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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (lujun9972)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Command Line Heroes: Season 1: OS Wars)
[#]: via: (https://www.redhat.com/en/command-line-heroes/season-1/os-wars-part-1)
[#]: author: (redhat https://www.redhat.com)
Command Line Heroes: Season 1: OS Wars
======
Saron Yitbarek:
Some stories are so epic, with such high stakes , that in my head, it's like that crawling text at the start of a Star Wars movie. You know, like-
Voice Actor:
Episode One, The OS Wars.
Saron Yitbarek:
Yeah, like that.
Voice Actor:
[00:00:30]
It is a period of mounting tensions. The empires of Bill Gates and Steve Jobs careen toward an inevitable battle over proprietary software. Gates has formed a powerful alliance with IBM, while Jobs refuses to license his hardware or operating system. Their battle for dominance threatens to engulf the galaxy in an OS war. Meanwhile, in distant lands, and unbeknownst to the emperors, open source rebels have begun to gather.
Saron Yitbarek:
[00:01:00]
Okay. Maybe that's a bit dramatic, but when we're talking about the OS wars of the 1980s, '90s, and 2000s, it's hard to overstate things. There really was an epic battle for dominance. Steve Jobs and Bill Gates really did hold the fate of billions in their hands. Control the operating system, and you control how the vast majority of people use computers, how we communicate with each other, how we source information. I could go on, but you know all this. Control the OS, and you would be an emperor.
[00:01:30]
[00:02:00]
I'm Saron Yitbarek [00:01:24], and you're listening to Command Line Heroes, an original podcast from Red Hat. What is a Command Line Hero, you ask? Well, if you would rather make something than just use it, if you believe developers have the power to build a better future, if you want a world where we all get a say in how our technologies shape our lives, then you, my friend, are a command line hero. In this series, we bring you stories from the developers among us who are transforming tech from the command line up. And who am I to be guiding you on this trek? Who is Saron Yitbarek? Well, actually I'm guessing I'm a lot like you. I'm a developer for starters, and everything I do depends on open source software. It's my world. The stories we tell on this podcast are a way for me to get above the daily grind of my work, and see that big picture. I hope it does the same thing for you , too.
[00:02:30]
[00:03:00]
What I wanted to know right off the bat was, where did open source technology even come from? I mean, I know a fair bit about Linus Torvalds and the glories of L inux ® , as I'm sure you do , too, but really, there was life before open source, right? And if I want to truly appreciate the latest and greatest of things like DevOps and containers, and on and on, well, I feel like I owe it to all those earlier developers to know where this stuff came from. So, let's take a short break from worrying about memory leaks and buffer overflows. Our journey begins with the OS wars, the epic battle for control of the desktop. It was like nothing the world had ever seen, and I'll tell you why. First, in the age of computing, you've got exponentially scaling advantages for the big fish ; and second, there's never been such a battle for control on ground that's constantly shifting. Bill Gates and Steve Jobs? They don't know it yet, but by the time this story is halfway done, everything they're fighting for is going to change, evolve, and even ascend into the cloud.
[00:03:30]
[00:04:00]
Okay, it's the fall of 1983. I was negative six years old. Ronald Reagan was president, and the U . S . and the Soviet Union are threatening to drag the planet into nuclear war. Over at the Civic Center in Honolulu, it's the annual Apple sales conference. An exclusive bunch of Apple employees are waiting for Steve Jobs to get onstage. He's this super bright-eyed 28-year-old, and he's looking pretty confident. In a very serious voice, Jobs speaks into the mic and says that he's invited three industry experts to have a panel discussion on software. But the next thing that happens is not what you'd expect. Super cheesy '80s music fills the room. A bunch of multi-colored tube lights light up the stage, and then an announcer voice says-
Voice Actor:
And now, ladies and gentlemen, the Macintosh software dating game.
Saron Yitbarek:
[00:04:30]
[00:05:00]
Jobs has this big grin on his face as he reveals that the three CEOs on stage have to take turns wooing him. It's essentially an '80s version of The Bachelor, but for tech love. Two of the software bigwigs say their bit, and then it's over to contestant number three. Is that? Yup. A fresh - faced Bill Gates with large square glasses that cover half his face. He proclaims that during 1984, half of Microsoft's revenue is going to come from Macintosh software. The audience loves it, and gives him a big round of applause. What they don't know is that one month after this event, Bill Gates will announce his plans to release Windows 1.0. You'd never guess Jobs is flirting with someone who'd end up as Apple's biggest rival. But Microsoft and Apple are about to live through the worst marriage in tech history. They're going to betray each other, they're going to try and destroy each other, and they're going to be deeply, painfully bound to each other.
