼ"
|
||||
Google Translate: Not supported
|
||||
|
||||
#### Language: Waffa [waj]
|
||||
|
||||
Location: Papua New Guinea
|
||||
Population: 1,300
|
||||
Our system: "yaakuuvaitana nnikiiyauvaa fini"
|
||||
Google Translate: Not supported
|
||||
|
||||
The constructed phrases are similar to reference translations or appear to be alternative ways of saying "wash your hands." For example, in Bulgarian, I predict "умий ръцете," and Google Translate predicts "Измий си ръцете." However, if I back-translate my prediction using Google Translate, I still get "wash your hands." There is some uncertainty where I can't compare to reference translations (e.g., Pijin [pis] from the Solomon Islands) or human-annotated spans, but I can still validate that the word for wash (wasim) and the word for hands (han) are used in other reference documents that are necessarily talking about washing, or hands, respectively. About 15% of the translations could be validated using this method, and I hope to validate more as I gather reference dictionaries.
|
||||
|
||||
Note, I used at most about 7,000 sentences in each language to get the above translations, even for high-resource languages like Italian. I also did not rely on aligned sentences between the language pairs. Despite this very data-scarce, unsupervised scenario, I was still able to obtain phrases similar to that of Google Translate for languages supported by both systems. This demonstrates the potential utility of this sort of "hybrid" approach (unsupervised alignment of word embeddings + rule-based matching) for translating short phrases into languages where very little data exists.
|
||||
|
||||
Note—I'm definitely not saying that this is a solution to the problem of information spread about Coronavirus and other health-related issues. There are still a lot of things to explore and formally evaluate here, and we are working on that. In many cases, this approach won't be able to help construct important informational material in hundreds of languages. However, I think that we should all be trying to develop creative solutions to problems related to the current crisis. Maybe this is one piece of a very large puzzle.
|
||||
|
||||
You can view the complete list of validated translations plus human translations on [this Ethnologue guide page][3]. In addition, a more thorough description and analysis of the system in paper form is forthcoming. We welcome feedback from the public on the translations to help fine-tune the system and, most of all, to make sure that health information gets out to marginalized language communities around the world.
|
||||
|
||||
### Create your own hand washing posters
|
||||
|
||||
We have open sourced [the code used to render complex scripts and generate the hand washing posters][12]. This methodology should be able to handle almost all languages and scripts. You can add your own translation of "wash your hands" to a poster to help spread the word or tailor the translations for your own local context. Be sure to share your generated posters on social media with the hashtag #WashYourHands.
|
||||
|
||||
### Develop your AI skills
|
||||
|
||||
There are so many exciting AI problems out there that can make a huge impact in the world. If you want to solve problems like the one above with AI or if you think your business might need to start leveraging AI for other things (supply chain optimization, recommendation, customer service automation, etc.), don't miss the [_AI Classroom_ training event this May][13]. _AI Classroom_ is an immersive, three-day virtual training event for anyone with at least some programming experience and foundational understanding of mathematics. The training provides a practical baseline for realistic AI development using Python and open source frameworks like TensorFlow and PyTorch. After completing the course, participants will have the confidence to start developing and deploying their own AI solutions.
