diff --git a/published/10 Lesser Known Commands for Linux – Part 3.md b/published/201311/10 Lesser Known Commands for Linux – Part 3.md similarity index 100% rename from published/10 Lesser Known Commands for Linux – Part 3.md rename to published/201311/10 Lesser Known Commands for Linux – Part 3.md diff --git a/published/10 Lesser Known Linux Commands – Part 2.md b/published/201311/10 Lesser Known Linux Commands – Part 2.md similarity index 100% rename from published/10 Lesser Known Linux Commands – Part 2.md rename to published/201311/10 Lesser Known Linux Commands – Part 2.md diff --git a/published/10 Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 13.10.md b/published/201311/10 Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 13.10.md similarity index 100% rename from published/10 Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 13.10.md rename to published/201311/10 Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 13.10.md diff --git a/published/10 Years of Xen--Transforming a Dinosaur Into a Bird.md b/published/201311/10 Years of Xen--Transforming a Dinosaur Into a Bird.md similarity index 100% rename from published/10 Years of Xen--Transforming a Dinosaur Into a Bird.md rename to published/201311/10 Years of Xen--Transforming a Dinosaur Into a Bird.md diff --git a/published/11 Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers.md b/published/201311/11 Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers.md similarity index 100% rename from published/11 Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers.md rename to published/201311/11 Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers.md diff --git a/published/12 Practical Examples of Linux grep Command.md b/published/201311/12 Practical Examples of Linux grep Command.md similarity index 100% rename from published/12 Practical Examples of Linux grep Command.md rename to published/201311/12 Practical Examples of Linux grep Command.md diff --git a/published/3 Ways to Access And Use Cloud Storage (SkyDrive etc.) In Linux.md b/published/201311/3 Ways to Access And Use Cloud Storage (SkyDrive etc.) In Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/3 Ways to Access And Use Cloud Storage (SkyDrive etc.) In Linux.md rename to published/201311/3 Ways to Access And Use Cloud Storage (SkyDrive etc.) In Linux.md diff --git a/published/9 Linux Uname Command Examples To Get Operating System Details.md b/published/201311/9 Linux Uname Command Examples To Get Operating System Details.md similarity index 100% rename from published/9 Linux Uname Command Examples To Get Operating System Details.md rename to published/201311/9 Linux Uname Command Examples To Get Operating System Details.md diff --git a/published/Apache OpenOffice vs. LibreOffice.md b/published/201311/Apache OpenOffice vs. LibreOffice.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Apache OpenOffice vs. LibreOffice.md rename to published/201311/Apache OpenOffice vs. LibreOffice.md diff --git a/published/CISCO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec.md b/published/201311/CISCO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec.md similarity index 100% rename from published/CISCO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec.md rename to published/201311/CISCO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec.md diff --git a/published/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md b/published/201311/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md rename to published/201311/Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking.md diff --git a/published/Cloud tool Juju GUI 0.11 released with new features and enhancements.md b/published/201311/Cloud tool Juju GUI 0.11 released with new features and enhancements.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Cloud tool Juju GUI 0.11 released with new features and enhancements.md rename to published/201311/Cloud tool Juju GUI 0.11 released with new features and enhancements.md diff --git a/published/Core algorithms deployed.md b/published/201311/Core algorithms deployed.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Core algorithms deployed.md rename to published/201311/Core algorithms deployed.md diff --git a/published/Create And Manage Encrypted Folders in Linux With encfs.md b/published/201311/Create And Manage Encrypted Folders in Linux With encfs.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Create And Manage Encrypted Folders in Linux With encfs.md rename to published/201311/Create And Manage Encrypted Folders in Linux With encfs.md diff --git a/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Adding User Accounts In Ubuntu.md b/published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Adding User Accounts In Ubuntu.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Adding User Accounts In Ubuntu.md rename to published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Adding User Accounts In Ubuntu.md diff --git a/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md b/published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md rename to published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Change Samba Workgroup And Computer Name.md diff --git a/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Create Virtual Network Cards In Ubuntu Linux.md b/published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Create Virtual Network Cards In Ubuntu Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Create Virtual Network Cards In Ubuntu Linux.md rename to published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Create Virtual Network Cards In Ubuntu Linux.md diff --git a/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md b/published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md rename to published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Get Geary, A Lightweight Email Reader In Ubuntu.md diff --git a/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – How To Change Your Computer Name.md b/published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – How To Change Your Computer Name.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – How To Change Your Computer Name.md rename to published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – How To Change Your Computer Name.md diff --git a/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Resize Ubuntu Unity Launcher.md b/published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Resize Ubuntu Unity Launcher.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Resize Ubuntu Unity Launcher.md rename to published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Resize Ubuntu Unity Launcher.md diff --git a/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md b/published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md rename to published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md diff --git a/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Logon Screen Background.md b/published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Logon Screen Background.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Logon Screen Background.md rename to published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Logon Screen Background.md diff --git a/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Update To LibreOffice Latest In Ubuntu Via PPA.md b/published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Update To LibreOffice Latest In Ubuntu Via PPA.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Update To LibreOffice Latest In Ubuntu Via PPA.md rename to published/201311/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Update To LibreOffice Latest In Ubuntu Via PPA.md diff --git a/published/Deciphering Top.md b/published/201311/Deciphering Top.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Deciphering Top.md rename to published/201311/Deciphering Top.md diff --git a/published/Disable Amazon & Remote Content Fetching In Ubuntu 13.10.md b/published/201311/Disable Amazon & Remote Content Fetching In Ubuntu 13.10.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Disable Amazon & Remote Content Fetching In Ubuntu 13.10.md rename to published/201311/Disable Amazon & Remote Content Fetching In Ubuntu 13.10.md diff --git a/published/Five Examples Of The ping Utility.md b/published/201311/Five Examples Of The ping Utility.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Five Examples Of The ping Utility.md rename to published/201311/Five Examples Of The ping Utility.md diff --git a/published/Game-editor Leadwerks 3.1 demoed as running on Ubuntu with native look & feel.md b/published/201311/Game-editor Leadwerks 3.1 demoed as running on Ubuntu with native look & feel.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Game-editor Leadwerks 3.1 demoed as running on Ubuntu with native look & feel.md rename to published/201311/Game-editor Leadwerks 3.1 demoed as running on Ubuntu with native look & feel.md diff --git a/published/How To Install Sublime Text 3 in Ubuntu 13.04, 13.10.md b/published/201311/How To Install Sublime Text 3 in Ubuntu 13.04, 13.10.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How To Install Sublime Text 3 in Ubuntu 13.04, 13.10.md rename to published/201311/How To Install Sublime Text 3 in Ubuntu 13.04, 13.10.md diff --git a/published/How to Control Your Linux PC with an Android Device.md b/published/201311/How to Control Your Linux PC with an Android Device.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to Control Your Linux PC with an Android Device.md rename to published/201311/How to Control Your Linux PC with an Android Device.md diff --git a/published/How to Install Linux Kernel 3.12 in Ubuntu 13.10.md b/published/201311/How to Install Linux Kernel 3.12 in Ubuntu 13.10.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to Install Linux Kernel 3.12 in Ubuntu 13.10.md rename to published/201311/How to Install Linux Kernel 3.12 in Ubuntu 13.10.md diff --git a/published/How to Install Ubuntu Touch 13.10 on Your Phone.md b/published/201311/How to Install Ubuntu Touch 13.10 on Your Phone.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to Install Ubuntu Touch 13.10 on Your Phone.md rename to published/201311/How to Install Ubuntu Touch 13.10 on Your Phone.md diff --git a/published/How to Install the Latest NVIDIA 331.20 Driver in Ubuntu 13.10.md b/published/201311/How to Install the Latest NVIDIA 331.20 Driver in Ubuntu 13.10.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to Install the Latest NVIDIA 331.20 Driver in Ubuntu 13.10.md rename to published/201311/How to Install the Latest NVIDIA 331.20 Driver in Ubuntu 13.10.md diff --git a/published/How to Set Up Secure Remote Networking with OpenVPN on Linux, Part 1.md b/published/201311/How to Set Up Secure Remote Networking with OpenVPN on Linux, Part 1.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to 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Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to add kernel boot parameters via GRUB on Linux.md rename to published/201311/How to add kernel boot parameters via GRUB on Linux.md diff --git a/published/How to convert DOCX, DOC, RTF, ODT to PDF with LibreOffice.md b/published/201311/How to convert DOCX, DOC, RTF, ODT to PDF with LibreOffice.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to convert DOCX, DOC, RTF, ODT to PDF with LibreOffice.md rename to published/201311/How to convert DOCX, DOC, RTF, ODT to PDF with LibreOffice.md diff --git a/published/How to create desktop shortcut or launcher on Linux.md b/published/201311/How to create desktop shortcut or launcher on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to create desktop shortcut or launcher on Linux.md rename to published/201311/How to create desktop shortcut or launcher on Linux.md diff --git a/published/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md b/published/201311/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md rename to published/201311/How to manage Linux server with GUI.md diff --git a/published/How to monitor system temperature on Linux.md b/published/201311/How to monitor system temperature on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to monitor system temperature on Linux.md rename to published/201311/How to monitor system temperature on Linux.md diff --git a/published/How to set up web-based network traffic monitoring system on Linux.md b/published/201311/How to set up web-based network traffic monitoring system on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to set up web-based network traffic monitoring system on Linux.md rename to published/201311/How to set up web-based network traffic monitoring system on Linux.md diff --git a/published/Install Apache With SSL in Ubuntu 13.10.md b/published/201311/Install Apache With SSL in Ubuntu 13.10.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Install Apache With SSL in Ubuntu 13.10.md rename to published/201311/Install Apache With SSL in Ubuntu 13.10.md diff --git a/published/Install Ubuntu 13.10 Server Step by Step.md b/published/201311/Install Ubuntu 13.10 Server Step by Step.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Install Ubuntu 13.10 Server Step by Step.md rename to published/201311/Install Ubuntu 13.10 Server Step by Step.md diff --git a/published/Install qBittorrent 3.1.0 in Ubuntu via PPA.md b/published/201311/Install qBittorrent 3.1.0 in Ubuntu via PPA.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Install qBittorrent 3.1.0 in Ubuntu via PPA.md rename to published/201311/Install qBittorrent 3.1.0 in Ubuntu via PPA.md diff --git a/published/Installing a Desktop Algorithmic Trading Research Environment using Ubuntu Linux and Python.md b/published/201311/Installing a Desktop Algorithmic Trading Research Environment using Ubuntu Linux and Python.md similarity index 100% rename from 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Windows.md b/published/201311/Linux Desktop In The Enterprise--Ubuntu Vs. Windows.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Linux Desktop In The Enterprise--Ubuntu Vs. Windows.md rename to published/201311/Linux Desktop In The Enterprise--Ubuntu Vs. Windows.md diff --git a/published/Linux Mint 16 “Petra” Cinnamon RC Has Been Released!.md b/published/201311/Linux Mint 16 “Petra” Cinnamon RC Has Been Released!.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Linux Mint 16 “Petra” Cinnamon RC Has Been Released!.md rename to published/201311/Linux Mint 16 “Petra” Cinnamon RC Has Been Released!.md diff --git a/published/Linux Commands/Linux Pmap Command – Find How Much Memory Process Use.md b/published/201311/Linux Pmap Command – Find How Much Memory Process Use.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Linux Commands/Linux Pmap Command – Find How Much Memory Process Use.md rename to published/201311/Linux Pmap Command – Find How Much Memory Process Use.md diff --git a/published/Linux diff Command Explained With Examples.md b/published/201311/Linux diff Command Explained With Examples.