diff --git a/sources/tech/20120611 30 Handy Bash Shell Aliases For Linux - Unix - Mac OS X.md b/sources/tech/20120611 30 Handy Bash Shell Aliases For Linux - Unix - Mac OS X.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4b37c62558
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sources/tech/20120611 30 Handy Bash Shell Aliases For Linux - Unix - Mac OS X.md	
@@ -0,0 +1,541 @@
+translating by lujun9972
+30 Handy Bash Shell Aliases For Linux / Unix / Mac OS X
+======
+An bash alias is nothing but the shortcut to commands. The alias command allows the user to launch any command or group of commands (including options and filenames) by entering a single word. Use alias command to display a list of all defined aliases. You can add user-defined aliases to [~/.bashrc][1] file. You can cut down typing time with these aliases, work smartly, and increase productivity at the command prompt.
+
+This post shows how to create and use aliases including 30 practical examples of bash shell aliases.
+[![30 Useful Bash Shell Aliase For Linux/Unix Users][2]][2]
+
+## More about bash alias
+
+The general syntax for the alias command for the bash shell is as follows:
+
+### How to list bash aliases
+
+Type the following [alias command][3]:
+`alias`
+Sample outputs:
+```
+alias ..='cd ..'
+alias amazonbackup='s3backup'
+alias apt-get='sudo apt-get'
+...
+
+```
+
+By default alias command shows a list of aliases that are defined for the current user.
+
+### How to define or create a bash shell alias
+
+To [create the alias][4] use the following syntax:
+```
+alias name =value
+alias name = 'command'
+alias name = 'command arg1 arg2' 
+alias name = '/path/to/script' 
+alias name = '/path/to/script.pl arg1'
+```
+
+alias name=value alias name='command' alias name='command arg1 arg2' alias name='/path/to/script' alias name='/path/to/script.pl arg1'
+
+In this example, create the alias **c** for the commonly used clear command, which clears the screen, by typing the following command and then pressing the ENTER key:
+```
+alias c = 'clear'
+```
+
+
+Then, to clear the screen, instead of typing clear, you would only have to type the letter 'c' and press the [ENTER] key:
+```
+c
+```
+
+### How to disable a bash alias temporarily
+
+An [alias can be disabled temporarily][5] using the following syntax:
+```
+## path/to/full/command
+/usr/bin/clear
+## call alias with a backslash ##
+\c
+## use /bin/ls command and avoid ls alias ##
+command ls
+```
+
+### How to delete/remove a bash alias
+
+You need to use the command [called unalias to remove aliases][6]. Its syntax is as follows:
+```
+unalias aliasname
+unalias foo
+```
+
+In this example, remove the alias c which was created in an earlier example:
+```
+unalias c
+```
+
+You also need to delete the alias from the [~/.bashrc file][1] using a text editor (see next section).
+
+The alias c remains in effect only during the current login session. Once you logs out or reboot the system the alias c will be gone. To avoid this problem, add alias to your [~/.bashrc file][1], enter:
+```
+vi ~/.bashrc
+```
+
+
+The alias c for the current user can be made permanent by entering the following line:
+```
+alias c = 'clear'
+```
+
+Save and close the file. System-wide aliases (i.e. aliases for all users) can be put in the /etc/bashrc file. Please note that the alias command is built into a various shells including ksh, tcsh/csh, ash, bash and others.
+
+### A note about privileged access
+
+You can add code as follows in ~/.bashrc:
+```
+# if user is not root, pass all commands via sudo #
+if [ $UID -ne 0 ]; then
+    alias reboot='sudo reboot'
+    alias update='sudo apt-get upgrade'
+fi
+```
+
+### A note about os specific aliases
+
+You can add code as follows in ~/.bashrc [using the case statement][7]:
+```
+### Get os name via uname ###
+_myos="$(uname)"
+ 
+### add alias as per os using $_myos ###
+case $_myos in
+   Linux) alias foo='/path/to/linux/bin/foo';;
+   FreeBSD|OpenBSD) alias foo='/path/to/bsd/bin/foo' ;;
+   SunOS) alias foo='/path/to/sunos/bin/foo' ;;
+   *) ;;
+esac
+```
+
+## 30 bash shell aliases examples
+
+You can define various types aliases as follows to save time and increase productivity.