|
||||
|
||||
_This article was republished with permission from <https://datadan.io/blog/wash-your-hands>_
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/20/4/ai-translation
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Daniel Whitenack][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/datadan
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/world_hands_diversity.png?itok=zm4EDxgE (Two diverse hands holding a globe)
|
||||
[2]: https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/how-many-languages
|
||||
[3]: https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/health
|
||||
[4]: https://datadan.io/blog/resources-for-low-resource-machine-translation
|
||||
[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLEU
|
||||
[6]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/MUSE
|
||||
[7]: https://fasttext.cc/
|
||||
[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/ai-language-translation-wash-your-hands-opensourcedotcom.gif (Using fasttext along with MUSE to perform cross-language embedding)
|
||||
[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/ai-language-translation-wash-your-hands-opensourcedotcom2.gif
|
||||
[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/ai-language-translation-wash-your-hands-opensourcedotcom3.gif
|
||||
[11]: https://www.ethnologue.com/
|
||||
[12]: https://github.com/sil-ai/wash-your-hands
|
||||
[13]: https://datadan.io/
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (robsean)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Installing Kali Linux on VirtualBox: Quickest & Safest Way)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/install-kali-linux-virtualbox/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/)
|
||||
|
||||
在 VirtualBox 上安装 Kali Linux : 最快速和最安全的方法
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
_**这篇教程向你展示如何以最快的方式在 Windows 和 Linux 中的 Virtual Box 虚拟机上安装 Kali Linux 。**_
|
||||
|
||||
[Kali Linux][1] 是 [最适合黑客攻击和安全爱好者的 Linux 发行版][2] 之一。
|
||||
|
||||
因为它涉及一个像黑客之类的敏感话题，就像一把双刃剑。我们过去在详细的 Kali Linux 评论中讨论过，所以我不会使用同样的东西来烦你。
|
||||
|
||||
尽管你可以通过以替换现有的操作系统的形式安装 Kali Linux 。但是通过一台虚拟机来使用它可能会是更好更安全的选择。
|
||||
|
||||
使用 Virtual Box ，你可以在 Windows/Linux 系统中将 Kail Linux 作为常规应用程序使用。它几乎与在系统中运行 VLC 或游戏是一样的。
|
||||
|
||||
在一台虚拟机中使用 Kali Linux 是安全的。不管你在 Kali Linux 做什么都不会影响你的 ‘宿主系统’ (例如，你的原始的 Windows 或 Linux 操作系统)。你的实际操作系统将不会受到影响，并且在你的宿主系统中数据也将是安全的。
|
||||
|
||||
![][3]
|
||||
|
||||
### 如何在 VirtualBox 中安装 Kali Linux
|
||||
|
||||
在这里我将使用 [VirtualBox][4] 。它是一个非常好的开源虚拟化解决方案，几乎适合于任何人（专业使用或个人使用）。它是免费提供的。
|
||||
|
||||
在这篇文章中，我们将特别讨论 Kali Linux ，但是你也可以安装其它任何存在的 ISO 文件，或者一个可用的预先构建的虚拟机保存文件。
|
||||
|
||||
**注意：** _同样的步骤也适用于运行 VirtualBox 的 Windows/Linux 。_
|
||||
|
||||
如上所述，你可以安装 Windows 或 Linux 作为你的宿主系统。但是，在我已安装 Windows 10 的情况下(别仇恨我!)，我将尝试在 VirtualBox 中一步一步地安装 Kali Linux 。
|
||||
|
||||
并且，最好的部分是，– 即使你碰巧使用一个 Linux 发行版作为你的主要操作系统，也将使用同样的步骤!