James Allworth:
[00:05:30]
I guess philosophically, one was more idealistic and focused on the user experience above all else, and was an integrated organization, whereas Microsoft much more pragmatic, a modular focus-
Saron Yitbarek:
That's James Allworth. He's a prolific tech writer who worked inside the corporate team of Apple Retail. Notice that definition of Apple he gives. An integrated organization. That sense of a company beholden only to itself. A company that doesn't want to rely on others. That's key.
James Allworth:
[00:06:00]
Apple was the integrated player, and it wanted to focus on a delightful user experience, and that meant that it wanted to control the entire stack and everything that was delivered, from the hardware to the operating system, to even some of the applications that ran on top of the operating system. That always served it well in periods where new innovations, important innovations, were coming to market where you needed to be across both hardware and software, and where being able to change the hardware based on what you wanted to do and what t was new in software was an advantage. For example-
[00:06:30]
Saron Yitbarek:
[00:07:00]
A lot of people loved that integration, and became die hard Apple fans. Plenty of others stuck with Microsoft. Back to that sales conference in Honolulu. At that very same event, Jobs gave his audience a sneak peek at the Superbowl ad he was about to release. You might have seen it for yourself. Think George Orwell's 1984. In this cold and gray world, mindless automatons are shuffling along under a dictator's projected gaze. They represent IBM users. Then, beautiful, athletic Anya Major, representing Apple, comes running through the hall in full color. She hurls her sledgehammer at Big Brother's screen, smashing it to bits. Big Brother's spell is broken, and a booming voice tells us that Apple is about to introduce the Macintosh.
Voice Actor:
And you'll see why 1984 will not be like 1984.
Saron Yitbarek:
[00:07:30]
And yeah, looking back at that commercial, the idea that Apple was a freedom fighter working to set the masses free is a bit much. But the thing hit a nerve. Ken Segal worked at the advertising firm that made the commercial for Apple. He was Steve Jobs' advertising guy for more than a decade in the early days.
Ken Segal:
[00:08:00]
Well, the 1984 commercial came with a lot of risk. In fact, it was so risky that Apple didn't want to run it when they saw it. You've probably heard stories that Steve liked it, but the Apple board did not like it. In fact, they were so outraged that so much money had been spent on such a thing that they wanted to fire the ad agency. Steve was the one sticking up for the agency.
Saron Yitbarek:
Jobs, as usual, knew a good mythology when he saw one.
Ken Segal:
That commercial struck such a chord within the company, within the industry, that it became this thing for Apple. Whether or not people were buying computers that day, it had a sort of an aura that stayed around for years and years and years, and helped define the character of the company. We're the rebels. We're the guys with the sledgehammer.
[00:08:30]
Saron Yitbarek:
So in their battle for the hearts and minds of literally billions of potential consumers, the emperors of Apple and Microsoft were learning to frame themselves as redeemers. As singular heroes. As lifestyle choices. But Bill Gates knew something that Apple had trouble understanding. This idea that in a wired world, nobody, not even an emperor, can really go it alone.
[00:09:00]
[00:09:30]
June 25th, 1985. Gates sends a memo to Apple's then CEO John Scully. This was during the wilderness years. Jobs had just been excommunicated, and wouldn't return to Apple until 1996. Maybe it was because Jobs was out that Gates felt confident enough to write what he wrote. In the memo, he encourages Apple to license their OS to clone makers. I want to read a bit from the end of the memo, just to give you a sense of how perceptive it was. Gates writes, "It is now impossible for Apple to create a standard out of their innovative technology without support from other personal computer manufacturers. Apple must open the Macintosh architecture to have the independent support required to gain momentum and establish a standard." In other words, no more operating in a silo, you guys. You've got to be willing to partner with others. You have to work with developers.