+
+### #1: Control ls command output
+
+The [ls command lists directory contents][8] and you can colorize the output:
+```
+## Colorize the ls output ##
+alias ls = 'ls --color=auto'
+
+## Use a long listing format ##
+alias ll = 'ls -la'
+
+## Show hidden files ##
+alias l.= 'ls -d . .. .git .gitignore .gitmodules .travis.yml --color=auto'
+```
+
+### #2: Control cd command behavior
+```
+## get rid of command not found ##
+alias cd..= 'cd ..'
+
+## a quick way to get out of current directory ##
+alias ..= 'cd ..'
+alias ...= 'cd ../../../'
+alias ....= 'cd ../../../../'
+alias .....= 'cd ../../../../'
+alias .4= 'cd ../../../../'
+alias .5= 'cd ../../../../..'
+```
+
+### #3: Control grep command output
+
+[grep command is a command-line utility for searching][9] plain-text files for lines matching a regular expression:
+```
+## Colorize the grep command output for ease of use (good for log files)##
+alias grep = 'grep --color=auto'
+alias egrep = 'egrep --color=auto'
+alias fgrep = 'fgrep --color=auto'
+```
+
+### #4: Start calculator with math support
+```
+alias bc = 'bc -l'
+```
+
+### #4: Generate sha1 digest
+```
+alias sha1 = 'openssl sha1'
+```
+
+### #5: Create parent directories on demand
+
+[mkdir command][10] is used to create a directory:
+```
+alias mkdir = 'mkdir -pv'
+```
+
+### #6: Colorize diff output
+
+You can [compare files line by line using diff][11] and use a tool called colordiff to colorize diff output:
+```
+# install colordiff package :)
+alias diff = 'colordiff'
+```
+
+### #7: Make mount command output pretty and human readable format
+```
+alias mount = 'mount |column -t'
+```
+
+### #8: Command short cuts to save time
+```
+# handy short cuts #
+alias h = 'history' 
+alias j = 'jobs -l'
+```
+
+### #9: Create a new set of commands
+```
+alias path = 'echo -e ${PATH//:/\\n}'
+alias now = 'date +"%T"'
+alias nowtime =now
+alias nowdate = 'date +"%d-%m-%Y"'
+```
+
+### #10: Set vim as default
+```
+alias vi = vim
+alias svi = 'sudo vi'
+alias vis = 'vim "+set si"'
+alias edit = 'vim'
+```
+
+### #11: Control output of networking tool called ping
+```
+# Stop after sending count ECHO_REQUEST packets #
+alias ping = 'ping -c 5'
+
+# Do not wait interval 1 second, go fast #
+alias fastping = 'ping -c 100 -s.2'
+```
+
+### #12: Show open ports
+
+Use [netstat command][12] to quickly list all TCP/UDP port on the server:
+```
+alias ports = 'netstat -tulanp'
+```
+
+### #13: Wakeup sleeping servers
+
+[Wake-on-LAN (WOL) is an Ethernet networking][13] standard that allows a server to be turned on by a network message. You can [quickly wakeup nas devices][14] and server using the following aliases:
+```
+## replace mac with your actual server mac address #
+alias wakeupnas01 = '/usr/bin/wakeonlan 00:11:32:11:15:FC'
+alias wakeupnas02 = '/usr/bin/wakeonlan 00:11:32:11:15:FD'
+alias wakeupnas03 = '/usr/bin/wakeonlan 00:11:32:11:15:FE'
+```
+
+### #14: Control firewall (iptables) output
+
+[Netfilter is a host-based firewall][15] for Linux operating systems. It is included as part of the Linux distribution and it is activated by default. This [post list most common iptables solutions][16] required by a new Linux user to secure his or her Linux operating system from intruders.