|
||||
|
||||
很疑惑，如何做？让我们来看看…
|
||||
|
||||
[更多 Linux 视频，订阅我们的 YouTube 频道][5]
|
||||
|
||||
### 图解在 VirtualBox 上安装 Kali Linux
|
||||
|
||||
_我们将使用专门为 VirtualBox 定制的 Kali Linux 镜像。你也可以下载 Kali Linux 的 ISO 文件，并创建一个新的虚拟机 – 但是为什么当你有一个简单的选择时还这样做呢？_
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1\. 下载和安装 VirtualBox
|
||||
|
||||
第一件要做的事是从甲骨文的官方网站下载和安装 VirtualBox 。
|
||||
|
||||
[下载VirtualBox][6]
|
||||
|
||||
在你下载安装器后，只需要双击它来安装 VirtualBox 。在 [Ubuntu][7] / Fedora Linux 安装 VirtualBox 也是一样的。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2\. 下载 Kali Linux 的即时可用的虚拟镜像
|
||||
|
||||
在安装成功后，前往 [攻击性安全的下载页面][8] 来下载适用于 VirtualBox 的虚拟机镜像。如果您改变主意使用 [VMware][9] ，那也是可行的。
|
||||
|
||||
![][10]
|
||||
|
||||
如你所见，文件大小大约 3 GB ，你应该使用一个 torrent 选项，或者使用一个 [下载管理器][11] 来下载它。
|
||||
|
||||
[Kali Linux 虚拟镜像][8]
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3\. 在 Virtual Box 上安装 Kali Linux
|
||||
|
||||
在你安装 VirtualBox 和下载 Kali Linux 镜像后，你只需要导入它到 VirtualBox 中以便使它工作。
|
||||
|
||||
这里是如何导入 Kali Linux 的 VirtualBox 镜像：
|
||||
|
||||
**步骤 1** : 启动 VirtualBox 。你将注意到一个 **导入** 按钮 – 在它上面鼠标左键单击
|
||||
|
||||
![在 导入 按钮上鼠标左键单击][12]
|
||||
|
||||
**步骤 2:** 接下来，浏览到你更改下载的文件，并选择它来导入 (如你在下面的图像中所见)。文件名称一个以 'kali linux' 开始并以 . **ova** 拓展名结束。
|
||||
|
||||
![导入 Kali Linux 镜像][13]
|
||||
|
||||
在选择后，通过在 **接下来** 上鼠标左键单击以继续。
|
||||
|
||||
**步骤 3** : 现在，将向你显示将要导入虚拟机的设置。所以，你可以自定义它们或者不自定义它们 – 这取决于你的选择。如果你使用默认设置也是可以的。
|
||||
|
||||
你需要选择一个有足够可用存储空间的路径。在 Windows 上，我从不建议使用 **C:** 盘。
|
||||
|
||||
![导入硬盘驱动器为 VDI][14]
|
||||
|
||||
在这里，硬盘驱动器如同 VDI 一样通过分配存储器空间集来虚拟挂载硬盘驱动器。
|
||||
|
||||
在你完成设置后，单击 **导入** 并等待一段时间。
|
||||
|
||||
**步骤 4:** 你现在将看到它的列表。所以，只需点击 **开始** 来启动它。
|
||||
|
||||
在最开始的时候，你可能会得到一个 USB 2.0 端口控制器的错误，你可以禁用它来解决问题，或者只需按照屏幕上的指南来安装一个附加软件包修复问题。与此同时，你完成所有工作！
|
||||
|
||||
![Kali Linux 运行在 VirtualBox 中][15]
|
||||
|
||||
在 Kali Linux 中默认用户名是 root ，默认密码是 toor 。你可以使用用户名和密码来登录到系统中。
|
||||
|
||||
请注意，在尝试安装一个新的应用程序或尝试侵入你邻居家的 WiFi 之前，你应该 [更新Kali Linux][16] 。
|
||||
|
||||
我希望这篇指南能帮助您在 Virtual Box 上很容易地安装 Kali Linux 。当然，Kali Linux 有很多有用的渗透测试工具 – 祝你好运！
|
||||
|
||||
**提示** : Kali Linux 和 Ubuntu 都是基于 Debian 的，如果你在使用 Kali Linux 时遇到一些问题或错误，你可以按照互联网上的 Ubuntu 和 Debian 的教程解决。
|
||||
|
||||
### 额外的好处: 免费的 Kali Linux 指南书
|
||||
|
||||
如果你刚刚开始使用 Kali Linux, 那么知晓如何使用Kali Linux 将是一个好主意。
|
||||
|
||||
Kali Linux 背后的公司 Offensive Security 创建了一本解释 Linux 基础知识，Kali Linux 基础知识，配置和设置的指南书，也有一些关于渗透测试和安全工具的章节。
|
||||
|
||||
基本上，它拥有你开始使用 Kali Linux 所需的一切东西。最好的事情是这本书可以免费下载。