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Linux diff Command Explained With Examples.md rename to published/201311/Linux diff Command Explained With Examples.md diff --git a/published/Linux's First Space Opera Game“The Mandate”Gets a Fabulous Trailer.md b/published/201311/Linux's First Space Opera Game“The Mandate”Gets a Fabulous Trailer.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Linux's First Space Opera Game“The Mandate”Gets a Fabulous Trailer.md rename to published/201311/Linux's First Space Opera Game“The Mandate”Gets a Fabulous Trailer.md diff --git a/published/Making Linux More Accessible.md b/published/201311/Making Linux More Accessible.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Making Linux More Accessible.md rename to published/201311/Making Linux More Accessible.md diff --git a/published/Mark Shuttleworth Regrets the “Tea Party” Remarks and Other Canonical Mistakes.md b/published/201311/Mark Shuttleworth Regrets the “Tea Party” Remarks and Other Canonical Mistakes.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Mark Shuttleworth Regrets the “Tea Party” Remarks and Other Canonical Mistakes.md rename to published/201311/Mark Shuttleworth Regrets the “Tea Party” Remarks and Other Canonical Mistakes.md diff --git a/published/Metal Backup and Recovery Is Now Possible with Debian-Based Clonezilla Live 2.2.0-13.md b/published/201311/Metal Backup and Recovery Is Now Possible with Debian-Based Clonezilla Live 2.2.0-13.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Metal Backup and Recovery Is Now Possible with Debian-Based Clonezilla Live 2.2.0-13.md rename to published/201311/Metal Backup and Recovery Is Now Possible with Debian-Based Clonezilla Live 2.2.0-13.md diff --git a/published/Mikko Hypponen--Open Source Software Will Make the World More Secure.md b/published/201311/Mikko Hypponen--Open Source Software Will Make the World More Secure.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Mikko Hypponen--Open Source Software Will Make the World More Secure.md rename to published/201311/Mikko Hypponen--Open Source Software Will Make the World More Secure.md diff --git a/published/On Security Backdoors.md b/published/201311/On Security Backdoors.md similarity index 100% rename from published/On Security Backdoors.md rename to published/201311/On Security Backdoors.md diff --git a/published/Options in Linux RPM Command to Query Packages.md b/published/201311/Options in Linux RPM Command to Query Packages.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Options in Linux RPM Command to Query Packages.md rename to published/201311/Options in Linux RPM Command to Query Packages.md diff --git a/published/Outreach Program for Women Seeks New Linux Kernel Interns.md b/published/201311/Outreach Program for Women Seeks New Linux Kernel Interns.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Outreach Program for Women Seeks New Linux Kernel Interns.md rename to published/201311/Outreach Program for Women Seeks New Linux Kernel Interns.md diff --git a/published/Package Management Using YUM In Red Hat Linux.md b/published/201311/Package Management Using YUM In Red Hat Linux.md similarity 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published/201311/Red Hat prepares for 64-bit ARM servers.md diff --git a/published/Save, Access And Quickly Paste Text Snippets With This Nifty Unity Launcher Tool.md b/published/201311/Save, Access And Quickly Paste Text Snippets With This Nifty Unity Launcher Tool.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Save, Access And Quickly Paste Text Snippets With This Nifty Unity Launcher Tool.md rename to published/201311/Save, Access And Quickly Paste Text Snippets With This Nifty Unity Launcher Tool.md diff --git a/published/Say Hello to Linux Kernel 4.0 and Say Goodbye to 3.x.md b/published/201311/Say Hello to Linux Kernel 4.0 and Say Goodbye to 3.x.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Say Hello to Linux Kernel 4.0 and Say Goodbye to 3.x.md rename to published/201311/Say Hello to Linux Kernel 4.0 and Say Goodbye to 3.x.md diff --git a/published/Seven reasons why closed source is better than open source, or so it seems.md b/published/201311/Seven reasons why closed source is better than open source, or so it seems.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Seven reasons why closed source is better than open source, or so it seems.md rename to published/201311/Seven reasons why closed source is better than open source, or so it seems.md diff --git a/published/Suse Linux Enterprise expands regular support to 10 years.md b/published/201311/Suse Linux Enterprise expands regular support to 10 years.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Suse Linux Enterprise expands regular support to 10 years.md rename to published/201311/Suse Linux Enterprise expands regular support to 10 years.md diff --git a/published/System-information tool I-Nex 0.5.4 released with improvements.md b/published/201311/System-information tool I-Nex 0.5.4 released with improvements.md similarity index 100% rename from published/System-information tool I-Nex 0.5.4 released with improvements.md rename to published/201311/System-information tool I-Nex 0.5.4 released with improvements.md diff --git a/published/The Halloween Documents--Microsoft's Anti-Linux Strategy 15 Years Later.md b/published/201311/The Halloween Documents--Microsoft's Anti-Linux Strategy 15 Years Later.md similarity index 100% rename from published/The Halloween Documents--Microsoft's Anti-Linux Strategy 15 Years Later.md rename to published/201311/The Halloween Documents--Microsoft's Anti-Linux Strategy 15 Years Later.md diff --git a/published/The future of Linux--Evolving everywhere.md b/published/201311/The future of Linux--Evolving everywhere.md similarity index 100% rename from published/The future of Linux--Evolving everywhere.md rename to published/201311/The future of Linux--Evolving everywhere.md diff --git a/published/Trusty Tahr daily builds available for download.md b/published/201311/Trusty Tahr daily builds available for download.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Trusty Tahr daily builds available for download.md rename to published/201311/Trusty Tahr daily builds available for download.md diff --git a/published/Ubuntu vs. openSUSE--Weighing different styles of corporate control.md b/published/201311/Ubuntu vs. openSUSE--Weighing different styles of corporate control.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Ubuntu vs. openSUSE--Weighing different styles of corporate control.md rename to published/201311/Ubuntu vs. openSUSE--Weighing different styles of corporate control.md diff --git a/published/Upgrade To Linux Kernel 3.11.6 In Ubuntu.md b/published/201311/Upgrade To Linux Kernel 3.11.6 In Ubuntu.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Upgrade To Linux Kernel 3.11.6 In Ubuntu.md rename to published/201311/Upgrade To Linux Kernel 3.11.6 In Ubuntu.md diff --git a/published/Using Wine to Play Games On Linux？ Here’s Why You Should Switch To Steam Right Now.md b/published/201311/Using Wine to Play Games On Linux？ Here’s Why You Should Switch To Steam Right Now.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Using Wine to Play Games On Linux？ Here’s Why You Should Switch To Steam Right Now.md rename to published/201311/Using Wine to Play Games On Linux？ Here’s Why You Should Switch To Steam Right Now.md diff --git a/published/gcp – Advanced Command Line File Copier Inspired By cp.md b/published/201311/gcp – Advanced Command Line File Copier Inspired By cp.md similarity index 100% rename from published/gcp – Advanced Command Line File Copier Inspired By cp.md rename to published/201311/gcp – Advanced Command Line File Copier Inspired By cp.md diff --git a/published/ncdu – Ncurses Based Disk Usage Utility.md b/published/201311/ncdu – Ncurses Based Disk Usage Utility.md similarity index 100% rename from published/ncdu – Ncurses Based Disk Usage Utility.md rename to published/201311/ncdu – Ncurses Based Disk Usage Utility.md diff --git a/published/ttyrec & ttyplay – Record And Play Terminal Sessions In Linux.md b/published/201311/ttyrec & ttyplay – Record And Play Terminal Sessions In Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/ttyrec & ttyplay – Record And Play Terminal Sessions In Linux.md rename to published/201311/ttyrec & ttyplay – Record And Play Terminal Sessions In Linux.md diff --git a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md b/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md similarity index 57% rename from translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md rename to published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md index 4d88ec21f3..a2baa08e4c 100644 --- a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md +++ b/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Print From Shared Windows Printers.md @@ -1,20 +1,21 @@ 每日Ubuntu小技巧-使用Windows共享打印机进行打印 === + 对于那些既有Windows电脑又有Ubuntu电脑但却只有一台打印机的用户，这篇博文向你展示如何在Windows中共享一个打印机，并允许Ubuntu使用它来打印。 -几乎所有的打印机都默认支持Windows。许多打印机生产商都为Windows生产打印机但是很多却并不为Linux系统生产，包括Ubuntu。所以，假如你有一台支持Windows的打印机，你可以在Windows机器上分享它，然后让其它系统来使用它来打印。 +几乎所有的打印机都默认支持Windows系统。许多打印机生产商都为Windows生产打印机，但为包括Ubuntu在内的Linux系统生产的并不多。所以，假如你有一台支持Windows的打印机，你可以在Windows机器上分享它，然后让其它系统来使用它来打印。 -在几年之前，我遇到了这个问题，那时大多数打印机生产商不支持Linux系统。我有一台老式的只支持Windows和Mac OS X但却不支持Linux的打印机。 +在几年之前，我遇到了这个问题，那时大多数打印机生产商不支持Linux系统。我有一台老式的只支持Windows和Mac OS X但却不支持Linux的打印机。（译注：除非是特别冷门的打印机，现在一般都可以在Linux进行打印操作了。在译者看来，本文的理由不成立，不过做法成立。） -我在我的Windows机器上安装了打印机驱动，然后它就可以很好的工作咯。我的Windows机器使用它来打印非常好，但是我的Ubuntu却无法使用它来打印，因为打印机并不支持LAN。 +我在我的Windows机器上安装了打印机驱动，然后它就可以很好的工作咯。我的Windows机器使用它来打印非常好，但是我的Ubuntu却无法使用它来打印，因为打印机并不支持LAN接口。 -所以，我在Windows上共享该打印机，然后我的Ubuntu机器就可以使用合适的字体和风格进行打印咯。假如你也遇到类似的情景，你可以按照下面的指导也这样做。 +所以，我在Windows上共享该打印机，然后我的Ubuntu机器就可以使用合适的字体和风格进行打印咯。假如你也遇到类似的情景，你可以按照下面的指导来操作。 -首先，登入Windows，右击你要共享的打印机，然后点击‘**打印机属性**’ +首先，登入Windows，右击你要共享的打印机，然后点击‘**Printer properties（打印机属性）**’ ![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/printersharingubuntu.png) -接着，选择“分享”标签页，勾选上‘分享这台打印机’复选框来分享这台打印机。记住共享打印机的名字，因为你要使用这个共享名来连接这台打印机。 +接着，选择“**Sharing（共享）**”标签页，勾选‘**Share this printer（共享这台打印机）**’复选框来共享。记住共享打印机的名字，因为你要使用这个共享名来连接这台打印机。 ![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/printersharingubuntu1.png) @@ -22,28 +23,28 @@ netsh advfirewall firewall set rule group="File and Printer Sharing" new enable=Yes -接着，登入Ubuntu中，选择顶部面板右边的**齿轮**，然后选择**设置...** +接着，登入Ubuntu中，选择顶部面板右边的**齿轮**，然后选择**系统设置...** -系统设置打开后，选择打印机，然后点击**添加**。当跳出来一个窗口让你选择设备时，选择‘使用SAMBA的Windows打印机’。 +系统设置打开后，选择打印机，然后点击**添加**。当跳出来一个窗口让你选择设备时，选择‘**Windows Printer via SAMBA（使用SAMBA的Windows打印机）**’。 ![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/printersharingubuntu2.png) -键入Windows电脑的IP地址或者主机名，后面接着键入共享的打印机名。你可能需要键入你的windows验证信息（用户名和密码）。验证后你就可以看到打印机咯，当你完成这些后，就可以点击向前继续下一步咯。 +键入Windows电脑的IP地址或者主机名，后面接着键入共享的打印机名。你可能需要键入你的windows验证信息（用户名和密码）。点击浏览来验证你是否可以看到打印机，当你完成这些后，就可以点击下一步继续。 -接着，选择打印机商标和模型。假如你在列表中看不到和你的打印机相似的模型，选择一个最接近它的然后继续。 +接着，选择打印机品牌和型号。假如你在列表中看不到特定的型号，选择一个最接近它的然后继续。 ![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/printersharingubuntu3.png) -以上这些都搞定了之后，你的打印机就安装好咯，可以使用了。 +以上这些都搞定了之后，你的打印机就已安装好，可以使用喽。 ![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/printersharingubuntu4.png) -好好享受吧！ +好好享受吧！ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tips-print-from-shared-windows-printers/ -译者：[Linux-pdz](https://github.com/Linux-pdz) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[Linux-pdz](https://github.com/Linux-pdz) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md b/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..879fade72e --- /dev/null +++ b/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +每日Ubuntu小技巧－让鼠标适合左利手用户 +================================ + +电脑的鼠标被设计成使用食指（大拇指旁边的那个手指）完成大部分操作。默认情况下鼠标为右利手用户配置。打开电脑时，多数情况下你会使用食指完成点击动作。 + +事实上，许多左利手用户（俗称左撇子）习惯把鼠标放到键盘的左边，然后用中指进行单击操作。但这并不是左利手用户使用鼠标最好的方法。 + +这个简短的教程为想要正确地使用左手操作鼠标的用户而编写。它将会帮助左利手用户将鼠标设置成用食指点击鼠标主键的操作模式。 + +这个教程同样适用于右利手用户。如果鼠标为左利手用户设置，那么右利手用户可以使用这个教程将鼠标键切换回来。 + +好了，现在咱们开始吧，点击顶部右端面板中的齿轮按钮选择**System Settings（系统设置）**... + +![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/mouse-left-handed.png) + +然后在系统设置选项中选择**Mouse & Touchpad (鼠标和触摸板)**，打开后选择‘**Right(右)**’选项，这样就可以改变鼠标的主键以适应左利手用户。 + +![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/mouse-left-handed-1.png) + +改回左以适应右利手用户。改变将会在选择后立即生效。 + +就是这样了。现在左撇子用户可以将鼠标移到键盘左边，用左手的食指来正确地操作鼠标了。 + +使用愉快！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tipsmake-the-mouse-left-handed-for-left-hand-users/ + +译者：[Linchenguang](https://github.com/Linchenguang) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/published/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md b/published/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cf7c759d49 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +如何在CentOS 5/6上安装EPEL 源 +================================================================================ + +EPEL 是什么？ + +EPEL (Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux，企业版Linux的额外软件包) 是Fedora小组维护的一个软件仓库项目，为RHEL/CentOS提供他们默认不提供的软件包。这个源兼容RHEL及像CentOS和Scientific Linux这样的衍生版本。 + +我们可以很容易地通过yum命令从EPEL源上获取上万个在CentOS自带源上没有的软件。EPEL提供的软件包大多基于其对应的Fedora软件包，不会与企业版Linux发行版本的软件发生冲突或替换其文件。 + +更多关于EPEL 项目的细节可以到以下网站获取：[https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL][1] + +在文本中，我将展示在CentOS下如何安装EPEL源 + +> 提示 - RHEL/CentOS系统有许多第三方源，比较流行的比如RpmForge，RpmFusion，EPEL，Remi等等。 +> +> 然而需要引起注意的是，如果系统添加了多个第三方源，可能会因此产生冲突——一个软件包可以从多个源获取，一些源会替换系统的基础软件包，从而可能会产生意想不到的错误。已知的就有Rpmforge与EPEL会产生冲突。 +> +> 对于这些问题我们建议，调整源的优先权或者有选择性的安装源，但是这需要复杂的操作，如果你不确定如何操作，我们推荐你只安装一个第三方源。 + +## 在CentOS 上安装EPEL ## + +要想安装EPEL，我们先要下载EPEL的rpm安装包。 + +CentOS/RHEL下的6.x和5.x版本下载页面如下 + +[http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/repoview/epel-release.html][2] +[http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5/i386/repoview/epel-release.html][3] + +以上网址可能会被重定向到特定的镜像站而加快下载速度。这个页面包含可以直接获取到rpm包的下载链接。直接的下载链接如下： + +[http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm][4] +[http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5/i386/epel-release-5-4.noarch.rpm][5] + +根据你的CentOS 版本来选择正确的下载地址。 + +请注意EPEL 的安装包是独立编译的，所以它可以安装在32位和64位系统中。 + +### 1. 确认你的CentOS 的版本 ### + +首先通过以下命令确认你的CentOS 版本 + + $ cat /etc/redhat-release + CentOS release 6.4 (Final) + +### 2. 下载EPEL 的rpm 安装包 ### + +现在从上面的地址下载CentOS 版本所对应的EPEL 的版本 + + $ wget http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm + +### 3. 安装EPEL ### + +通过以下命令安装EPEL 软件包 + + $ sudo rpm -ivh epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm + +或 + + $ sudo rpm -ivh epel-release* + +### 5. 检查EPEL 源 ### + +安装好EPEL 源后，用yum 命令来检查是否添加到源列表 + + # yum repolist + Loaded plugins: fastestmirror + Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile + * base: mirrors.vonline.vn + * epel: buaya.klas.or.id + * extras: centos-hn.viettelidc.com.vn + * updates: mirrors.fibo.vn + repo id repo name status + base CentOS-6 - Base 6,381 + epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64 10,023 + extras CentOS-6 - Extras 13 + nginx nginx repo 47 + updates CentOS-6 - Updates 1,555 + repolist: 18,019 + +EPEL已经在repo 后列出，并且显示提供了上万个软件包，所以EPEL 已经安装到你的CentOS了。 + +EPEL源的配置安装到了 **/etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo** 文件。 + +现在来试一下从EPEL 获取软件包 + + $ sudo yum install htop + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.binarytides.com/setup-epel-repository-centos/ + +译者：[NearTan](https://github.com/NearTan) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL +[2]:http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/repoview/epel-release.html +[3]:http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5/i386/repoview/epel-release.html +[4]:http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm +[5]:http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5/i386/epel-release-5-4.noarch.rpm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands – Part IV.md b/sources/10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands – Part IV.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a5119c9545 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands – Part IV.md @@ -0,0 +1,185 @@ +10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands – Part IV +================================================================================ +Continuing the **Lesser Known** series, this fourth article of the series will let you know some useful **funny** and **animated** commands. Here we go into the practical session, without much theory. + +![](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/10-Lesser-Known-Effective-Commands-.png) + +- [11 Lesser Known Useful Linux Commands – Part I][1] +- [10 Lesser Known Linux Commands – Part 2][2] +- [10 Lesser Known Commands for Linux – Part 3][3] + +In the fourth article of this series which includes few other lesser known Linux commands, worth knowing. Might be you’re already aware of these commands, no doubt you’re an experienced Linux user and loves exploration. + +### 32. strace Command ### + +The **strace** is a debugging tool which is used primarily for troubleshooting purpose in Linux. It might not be installed by default in your system and you may need to **apt** or **yum** the required package. + +Trace a command execution using strace command: + + root@tecmint [~]# strace pwd + +#### Sample Output #### + + execve("/bin/pwd", ["pwd"], [/* 29 vars */]) = 0 + brk(0) = 0x728000 + mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0df2000 + access("/etc/ld.so.preload", R_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) + open("/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY) = 3 + fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=38427, ...}) = 0 + mmap(NULL, 38427, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7f29b0de8000 + close(3) = 0 + open("/lib64/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY) = 3 + read(3, "\177ELF\2\1\1\3\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0>\0\1\0\0\0\360\355\1I;\0\0\0"..., 832) = 832 + fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1922152, ...}) = 0 + mmap(0x3b49000000, 3745960, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x3b49000000 + mprotect(0x3b4918a000, 2093056, PROT_NONE) = 0 + mmap(0x3b49389000, 20480, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x189000) = 0x3b49389000 + mmap(0x3b4938e000, 18600, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x3b4938e000 + close(3) = 0 + mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de7000 + mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de6000 + mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de5000 + .... + +The **strace** command accepts a lot of arguments and have many options. Refer to man page for detailed information. + +### 33. disown -a && exit Command ### + +Most of the system administrators use [screen command][4] to control jobs running in the terminal background. Let’s say if you having a long running job and want to **detach** from the terminal, you use screen command to do it. But what if you don’t know how to use screen, here comes disown command to rescue. + +The disown command is used to run the jobs continuously in the background even after you closing the terminal session. The syntax of the disown command is: + + root@tecmint [~]# Command; disown -a && exit + +To detach again the long running job in the terminal, use the **jobs** command to find the job number and then use disown **%n** where **n** is the job number. To verify actually the job is running use **ps** or [top command][5]. The **nohup** command is an alternative to the disown command. + +### 34. getconf LONG_BIT Command ### + +The above command shows your machine architecture if it is **32** bit or **64** bit? + + root@tecmint [~]# getconf LONG_BIT + + 32 + +- [Download Linux Command Line Cheat Sheet][5] + +### 35. Display Date on the Terminal ### + +The below command is a combination of several commands, better say it a script. For a person working at shell or terminal, without GUI seeing current system date is tedious job. You have to type ‘**date**‘ command to check today’s date. + +Just execute the below command on you prompt and see the **date** and **time** on the above right corner of terminal. + + root@tecmint [~]# while sleep 1;do tput sc;tput cup 0 $(($(tput cols)-29));date;tput rc;done & + +![Show Date in Terminal](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Date.jpg) + +### 36. convert Command ### + +While writing tutorial, I usually need to produce output, many a times in image format. The above command combination does this for me. Say I need the output of tree command (for **/etc/x11** directory) in image format. What I did at terminal was: + + root@tecmint:/etc/X11# tree | convert label:@- /home/avi/tree.png + +The output of the above command can be seen at the specified location (here, home directory of mine) with the file name specified as **tree.png**. + +### 37. watch -t -n1 “date +%T|figlet” ### + +Remember our description of “**figlet**” command in our earlier article “[20 Funny Commands of Linux][7]”. This command was very cool, this time we will be pipelining ‘**figlet**‘ to show animated digital clock in the terminal. + +Just check-out yourself, remember you must have **figlet** installed on the system, do **apt** or **yum** to install the required package. + + root@tecmint [~]# watch -t -n1 "date +%T|figlet" + +#### Sample Output #### + + _ ___ ____ ___ _____ _ _ Fri Nov 29 10:29:34 GMT + / |/ _ \ _|___ \ / _ \ _|___ /| || | + | | | | (_) __) | (_) (_) |_ \| || |_ + | | |_| |_ / __/ \__, |_ ___) |__ _| + |_|\___/(_)_____| /_/(_)____/ |_| + +### 38. host and dig Commands ### + +Although “**host**” and “**dig**” command is not that much lesser known, still not very frequently used. The host command is **DNS** lookup utility. + + root@tecmint [~]# host www.google.com + + www.google.com has address 173.194.66.147 + www.google.com has address 173.194.66.105 + www.google.com has address 173.194.66.99 + www.google.com has address 173.194.66.104 + www.google.com has address 173.194.66.106 + www.google.com has address 173.194.66.103 + www.google.com has IPv6 address 2a00:1450:400c:c03::68 + + + root@tecmint [~]# dig www.google.com + + ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 <<>> www.google.com + ;; global options: +cmd + ;; Got answer: + ;; ->>HEADER< + +### 39. dstat Command ### + +The **dstat** is a versatile tool, that generates statistics relating to system resource. By default your system might not have ‘**dstat**‘ installed. Do a **apt** or **yum** to install ‘**dstat**‘ before using this very colorful and description system resource generator. + + root@tecmint [~]# dstat + +![dstat command](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/dstat.jpeg) + +### 40. bind -p Command ### + +The ‘**bind -p**‘ command will show all the shortcuts available for **BASH** shell. + + root@tecmint [~]# bind -p + +#### Sample Output #### + + "\C-g": abort + "\C-x\C-g": abort + "\e\C-g": abort + "\C-j": accept-line + "\C-m": accept-line + # alias-expand-line (not bound) + # arrow-key-prefix (not bound) + # backward-byte (not bound) + "\C-b": backward-char + "\eOD": backward-char + "\e[D": backward-char + "\e!": complete-command + "\e/": complete-filename + "\e@": complete-hostname + "\e{": complete-into-braces + "\e~": complete-username + "\e$": complete-variable + # copy-backward-word (not bound) + # copy-forward-word (not bound) + # copy-region-as-kill (not bound) + .... + .... + +### 41. touch /forcefsck ### + +The above command will create an empty folder '**forcefsck**', under root directory. This will force Linux System to check the file system on the very next boot. + + root@tecmint [~]# touch /forcefsck + +hat’s all for Now. You People are loving these ‘**Lesser Known Commands**‘ and hence we are continuing the series, the next article of this series will be available very soon. + +Till then stay tuned and connected to **Tecmint**. Don’t forget to give your valuable feedback in our comment section. Do a favor to us, Like and share us and help us spread. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/10-lesser-known-effective-linux-commands-part-iv/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/11-lesser-known-useful-linux-commands/ +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/10-lesser-known-linux-commands-part-2/ +[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/10-lesser-known-commands-for-linux-part-3/ +[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/screen-command-examples-to-manage-linux-terminals/ +[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/12-top-command-examples-in-linux/ +[6]:http://tecmint.tradepub.com/free/w_makb09/prgm.cgi +[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/20-funny-commands-of-linux-or-linux-is-fun-in-terminal/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/10 basic examples of Linux ps command.md b/sources/10 basic examples of Linux ps command.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6ae3cd36c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/10 basic examples of Linux ps command.md @@ -0,0 +1,215 @@ +10 basic examples of Linux ps command +================================================================================ +### Linux ps command ### + +The ps command on linux is one of the most basic commands for viewing the processes running on the system. It provides a snapshot of the current processes along with detailed information like user id, cpu usage, memory usage, command name etc. It does not display data in real time like top or htop commands. But even though being simpler in features and output it is still an essential process management/monitoring tool that every linux newbie should know about and learn well. + +In this post we are going to revise the basics of using the ps command to check the processes and filter and sort them in different ways to suit better. + +### Note on syntax ### + +The ps command comes with an unusual set of 2 syntax styles. That is BSD and UNIX both. New users are often confused with and mis-interpret the two styles. So here is some basic info to get it clear before moving on. + +> Note : "ps aux" is not the same as "ps -aux". For example "-u" is used to show process of that user. But "u" means show detailed information. + +BSD style - The options in bsd style syntax are not preceded with a dash. + + ps aux + +UNIX/LINUX style - The options in linux style syntax are preceded by a dash as usual. + + ps -ef + +It is okay to mix both the syntax styles on linux systems. For example "ps ax -f". +But in this post we shall mostly focus on the unix style syntax. + +### How to use ps command ### + +#### 1. Display all processes #### + +The following command will give a full list of processes + + $ ps ax + $ ps -ef + +Pipe the output to "less" to make it scrollable. + +Use the "u" option or "-f" option to display detailed information about the processes + + $ ps aux + $ ps -ef -f + +> Why is the USER column not displaying my username, but showing others like root, www-data etc ? + +For all usernames (including yours) if the length is greater than 8 characters then ps will fall back to show only the UID instead of username. + +#### 2. Display process by user #### + +To filter the processes by the owning user use the "-u" option followed by the username. Multiple usernames can be provided separated by a comma. + + $ ps -f -u www-data + UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD + www-data 1329 1328 0 09:32 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process + www-data 1330 1328 0 09:32 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process + www-data 1332 1328 0 09:32 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process + www-data 1377 1372 0 09:32 ? 00:00:00 php-fpm: pool a.localhost + www-data 1378 1372 0 09:32 ? 00:00:00 php-fpm: pool a.localhost + www-data 4524 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + www-data 4527 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + www-data 4528 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + +#### 3. Show process by name or process id #### + +To search the processes by their name or command use the "-C" option followed by the search term. + + $ ps -C apache2 + PID TTY TIME CMD + 2359 ? 00:00:00 apache2 + 4524 ? 00:00:00 apache2 + 4525 ? 00:00:00 apache2 + ... + +To display processes by process id, use the "-p" option and provides the process ids separated by comma. + + $ ps -f -p 3150,7298,6544 + +The "-C" must be provided with the exact process name and it cannot actually search with a partial name or wildcard. To search the process list more flexibly, the usual grep command has to be used + + $ ps -ef | grep apache + +#### 4. Sort process by cpu or memory usage #### + +System administrators often want to find out processes that are consuming lots of memory or CPU. The sort option will sort the process list based on a particular field or parameter. + +Multiple fields can be specified with the "--sort" option separated by a comma. Additionally the fields can be prefixed with a "-" or "+" symbol indicating descending or ascending sort respectively. There are lots of parameters on which the process list can be sorted. Check the man page for the complete list. + + $ ps aux --sort=-pcpu,+pmem + +Display the top 5 processes consuming most of the cpu. + + $ ps aux --sort=-pcpu | head -5 + USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND + root 1 2.6 0.7 51396 7644 ? Ss 02:02 0:03 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 23 + root 1249 2.6 3.0 355800 30896 tty1 Rsl+ 02:02 0:02 /usr/bin/X -background none :0 vt01 -nolisten tcp + root 508 2.4 1.6 248488 16776 ? Ss 02:02 0:03 /usr/bin/python /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork + silver 1525 2.1 2.3 448568 24392 ? S 02:03 0:01 /usr/bin/python /usr/share/system-config-printer/applet.py + +#### 5. Display process hierarchy in a tree style #### + +Many processes are actually forked out of some parent process, and knowing this parent child relationship is often helpful. The '--forest' option will construct an ascii art style tree view of the process hierarchy. + +The following command will search for processes by the name apache2 and construct a tree and display detailed information. + + $ ps -f --forest -C apache2 + UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD + root 2359 1 0 09:32 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + www-data 4524 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 \_ /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + www-data 4525 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 \_ /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + www-data 4526 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 \_ /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + www-data 4527 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 \_ /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + www-data 4528 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 \_ /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + +> Try not to use any sorting with the tree style display, as they both effect the order of display in different ways. + +#### 6. Display child processes of a parent process #### + +Here is an example of finding all forked apache processes. + + $ ps -o pid,uname,comm -C apache2 + PID USER COMMAND + 2359 root apache2 + 4524 www-data apache2 + 4525 www-data apache2 + 4526 www-data apache2 + 4527 www-data apache2 + 4528 www-data apache2 + [term] + + The first process that is owned by root is the main apache2 process and all other apache2 processes have been forked out of this main process. The next command lists all child apache2 processes using the pid of the main apache2 process + + [term] + $ ps --ppid 2359 + PID TTY TIME CMD + 4524 ? 