+```
+## shortcut for iptables and pass it via sudo#
+alias ipt = 'sudo /sbin/iptables'
+
+# display all rules #
+alias iptlist = 'sudo /sbin/iptables -L -n -v --line-numbers'
+alias iptlistin = 'sudo /sbin/iptables -L INPUT -n -v --line-numbers'
+alias iptlistout = 'sudo /sbin/iptables -L OUTPUT -n -v --line-numbers'
+alias iptlistfw = 'sudo /sbin/iptables -L FORWARD -n -v --line-numbers'
+alias firewall =iptlist
+```
+
+### #15: Debug web server / cdn problems with curl
+```
+# get web server headers #
+alias header = 'curl -I'
+
+# find out if remote server supports gzip / mod_deflate or not #
+alias headerc = 'curl -I --compress'
+```
+
+### #16: Add safety nets
+```
+# do not delete / or prompt if deleting more than 3 files at a time #
+alias rm = 'rm -I --preserve-root'
+
+# confirmation #
+alias mv = 'mv -i'
+alias cp = 'cp -i'
+alias ln = 'ln -i' 
+
+# Parenting changing perms on / #
+alias chown = 'chown --preserve-root'
+alias chmod = 'chmod --preserve-root'
+alias chgrp = 'chgrp --preserve-root'
+```
+
+### #17: Update Debian Linux server
+
+[apt-get command][17] is used for installing packages over the internet (ftp or http). You can also upgrade all packages in a single operations:
+```
+# distro specific - Debian / Ubuntu and friends #
+# install with apt-get
+alias apt-get= "sudo apt-get"
+alias updatey = "sudo apt-get --yes"
+
+# update on one command
+alias update = 'sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade'
+```
+
+### #18: Update RHEL / CentOS / Fedora Linux server
+
+[yum command][18] is a package management tool for RHEL / CentOS / Fedora Linux and friends:
+```
+## distrp specifc RHEL/CentOS ##
+alias update = 'yum update'
+alias updatey = 'yum -y update'
+```
+
+### #19: Tune sudo and su
+```
+# become root #
+alias root = 'sudo -i' 
+alias su = 'sudo -i'
+```
+
+### #20: Pass halt/reboot via sudo
+
+[shutdown command][19] bring the Linux / Unix system down:
+```
+# reboot / halt / poweroff
+alias reboot = 'sudo /sbin/reboot'
+alias poweroff = 'sudo /sbin/poweroff' 
+alias halt = 'sudo /sbin/halt'
+alias shutdown = 'sudo /sbin/shutdown'
+```
+
+### #21: Control web servers
+```
+# also pass it via sudo so whoever is admin can reload it without calling you #
+alias nginxreload = 'sudo /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload' 
+alias nginxtest = 'sudo /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t'
+alias lightyload = 'sudo /etc/init.d/lighttpd reload' 
+alias lightytest = 'sudo /usr/sbin/lighttpd -f /etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf -t'
+alias httpdreload = 'sudo /usr/sbin/apachectl -k graceful' 
+alias httpdtest = 'sudo /usr/sbin/apachectl -t && /usr/sbin/apachectl -t -D DUMP_VHOSTS'
+```
+
+### #22: Alias into our backup stuff
+```
+# if cron fails or if you want backup on demand just run these commands #
+# again pass it via sudo so whoever is in admin group can start the job #
+# Backup scripts #
+alias backup = 'sudo /home/scripts/admin/scripts/backup/wrapper.backup.sh --type local --taget /raid1/backups' 
+alias nasbackup = 'sudo /home/scripts/admin/scripts/backup/wrapper.backup.sh --type nas --target nas01'
+alias s3backup = 'sudo /home/scripts/admin/scripts/backup/wrapper.backup.sh --type nas --target nas01 --auth /home/scripts/admin/.authdata/amazon.keys'
+alias rsnapshothourly = 'sudo /home/scripts/admin/scripts/backup/wrapper.rsnapshot.sh --type remote --target nas03 --auth /home/scripts/admin/.authdata/ssh.keys --config /home/scripts/admin/scripts/backup/config/adsl.conf'
+alias rsnapshotdaily = 'sudo /home/scripts/admin/scripts/backup/wrapper.rsnapshot.sh --type remote --target nas03 --auth /home/scripts/admin/.authdata/ssh.keys --config /home/scripts/admin/scripts/backup/config/adsl.conf'
+alias rsnapshotweekly = 'sudo /home/scripts/admin/scripts/backup/wrapper.rsnapshot.sh --type remote --target nas03 --auth /home/scripts/admin/.authdata/ssh.keys --config /home/scripts/admin/scripts/backup/config/adsl.conf' 
+alias rsnapshotmonthly = 'sudo /home/scripts/admin/scripts/backup/wrapper.rsnapshot.sh --type remote --target nas03 --auth /home/scripts/admin/.authdata/ssh.keys --config /home/scripts/admin/scripts/backup/config/adsl.conf' 
+alias amazonbackup =s3backup
+```
+
+### #23: Desktop specific - play avi/mp3 files on demand
+```
+## play video files in a current directory ##
+# cd ~/Download/movie-name
+# playavi or vlc
+alias playavi = 'mplayer *.avi' 
+alias vlc = 'vlc *.avi' 
+
+# play all music files from the current directory #
+alias playwave = 'for i in *.wav; do mplayer "$i"; done'
+alias playogg = 'for i in *.ogg; do mplayer "$i"; done'
+alias playmp3 = 'for i in *.mp3; do mplayer "$i"; done'
+
+# play files from nas devices #
+alias nplaywave = 'for i in /nas/multimedia/wave/*.wav; do mplayer "$i"; done'
+alias nplayogg = 'for i in /nas/multimedia/ogg/*.ogg; do mplayer "$i"; done' 
+alias nplaymp3 = 'for i in /nas/multimedia/mp3/*.mp3; do mplayer "$i"; done'
+
+# shuffle mp3/ogg etc by default # 
+alias music = 'mplayer --shuffle *'
+```
+
+
+### #24: Set default interfaces for sys admin related commands
+
+[vnstat is console-based network][20] traffic monitor. [dnstop is console tool][21] to analyze DNS traffic. [tcptrack and iftop commands displays][22] information about TCP/UDP connections it sees on a network interface and display bandwidth usage on an interface by host respectively.