[00:10:00]
[00:10:30]
You see this philosophy years later, when Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer gets up on stage to give a keynote and he starts shouting, "Developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers. Developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers." You get the idea. Microsoft likes developers. Now, they're not about to share source code with them, but they do want to build this whole ecosystem of partners. And when Bill Gates suggests that Apple do the same, as you might have guessed, the idea is tossed out the window. Apple had drawn a line in the sand, and five months after they trashed Gates' memo, Microsoft released Windows 1.0. The war was on.
Developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers, developers.
[00:11:00]
You're listening to Command Line Heroes, an original podcast from Red Hat. In this inaugural episode, we go back in time to relive the epic story of the OS wars, and we're going to find out, how did a war between tech giants clear the way for the open source world we all live in today?
[00:11:30]
Okay, a little backstory. Forgive me if you've heard this one, but it's a classic. It's 1979, and Steve Jobs drives up to the Xerox Park research center in Palo Alto. The engineers there have been developing this whole fleet of elements for what they call a graphical user interface. Maybe you've heard of it. They've got menus, they've got scroll bars, they've got buttons and folders and overlapping windows. It was a beautiful new vision of what a computer interface could look like. And nobody had any of this stuff. Author and journalist Steven Levy talks about its potential.
Steven Levy:
[00:12:00]
There was a lot of excitement about this new interface that was going to be much friendlier than what we had before, which used what was called the command line, where there was really no interaction between you and the computer in the way you'd interact with something in real life. The mouse and the graphics on the computer gave you a way to do that, to point to something just like you'd point to something in real life. It made it a lot easier. You didn't have to memorize all these codes.
Saron Yitbarek:
[00:12:30]
[00:13:00]
Except, the Xerox executives did not get that they were sitting on top of a platinum mine. The engineers were more aware than the execs. Typical. So those engineers were, yeah, a little stressed out that they were instructed to show Jobs how everything worked. But the executives were calling the shots. Jobs felt, quote, "The product genius that brought them to that monopolistic position gets rotted out by people running these companies that have no conception of a good product versus a bad product." That's sort of harsh, but hey, Jobs walked out of that meeting with a truckload of ideas that Xerox executives had missed. Pretty much everything he needed to revolutionize the desktop computing experience. Apple releases the Lisa in 1983, and then the Mac in 1984. These devices are made by the ideas swiped from Xerox.
[00:13:30]
What's interesting to me is Jobs' reaction to the claim that he stole the GUI. He's pretty philosophical about it. He quotes Picasso, saying, "Good artists copy, great artists steal." He tells one reporter, "We have always been shameless about stealing great ideas." Great artists steal. Okay. I mean, we're not talking about stealing in a hard sense. Nobody's obtaining proprietary source code and blatantly incorporating it into their operating system. This is softer, more like idea borrowing. And that's much more difficult to control, as Jobs himself was about to learn. Legendary software wizard, and true command line hero, Andy Hertzfeld, was an original member of the Macintosh development team.
[00:14:00]
Andy Hertzfeld:
[00:14:30]
[00:15:00]
Yeah, Microsoft was our first software partner with the Macintosh. At the time, we didn't really consider them a competitor. They were the very first company outside of Apple that we gave Macintosh prototypes to. I talked with the technical lead at Microsoft usually once a week. They were the first outside party trying out the software that we wrote. They gave us very important feedback, and in general I would say the relationship was pretty good. But I also noticed in my conversations with the technical lead, he started asking questions that he didn't really need to know about how the system was implemented, and I got the idea that they were trying to copy the Macintosh. I t old Steve Jobs about it pretty early on, but it really came to a head in the fall of 1983. We discovered that they actually, without telling us ahead of time, they announced Windows at the COMDEX in November 1983 and Steve Jobs hit the roof. He really considered that a betrayal.
Saron Yitbarek:
[00:15:30]
[00:16:00]
As newer versions of Windows were released, it became pretty clear that Microsoft had lifted from Apple all the ideas that Apple had lifted from Xerox. Jobs was apoplectic. His Picasso line about how great artists steal. Yeah. That goes out the window. Though maybe Gates was using it now. Reportedly, when Jobs screamed at Gates that he'd stolen from them, Gates responded, "Well Steve, I think it's more like we both had this rich neighbor named Xerox, and I broke into his house to steal the TV set, and found out that you'd already stolen it." Apple ends up suing Microsoft for stealing the look and feel of their GUI. The case goes on for years, but in 1993, a judge from the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals finally sides with Microsoft. Judge Vaughn Walker declares that look and feel are not covered by copyright. This is super important. That decision prevented Apple from creating a monopoly with the interface that would dominate desktop computing. Soon enough, Apple's brief lead had vanished. Here's Steven Levy's take.