|
||||
|
||||
[免费下载 Kali Linux 解密][17]
|
||||
|
||||
如果你遇到问题或只是想分项在 VirtualBox 使用 Kali Linux 的经验，请在下面的评论中告诉我们。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/install-kali-linux-virtualbox/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.kali.org/
|
||||
[2]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-hacking-penetration-testing/
|
||||
[3]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/kali-linux-virtual-box.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
|
||||
[4]: https://www.virtualbox.org/
|
||||
[5]: https://www.youtube.com/c/itsfoss?sub_confirmation=1
|
||||
[6]: https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads
|
||||
[7]: https://itsfoss.com/install-virtualbox-ubuntu/
|
||||
[8]: https://www.offensive-security.com/kali-linux-vm-vmware-virtualbox-image-download/
|
||||
[9]: https://itsfoss.com/install-vmware-player-ubuntu-1310/
|
||||
[10]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/kali-linux-virtual-box-image.jpg?resize=800%2C347&ssl=1
|
||||
[11]: https://itsfoss.com/4-best-download-managers-for-linux/
|
||||
[12]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/vmbox-import-kali-linux.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[13]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/vmbox-linux-next.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[14]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/vmbox-kali-linux-settings.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[15]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/kali-linux-on-windows-virtualbox.jpg?resize=800%2C429&ssl=1
|
||||
[16]: https://linuxhandbook.com/update-kali-linux/
|
||||
[17]: https://kali.training/downloads/Kali-Linux-Revealed-1st-edition.pdf
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (New Linux Distribution UbuntuDDE Brings The Beautiful Deepin Desktop to Ubuntu)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/ubuntudde/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
|
||||
|
||||
新的 Linux 发行版 UbuntuDDE 将漂亮的 Deepin 桌面带到 Ubuntu
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
Deepin 是有直观 UI 的漂亮桌面环境。UbuntuDDE 项目结合了 Ubuntu 的强大和 Deepin 之美。
|
||||
|
||||
[Deepin 桌面环境][1]（DDE）是由 [Deepin Linux][2] 的开发人员创建的漂亮桌面环境。最初，Deepin Linux 基于 [Ubuntu][3]，但后来他们切换到了 [Debian][4]。
|
||||
|
||||
![Deepin Desktop Environment in Ubuntu][5]
|
||||
|
||||