+```
+## All of our servers eth1 is connected to the Internets via vlan / router etc ##
+alias dnstop = 'dnstop -l 5 eth1'
+alias vnstat = 'vnstat -i eth1'
+alias iftop = 'iftop -i eth1' 
+alias tcpdump = 'tcpdump -i eth1' 
+alias ethtool = 'ethtool eth1' 
+
+# work on wlan0 by default #
+# Only useful for laptop as all servers are without wireless interface
+alias iwconfig = 'iwconfig wlan0'
+```
+
+### #25: Get system memory, cpu usage, and gpu memory info quickly
+```
+## pass options to free ##
+alias meminfo = 'free -m -l -t' 
+
+## get top process eating memory
+alias psmem = 'ps auxf | sort -nr -k 4' 
+alias psmem10 = 'ps auxf | sort -nr -k 4 | head -10'
+
+## get top process eating cpu ##
+alias pscpu = 'ps auxf | sort -nr -k 3'
+alias pscpu10 = 'ps auxf | sort -nr -k 3 | head -10' 
+
+## Get server cpu info ##
+alias cpuinfo = 'lscpu'
+
+## older system use /proc/cpuinfo ##
+##alias cpuinfo='less /proc/cpuinfo' ##
+
+## get GPU ram on desktop / laptop##
+alias gpumeminfo = 'grep -i --color memory /var/log/Xorg.0.log'
+```
+
+### #26: Control Home Router
+
+The curl command can be used to [reboot Linksys routers][23].
+```
+# Reboot my home Linksys WAG160N / WAG54 / WAG320 / WAG120N Router / Gateway from *nix.
+alias rebootlinksys = "curl -u 'admin:my-super-password' 'http://192.168.1.2/setup.cgi?todo=reboot'"
+
+# Reboot tomato based Asus NT16 wireless bridge
+alias reboottomato = "ssh admin@192.168.1.1 /sbin/reboot"
+```
+
+### #27 Resume wget by default
+
+The [GNU Wget is a free utility for non-interactive download][25] of files from the Web. It supports HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP protocols, and it can resume downloads too:
+```
+## this one saved by butt so many times ##
+alias wget = 'wget -c'
+```
+
+### #28 Use different browser for testing website
+```
+## this one saved by butt so many times ##
+alias ff4 = '/opt/firefox4/firefox' 
+alias ff13 = '/opt/firefox13/firefox' 
+alias chrome = '/opt/google/chrome/chrome' 
+alias opera = '/opt/opera/opera'
+
+#default ff
+alias ff =ff13
+
+#my default browser
+alias browser =chrome
+```
+
+### #29: A note about ssh alias
+
+Do not create ssh alias, instead use ~/.ssh/config OpenSSH SSH client configuration files. It offers more option. An example:
+```
+Host server10
+ Hostname 1.2.3.4
+ IdentityFile ~/backups/.ssh/id_dsa
+ user foobar
+ Port 30000
+ ForwardX11Trusted yes
+ TCPKeepAlive yes
+```
+
+Host server10 Hostname 1.2.3.4 IdentityFile ~/backups/.ssh/id_dsa user foobar Port 30000 ForwardX11Trusted yes TCPKeepAlive yes
+
+You can now connect to peer1 using the following syntax:
+`$ ssh server10`
+
+### #30: It's your turn to share…
+
+```
+## set some other defaults ##
+alias df = 'df -H'
+alias du = 'du -ch'
+
+# top is atop, just like vi is vim
+alias top = 'atop'
+
+## nfsrestart - must be root ##
+## refresh nfs mount / cache etc for Apache ##
+alias nfsrestart = 'sync && sleep 2 && /etc/init.d/httpd stop && umount netapp2:/exports/http && sleep 2 && mount -o rw,sync,rsize=32768,wsize=32768,intr,hard,proto=tcp,fsc natapp2:/exports /http/var/www/html && /etc/init.d/httpd start'
+
+## Memcached server status ##
+alias mcdstats = '/usr/bin/memcached-tool 10.10.27.11:11211 stats'
+alias mcdshow = '/usr/bin/memcached-tool 10.10.27.11:11211 display'
+
+## quickly flush out memcached server ##
+alias flushmcd = 'echo "flush_all" | nc 10.10.27.11 11211'
+
+## Remove assets quickly from Akamai / Amazon cdn ##
+alias cdndel = '/home/scripts/admin/cdn/purge_cdn_cache --profile akamai'
+alias amzcdndel = '/home/scripts/admin/cdn/purge_cdn_cache --profile amazon'
+
+## supply list of urls via file or stdin
+alias cdnmdel = '/home/scripts/admin/cdn/purge_cdn_cache --profile akamai --stdin' 
+alias amzcdnmdel = '/home/scripts/admin/cdn/purge_cdn_cache --profile amazon --stdin'
+```
+
+## Conclusion
+