Steven Levy:
[00:16:30]
[00:17:00]
They lost the lead not because of intellectual property theft on Microsoft's part, but because they were unable to consolidate their advantage in having a better operating system during the 1980s. They overcharged for their computers, quite frankly. So Microsoft had been developing Windows, starting with the mid-1980s, but it wasn't until Windows 3 in 1990, I believe, where they really came across with a version that was ready for prime time. Ready for masses of people to use. At that point is where Microsoft was able to migrate huge numbers of people, hundreds of millions, over to the graphical interface in a way that Apple had not been able to do. Even though they had a really good operating system, they used it since 1984.
Saron Yitbarek:
[00:17:30]
[00:18:00]
Microsoft now dominated the OS battlefield. They held 90% of the market, and standardized their OS across a whole variety of PCs. The future of the OS looked like it'd be controlled by Microsoft. And then? Well, at the 1997 Macworld Expo in Boston, you have an almost bankrupt Apple. A more humble Steve Jobs gets on stage, and starts talking about the importance of partnerships, and one in particular, he says, has become very, very meaningful. Their new partnership with Microsoft. Steve Jobs is calling for a détente, a ceasefire. Microsoft could have their enormous market share. If we didn't know better, we might think we were entering a period of peace in the kingdom. But when stakes are this high, it's never that simple. Just as Apple and Microsoft were finally retreating to their corners, pretty bruised from decades of fighting, along came a 21-year-old Finnish computer science student who, almost by accident, changed absolutely everything.
I'm Saron Yitbarek, and this is Command Line Heroes.
[00:18:30]
While certain tech giants were busy bashing each other over proprietary software, there were new champions of free and open source software popping up like mushrooms. One of these champions was Richard Stallman. You're probably familiar with his work. He wanted free software and a free society. That's free as in free speech, not free as in free beer. Back in the '80s, Stallman saw that there was no viable alternative to pricey, proprietary OSs, like UNIX . So, he decided to make his own. Stallman's Free Software Foundation developed GNU, which stood for GNU's not UNIX , of course. It'd be an OS like UNIX, but free of all UNIX code, and free for users to share.
[00:19:00]
[00:19:30]
Just to give you a sense of how important that idea of free software was in the 1980s, the companies that owned the UNIX code at different points, AT&T Bell Laboratories and then UNIX System Laboratories, they threatened lawsuits on anyone making their own OS after looking at UNIX source code. These guys were next - level proprietary. All those programmers were, in the words of the two companies, "mentally contaminated," because they'd seen UNIX code. In a famous court case between UNIX System Laboratories and Berkeley Software Design, it was argued that any functionally similar system, even though it didn't use the UNIX code itself, was a bre a ch of copyright. Paul Jones was a developer at that time. He's now the director of the digital library ibiblio.org.
Paul Jones:
[00:20:00]
Anyone who has seen any of the code is mentally contaminated was their argument. That would have made almost anyone who had worked on a computer operating system that involved UNIX , in any computer science department, was mentally contaminated. So in one year at USENIX, we all got little white bar pin s with red letters that say mentally contaminated, and we all wear those around to our own great pleasure, to show that we were sticking it to Bell because we were mentally contaminated.
[00:20:30]
Saron Yitbarek:
[00:21:00]
The whole world was getting mentally contaminated. Staying pure, keeping things nice and proprietary, that old philosophy was getting less and less realistic. It was into this contaminated reality that one of history's biggest command line heroes was born, a boy in Finland named Linus Torvalds. If this is Star Wars, then Linus Torvalds is our Luke Skywalker. He was a mild-mannered grad student at the University of Helsinki. Talented, but lacking in grand visions. The classic reluctant hero. And, like any young hero, he was also frustrated. He wanted to incorporate the 386 processor into his new PC's functions. He wasn't impressed by the MS-DOS running on his IBM clone, and he couldn't afford the $5,000 price tag on the UNIX software that would have given him some programming freedom. The solution, which Torvalds crafted on MINIX in the spring of 1991, was an OS kernel called Linux. The kernel of an OS of his very own.