Deepin Linux 的一个主要问题是服务器速度较慢。常规系统需要花几个小时才能下载，因为它们的所有服务器都在中国，而且这些服务器非常慢。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想使用 Deepin 桌面，那没有什么可以阻止你将其安装在常规 Ubuntu 系统上。[UbuntuDDE][6] 试图通过在 Ubuntu 之上为你提供开箱即用的 Deepin 桌面体验来使其更简单。这样可以节省你在 Ubuntu 上安装和配置 Deepin 的时间和精力。
|
||||
|
||||
![Screenshot of UbuntuDDE][7]
|
||||
|
||||
### Ubuntu DDE：Ubuntu 的强大和 Deepin 桌面的漂亮
|
||||
|
||||
请注意，UbuntuDDE 不是 Ubuntu 的官方变种。UbuntuDDE 的开发人员与 Ubuntu 团队无关。UbuntuDDE 目前一个混合发行版，其目标是在未来的发行版中被公认为 Ubuntu 的官方变种。
|
||||
|
||||
UbuntuDDE 开发人员得到了 Ubuntu Snapcraft 团队的 Alan Pope 以及 Ubuntu Budgie 团队和 [Ubuntu Cinnamon][8] 团队以及其他开发者的帮助。
|
||||
|
||||
在与 FOSS 的对话中，其主要开发人员 Arun 强调说，该项目的重要方面是定期维护 Ubuntu 的 DDE 软件包，并帮助用户享受 DDE（深度桌面环境）的全部乐趣。
|
||||
|
||||
![Ubuntu Deepin Edition login screen][9]
|
||||
|
||||
Arun 还提到，这个 Ubuntu Deepin 混合项目首先是维护和打包来自上游（即 Deepin 仓库）的最新版本。然后，它最终与 Ubuntu 20.04 focal 结合，生成了一个镜像文件，每个人都可以安装，而不必麻烦地先安装常规的 Ubuntu，然后再安装 Deepin Desktop。UbuntuDDE 不仅是 DDE 和 Ubuntu 的组合，而且还是 UbuntuDDE 团队软件包选择和设计变更的融合。
|
||||
|
||||
![UbuntuDDE screenshot][10]
|
||||
|
||||
与 Deepin Linux 不同，UbuntuDDE 不使用 Deepin Appstore。它改用 Ubuntu 软件中心。如果你对[基于武汉的 Deepin Linux 的间谍软件标签][11]感到不满意，这将是一个好消息。
|
||||
|
||||
### 下载 UbuntuDDE 20.04 Beta
|
||||
|
||||
UbuntuDDE 的目标是与 Ubuntu 20.04 一起发布第一个正式的稳定版本。像[其他 Ubuntu 变种][12]一样，UbuntuDDE 20.04 beta 也可供你下载并尝试。
|
||||
|
||||
警告！
|
||||
|
||||
一句话警告。 UbuntuDDE 是正在开发的新手项目。请不要在你的主系统上使用它。如果要尝试，请在虚拟机或备用系统中使用它。
|
||||
|
||||
[Download Ubuntu 20.04 DDE Beta][13]
|
||||
|
||||
![Installing UbuntuDDE][14]
|
||||
|
||||
由于本质上是 Ubuntu，因此安装 UbuntuDDE 与安装 Ubuntu 相同。你可以参考本教程，其中展示了[如何在 VirtualBox 内安装 Ubuntu][15]。
|
||||
|
||||
我知道你可能会认为这“不是另一个 Ubuntu” 或者“只是 Ubuntu 上的 Deepin，任何人都可以做”。但是我也知道有一小部分用户喜欢像 UbuntuDDE 这样的项目，这对他们来说使事情变得容易。我的意思是有许多 Ubuntu 变种出现了。你怎么看？
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntudde/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.deepin.org/en/dde/
|
||||
[2]: https://www.deepin.org/en/
|
||||
[3]: https://ubuntu.com/
|
||||
[4]: https://www.debian.org/
|
||||
[5]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/ubuntu-deepin-edition-screenshot.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[6]: https://ubuntudde.com/
|
||||
[7]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/ubuntu-deepin-edition-screenshot-1.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[8]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-cinnamon/
|
||||