+This post summarizes several types of uses for *nix bash aliases:
+
+  1. Setting default options for a command (e.g. set eth0 as default option for ethtool command via alias ethtool='ethtool eth0' ).
+  2. Correcting typos (cd.. will act as cd .. via alias cd..='cd ..').
+  3. Reducing the amount of typing.
+  4. Setting the default path of a command that exists in several versions on a system (e.g. GNU/grep is located at /usr/local/bin/grep and Unix grep is located at /bin/grep. To use GNU grep use alias grep='/usr/local/bin/grep' ).
+  5. Adding the safety nets to Unix by making commands interactive by setting default options. (e.g. rm, mv, and other commands).
+  6. Compatibility by creating commands for older operating systems such as MS-DOS or other Unix like operating systems (e.g. alias del=rm ).
+
+
+
+I've shared my aliases that I used over the years to reduce the need for repetitive command line typing. If you know and use any other bash/ksh/csh aliases that can reduce typing, share below in the comments.
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/bash-aliases-mac-centos-linux-unix.html
+
+作者：[nixCraft][a]
+译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://www.cyberciti.biz
+[1]:https://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/~/.bashrc
+[2]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Getting-Started-With-Bash-Shell-Aliases-For-Linux-Unix.jpg
+[3]://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/bash-aliases-mac-centos-linux-unix.html (See Linux/Unix alias command examples for more info)
+[4]:https://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/Create_and_use_aliases
+[5]://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/bash-shell-temporarily-disable-an-alias/
+[6]:https://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/Create_and_use_aliases#How_do_I_remove_the_alias.3F
+[7]:https://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/The_case_statement
+[8]://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/ls-command-to-examining-the-filesystem/
+[9]://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-use-grep-command-in-linux-unix/
+[10]://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-make-directory-command/
+[11]://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-do-i-compare-two-files-under-linux-or-unix/
+[12]://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-do-i-find-out-what-ports-are-listeningopen-on-my-linuxfreebsd-server/
+[13]://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-send-wake-on-lan-wol-magic-packets.html
+[14]:https://bash.cyberciti.biz/misc-shell/simple-shell-script-to-wake-up-nas-devices-computers/
+[15]://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-fedorta-linux-iptables-firewall-configuration-tutorial/ (iptables CentOS/RHEL/Fedora tutorial)
+[16]://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-iptables-examples.html
+[17]://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-debian-package-management-cheat-sheet.html
+[18]://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-centos-fedora-linux-yum-command-howto/
+[19]://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-shutdown-linux/
+[20]://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/keeping-a-log-of-daily-network-traffic-for-adsl-or-dedicated-remote-linux-box.html
+[21]://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/dnstop-monitor-bind-dns-server-dns-network-traffic-from-a-shell-prompt/
+[22]://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/check-network-connection-linux/
+[23]://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/reboot-linksys-wag160n-wag54-wag320-wag120n-router-gateway/
+[24]:/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection
+[25]://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/wget-resume-broken-download.html