[00:21:30]
Steven Vaughan-Nichols:
Linus Torvalds really just wanted to have something to play with.
Saron Yitbarek:
Steven Vaughan-Nichols is a contributing editor at ZDNet.com, and he's been writing about the business of technology since there was a business of technology.
Steven Vaughan-Nichols:
[00:22:00]
[00:22:30]
There were a couple of operating systems like it at the time. The main one that he was concerned about was called MINIX. That was an operating system that was meant for students to learn how to build operating systems. Linus looked at that, and thought that it was interesting, but he wanted to build his own. So it really started as a do-it-yourself project at Helsinki. That's how it all started, is just basically a big kid playing around and learning how to do things. But what was different in his case is that he was both bright enough and persistent enough, and also friendly enough to get all these other people working on it, and then he started seeing the project through. 27 years later, it is much, much bigger than he ever dreamed it would be.
Saron Yitbarek:
[00:23:00]
By the fall of 1991, Torvalds releases 10,000 lines of code, and people around the world start offering comments, then tweaks, additions, edits. That might seem totally normal to you as a developer today, but remember, at that time, open collaboration like that was a moral affront to the whole proprietary system that Microsoft, Apple, and IBM had done so well by. Then that openness gets enshrined. Torvalds places Linux under the GNU general public license. The license that had kept Stallman's GNU system free was now going to keep Linux free , too. The importance of that move to incorporate GPL, basically preserving the freedom and openness of the software forever, cannot be overstated. Vaughan-Nichols explains.
[00:23:30]
Steven Vaughan-Nichols:
In fact, by the license that it's under, which is called GPL version 2, you have to share the code if you're going to try to sell it or present it to the world, so that if you make an improvement, it's not enough just to give someone the improvement. You actually have to share with them the nuts and bolts of all those changes. Then they are adapted into Linux if they're good enough.
Saron Yitbarek:
[00:24:00]
That public approach proved massively attractive. Eric Raymond, one of the early evangelists of the movement wrote in his famous essay that, "Corporations like Microsoft and Apple have been trying to build software cathedrals, while Linux and its kind were offering a great babbling bazaar of different agendas and approaches. The bazaar was a lot more fun than the cathedral."
Stormy Peters:
I think at the time, what attracted people is that they were going to be in control of their own world.
Saron Yitbarek:
Stormy Peters is an industry analyst, and an advocate for free and open source software.
[00:24:30]
Stormy Peters:
[00:25:00]
When open source software first came out, the OS was all proprietary. You couldn't even add a printer without going through proprietary software. You couldn't add a headset. You couldn't develop a small hardware device of your own, and make it work with your laptop. You couldn't even put in a DVD and copy it, because you couldn't change the software. Even if you owned the DVD, you couldn't copy it. You had no control over this hardware/software system that you'd bought. You couldn't create anything new and bigger and better out of it. That's why an open source operating system was so important at the beginning. We needed an open source collaborative environment where we could build bigger and better things.
Saron Yitbarek:
[00:25:30]
Mind you, Linux isn't a purely egalitarian utopia. Linus Torvalds doesn't approve everything that goes into the kernel, but he does preside over its changes. He's installed a dozen or so people below him to manage different parts of the kernel. They, in turn, trust people under themselves, and so on, in a pyramid of trust. Changes might come from anywhere, but they're all judged and curated.
[00:26:00]
It is amazing, though, to think how humble, and kind of random, Linus' DIY project was to begin with. He didn't have a clue he was the Luke Skywalker figure in all this. He was just 21, and had been programming half his life. But this was the first time the silo opened up, and people started giving him feedback. Dozens, then hundreds, and thousands of contributors. With crowdsourcing like that, it doesn't take long before Linux starts growing. Really growing. It even finally gets noticed by Microsoft. Their CEO, Steve Ballmer, called Linux, and I quote, "A cancer that attaches itself in an intellectual property sense to everything it touches." Steven Levy describes where Ballmer was coming from.
Steven Levy:
[00:26:30]
Once Microsoft really solidified its monopoly, and indeed it was judged in federal court as a monopoly, anything that could be a threat to that, they reacted very strongly to. So of course, the idea that free software would be emerging, when they were charging for software, they saw as a cancer. They tried to come up with an intellectual property theory about why this was going to be bad for consumers.