[9]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/ubuntu-deepin-edition-screenshot-5.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[10]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/ubuntu-deepin-edition-screenshot-2.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[11]: https://www.deepin.org/en/2018/04/14/linux-deepin-is-not-spyware/
|
||||
[12]: https://itsfoss.com/which-ubuntu-install/
|
||||
[13]: https://ubuntudde.com/download/
|
||||
[14]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/ubuntu-deepin-edition-screenshot-4.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[15]: https://itsfoss.com/install-linux-in-virtualbox/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (How I'm using AI to translate 'wash your hands' in 500 languages)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/4/ai-translation)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Daniel Whitenack https://opensource.com/users/datadan)
|
||||
|
||||
我是如何用 AI 把 “请洗手”翻译成 500 种语言的？
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> 通过使用人类和机器生成的翻译，可以将关键的健康短语翻译成世界各地的当地语言。
|
||||
|
||||
![Two diverse hands holding a globe][1]
|
||||
|
||||
你可能不知道，目前世界上有 [7117 种语言][2]，不是方言，而是在用的语言! 然而，世界上大部分的数字媒体只采用几十种语言，而像谷歌翻译这样的翻译平台只支持 100 种左右的语言。这样的现实意味着，由于缺乏及时获取信息的机会，全世界有数十亿人被边缘化。当前的冠状病毒（COVID-19）大流行已经让人痛苦地意识到了这一点，凸显了将健康相关的短语（如“<ruby>请洗手<rt>wash your hands</rt></ruby>”或“保持距离”等）即时、快速翻译成小众语言的必要性。
|
||||
|
||||
为此，我应用了最先进的AI技术，用 544 种语言构建出了与“请洗手”相近的短语并进行了统计（我的 GPU 还在运行）。<ruby>多语言无监督和监督嵌入<rt>Multilingual Unsupervised and Supervised Embeddings</rt></ruby>（MUSE）方法被用来训练这 544 种语言和英语之间的跨语言单词嵌入。然后，这些嵌入方法可以从现有文档中提取出与目标短语相似的短语。
|
||||
|
||||
我与 SIL 国际公司的同事们合作完成了这项工作，他们收集了该短语的更多的人工翻译结果。这些人工翻译结果和我的一些机器翻译结果的组合可以在[这个民族语指南页面][3]上搜索到（机器生成的短语用一个小的机器人图标表示），更多的翻译将在生成/收集到的时候加入。
|
||||
|
||||
### 利用现有的语料库
|
||||
|
||||
SIL 国际公司已经完成了 2000 多种语言的语言工作，目前管理着 1600 多个语言项目。因此，当我解决这个特殊的问题时，我知道我们很可能已经多次将“请洗手”和/或类似的短语翻译成了数百种语言，而这一猜测得到了回报。我很快就从我们的档案库中收集到了超过 900 种语言的文件（主要是完成的贝壳书模板、教材和圣经）。这些文件中的每一份文件都有一个英文的对应语，其中必然包括“请洗手”和/或类似“请洗脸”这样的短语。此外，这些文件的质量都很高，并与当地语言社区合作进行了翻译和检查。
|
||||
|
||||
这是相当多语言的数据集。然而，有两个问题需要克服。首先，这个数据包含了大多数语言的数千种样本，这与训练机器翻译模型所使用的数百万个样本形成了鲜明对比。其次，即使文档中包含目标语言中的“请洗手”这个短语，我们也不知道这个短语在周围文本中的确切位置。
|
||||
|
||||
我们当然可以利用[低资源语言的机器翻译][4]中的一些最新技巧，但要在每一对语言中快速调整翻译模型的自动化方法，还需要一些时间。此外，我们所针对的许多语言都没有现成的可以与之比较评估指标的基线，例如[BLEU 评分][5]。考虑到对冠状病毒大流行的迫切担忧，我们希望比这更快一点（尽管我们计划在将来再来解决这个问题）。
|
||||
|
||||