00:00:00 apache2 + 4525 ? 00:00:00 apache2 + 4526 ? 00:00:00 apache2 + 4527 ? 00:00:00 apache2 + 4528 ? 00:00:00 apache2 + +#### 7. Display threads of a process #### + +The "-L" option will display the threads along with the processes. It can be used to display all threads of a particular process or all processes. + +The following command shall display all the threads owned by the process with id 3150. + + $ ps -p 3150 -L + +#### 8. Change the columns to display #### + +The ps command can be configured to show a selected list of columns only. There are a large number of columns to to show and the full list is available in the man pages. + +The following command shows only the pid, username, cpu, memory and command columns. + + $ ps -e -o pid,uname,pcpu,pmem,comm + +It is possible to rename the column labels + + $ ps -e -o pid,uname=USERNAME,pcpu=CPU_USAGE,pmem,comm + PID USERNAME CPU_USAGE %MEM COMMAND + 1 root 0.0 0.0 init + 2 root 0.0 0.0 kthreadd + 3 root 0.0 0.0 ksoftirqd/0 + 4 root 0.0 0.0 kworker/0:0 + 5 root 0.0 0.0 kworker/0:0H + 7 root 0.0 0.0 migration/0 + 8 root 0.0 0.0 rcu_bh + 9 root 0.0 0.0 rcuob/0 + 10 root 0.0 0.0 rcuob/1 + +Quite flexible. + +#### 9. Display elapsed time of processes #### + +The elapsed time indicates, how long the process has been running for. The column for elapsed time is not shown by default, and has to be brought in using the "-o" option + + $ ps -e -o pid,comm,etime + +#### 10. Turn ps into an realtime process viewer #### + +As usual, the watch command can be used to turn ps into a realtime process reporter. Simple example is like this + + $ watch -n 1 'ps -e -o pid,uname,cmd,pmem,pcpu --sort=-pmem,-pcpu | head -15' + +The output on my desktop is something like this. + + Every 1.0s: ps -e -o pid,uname,cmd,pmem,pcpu --... Sun Dec 1 18:16:08 2013 + + PID USER CMD %MEM %CPU + 3800 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 4.6 1.4 + 7492 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 2.7 1.4 + 3150 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome 2.7 2.5 + 3824 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 2.6 0.6 + 3936 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 2.4 1.6 + 2936 1000 /usr/bin/plasma-desktop 2.3 0.2 + 9666 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 2.1 0.8 + 3842 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 2.1 0.8 + 4739 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.8 1.0 + 3930 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.7 1.0 + 3911 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.6 0.6 + 3645 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.5 0.4 + 3677 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.5 0.4 + 3639 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.4 0.4 + +The output would be updated every 1 second to refresh the stats. However do not think that this is similar to top. + +You would notice that the output of top/htop command changes much more frequently compared to the above ps command. + +This is because the top output sorts on a value that is a mix of cpu usage and memory usage. But the above ps command sorts in a more simpler manner, taking 1 column at a time (like school maths). So it would not update rapidly like top. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.binarytides.com/linux-ps-command/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers – Part II.md b/sources/Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers – Part II.md index c1a22bea10..315fa6375c 100644 --- a/sources/Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers – Part II.md +++ b/sources/Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers – Part II.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +translated by coolpigs + Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers – Part II ================================================================================ Continuing the Interview Series, we are giving 10 Questions here, in this article. These questions and the questions in the future articles doesn’t necessarily means they were asked in any interview. We are presenting you an interactive learning platform through these kind of posts, which surely will be helpful. diff --git a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md deleted file mode 100644 index a9c55c9137..0000000000 --- a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,34 +0,0 @@ -【chenguang】翻译中》》》》》》》》》》》................ -= - -Daily Ubuntu Tips–Make The Mouse Left-handed For Left Hand Users -================================================================================ -The computer mouse was designed to be operated mostly using your index finger (the finger next to your thumb). By default, the mouse is configured for right-handed users. When you turn on your machine the first time, in most cases you will have to use your right index finger to click on things. - -In fact, most left-handed users use the mouse to the left side of the keyboard and use their middle finger to click on things. This is not the best way for left handed users to use the mouse. - -This brief tutorial is going those who need to use the mouse using their left hand properly. It will show left handed users how to setup the mouse so that the most commonly used button is operated using the left index finger. - -This can also applied to right handed users. If the mouse is configured to be used using the left index finger, right handed users may use this guide to change the button from left to right. - -To get started, click the gear button at the top right panel and select **System Settings**… - -![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/mouse-left-handed.png) - -Then select **Mouse & Touchpad** group from System Settings.. When it opens, choose ‘**Right**’ to switch the commonly used click button to suite left handed users. - -![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/mouse-left-handed-1.png) - -Switch back to Left to suite right handed users. The change will immediately take effect after selecting your choice. - -That it. Now left handed users can move the mouse to the left of the keyboard and use their index finger on the left hand to operate the mouse properly. - -Enjoy! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tipsmake-the-mouse-left-handed-for-left-hand-users/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/sources/Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md b/sources/Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md deleted file mode 100644 index bbf9a06aea..0000000000 --- a/sources/Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,24 +0,0 @@ -dig by crowner -Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story -================================================================================ -Along with quality, stability and agility, Ubuntu comes paired with a team of experienced designers, designers covering more and more corners of Ubuntu and thus imprinting into the polished OS beautiful areas, optimized behaviors, carefully-implemented interactions, etc. - -The **Ubuntu designer Matthieu "Tiheum" James**,--the creator of Faenza and Faience--, published an interesting article, centering the creation of several icons, insightful article allowing interested users and third-party developers to directly observe how a professional designer creates icons. - -The mentioned icons have been created for Juju as presented in the recent OpenStack Summit in Hong Kong, icons adopting an entertaining nature, meant at meeting the visitors of Ubuntu's stand at the Hong Kong summit, "**we wanted** to replace the normal Juju icons for something a little bit more special in order to explain to people that visited the Ubuntu stand what kind of things Juju can do. We decided to use the idea of an ice-cream with toppings and sauce which you can build in the same way that you can build services in Juju". - -The article exposes the psychological ground on which the actual icon-creation process stood, immersing the reader into an explanatory yet easily-graspable journey through finding good concepts, initial sketching, adding perspectives to icons, using different design approaches, choosing icon backgrounds, refining the icons, etc, essentially, a reader-friendly design story. - -![](http://iloveubuntu.net/pictures_me/icon%20creation%20design%20story.jpg) - -The full article can be enjoyed on [http://design.canonical.com/2013/11/juju-ice-cream-icon-design/][1] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://iloveubuntu.net/deepen-your-creative-knowledge-explanatory-user-friendly-icon-creation-design-story - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://design.canonical.com/2013/11/juju-ice-cream-icon-design/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md b/sources/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7725403ada --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,142 @@ +How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux +================================================================================ +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/hostname-command-linux.jpg) + +With more and more computer connected to the network, computer need to have an attribute to make it different to each other. Same as human in the real world, computer also hava an attribute which named hostname. + +### What is hostname ### + +From its manual page, hostname is used to display the system’s DNS name and to display or set its hostname or NIS domain name. So hostname is related to DNS (Domain Name System) or NIS (Network Information System). + +### How to display hostname ### + +Hostname is a pre-installed command in every Linux distribution. You can display your machine hostname by typing hostname in your console. Here’s a sample command and the output : + + $ hostname + ubuntu + +The above command will tell you that the computer name is **ubuntu**. + +### How to set a hostname ### + +Hostname is set when you install you Linux at the first time. There is a step in your installation procedure that your Linux will ask you to fill hostname information. However, **you can do it later** if you want. +To set it your hostname, you can use this command : + + # hostname dev-machine + + $ hostname + dev-machine + +You **need to be root** user or equal to set / change your hostname machine. The # sign is indicated that you are a root user. The above command is telling your computer to set its hostname into **dev-machine**. If you don’t receive any error message then your hostname is changed. Again, you check it using hostname command to see the result. + +Setting hostname using hostname command **is not permanent**. When you reboot your computer, your setting will gone. **To make it permanent**, you must manually edit hostname configuration files. + +**On Debian / Ubuntu based Linux** + +You will find it in these folders, **/etc/hostname** and **/etc/hosts**. + +Here’s the content of each files. + +**/etc/hostname** + + # vi /etc/hostname + dev-machine + +**/etc/hosts** + + # vi /etc/hosts + 127.0.0.1 localhost + 127.0.0.1 dev-machine + +You will found it **active immediately without restarting** your Linux. + +**On RedHat / CentOS based Linux** + +You will find it in these folders, **/etc/hosts** and and **/etc/sysconfig/networks** + +Here’s the content of each files. + +**/etc/hosts** + + 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost dev-machine + ::localhost 127.0.0.1 + +/etc/sysconfig/network + + NETWORKING=yes + NETWORKING_IPV6=no + HOSTNAME=dev-machine + +### How to display dnsdomainname ### + +From hostname definition above, hostname can also display a dnsname for your Linux. If hostname command will display your hostname, then dnsndomainname command will show your domain name. Let’s see the sample. + + $ dnsdomainname + bris.co.id + +On this article, the result of dnsdomainname command is **bris.co.id**. + +If you see the result is (**none**), then your machine **is not configured in FQDN** (Fully Qualified Domain Name). Dnsdomainname command will grab information from **/etc/hosts** file. You should configure it in FQDN format. Here’s the sample : + +**/etc/hosts** + + 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost dev-machine + ::localhost 127.0.0.1 + 192.168.0.104 dev-machine.bris.co.id dev-machine + +To display it more detail, you can use parameter **-v** + + $ dnsdomainname -v + gethostname()=’dev-machine.bris.co.id’ + Resolving ‘dev-machine.bris.co.id’ … + Result: h_name=’dev-machine.bris.co.id’ + Result: h_aliases=’dev-machine’ + Result: h_addr_list=’192.168.0.104’ + +### How to display hostname with more detail information ### + +Hostname command comes with some parameters and some aliases such as dnsdomainname command. Here’s some parameter that may useful on day-to-day operation. The results of the commands below is based on **/etc/hosts** configuration above + +**Display the IP Address** + + $ hostname -i + 192.168.0.104 + +**Display the domain** + + $ hostname -d + bris.co.id + +**Display the the short name** + + $ hostname -s + dev-machine + +*This command will produce the same result with only typing hostname* + +**Display with FQDN format** + + $ hostname -f + dev-machine.bris.co.id + +**Display with detail information** + +All the parameters mentioned above can be ‘**summarized**’ by the parameter **-v and -d**. Let’s take a look the sample + + $ hostname -v -d + gethostname()=’dev-machine.bris.co.id’ + Resolving ‘dev-machine.bris.co.id’ … + Result: h_name=’dev-machine.bris.co.id’ + Result: h_aliases=’dev-machine’ + Result: h_addr_list=’192.168.0.104’ + bris.co.id + +Feel familiar? Yes, this result is the same with **dnsdomainname -v** command that also mentioned above. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/display-set-hostname-linux/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md b/sources/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7308f79ec2..0000000000 --- a/sources/How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5 or 6.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,96 +0,0 @@ - NearTan 选题 -How to setup EPEL repository on CentOS 5/6 -================================================================================ -What is EPEL repository - -EPEL (Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux) is a project from the Fedora group that maintains a repository of software packages that are not already present on RHEL/CentOS. The repository is compatible with RHEL and all close derivates like CentOS and Scientific Linux. - -By using epel we can easily install many packages (around 10,000) with yum command, that are not already present in the centos repositories. EPEL packages are usually based on their Fedora counterparts and will never conflict with or replace packages in the base Enterprise Linux distributions. - -Further details about the epel project are available at - -[https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL][1] - -So in this tutorial I am going show you how to setup the epel repositories on CentOS - -> Note - There are many different 3rd party repositories that provide software packages for RHEL/CentOS systems. Some of the most popular ones are RpmForge, RpmFusion, EPEL, Remi etc. -> -> However it should be always kept in mind, that if multiple such third party repositories are added to a system, then it can lead of conflicts. The same package can come from multiple repositories, and some repositories can replace base packages of a system leading to unexpected troubles. Rpmforge and Epel are known to have conflicts. -> -> There are advanced techniques to tackle this like setting up priorities, or selectively installing packages from repositories, but ofcourse these require a lot of effort and so if you are not sure about all this, it is recommended to only use 1 such external repository. - -### Install EPEL on CentOS ### - -To setup epel on centos, we need to download the epel installation rpm and install it. -The downloads pages for version 6.x and 5.x of CentOS/RHEL are the following - -[http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/repoview/epel-release.html][2] -[http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5/i386/repoview/epel-release.html][3] - -The above urls would probably redirect to country specific mirrors for faster download. The page would contain a download link to download the rpm directly. The direct download links are - -[http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm][4] -[http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5/i386/epel-release-5-4.noarch.rpm][5] - -Select the correct url depending on your centos version. -Note that the EPEL installer package is architecture independant, so can be installed on both x86 and x64 systems. - -### 1. Check your CentOS version ### - -First check your centos version with the following command - - $ cat /etc/redhat-release - CentOS release 6.4 (Final) - -### 2. Download EPEL rpm ### - -Now download the epel rpm file for the corresponding centos version from one of the urls given above. - - $ wget http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm - -### 3. Install the EPEL rpm ### - -Now install the epel package with the rpm command - - $ sudo rpm -ivh epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm - or - $ sudo rpm -ivh epel-release* - -### 5. Check EPEL repository ### - -After installing the epel repository, check that it has been added to the repository list with the yum command - - # yum repolist - Loaded plugins: fastestmirror - Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile - * base: mirrors.vonline.vn - * epel: buaya.klas.or.id - * extras: centos-hn.viettelidc.com.vn - * updates: mirrors.fibo.vn - repo id repo name status - base CentOS-6 - Base 6,381 - epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64 10,023 - extras CentOS-6 - Extras 13 - nginx nginx repo 47 - updates CentOS-6 - Updates 1,555 - repolist: 18,019 - -The epel is listed after base repo and provides around 10K packages. So epel is now setup on CentOS. -The epel repository is setup in the **/etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo** file. - -Now install something from the epel repository - - $ sudo yum install htop - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.binarytides.com/setup-epel-repository-centos/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL -[2]:http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/repoview/epel-release.html -[3]:http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5/i386/repoview/epel-release.html -[4]:http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/How to setup Remi repository on CentOS 5 or 6 and Fedora 18 or 19 or 20.md b/sources/How to setup Remi repository on CentOS 5 or 6 and Fedora 18 or 19 or 20.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8a288839e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/How to setup Remi repository on CentOS 5 or 6 and Fedora 18 or 19 or 20.md @@ -0,0 +1,141 @@ +How to setup Remi repository on CentOS 5/6 and Fedora 18/19/20 +================================================================================ +Remi repository + +The [Remi (Les RPM de Remi) repository][1] provides the latest version of various software packages related to php and mysql for redhat based linux distros like centos, fedora and RHEL. It provides php, mysql, pecl packages, pear packages any many other open source/free php applications and libraries and many other php related packages. So its designed to assist in setting up apache+php based web servers with various kinds of open source applications. The default centos/fedora distros do no have the latest versions of these packages so repositories like Remi do the job. + +The repository can be easily setup on CentOS/Fedora through the installer rpm which will setup the repository configuration. + +### Setup on CentOS 5.x/6.x ### + +The Remi installer rpm file is available for both 5.x and 6.x versions of CentOS. The urls are as follows + +CentOS 5.x - [http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-5.rpm][2] +CentOS 6.x - [http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-6.rpm][3] + +On CentOS The Remi repository depends on the Epel repository which must be installed along with it, for it to work. If you already have epel repository setup then execute the following command + + $ wget http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-6.rpm + $ rpm -Uvh remi-release-6*.rpm + +If you do not already have Epel setup then run the following command. It will download the Epel installer file and install it along with Remi + + $ wget http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm + $ wget http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-6.rpm + $ rpm -Uvh remi-release-6*.rpm epel-release-6*.rpm + +For CentOS 5.x + + $ wget http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5/i386/epel-release-5-4.noarch.rpm + $ wget http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-5.rpm + $ rpm -Uvh remi-release-5*.rpm epel-release-5*.rpm + +Thats it. Now the remi repository should be setup on your CentOS system. + +### Setup on Fedora 18/19 ### + +On Fedora, Remi depends on the [Rpmfusion][4] repository. So first setup the rpmfusion repository. + + ## Remi Dependency on Fedora 19 / 18 / 17 ## + rpm -Uvh http://download1.rpmfusion.org/free/fedora/rpmfusion-free-release-stable.noarch.rpm + rpm -Uvh http://download1.rpmfusion.org/nonfree/fedora/rpmfusion-nonfree-release-stable.noarch.rpm + +The rpm file and configuration instructions for rpmfusion can be found here. + +After rpmfusion is setup, move ahead to setting up Remi. + + $ wget http://rpms.famillecollet.com/remi-release-19.rpm + $ yum install remi-release-19.rpm + +Or directly + + ## Fedora 20 ## + rpm -Uvh http://rpms.famillecollet.com/remi-release-20.rpm + + ## Fedora 19 ## + rpm -Uvh http://rpms.famillecollet.com/remi-release-19.rpm + + ## Fedora 18 ## + rpm -Uvh http://rpms.famillecollet.com/remi-release-18.rpm + + ## Fedora 17 ## + rpm -Uvh http://rpms.famillecollet.com/remi-release-17.rpm + +Make sure to use the correct url for your Fedora version. That should finish setting up the Remi repository on Fedora. + +### Verify Remi ### + +After setting up the Remi repository, its time to check if its properly done. The Remi repository is disabled by default. If you want to enable it permanently then edit the file /etc/yum.repos.d/remi.repo + + $ sudo nano /etc/yum.repos.d/remi.repo + +> [remi] +> name=Les RPM de remi pour Enterprise Linux 6 - $basearch +> #baseurl=http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/6/remi/$basearch/ +> mirrorlist=http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/6/remi/mirror +> enabled=0 +> gpgcheck=1 +> gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-remi + +The very first section that starts with [remi] is the main repository. Change the value of enabled from 0 to 1 to enable it. + +Otherwise it can be enabled via yum when needed using the enablerepo option. + + # yum repolist --enablerepo=remi + Loaded plugins: fastestmirror + Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile + * base: virror.hanoilug.org + * epel: mirror.unej.ac.id + * extras: mirrors.fibo.vn + * remi: mirror.smartmedia.net.id + * updates: mirrors.fibo.vn + repo id repo name status + base CentOS-6 - Base 6,381 + epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64 10,031 + extras CentOS-6 - Extras 13 + nginx nginx repo 47 + remi Les RPM de remi pour Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64 1,320 + updates CentOS-6 - Updates 1,555 + repolist: 19,347 + # + +Using the enablerepo option is sufficient when needed. As can be seen, the remi repository provides around 1320 packages. There are 2 more repos, namely remi-php55 and remi-test that provide even more packages. + +### List all packages ### + +To list out all the packages provided by the Remi repo, use the following command. + + # yum --disablerepo=* --enablerepo=remi,remi-php55,remi-test list available | less + +### Install packages from Remi repository ### + +To install packages from Remi repo, use the enablerepo option again + + # yum --enablerepo=remi,remi-php55 install php + +### Resources ### + +Remi repository official site +[http://rpms.famillecollet.com/][5] + +Remi FAQ +[http://blog.famillecollet.com/pages/English-FAQ][6] + +Remi repository configuration instructions +[http://blog.famillecollet.com/pages/Config-en][7] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.binarytides.com/setup-remi-repository-centos-fedora/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://rpms.famillecollet.com/ +[2]:http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-5.rpm +[3]:http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-6.rpm +[4]:http://rpmfusion.org/ +[5]:http://rpms.famillecollet.com/ +[6]:http://blog.famillecollet.com/pages/English-FAQ +[7]:http://blog.famillecollet.com/pages/Config-en \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/Insights into top 3 IT skill groups in highest demand.md b/sources/Insights into top 3 IT skill groups in highest demand.md index e4842bcb5c..feae96977c 100644 --- a/sources/Insights into top 3 IT skill groups in highest demand.md +++ b/sources/Insights into top 3 IT skill groups in highest demand.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +icybreaker translating Insights into top 3 IT skill groups in highest demand ================================================================================ ![](http://www.linuxcareer.com/images/linux_it_skills_watch.png) @@ -58,4 +59,4 @@ via: http://www.linuxcareer.com/insights-into-top-3-it-skills-groups-in-highest- [1]:http://www.linuxcareer.com/it-skill-sets [2]:http://www.linuxcareer.com/images/Linux_jobs_classification_jul_oct_2013.png -[3]:http://www.r-project.org/ \ No newline at end of file +[3]:http://www.r-project.org/ diff --git a/sources/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md b/sources/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md index b64725a9ff..0142fdb86f 100644 --- a/sources/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md +++ b/sources/Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +(translating by whatever1992) Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA ================================================================================ **Question**: How can I install Oracle Java 7 in Elemetary OS Luna? diff --git a/sources/Setup Apache 2.4 and Php FPM with mod proxy fcgi on Ubuntu 13.10.md b/sources/Setup Apache 2.4 and Php FPM with mod proxy fcgi on Ubuntu 13.10.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c43dd1c9bc --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/Setup Apache 2.4 and Php FPM with mod proxy fcgi on Ubuntu 13.10.md @@ -0,0 +1,208 @@ +Setup Apache 2.4 and Php FPM with mod proxy fcgi on Ubuntu 13.10 +================================================================================ +### mod_proxy_fcgi ### + +The module mod_proxy_fcgi is a new one and it allows apache to connect to/forward requests to an external fastcgi process manager like php fpm. This allows for a complete separation between the running of php scripts and Apache. Earlier we had to use modules like mod_fcgid and mod_fastcgi which all had some limitations. Mod_fcgid for example did not properly utilise the process management capability of php-cgi whereas mod_fastcgi is a third party module. + +With the arrival of mod_proxy_fcgi Apache finally gets the ability to neatly talk to external fastcgi process managers making it more efficient at the task. Delegating php requests to external fpm servers greatly reduces the load on web servers like apache resulting into efficient utilisation of machine resources and faster processing speed for users on the other end. Along with all that, php fpm can run opcode caching engines like apc in a very stable manner. + +So in this post, our task is to setup apache + php-fpm using the mod_proxy_fcgi connector. + +### 1. Setup Apache ### + +Ubuntu 13.10 already ships with apache 2.4 so all installables are in the repository itself. + +Install Apache if not already done + + $ sudo apt-get install apache2 + +Enable mod_proxy_fcgi + + $ sudo a2enmod proxy_fcgi + Considering dependency proxy for proxy_fcgi: + Enabling module proxy. + Enabling module proxy_fcgi. + To activate the new configuration, you need to run: + service apache2 restart + +Restart Apache + + $ sudo service apache2 restart + +### Configure virtual host ### + +Next task is to configure a vhost to use mod fcgi proxy to communicate with fpm. The vhost configuration files are stored in the following location + + /etc/apache2/sites-available + +Get inside there any create your new vhost configuration file by copying the 000-default.conf file which comes with apache. + + $ cd /etc/apache2/sites-available + $ sudo cp 000-default.conf mysite.conf + $ sudo nano mysite.conf + +Now its time to configure the virtualhost. Here is how I configured the file + +> +> # The ServerName directive sets the request scheme, hostname and port that +> # the server uses to identify itself. This is used when creating +> # redirection URLs. In the context of virtual hosts, the ServerName +> # specifies what hostname must appear in the request's Host: header to +> # match this virtual host. For the default virtual host (this file) this +> # value is not decisive as it is used as a last resort host regardless. +> # However, you must set it for any further virtual host explicitly. +> +> ServerName fpm.localhost +> +> ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost +> DocumentRoot /var/www/mysite +> +> # Available loglevels: trace8, ..., trace1, debug, info, notice, warn, +> # error, crit, alert, emerg. +> # It is also possible to configure the loglevel for particular +> # modules, e.g. +> #LogLevel info ssl:warn +> +> ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log +> CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined +> +> # For most configuration files from conf-available/, which are +> # enabled or disabled at a global level, it is possible to +> # include a line for only one particular virtual host. For example the +> # following line enables the CGI configuration for this host only +> # after it has been globally disabled with "a2disconf". +> #Include conf-available/serve-cgi-bin.conf +> +> ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*\.php(/.