Saron Yitbarek:
[00:27:00]
Linux was spreading, and Microsoft was worried. By 2006, Linux would become the second most widely used operating system after Windows, with about 5,000 developers working on it worldwide. Five thousand. Remember that memo that Bill Gates sent to Apple, the one where he's lecturing them about the importance of partnering with other people? Turns out, open source would take that idea of partnerships to a whole new level, in a way Bill Gates would have never foreseen.
[00:27:30]
[00:28:00]
We've been talking about these huge battles for the OS, but so far, the unsung heroes, the developers, haven't fully made it onto the battlefield. That changes next time, on Command Line Heroes. In episode two, part two of the OS wars, it's the rise of Linux. Businesses wake up, and realize the importance of developers. These open source rebels grow stronger, and the battlefield shifts from the desktop to the server room. There's corporate espionage, new heroes, and the unlikeliest change of heart in tech history. It all comes to a head in the concluding half of the OS wars.
[00:28:30]
To get new episodes of Command Line Heroes delivered automatically for free, make sure you hit subscribe on Apple podcasts, Spotify, Google Play, or however you get your podcasts. Over the rest of the season, we're visiting the latest battlefields, the up-for-grab territories where the next generation of Command Line Heroes are making their mark. For more info, check us out at redhat.com/commandlineheroes. I'm Saron Yitbarek. Until next time, keep on coding.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.redhat.com/en/command-line-heroes/season-1/os-wars-part-1
作者：[redhat][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.redhat.com
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972

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Create animated, scalable vector graphic images with MacSVG
======
Open source SVG: The writing is on the wall
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/open_design_paper_plane_2_0.jpg?itok=xKdP-GWE)
The Neo-Babylonian regent [Belshazzar][1] did not heed [the writing on the wall][2] that magically appeared during his great feast. However, if he had had a laptop and a good internet connection in 539 BC, he might have staved off those pesky Persians by reading the SVG on the browser.
Animating text and objects on web pages is a great way to build user interest and engagement. There are several ways to achieve this, such as a video embed, an animated GIF, or a slideshow—but you can also use [scalable vector graphics][3] (SVG).
An SVG image is different from, say, a JPG, because it is scalable without losing its resolution. A vector image is created by points, not dots, so no matter how large it gets, it will not lose its resolution or pixelate. An example of a good use of scalable, static images would be logos on websites.
### Move it, move it
You can create SVG images with several drawing programs, including open source [Inkscape][4] and Adobe Illustrator. Getting your images to “do something” requires a bit more effort. Fortunately, there are open source solutions that would get even Belshazzar’s attention.
[MacSVG][5] is one tool that will get your images moving. You can find the source code on [GitHub][6].
Developed by Douglas Ward of Conway, Arkansas, MacSVG is an “open source Mac OS app for designing HTML5 SVG art and animation,” according to its [website][5].
I was interested in using MacSVG to create an animated signature. I admit that I found the process a bit confusing and failed at my first attempts to create an actual animated SVG image.
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/macsvg-screen.png)
It is important to first learn what makes “the writing on the wall” actually write.
The attribute behind the animated writing is [stroke-dasharray][7]. Breaking the term into three words helps explain what is happening: Stroke refers to the line or stroke you would make with a pen, whether physical or digital. Dash means breaking the stroke down into a series of dashes. Array means producing the whole thing into an array. That’s a simple overview, but it helped me understand what was supposed to happen and why.
With MacSVG, you can import a graphic (.PNG) and use the pen tool to trace the path of the writing. I used a cursive representation of my first name. Then it was just a matter of applying the attributes to animate the writing, increase and decrease the thickness of the stroke, change its color, and so on. Once completed, the animated writing was exported as an .SVG file and was ready for use on the web. MacSVG can be used for many different types of SVG animation in addition to handwriting.
### The writing is on the WordPress
I was ready to upload and share my SVG example on my [WordPress][8] site, but I discovered that WordPress does not allow for SVG media imports. Fortunately, I found a handy plugin: Benbodhi’s [SVG Support][9] allowed a quick, easy import of my SVG the same way I would import a JPG to my Media Library. I was able to showcase my [writing on the wall][10] to Babylonians everywhere.