我选择通过在现有的文档中寻找短语本身或短语的组件（如“请洗”或“你的手”）来尝试构建“请洗手”这个短语。为了找到这些成分，我使用 Facebook Research 的 [多语言无监督和监督嵌入（MUSE）][6]对每个 {英语、目标语言} 对进行<ruby>跨语言<rt>cross-lingual</rt></ruby>嵌入训练。MUSE 以<ruby>单语言<rt>monolingual</rt></ruby>的单词嵌入作为输入（我使用 [fasttext][7] 来生成这些词），并使用对抗性方法学习从英语到目标嵌入空间的映射。这个过程的输出是<ruby>跨语言<rt>cross-lingual</rt></ruby>的单词嵌入。
|
||||
|
||||
![Using fasttext along with MUSE to perform cross-language embedding][8]
|
||||
|
||||
一旦产生了跨语言嵌入，我们就可以开始在目标语言文档中寻找短语成分。结果发现，整个文档中清楚地使用了“请洗脸”这个短语以及单独的“手”、“请洗”等词。对于每一种语言，我都通过 n-grams 搜索我预期该短语会出现的地方（根据其在英语平行语中的用法）。使用跨语言嵌入法对 n-grams 进行了矢量化，并使用各种距离指标与英语短语的矢量化版本进行了比较。在嵌入空间中，与英文短语“最接近”的 n-grams 被确定为目标语言匹配。
|
||||
|
||||
最后，将与英语对应的成分短语进行组合，生成目标语言中的“请洗手”短语。这种组合方式再次利用跨语言嵌入，确保组件短语的组合方式合适。例如，如果我们在目标语言中匹配“请洗脚”这个短语，就必须将“脚”对应的 n-gram 替换成“手”对应的 n-gram。下面是<ruby>伯利兹·克里奥尔<rt>Belize Kriol</rt></ruby>英语的一个例子：
|
||||
|
||||
![][9]
|
||||
|
||||
当然，在这个匹配过程中，有一些假设，这个过程完全有可能不能产生语法上正确的预测。例如，我假设在大多数语言中，“手”的单词和“脚”的单词都是一个字元长的（字元由空格和标点符号隔开）。当然，情况肯定不一定是这样。这可能会造成类似于“和洗的和手你”或类似的不好的词条。希望我们可以克服其中的一些局限性，并在未来扩展这个系统，但是，现在，我们选择用图形来强化这个想法。
|
||||
|
||||
我们将世界卫生组织的洗手说明改编成了一个 PNG 图片模板。然后，我们把我们翻译和生成的短语，用 Bash 和 Go 脚本的组合将其渲染到洗手图像中。这样，在文字和图像中都强调了正确洗手的理念（只是为了防止我们生成的翻译有问题）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
![][10]
|
||||
|
||||
### 结果
|
||||
|
||||
到目前为止，我已经能够训练出 544 种语言的跨语言嵌入。我使用上述讨论过的方法尝试为所有这些语言构建“请洗手”这个短语。因为我没有许多语言对的对齐数据，所以我使用了同样包含“请洗手”成分的单独的保留文档来帮助验证构造短语中的字元。这让我们对公开发布的翻译版本有了一些信心（至少它们包含了表示“洗”和/或“手”的信息）。此外，我还将该方法与谷歌翻译支持的和/或有可用的人工翻译的语言对进行了比较。以下是来自 [Ethnologue][11] 带有语言统计的翻译样本。
|
||||
|
||||
**语言：意大利语 [Ita]**
|
||||
|
||||
- 地点：意大利
|
||||
- 人口： 68,000,000
|
||||
- 我们的系统： làvati la mani
|
||||
- 谷歌翻译： Lavati le mani
|
||||
|
||||
**语言：保加利亚语 [bul]**
|
||||
|
||||
- 地点：保加利亚
|
||||
- 人口：8,000,000
|
||||
- 我们的系统：умий ръцете
|
||||
- 谷歌翻译：Измий си ръцете
|
||||
|
||||
**语言： 荷兰语 [nld]**
|
||||
|
||||
- 地点：荷兰
|
||||
- 人口：24,000,000,000
|
||||
- 我们的系统：wast uw handen
|
||||
- 谷歌翻译：Was je handen
|
||||
|
||||
**语言： Pijin [pis]**
|
||||
|
||||
- 地点：所罗门群岛
|
||||
- 人口： 550,000
|
||||
- 我们的系统：wasim han
|
||||
- 谷歌翻译：不支持
|
||||
|
||||
**语言：Tikar [tik]**
|
||||
|
||||
- 地点：喀麦隆
|
||||
- 人口：110,000
|
||||
- 我们的系统：ɓɔsi fyàʼ
|
||||
- 谷歌翻译：不支持
|
||||
|
||||
**语言：Waffa [waj]**
|
||||
|
||||
- 地点：巴布亚新几内亚
|
||||
- 人口：1,300
|
||||
- 我们的系统：yaakuuvaitana nnikiiyauvaa fini
|
||||
- 谷歌翻译：不支持
|
||||
|
||||
构建的短语类似于参考翻译，或者似乎是“请洗手”的另一种说法。例如，在保加利亚语中，我预测为“умий ръцете”，而谷歌翻译预测为“Измий си ръцете”。然而，如果我用谷歌翻译回译我的预测，我还是会得到“请洗手”。有一些不确定的地方，我无法与参考译文（例如，所罗门群岛的 Pijin [pis]）或人类注释的跨度进行比较，但我仍然可以验证“洗”（wasim）和“手”（han）分别用在其他必定是谈论洗或手的参考文件中。大约有 15% 的译文可以用这个方法验证，我希望在收集参考文献字典的过程中，能验证更多的译文。
|
||||
|
||||