*)?)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/var/www/mysite/$1 +> +> +> Order allow,deny +> Allow from all +> AllowOverride FileInfo All +> # New directive needed in Apache 2.4.3: +> Require all granted +> +> +> + +The important things to note are : + +1. **ServerName** - This is the domain or the subdomain of your vhost. In this example I used fpm.localhost so that when using that sub domain on localhost, php fpm is used. Its just an example. + +2. **DocumentRoot** - This is the root of this vhost from where the web files shall be served. + +3. **ProxyPassMatch** - This is the directive that tells forward all requests for ".php" files to fcgi server at 127.0.0.1:9000. This is where our php fpm process manager would be running. More on this in the next section. +The fcgi url must contain the exact path to the document root. Otherwise it would say "File Not Found" when requesting for files. + +> ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*\.php(/.*)?)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/var/www/mysite/$1 + +The first parameter is the pattern to match. So all urls that have a ".php" in them followed by an option slash and anything else are matched and the matched part is forwarded to the fcgi server running at 127.0.0.1:9000. + +4. **Require all granted** - After the ProxyPassMatch line we added a section with Require and AllowOverride directives. It is necessary as of Apache 2.4 + +Save the file and enable it using the a2ensite command which saves the effort to create the symlink in sites-enabled directory. + + $ sudo a2ensite mysite + Enabling site mysite. + To activate the new configuration, you need to run: + service apache2 reload + +Now reload apache configuration + + $ sudo service apache2 reload + * Reloading web server apache2 + +That completes the apache configuration. The other half of the task is to configure php fpm so that it can finally work. + +### 2. Setup Php-FPM ### + +Next thing is to setup php fpm. Install it via synaptic, if not already done so. + + $ sudo apt-get install php5-fpm + +The configuration files for fpm are located at + +> /etc/php5/fpm + + /etc/php5/fpm$ ls + conf.d php-fpm.conf php.ini pool.d + +The pool.d directory contains the configuration file for each fpm pool and php-fpm.conf is the main configuration file. Our only work is to configure a fpm pool that is to be used with apache or the specific virtual host. + +The configuration file for a pool is quite large and there are many parameters that can be configured. But in this post we shall be talking about only the important fields that need be set to get fpm up and running + +> ; Start a new pool named 'www'. +> ; the variable $pool can we used in any directive and will be replaced by the +> ; pool name ('www' here) +> [www] +> +> ; Per pool prefix +> ; It only applies on the following directives: +> ; - 'slowlog' +> ; - 'listen' (unixsocket) +> ; - 'chroot' +> ; - 'chdir' +> ; - 'php_values' +> ; - 'php_admin_values' +> ; When not set, the global prefix (or /usr) applies instead. +> ; Note: This directive can also be relative to the global prefix. +> ; Default Value: none +> ;prefix = /path/to/pools/$pool +> +> ; Unix user/group of processes +> ; Note: The user is mandatory. If the group is not set, the default user's group +> ; will be used. +> user = enlightened +> group = enlightened +> +> ; The address on which to accept FastCGI requests. +> ; Valid syntaxes are: +> ; 'ip.add.re.ss:port' - to listen on a TCP socket to a specific address on +> ; a specific port; +> ; 'port' - to listen on a TCP socket to all addresses on a +> ; specific port; +> ; '/path/to/unix/socket' - to listen on a unix socket. +> ; Note: This value is mandatory. +> listen = 127.0.0.1:9000 +> +> ; Set listen(2) backlog. +> ; Default Value: 128 (-1 on FreeBSD and OpenBSD) +> ;listen.backlog = 128 + +Create a new configuration file by copying the www.conf file. And edit the fields as explained next. + +1. The first options is the name of the pool. We named it 'www' over here. Name it to anything you like or after the domain name it is going to be used with. 'yoursite' for example. That way it would be easier to remember. + +2. Setup the user and group that this pool will run with. When you are setting up multiple sites/domains/virtualhosts on a server, you would always want to setup separate user accounts and corresponding pool for each of those. This is an essential security measure, so that every pool has privileges of its own user only. + +3. Setup the listening socket. This is the socket on which the master fpm process shall listen for incoming requests. This can be a unix socket or a tcp socket. However [mod_proxy_fcgi does not yet support unix sockets][1], so we are limited to tcp sockets. +Over here its port number 9000 on localhost. + +Now restart fpm + + $ sudo service php5-fpm restart + +Now the new fpm pool should take effect. You can see the new pool process in htop for example. + +### 3. Test the setup ### + +Now that both apache and php fpm are configured and setup, its time to test. Get inside the document root directory and create a php file containing a call to phpinfo() function and open it in your browser. +The "Server API" should be reported as "FPM/FastCGI". + +Now that apache and php are setup, you may want to install other things like APC, mariadb database, phpmyadmin etc. Move around this site to find how-to guides on those. + +### Resources ### + +Check out the following links to learn more +[https://wiki.apache.org/httpd/PHP-FPM][2] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.binarytides.com/setup-apache-php-fpm-mod-proxy-fcgi-ubuntu/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://issues.apache.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=54101 +[2]:https://wiki.apache.org/httpd/PHP-FPM \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/Setup a jailed shell with jailkit on ubuntu.md b/sources/Setup a jailed shell with jailkit on ubuntu.md index 181caa20e1..806d293e9f 100644 --- a/sources/Setup a jailed shell with jailkit on ubuntu.md +++ b/sources/Setup a jailed shell with jailkit on ubuntu.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ + 我不入监狱　　谁入监狱 + Setup a jailed shell with jailkit on ubuntu ================================================================================ ### Jailed Shell and Jailkit ### @@ -216,4 +218,4 @@ via: http://www.binarytides.com/setup-jailed-shell-jailkit-ubuntu/ [9]: [10]: [11]: -[12]: \ No newline at end of file +[12]: diff --git a/sources/Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game.md b/sources/Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game.md deleted file mode 100644 index 0770027d9c..0000000000 --- a/sources/Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,25 +0,0 @@ - 这个不错　　我要占坑 -Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game -================================================================================ -[Briquolo][2] is a fast captivating breakout game that adopts the classic enjoyable game of dealing with a ball, in order to destroy various objects. - -Briquolo comes with an agile nature, therefore, the gamer is to be attentive while reflecting back the ball, a second of inattention and the ball is lost. - -Launching the game, the user is to notice its 3D look, the brave board is moved on top of a colorful environment featuring 3D objects, game arena where power-ups prove themselves vital, not succeeding to get the board-increasing goodies, the gamer decreases one's ability to complete the stage against the sprint-like attribute of the ball. - -Pleasant effects, according-to music and tweakable options (including the ability to set the game in fullscreen mode with high resolutions,--including 1920x1080--) present Briquolo as entertaining and challenging. - -![](http://iloveubuntu.net/pictures_me/Briquolo%20usc.jpg) - -Briquolo 0.5.7 is freely [available][2] for installation via Ubuntu Software Center (Ubuntu 12.04, Ubuntu 12.10, Ubuntu 13.04, Ubuntu 13.10, Ubuntu 14.04). - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://iloveubuntu.net/test-your-reflexes-briquolo-fast-breakout-game - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://briquolo.free.fr/en/ -[2]:apt://briquolo diff --git a/sources/This new worm targets Linux PCs and embedded devices.md b/sources/This new worm targets Linux PCs and embedded devices.md deleted file mode 100644 index 6ef439a4b3..0000000000 --- a/sources/This new worm targets Linux PCs and embedded devices.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,39 +0,0 @@ -This new worm targets Linux PCs and embedded devices -================================================================================ -**The malware spreads by exploiting a 2012 vulnerability in PHP, Symantec researchers said** - -IDG News Service - A new worm is targeting x86 computers running Linux and PHP, and variants may also pose a threat to devices such as home routers and set-top boxes based on other chip architectures. - -According to security researchers from Symantec, the malware spreads by exploiting a vulnerability in php-cgi, a component that allows PHP to run in the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) configuration. The vulnerability is tracked as CVE-2012-1823 and was patched in PHP 5.4.3 and PHP 5.3.13 in May 2012. - -The new worm, which was named Linux.Darlloz, is based on proof-of-concept code released in late October, the Symantec researchers said Wednesday in a [blog post][1]. - -"Upon execution, the worm generates IP [Internet Protocol] addresses randomly, accesses a specific path on the machine with well-known ID and passwords, and sends HTTP POST requests, which exploit the vulnerability," the Symantec researchers explained. "If the target is unpatched, it downloads the worm from a malicious server and starts searching for its next target." - -The only variant seen to be spreading so far targets x86 systems, because the malicious binary downloaded from the attacker's server is in ELF (Executable and Linkable Format) format for Intel architectures. - -However, the Symantec researchers claim the attacker also hosts variants of the worm for other architectures including ARM, PPC, MIPS and MIPSEL. - -These architectures are used in embedded devices like home routers, IP cameras, set-top boxes and many others. - -"The attacker is apparently trying to maximize the infection opportunity by expanding coverage to any devices running on Linux," the Symantec researchers said. "However, we have not confirmed attacks against non-PC devices yet." - -The firmware of many embedded devices is based on some type of Linux and includes a Web server with PHP for the Web-based administration interface. These kinds of devices might be easier to compromise than Linux PCs or servers because they don't receive updates very often. - -Patching vulnerabilities in embedded devices has never been an easy task. Many vendors don't issue regular updates and when they do, users are often not properly informed about the security issues fixed in those updates. - -In addition, installing an update on embedded devices requires more work and technical knowledge than updating regular software installed on a computer. Users have to know where the updates are published, download them manually and then upload them to their devices through a Web-based administration interface. - -"Many users may not be aware that they are using vulnerable devices in their homes or offices," the Symantec researchers said. "Another issue we could face is that even if users notice vulnerable devices, no updates have been provided to some products by the vendor, because of outdated technology or hardware limitations, such as not having enough memory or a CPU that is too slow to support new versions of the software." - -To protect their devices from the worm, users are advised to verify if those devices run the latest available firmware version, update the firmware if needed, set up strong administration passwords and block HTTP POST requests to -/cgi-bin/php, -/cgi-bin/php5, -/cgi-bin/php-cgi, -/cgi-bin/php.cgi and -/cgi-bin/php4, either from the gateway firewall or on each individual device if possible, the Symantec researchers said. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9244409/This_new_worm_targets_Linux_PCs_and_embedded_devices?taxonomyId=122 - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/linux-worm-targeting-hidden-devices \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md b/sources/Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md deleted file mode 100644 index 89d448f353..0000000000 --- a/sources/Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,290 +0,0 @@ -Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots -================================================================================ -The top command in Linux displays the running processes on the system. One of the most important tools for a system administrator. It is used extensively for monitoring the load on a server. In this article, we explore the top command in detail. The top command is an interactive command. Many commands are available when top is running. We will explore these commands as well. - -### 1. Top Command output: ### - -First of all, let us understand what the output says. Top command displays a lot of information about the running system. But we need to under stand the meaning of different sections of this output: -Running by default, the top command displays output like this: - -![Top default display](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/01.top_default.png) - -First few lines are horizontal showing summary about different system parameters, and following these are the processes and their attributes in columns. - -#### 1.1 Uptime and Load Averages: #### - -![Uptime display](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/02.top_uptime.png) - -At the top of top command is displayed the output similar to uptime command. - -The fields display: - -- current time -- the time your system is been up -- number of users logged in -- load average of 5, 10 and 15 minutes respectively. - -This uptime display can be toggled with ‘l’ command. - -#### 1.2 Tasks: #### - -![Task summary](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/03.top_tasks.png) - -The second line shows summary of tasks or processes. The processes can be in different states. It shows total number of the processes. Out of these, the processes can be running, sleeping, stopped or in zombie (zombie is the state of a process state, These process summary can be toggled with ‘t’ command. - -#### 1.3 CPU States: #### - -![CPU status display](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/04.top_cpu_states.png) - -Next is shown the CPU state. Here, %age of CPU time in different modes is shown. The meaning of different CPU times are: - -- us, user: CPU time in running (un-niced) user processes -- sy, system: CPU time in running kernel processes -- ni, niced: CPU time in running niced user processes -- wa, IO wait: CPU time waiting for IO completion -- hi: CPU time serving hardware interrupts -- si: CPU time serving software interrupts -- st: CPU time stolen for this vm by the hipervisor. - -This can be toggled with ‘t’ command. - -#### 1.4 Memory Usage: #### - -![Memory usage](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/05.top_mem_usage.png) - -Next two lines show memory usage, somewhat like ‘free’ command. 1st of these lines is for physical memory and the second for virtual memory (swap space). - -The physical memory is displayed as: total available memory, used memory, free memory, and memory used for buffers -Similarly, swap reflects: total, used, free and cached swap space. -The memory can be toggled with ‘m’ command. - -#### 1.5 Fields/Columns: #### - -![Top columns](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/06.top_fields.png) - -After these horizontal system properties and states, the processes are shown in columns. The different columns represent different properties discussed below. - -By default, top shows these attributes associated with processes: - -**PID** -The Process ID, to uniquely identify a processes. - -**USER** -The effective user name of the owner of the processes. - -**PR** -The scheduling priority of the process. Some values in this field are ‘rt’. It means that the process is running under real-time. - -**NI** -The nice value of the process. Lower values mean higher priority. - -**VIRT** -The amount of virtual memory used by the process. - -**RES** -The resident memory size. Resident memory is the amount of non-swapped physical memory a task is using. - -**SHR** -SHR is the shared memory used by the process. - -**S** -This is the process status. It can have one of the following values: - -- D – uninterruptible sleep -- R – running -- S – sleeping -- T – traced or stopped -- Z – zombie - -**%CPU** -It is the percentage of CPU time the task has used since last update. - -**%MEM** -Percentage of available physical memory used by the process. - -**TIME+** -The total CPU time the task has used since it started, with precision upto hundredth of a second. - -**COMMAND** -The command which was used to start the process. - -There are many other outputs which are not displayed by default which can display information about page faults, effective group and group ID of the process, and many more. - -### 2. Interactive Commands: ### - -We discussed earlier that the top command is interactive commands. Some of the commands we encountered in the last section. Here we explore these commands further. - -#### 2.1 ‘h’: Help #### - -First of all, you can press ‘h’ or ‘?’ to display the help menu for interactive commands. - -![Help options](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/07.top_help.png) - -#### 2.2 ‘’ or ‘’: Refresh Display #### - -The top command by default refreshes after a certain interval (3 seconds). To refresh manually, user can press enter or space key. - -#### 2.3 A: Toggle Alternate Display Mode #### - -This command switches between full-screen Mode and alternate-display mode. In alternate display mode, 4 windows are available: - -1. Def -2. Job -3. Mem -4. Usr - -Each of the 4 field groups has a unique separately configurable summary area and its own configurable task area. Only one of these 4 windows will be the current window. The current window is displayed on the top left corner. - -![Alternative display mode](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/08.top_alternative_display.png) - -You can switch between 4 windows with ‘a’ and ‘w’ keys. ‘a’ moves to next and ‘w’ to previous window. With ‘g’ command, you can enter a number to select the current window. - -![Window selection in alternative display](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/09.top_alternate_window_selection.png) - -#### 2.4 B: Toggle Bold Display #### - -Some important information is shown in bold characters. This command toggles use of bold. - -![Bold off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/10.top_bold_display_off.png) - -#### 2.5 ‘d’ or ‘s’: Set Display Time interval #### - -When ‘d’ or ‘s’ is pressed, you will be prompted to enter a value ( in seconds ) which will be set as display interval. If you enter 1 here, top will refresh every second. - -![Display time interval](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/11.top_display_time_interval.png) - -#### 2.6 ‘l’, ‘t’, ‘m’: Toggle Load, Task, Memory Info #### - -These will toggle load average, task/cpu status and mem info respectively as discussed. - -![Load average off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/12.top_load_average_display_off.png) - -![CPU summary off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/13.top_cpu_display_off.png) - -![Memory and swap usage off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/14.top_mem_display_off.png) - -![All three displays off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/15.top_all_three_display_off.png) - -#### 2.7 ‘f’: Field Management #### - -This is used to chose what field you want to display on the output screen. The fields marked as * are selected. - -![Managing columns](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/16.top_field_management.png) - -‘<’ and ‘>’ -The ‘<’ command moves the sorted field to the left and ‘>’ to the right - -#### 2.8 ‘R’: Reverse Sort #### - -Toggle Reverse/Normal sort order - -#### 2.9 ‘c’: Toggle Command #### - -Toggle full path of command that started the process and program name. - -![Full command path](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/17.top_command_name_displayed.png) - -#### 2.10 ‘i’: Idle Tasks #### - -Toggle idle tasks. - -![Idle task display off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/18.top_idle_tasks_off.png) - -#### 2.11 ‘V’: Forest View #### - -Toggle forest view mode. - -![Forest view of tasks](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/19.top_forest_view.png) - -#### 2.12 ‘Z’: Change color map #### - -Pressing the ‘Z’ key takes the user to a screen where the display color can be changed for top command. There are 8 task areas to chose from and 8 colors. - -![Customizing colors](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/20.top_color_selection.png) - -The below screen shows full colored top view with all 4 screens on. - -![Colored display](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/21.top_colored.png) - -#### 2.13 ‘z’: Toggle Color #### - -Toggle color, i.e. turn on or off the colored display. - -#### 2.14 ‘x’ or ‘y’ #### - -Toggle highlights: ‘x’ sort field; ‘y’ running tasks. Depending upon your display settings, You might have to make the output colored in order to notice these highlights. - -![X and Y highlighted](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/22.top_x_y_displayed.png) - -#### 2.15 ‘u’: Processes of a User #### - -Show processes for a particular user. You are prompted to enter the username. Blank will show for all users. - -![Processes of 'raghu' user](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/23.top_raghu_processes.png) - -#### 2.16 ‘n’ or ‘#’: Number of tasks #### - -Set maximum number of tasks displayed. - -![Setting number of tasks displayed](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/24.top_10_processes.png) - -#### 2.17 ‘k’: Kill tasks #### - -One of the most important commands of top. Used to send signals to tasks (Usually kill tasks). - -![Killing a task](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/25.top_kill_task.png) - -#### 2.18 ‘r’: Renice #### - -Renice a task to change the scheduling priority. - -### 3. Command line options: ### - -Most of these command line options are similar to the commands discussed above. Top output can be manipulated interactively with commands. But you can start top with some parameters set to your convenience with these options. - -#### 3.1 -b: Batch mode #### - -The -b option starts top command in batch mode. It can be useful when you want to save the output in a file. - -#### 3.2 -c: Command/Program-name toggle: #### - -As discussed in the above commands, this option will toggle from the last remembered state of command/program name display. - -#### 3.3 -d: Set delay interval #### - -Set the delay interval for top (in seconds). For example: - - $ top -d 1 - -will start the top command with 1 sec delay interval. - -#### 3.4 -i: idle process toggle #### - -This option sets the top command with last remembered ‘i’ state reversed. - -#### 3.5 -n: Set number of iterations #### - -With -n option, you can set the number of iterations after which top willl end. - - $ top -n 3 - -will exit top automatically after 3 outputs. - -#### 3.6 -p: monitor specific PIDs #### - -You can specify what PIDs you want to monitor with -p option. PID value 0 will be treated as process ID of top command itself. - -#### 3.7 -u or -U: username or UID #### - -The process of a particular user can be viewed with these options. Username or UID can be specified to the option. The -p, -u and -U options are mutually exclusive. Only one of the options can be used at a time. You get error when you try to use any combination of these options: - - $ top -p 28453 -u raghu - top: conflicting process selections (U/p/u) - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-top-command-examples-screenshots/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md b/translated/Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6585913bb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/Deepen your creative knowledge with explanatory user-friendly icon-creation design story.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +用解释性用户友好的图标的创作设计故事加深你的创意知识 +================================================================================ +伴随着质量性、稳定性和灵活性，Ubuntu自带了一批富有经验的设计师，这些设计师覆盖了越来越多的Ubuntu的角落，因此压印进这个闪耀着光芒的系统中的漂亮区域、优化行为、小心实现的交互等。 + + **Ubuntu的设计师 Matthieu "Tiheum" James**,--Faenza和Faience的发明者--, 发布了一篇有趣的文章，（这篇文章）围绕着几个图标的发明展开。这篇有见地的文章使得感兴趣的用户和第三方开发人员能够直观地了解一个专业的设计师是怎样创作一个图标的。 + +上面提到的最近在香港的OpenStack峰会上发布的图标是为Juju设计的，这个图标采用了一个有趣的特性，为了满足Ubuntu在香港峰会的参观者的需要，“**我们想**用比较特殊的一点的东西来代替正常的Juju图标，以向参观了Ubuntu站的人们解释说Juju可以做什么。我们决定使用的带配料和酱汁的冰淇淋的想法（来说明），你可以在同这个想法（用配料和酱汁调配出自己的冰淇淋）一样，建立Juju的服务。 + +这篇文章解释了在真实的图标创作过程中真实的心路历程，使读者沉浸在一个解释性同时易于掌握的旅程中，在旅程之中包括寻找好的概念，最初的草图，为图标添加角度，采用不同的设计方法，选择图标背景，精炼图标等。从本质上讲，一个易于阅读的设计故事。 + +![](http://iloveubuntu.net/pictures_me/icon%20creation%20design%20story.jpg) + +你可以在这里享受全文[http://design.canonical.com/2013/11/juju-ice-cream-icon-design/][1]。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://iloveubuntu.net/deepen-your-creative-knowledge-explanatory-user-friendly-icon-creation-design-story + +译者：[crowner](https://github.com/crowner) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://design.canonical.com/2013/11/juju-ice-cream-icon-design/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md b/translated/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md index 4b990d677a..60347d7c22 100644 --- a/translated/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md +++ b/translated/Linux Uptime Command – Find How Long Your System Been Running.md @@ -2,43 +2,41 @@ Linux Uptime 命令，让你知道你的系统运行了多久 ================================================================================ ![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/linux-uptime-command.png) - -系统运行了多久对于一些人来说是无关紧要的，但是对于服务器管理员来说，这是相当重要的信息。服务器在运行重要的应用的时候，必须尽量保证长时间的稳定运行，有时候甚至要求零宕机。那么我们怎么才能知道服务器运行了多久呢？ +对于一些人来说系统运行了多久是无关紧要的，但是对于服务器管理员来说，这是相当重要的信息。服务器在运行重要应用的时候，必须尽量保证长时间的稳定运行，有时候甚至要求零宕机。那么我们怎么才能知道服务器运行了多久呢？ 在Linux 下，我们可以使用uptime 命令，而且此命令不必使用root 权限。uptime 命令在系统中已经默认安装了。 -语法就像这样： +语法如下： $ uptime -你会在屏幕上看到类似这样的显示： +你会在屏幕上看到如下显示： ![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/uptime.png) -这些信息保存在/proc/uptime 文件中，虽然是以文本方式保存，但是这些数据却不能直接显示，需要我们使用uptime 命令来翻译它。 +这些信息保存在/proc/uptime 文件中，虽然是以文本方式保存，但是这些数据却不能直接显示，这就需要我们使用uptime 命令来翻译它。 -下面来讲解如何解读运行uptime 命令后显示的信息： +以下是如何解读uptime 提供的信息： ### 系统时间 ### -在图1中，左起第一个信息是14:04:39，这就是当前系统时间，以24小时格式输出。 +在图1中，左起第一条信息是14:04:39，这就是当前系统时间，以24小时格式输出。 ### 系统运行时间 ### -第二个信息**Up 1004 days, 12:20**，这是显示你的系统运行的时间。这里显示的是到目前（即第一个时间）为止，你的系统运行了1004天12小时20分钟，如果你的系统没有运行超过24小时，这里将只会显示小时分钟或者只显示分钟。注意图2、图3的信息，当系统重启后将会清零。 +第二条信息**Up 1004 days, 12:20**，这是显示你的系统运行时间。图1 显示你的系统已经运行了1004天12小时20分钟，如果你的系统没有运行超过24小时，这里将只会显示小时分钟或者只显示分钟。注意图2、图3的信息，当系统重启后将会清零。 ![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/uptime_minutes.png) ![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/uptime_hours1.png) -### 已登陆用户的数量 ### +### 已登录用户的数量 ### 第三部分的信息是显示已登陆用户的数量。在图1中，显示的是**1 user** ，即当前登录用户数量。当多个用户在同时登陆系统时，uptime 命令将告诉你用户的数量。 -### 平均负载量 ### +### 平均负载量 ### -最后一个信息是系统的平均负载量。回到图1，你看到这样带两位小数的数字**0.25, 0.25, 0.19**可以换算成百分比，即0.25和0.19分别代表着25%和19%。 -19代表着过去1分钟、5分钟、15分钟系统的平均负载量。负载量越低意味着你的系统性能越好。 +最后一个信息是系统的平均负载量。回到图1，你看到这样带两位小数的数字**0.25, 0.25, 0.19**可以换算成百分比，即0.25和0.19分别代表着25%和19%。0.25, 0.25, 0.19分别代表着过去1分钟、5分钟、15分钟系统的平均负载量。负载量越低意味着你的系统性能越好。 这就是**uptime** 命令的日常使用指导，如果想获取更详细的信息，请通过输入**man uptime** 进入uptime 命令的manual 页面来查看。 @@ -46,6 +44,6 @@ Linux Uptime 命令，让你知道你的系统运行了多久 via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-uptime-command/ -译者：[NearTan](https://github.com/NearTan) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[NearTan](https://github.com/NearTan) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translated/Manage and Limit Download-Upload Bandwidth with Trickle in Linux.md b/translated/Manage and Limit Download-Upload Bandwidth with Trickle in Linux.md index b20a6ecebe..2371f13477 100644 --- a/translated/Manage and Limit Download-Upload Bandwidth with Trickle in Linux.md +++ b/translated/Manage and Limit Download-Upload Bandwidth with Trickle in Linux.md @@ -1,54 +1,58 @@ Linux 下使用Trickle管理和限制下载/上传带宽 ================================================================================ -你有没有遇到过一个程序占用了你所有的网络带宽的情况？