I opened the source code of my SVG in [Brackets][11], and here are the results:
```
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?>
<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:cc="http://web.resource.org/cc/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:sodipodi="http://sodipodi.sourceforge.net/DTD/sodipodi-0.dtd" xmlns:inkscape="http://www.inkscape.org/namespaces/inkscape" height="360px" style="zoom: 1;" cursor="default" id="svg_document" width="480px" baseProfile="full" version="1.1" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 480 360"><title id="svg_document_title">Path animation with stroke-dasharray</title><desc id="desc1">This example demonstrates the use of a path element, an animate element, and the stroke-dasharray attribute to simulate drawing.</desc><defs id="svg_document_defs"></defs><g id="main_group"></g><path stroke="#004d40" id="path2" stroke-width="9px" d="M86,75 C86,75 75,72 72,61 C69,50 66,37 71,34 C76,31 86,21 92,35 C98,49 95,73 94,82 C93,91 87,105 83,110 C79,115 70,124 71,113 C72,102 67,105 75,97 C83,89 111,74 111,74 C111,74 119,64 119,63 C119,62 110,57 109,58 C108,59 102,65 102,66 C102,67 101,75 107,79 C113,83 118,85 122,81 C126,77 133,78 136,64 C139,50 147,45 146,33 C145,21 136,15 132,24 C128,33 123,40 123,49 C123,58 135,87 135,96 C135,105 139,117 133,120 C127,123 116,127 120,116 C124,105 144,82 144,81 C144,80 158,66 159,58 C160,50 159,48 161,43 C163,38 172,23 166,22 C160,21 155,12 153,23 C151,34 161,68 160,78 C159,88 164,108 163,113 C162,118 165,126 157,128 C149,130 152,109 152,109 C152,109 185,64 185,64 " fill="none" transform=""><animate values="0,1739;1739,0;" attributeType="XML" begin="0; animate1.end+5s" id="animateSig1" repeatCount="indefinite" attributeName="stroke-dasharray" fill="freeze" dur="2"></animate></path></svg>
```
What would you use MacSVG for?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/18/10/macsvg-open-source-tool-animation
作者：[Jeff Macharyas][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/rikki-endsley
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belshazzar
[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belshazzar%27s_feast
[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics
[4]: https://inkscape.org/
[5]: https://macsvg.org/
[6]: https://github.com/dsward2/macSVG
[7]: https://gist.github.com/mbostock/5649592
[8]: https://macharyas.com/
[9]: https://wordpress.org/plugins/svg-support/
[10]: https://macharyas.com/index.php/2018/10/14/open-source-svg/
[11]: http://brackets.io/