请注意，我最多使用了每种语言中大约 7000 个句子来得到上述译文，即使是意大利语这样的高资源语言也是如此。我也没有依赖语言对之间的对齐句子。尽管在这种数据非常稀缺、无监督的情况下，但对于两个系统都支持的语言，我仍然能够获得类似于谷歌翻译的短语。这证明了这种“混合”方法（无监督的单词嵌入+基于规则的匹配）在将短语翻译成数据非常少的语言中的潜在用途。
|
||||
|
||||
注意：我绝对不是说这是解决冠状病毒和其他健康相关的信息传播问题的解决方案。这里仍有很多东西需要探索和正式评估，我们正在为此努力。在很多情况下，这种方法无法帮助构建数百种语言的重要信息资料。但是，我认为，我们都应该尝试着为当前危机的相关问题制定创造性的解决方案。也许这只是一个非常大的拼图中的一块。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以在[这个民族语言指南][3]上查看经过验证的译文加上人工翻译的完整列表。此外，我们即将以论文的形式对这一系统进行更深入的描述和分析。我们欢迎公众对翻译进行反馈，以帮助系统进行微调，最重要的是，确保将健康信息传递给世界各地的边缘化语言社区。
|
||||
|
||||
### 制作自己的洗手海报
|
||||
|
||||
我们已经开源了[用于渲染复合的脚本和生成洗手海报的代码][12]。这种方法应该能够处理几乎所有的语言和脚本。你可以在海报中添加你自己的“请洗手”的翻译，以帮助传播，或者根据自己的本地语境进行翻译。请务必在社交媒体上以 #WashYourHands 为标签分享你生成的海报。
|
||||
|
||||
### 培养你的 AI 技能
|
||||
|
||||
有很多令人兴奋的 AI 问题，可以给世界带来巨大的影响。如果你想用人工智能解决像上面提到的问题，或者你认为你的企业可能需要开始利用人工智能来做其他事情（供应链优化、推荐、客户服务自动化等），那么不要错过今年 5 月的[AI 课堂培训活动][13]。*AI 课堂*是一个沉浸式的、为期三天的虚拟培训活动，适合至少有一定编程经验和数学基础知识的人参加。该培训提供了使用 Python 和开源框架（如 TensorFlow 和 PyTorch）进行现实的 AI 开发的实用基础知识。完成课程后，学员将有信心开始开发和部署自己的 AI 解决方案。
|
||||
|
||||
本文经许可转载自 https://datadan.io/blog/wash-your-hands
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/20/4/ai-translation
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Daniel Whitenack][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/datadan
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/world_hands_diversity.png?itok=zm4EDxgE (Two diverse hands holding a globe)
|
||||
[2]: https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/how-many-languages
|
||||
[3]: https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/health
|
||||
[4]: https://datadan.io/blog/resources-for-low-resource-machine-translation
|
||||
[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLEU
|
||||
[6]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/MUSE
|
||||
[7]: https://fasttext.cc/
|
||||
[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/ai-language-translation-wash-your-hands-opensourcedotcom.gif (Using fasttext along with MUSE to perform cross-language embedding)
|
||||
[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/ai-language-translation-wash-your-hands-opensourcedotcom2.gif
|
||||
[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/ai-language-translation-wash-your-hands-opensourcedotcom3.gif
|
||||
[11]: https://www.ethnologue.com/
|
||||
[12]: https://github.com/sil-ai/wash-your-hands
|
||||
[13]: https://datadan.io/
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user