如果你遇到过，那么你就需要限制带宽的应用。或者你是一个系统管理员或者只是一名Linux用户，你需要学习如何控制应用的上传和下载速度来确保你的网络带宽不会被一个程序耗光。 +你有没有遇到过一个程序占用了你所有的网络带宽的情况？如果你遇到过，那么你就需要限制带宽的应用。不管你是一个系统管理员还是一名普通Linux用户，您都要学习如何控制应用的上传和下载速度来确保你的网络带宽不会被一个程序耗光。 ![](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Bandwidth-limit-trickle.png) ### Trickle 是什么? ### -**Trickle**是一款用来限制如**Firefox, FTP , SSH**和其他程序带宽使用的带宽限制工具来确保网络带宽。你希望你的**Youtube**音乐体验影响到你的ftp下载么？不过不想，继续阅读这篇文章，你会学到如何安装和使用trickle在你的机器上。 +**Trickle**是一款带宽整形器,用来限制如**Firefox, FTP , SSH**以及其他使用网络带宽的程序的带宽使用。你希望你的**Youtube**音乐体验影响到你的ftp下载么？如果不想，请继续阅读这篇文章，学习如何在你的机器上安装和使用trickle。 + ### 怎样在Linux上安装Trickle ### -trickle有它自己的依赖，你必须在安装和使用trickle之前安装了“**libevent 库**”，但这个在大多数现在Linux机器上已经默认安装。 +trickle工具有它自己的依赖包，安装和使用trickle之前必须安装“**libevent 库**”，不过这个库在大多数现在的Linux机器上已经默认安装。 + #### 在 Debian/Ubuntu/Linux Mint 上#### -在**Debian/Ubuntu/Mint** 机器上运行 **apt-get install trickle**会有效。请确保源列表已经更新，接着安装你想要的应用。 +在**Debian/Ubuntu/Mint** 机器上运行 **apt-get install trickle**进行安装。请确保源列表已经更新，接着安装你想要的应用。 $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install trickle #### 在 RHEL/CentOS/Fedora 上#### -首先你需要更新系统接着使用接下来的命令安装trickle。 +首先你需要更新系统,然后使用下面的命令安装trickle。 # yum update # yum install trickle ### Trickle如何工作? ### -Trickle通过控制某个socket数据的写入和读取数量来控制和限制应用的**上传/下载**速度。它使用另一个版本的**BSD**套接字API，但是区别是trickle还管理socket调用。 +Trickle通过控制socket数据读写量来控制和限制应用的**上传/下载**速度。它使用另一个版本的**BSD**套接字API，但是区别是trickle还管理socket调用。 + +要注意的是trickle使用动态链接和加载，所以它只对于使用"Glibc库"的程序有用。由于trickle可以设置数据在socket上的传输延迟，显然它可以用来限制一个应用的网络带宽。 -要注意的是trickle使用动态链接和加载，所以它只对于使用"Glibc库"的程序有用。由于trickle可以设置数据在socket的传输延迟，因此它明显可以用来限制一个应用的网络带宽。 ### Trickle不能做什么？ ### -Trickle不能限制使用**UDP**协议的应用的带宽，它只可用于**TCP**连接，但是你要知道它也并不是可以工作在所有的**TCP**连接。如果你到现在仔细地看了这篇文章，你可以猜到原因是什么。你能回忆起trickle可以工作在使用**Glibc库**应用的事实么？ +Trickle不能用于限制使用**UDP**协议的应用的带宽，它只可用于**TCP**连接，但是你要知道它也并不是对所有的**TCP**连接有效。如果你一直仔细地看这篇文章，你可以猜到原因是什么。你还记得trickle只对使用**Glibc库**应用有效吧？ + +还要说一下,trickle无法工作在使用静态链接的可执行程序上。 -我不得说一下trickle无法工作在使用静态链接的可执行程序上。 ### 确定Trickle是否可运行在某个特定应用上 ### -既然trickle无法显示每个应用的**上传/下载**速度，那么有理由要使用一个方法来找出trickle可以工作的应用。 +既然trickle无法限制每个应用的**上传/下载**速度，就应该有个方法找出trickle可以工作的应用。 -**ldd**工具可以帮我们找出某个特定的程序是否使用了**libc.so**库。如果程序使用了这个库，那么你可以使用trickle来限制它的网络带宽使用。 +**ldd**工具可以帮我们找出某个特定的程序是否使用了**libc.so**库。如果程序使用了这个库，就可以使用trickle来限制它的网络带宽使用。 -**ldd**命令被用来打印每个程序需要的共享库。如果你是一个好奇的**Linux Geek**，那么你可以使用man命令来找出关于ldd工具的更多信息。 +**ldd**命令用于打印每个程序需要的共享库。如果你是一个好奇的**Linux Geek**，那么你可以使用man命令来找出关于ldd工具的更多信息。 # man ldd -**Filezilla**是一款使用ftp协议传输文件的程序，trickle可以用来限制它的下载或者上传速度么？在你考虑的时候，我使用以下的命令来找出trickle是否可用在filezilla。 +**Filezilla**是一款使用ftp协议传输文件的程序，trickle可以用来限制它的下载或者上传速度么？在你考虑的时候，我使用以下的命令来找出trickle是否可用于filezilla。 # ldd filezilla | grep libc.so @@ -61,12 +65,12 @@ Trickle不能限制使用**UDP**协议的应用的带宽，它只可用于**TCP* ### 学习如何使用Trickle ### -打印下面的命令打印trickle工具的**版本**。 +使用下面的命令打印trickle工具的**版本**。 root@oltjano-X55CR:~# trickle -V trickle: version 1.07 -Linux有很多命令行工具使得测试(实验)变得有趣和美丽。下载的命令使用[wget 工具][1]来下载最新的Pear OS镜像 +Linux有很多命令行工具使测试(实验)变得有趣和美丽。下面的命令使用[wget 工具][1]来下载最新的Pear OS镜像. root@oltjano-X55CR:~# wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/pearoslinux/files/Pear%20OS%208/pearos8-i386.iso/download @@ -88,8 +92,7 @@ root@oltjano-X55CR:~# wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/pearoslinux/files/Pea Saving to: ‘download’ 0% [ ] 30,78,278 381KB/s eta 1h 50m - -如你所见的输出，下载速度大约是**381 KB/s**。我想限制下载速度到**13 K/s**，这样我就可以用我的带宽做其他的事情了。下面的命令用来限制wget速度到**13 K/s**。 +从输出可以看到，下载速度大约是**381 KB/s**。我想限制下载速度到**13 K/s**，这样我就可以用我的带宽做其他的事情了。下面的命令用来限制wget速度到**13 K/s**。 root@oltjano-X55CR:~# trickle -d 13 wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/pearoslinux/files/Pear%20OS%208/pearos8-i386.iso/download @@ -114,15 +117,15 @@ root@oltjano-X55CR:~# wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/pearoslinux/files/Pea 0% [ ] 2,01,550 13.1KB/s eta 21h 5m -如你所见的输出，下载速度被限制到了**13K/s**。下载将会持续**21小时5分钟**。上面的“**-d**”意味着下载，你可以像下面的命令那样结合使用 “**-d**”选项和上传选项(**-u**)。 +从输出可以看到，下载速度被限制到了**13K/s**。下载将会持续**21小时5分钟**。上面的“**-d**”选项表示下载，还可以结合使用 “**-d**”选项和上传选项(**-u**),如下例所示。 # trickle -u 100 -d 50 ftp -上面的命令来限制**ftp 客户端**的上传速度为**100K/s**，下载速度为**50K/s**。你还可以在一个bash里面限制所有的命令的带宽。 +上面的命令限制**ftp 客户端**的上传速度为**100K/s**，下载速度为**50K/s**。还可以使用下面的命令,限制在一个shell里运行的所有命令的带宽。 trickle -d 130 -u 13 bash -每个命令行工具对用户提供了帮助，使用trickle命令使用"-h"选项来找出更多trickle工具的用法。 +每个命令行工具都对用户提供了帮助，使用"trickle -h"命令来找出更多trickle工具的用法。 root@oltjano-X55CR:/usr/bin# trickle -h @@ -143,13 +146,13 @@ root@oltjano-X55CR:/usr/bin# trickle -h ### 总结 ### -本篇文章教你如何安装trickle工具在你的Linux机器上，并用它如何做一些简单的事情。无论你为大公司还是为你自己，trickle都是高级Linux用户的必备工具。 +本篇文章介绍如何在Linux机器上安装trickle工具，并用它如何做一些简单的事情。无论你为大公司工作还是自己使用，trickle都是高级Linux用户的必备工具。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.tecmint.com/manage-and-limit-downloadupload-bandwidth-with-trickle-in-linux/ -译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translated/Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game.md b/translated/Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e794f060e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/Test your reflexes with Briquolo, fast breakout game.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +用Briquolo,打砖块游戏,测试你的反应速度 + +================================================================================ + +[Briquolo][2]是一款快速而又迷人的游戏，处理一个球来破坏不同的物体，经典而又令人愉悦。 + +Briquolo十分考验敏捷，因此，游戏玩家必需时刻注意球的走向，一不留神就可能让球掉落。 + +启动游戏后，玩家会意识到这是一款3D游戏，以3D对象展现的华丽木块浮动在一个多彩的环境里，当击破木块时有机率掉落特殊物体，毫无疑问获取它们是至关重要的，会改变球或滑板的状态，比如球会加速，但有时候也会给你带来麻烦。 + +通过音乐和其他选项的修改，到达精致的效果(包括游戏全屏，高分辨率，--可调至1920×1080--)呈现一个有趣而又富有挑战性的Briquolo。 + +![](http://iloveubuntu.net/pictures_me/Briquolo%20usc.jpg) + +Briquolo　0.5.7是[可靠的][2]自由软件,可通过Ubuntu软件中心安装(Ubuntu 12.04, Ubuntu 12.04, Ubuntu 13.04, Ubuntu 13.10, Ubuntu 14.04)。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://iloveubuntu.net/test-your-reflexes-briquolo-fast-breakout-game + +译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://briquolo.free.fr/en/ +[2]:apt://briquolo diff --git a/translated/This new worm targets Linux PCs and embedded devices.md b/translated/This new worm targets Linux PCs and embedded devices.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d4676cf316 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/This new worm targets Linux PCs and embedded devices.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +新蠕虫能感染 Linux 系统和嵌入式设备！ +================================================================================ +**来自𧶼门铁克研究员的消息，这个病毒通过2012年出现的 PHP 漏洞传播** + +据美国国际数据集团（IDG）的新闻 —— 一个新的蠕虫病毒将目标指向那些运行了 Linux 和 PHP 的 x86 架构计算机，其变种还会对运行在其他芯片架构上的设备（诸如家用路由器和机顶盒）造成威胁。 + +根据𧶼门铁克研究员的介绍，这种病毒利用 php-cgi 上的一个漏洞进行传播，这个 php-cgi 组件的功能是允许 PHP 代码在通用网关接口（CGI）的配置环境下被执行。此漏洞的代号为 CVE-2012-1823（通过这个漏洞，攻击者可以远程执行任意代码，所以这个漏洞又叫“程任意代码执行漏洞” —— 译者注）。2012年5月份，PHP 5.4.3 和 PHP 5.3.13 这两个版本被打上补丁，修复了这个漏洞。 + +这个𧶼门铁克的研究员在[博客][1]中写道：这个名为“Linux.Darlloz”的新蠕虫病毒基于去年10月份放出的 PoC 代码（PoC：proof of concept，概念验证。利用目标计算机的漏洞，为对其进行攻击而设计的代码称为 exploit，而一个没有充分利用漏洞的 exploit，就是 PoC —— 译者注）。 + +“在传播过程中，这段蠕虫代码会随机产生 IP 地址，通过特殊途径，利用普通的用户名密码发送 HTTP POST 请求，探测漏洞”，研究员解释道：“如果一个目标没有打上 CVE-2012-1823 的补丁，这台机器就会从病毒服务器下载蠕虫病毒，之后寻找下一个目标。” + +这个唯一的蠕虫变种目前为止只感染了 x86 系统，这是因为这个病毒的二进制格式为 Intel 架构下的 ELF （Executable and Linkable Format）格式。 + +然而这个研究员警告说，黑客也为其他架构开发了病毒，包括 ARM，PPC，MIPS 和 MIPSEL。 + +这些计算机架构主要用于诸如家用路由器、网络监视器、机顶盒以及其他嵌入式设备。 + +“攻击者显然试图在最大范围内感染运行 Linux 的设备”，研究员又说：“然而我们还没有证实他们有没有攻击非 PC 设备。” + +很多嵌入式设备的固件都使用 Linux 作为操作系统，并且使用 PHP 作为 Web 服务管理界面。这些设备比 PC 机 或服务器更容易被攻陷，因为它们不会经常更新软件。 + +在嵌入式设备为一个漏洞打上补丁，从来都不是件容易的事。很多厂商都不会定期公布更新信息，而当他们公布时，用户也不会被告知说这些更新解决了哪些安全问题。 + +并且，在嵌入式设备上更新软件比在计算机上需要更多的工作，以及更多的技术知识。用户需要知道哪些网站能提供这些更新，然后下载下来，通过 Web 界面更新到他们的设备中。 + +“很多用户也许压根就不知道他们家里或办公室的设备存在漏洞，”啰嗦的研究员说：“我们面临的另一个问题是，即使用户注意到他们用的是有漏洞的设备，这些设备的供应商却没有提供补丁，原因是技术落后，或者完全就是硬件的限制：内存不足，或 CPU 太慢，不足以支持这些软件的新版本。” + +“为了保护他们的设备免受蠕虫感染，用户需要确认这些设备是否运行在最新的固件版本上，必要的话，升级固件，设置高强度的管理员密码，在防火墙那儿，或任何独立的设备那儿，屏蔽任何对 -/cgi-bin/php, -/cgi-bin/php5, -/cgi-bin/php-cgi, -/cgi-bin/php.cgi and -/cgi-bin/php4 的 HTTP POST 请求。”没完没了的𧶼门铁克研究员说道。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9244409/This_new_worm_targets_Linux_PCs_and_embedded_devices?taxonomyId=122 + +译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/linux-worm-targeting-hidden-devices diff --git a/translated/Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md b/translated/Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ab59b8e2c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/Unbelievable ! 30 Linux TOP Command Examples With Screenshots.md @@ -0,0 +1,290 @@ +难以置信！ 30个top命令示例以及截图 +================================================================================ +Linux中的top命令显示系统上正在运行的进程。它是系统管理员最重要的工具之一。被广泛用于监视服务器的负载。在本篇中，我们会探索top命令的细节。top命令是一个交互命令。在运行top的时候还可以运行很多命令。我们也会探索这些命令。 + +### 1. Top 命令输出: ### + +首先，让我们理解一下输出。top命令会显示系统的很多信息。我们需要理解不同部分输出的意义：默认运行，top命令会显示如下输出： + + +![Top default display](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/01.top_default.png) + +First few lines are horizontal showing summary about different system 前几行水平显示了不同系统参数的概括，接下来是进程和它们在列中的属性。 + +#### 1.1 系统运行时间和平均负载： #### + +![Uptime display](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/02.top_uptime.png) + +top命令的顶部显示与uptime命令相似的输出。 + +这些字段显示： + +- 当前时间 +- 系统运行的时间 +- 登陆用户的数量 +- 相应最近5、10和15分钟内的平均负载。 + +无法使用'l'命令触发uptime的显示。 + +#### 1.2 任务: #### + +![Task summary](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/03.top_tasks.png) + +第二行显示的是任务或者进程的总结。进程可以在不同的状态。他显示了全部进程的数量。除此之外，还有正在运行、睡眠、停止、僵尸进程的数量(僵尸是一种进程的状态，这些进程概括可以用't'触发)。 + +#### 1.3 CPU 状态: #### + +![CPU status display](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/04.top_cpu_states.png) + +下一行显示的是CPU状态。 这里显示了不同模式下的CPU时间 %age。这些不同的CPU时间表示: + +- us, user： 运行(未调整优先级的) 用户进程的CPU时间 +- sy，system: 运行内核进程的CPU时间 +- ni，niced：运行已调整优先级的用户进程的CPU时间 +- wa，IO wait: 用于等会IO完成的CPU时间 +- hi：处理硬件中断的CPU时间 +- si: 处理软件中断的CPU时间 +- st：被hypervisor偷去用于vm的CPU时间。 + +这个无法使用't'命令触发。 + +#### 1.4 内存使用: #### + +![Memory usage](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/05.top_mem_usage.png) + +接下来两行显示内存使用率，有点像'free'命令。第一行是物理内存使用，第二行是虚拟内存使用(交换空间)。 + +物理内存显示如下:全部可用内存、已使用内存、空闲内存、缓冲内存。相似地：交换反映的是：全部、已使用、空闲和缓冲交换空间。内存显示可以用'm'命令触发。 + +#### 1.5 字段/列: #### + +![Top columns](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/06.top_fields.png) + +在水平的系统属性和状态后，下面是以列显示的进程。不同的列代表下面要讨论的不同的属性。 + +默认上，top显示这些关于进程的属性。 + +**PID** +进程ID，进程的唯一标识符 + +**USER** +进程所有者的实际用户名。 + +**PR** +进程的调度优先级。这个字段的一些值是'rt'。这意味这这些进程运行在实时态。 + +**NI** +进程的nice值。低的值意味这更高的优先级。 + +**VIRT** +进程使用的虚拟内存。 + +**RES** +驻留内存大小。驻留内存是任务使用的非交换物理内存大小。 + +**SHR** +SHR是进程使用的共享内存。 + +**S** +这个是进程的状态。它有以下不同的值: + +- D - 不可中断的睡眠态。 +- R – 运行态 +- S – 睡眠态 +- T – 被追踪或已停止 +- Z – 僵尸态 + +**%CPU** +自从上一次更新时到现在任务所使用的CPU时间百分比。 + +**%MEM** +进程使用的可用物理内存百分比。 + +**TIME+** +任务启动后到现在所使用的全部CPU时间，精确到百分之一秒。 + +**COMMAND** +运行进程所使用的命令。 + +还有许多在默认情况下不会显示的输出，它们可以显示进程的页错误、有效组和组ID和其他更多的信息。 + +### 2. 交互命令: ### + +我们之前讨论过top是一个交互命令。上一章我们已经遇到了一些命令。这里我们会探索更多的命令。 + +#### 2.1 ‘h’: 帮助 #### + +首先，我们可以用'h'或者'?'显示交互命令的帮助菜单。 + +![Help options](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/07.top_help.png) + +#### 2.2 ‘’ 或者 ‘’: 刷新显示 #### + +top命令默认在一个特定间隔(3秒)后刷新显示。要手动刷新，用户可以输入回车或者空格。 + +#### 2.3 A: 触发交替显示模式 #### + +这个命令在全屏和交替模式间切换。在交替模式下会显示4个窗口: + + +1. Def +2. Job +3. Mem +4. Usr + +四个字段都有唯一独立的可配置的概括区域和它自i就的任务驱动。4个窗口中只有一个窗口会成为当前窗口。当前窗口显示在左上方。 + +![Alternative display mode](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/08.top_alternative_display.png) + +我们可以用'a'和'w'在4个 窗口间切换。'a'移到后一个窗口，'w'移到前一个窗口。用'g'命令你可以输入一个数字来选择当前窗口。 + +![Window selection in alternative display](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/09.top_alternate_window_selection.png) + +#### 2.4 B: 触发粗体显示 #### + +Some important information is shown in bold characters. This command toggles use of bold. +一些重要信息会以加粗字体显示。这个命令触发使用粗体。 + +![Bold off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/10.top_bold_display_off.png) + +#### 2.5 ‘d’ or ‘s’: 设置显示的时间间隔 #### + +当按下'd'或's'时，你将被提示输入一个值（以秒为单位），它会以设置的值作为显示间隔。如果你这里输入了1, top将会每秒刷新。 + +![Display time interval](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/11.top_display_time_interval.png) + +#### 2.6 ‘l’、‘t’、‘m’: 触发负载、任务、内存信息 #### + +这会相应地触发平均负载、任务/CPU状态和内存信息。 + +![Load average off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/12.top_load_average_display_off.png) + +![CPU summary off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/13.top_cpu_display_off.png) + +![Memory and swap usage off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/14.top_mem_display_off.png) + +![All three displays off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/15.top_all_three_display_off.png) + +#### 2.7 ‘f’: 字段管理 #### + +用于选择你想要显示的字段。用'*'标记的是已选择的。 + +![Managing columns](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/16.top_field_management.png) + +‘<’ and ‘>’ +'<'移动已排序的字段到左边，'>'则移动到右边。 + +#### 2.8 ‘R’: 反向排序 #### + +触发反向/常规排序。 + +#### 2.9 ‘c’: 触发命令 #### + +触发显示进程启动时的完整路径和程序名。 + +![Full command path](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/17.top_command_name_displayed.png) + +#### 2.10 ‘i’: Idle Tasks #### + +触发空闲任务。 + +![Idle task display off](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/18.top_idle_tasks_off.png) + +#### 2.11 ‘V’: 树试图 #### + +触发树视图。 + +![Forest view of tasks](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/19.top_forest_view.png) + +#### 2.12 ‘Z’: 改变颜色映射 #### + +按下'Z'向用户显示一个top命令的输出颜色可以改变的屏幕。这里有8个任务区域和8种颜色。 + +![Customizing colors](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/20.top_color_selection.png) + +下面显示的是4中颜色显示的top视图。 + +![Colored display](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/21.top_colored.png) + +#### 2.13 ‘z’: 触发彩色 #### + +触发彩色，即打开或关闭彩色显示。 + +#### 2.14 ‘x’ 或者 ‘y’ #### + +触发高亮：'x'排序字段;'y'运行进程。依赖于你的显示设置，你可能需要让输出彩色画来通知这些高亮。 + +![X and Y highlighted](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/22.top_x_y_displayed.png) + +#### 2.15 ‘u’: 用户的进程 #### + +显示特定用户的进程。你会被提示输入用户名。空白将会显示全部用户。 + +![Processes of 'raghu' user](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/23.top_raghu_processes.png) + +#### 2.16 ‘n’ or ‘#’: 任务的数量 #### + +设置最大显示的任务数量 + +![Setting number of tasks displayed](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/24.top_10_processes.png) + +#### 2.17 ‘k’: 结束任务 #### + +top命令中最重要的一个命令。用于发送信号给任务(通常是结束任务)。 + +![Killing a task](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/25.top_kill_task.png) + +#### 2.18 ‘r’: 重新调整优先级 #### + +重新调整一个任务的调度优先级。 + +### 3. 命令行选项: ### + +大多数这些命令行选项与上面讨论的命令相同。top的输出可以用命令交互操作。但是你可以带参数运行top来设置你想要的。 + +#### 3.1 -b: 批处理模式 #### + +-b选项以批处理模式启动top命令。当你想要在文件中保存输出时是很有用的。 + +#### 3.2 -c: 命令/程序名 触发: #### + +如上面所讨论到的命令，这个选项会以上次记住的程序/命令显示的状态显示。 + +#### 3.3 -d: 设置延迟间隔 #### + +设置top的显示间隔(以秒计)。比如。 + + $ top -d 1 + +将会以1s的时间间隔启动top + +#### 3.4 -i: 空闲进程触发 #### + +这个选项设置top命令的上一次记住的相反的'i'状态。 + +#### 3.5 -n: 设置迭代数量 #### + +用-n选项，你可以设置top退出前迭代的次数。 + + $ top -n 3 + +将会在3次输出后退出。 + +#### 3.6 -p: 监控特定的PID #### + +你可以用-p选项监控指定的PID。PID的值为0将被作为top命令自身的PID。 + +#### 3.7 -u or -U: 用户名 或者 UID #### + +可以用这些选项浏览特定用户的进程。用户名或者UID可以在选项中指定。-p、-u和-U选项是互斥的。同时只可以使用这其中一个选项。当你试图组合使用这些选项时，你会得到一个错误: + + $ top -p 28453 -u raghu + top: conflicting process selections (U/p/u) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-top-command-examples-screenshots/ + +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file