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (lujun9972)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Command Line Heroes: Season 1: OS Wars)
[#]: via: (https://www.redhat.com/en/command-line-heroes/season-1/os-wars-part-1)
[#]: author: (redhat https://www.redhat.com)
Command Line Heroes: Season 1: OS Wars
======
Saron Yitbarek:
有些故事如史诗般，惊险万分，在我脑海中似乎出现了星球大战电影开头的爬行文字。你知道的，就像-
Voice Actor:
第一集，操作系统大战。
Saron Yitbarek:
是的，就像那样子。
Voice Actor:
[00:00:30]
当前形势比较紧张。Bill Gates 与 Steve Jobs 的帝国发起了一场无可避免的专有软件之战。Gates 与 IBM 结成了强大的联盟，而 Jobs 拒绝对它的硬件和操作系统开放授权。他们争夺统治地位的争斗在一场操作系统战争中席卷了整个银河系。与此同时，帝王所不知道的是，在偏远之地，开源的反叛者们开始集聚。
Saron Yitbarek:
[00:01:00]
好吧。这也许有点戏剧性，但当我们谈论 80 年代，90 年代和 00 年代的操作系统之争时，这也不算言过其实。确实曾经发生过一场史诗级的通知之战。Steve Jobs 和 Bill Gates 确实掌握着数十亿美元的命运。掌控了操作系统，你就掌握了绝大多数人使用计算机的方式，我们互相通讯的方式，我们获取信息的方式。我可以一直罗列下去，不过你知道我的意思。掌握了操作系统，你就是帝王。
[00:01:30]
我是 Saron Yitbarek，你现在收听的是代码英雄，一款红帽公司原创的博客节目。你问，什么是代码英雄？嗯，如果你创造而不仅仅是使用，如果你相信开发者拥有构建美好未来的能力，如果你希望拥有一个大家都有权利表达科技如何塑造生活的世界，那么你，我的朋友，就是代码英雄。在本系列节目中，我们将为你带来那些"白码起家(原文是 from the command line up，应该是改编自 from the ground up)" 改变技术的程序员故事。那么我是谁，凭什么指导你踏上这段艰苦的旅程？Saron Yitbarek 是哪根葱？嗯，事实上我觉得我跟你差不多。我是一名面向初学者的开发人员，我做的任何事都依赖于开源软件。这是我的世界。通过在博客中讲故事，我可以跳出无聊的日常工作，看清大局。希望它对你也一样有用。
[00:02:00]
[00:02:30]
[00:03:00]
我迫不及待地想直到，开源技术从何而来？我的意思时，我对 Linus Torvalds 和 Linux ® 的荣耀有一些了解，我相信你也一样，但是说真的，开源并不是一开始就有的对吗？如果我像发至内心的感激最新最棒的技术，比如 DevOps 和 containers 之类的，我感觉我对那些早期的开发者有所亏欠，我有必要了解这些东西来自何处。所以，让我们暂时先不用担心内存泄露和缓冲溢出。我们的旅程从操作系统之战开始，这是一场波澜壮阔的桌面控制之战。这场战争亘古未有，因为。首先，在计算机时代，大公司拥有指数级的规模优势; 其次，从未有过这么一场控制争夺战是如此变化多端。Bill Gates 和 Steve Jobs? 他们也不知道结果会如何，但是到目前为止，这个故事进行到一半的时候，他们所争夺的所有东西都将发声改变，进化，最终上升到云端。
[00:03:30]
[00:04:00]
好的，让我们回到 1983 年的秋季。还有六年我才出生。那时候的总统还是 Ronald Reagan，美国和苏联扬言要把星球拖入核战争中。在 Honolulu 的公民中心正在举办一年一度的苹果公司销售会议。一群苹果公司的员工正在等待 Steve Jobs 上台。他 28 岁，热情洋溢，看起来非常自信。Jobs 很严肃地对着麦克风说他邀请了三个行业专家来软件进行了一次小组讨论。然而随后发生的事情你肯定想不到。超级俗气的 80 年代音乐响彻整个房间。一堆多彩灯管照亮了舞台，然后一个播音员的声音响起-
Voice Actor:
女士们，先生们，现在是麦金塔软件的约会游戏。
Saron Yitbarek:
[00:04:30]
[00:05:00]
Jobs 的脸上露出一个大大的笑容，台上有三个 CEO 都需要轮流向他示好。这基本上就是 80 年代科技界的钻石王老五。两个软件大佬讲完话后，然后就轮到第三个人讲话了。仅此而已不是吗？是得。新面孔 Bill Gates 带着一个大大的方框眼镜遮住了半个脸。他宣称在 1984 年，微软的一半收入将来至于麦金塔软件。他的这番话引来了观众热情的掌声。但是他们不知道的是，在一个月后，Bill Gates 将会宣布发布 Windows 1.0 的计划。你永远也猜不到 Jobs 正在跟未来苹果最大的敌人打情骂俏。但微软和苹果即将经历科技史上最糟糕的婚礼。他们会彼此背叛，相互毁灭，但又深深地、痛苦地捆绑在一起。
James Allworth:
[00:05:30]
我猜从哲学上来讲，一个更理想化，注重用户体验高于一切，是一个集成的组织，而微软则更务实，更模块化-
Saron Yitbarek:
这是 James Allworth。他是一位多产的科技作家，曾在苹果零售团队工作。注意他给出的苹果的定义。一个集成的组织。那种只对自己负责的公司。一个不想依赖别人的公司。这是关键。
James Allworth:
[00:06:00]
苹果是一家集成的公司，它专注于愉悦的用户体验，这意味着它希望控制整技术栈以及交付的一切内容，从硬件到操作系统，甚至运行在操作系统上的应用程序。
当新的创新，重要的创新刚刚进入市场，而你需要横跨软硬件，并且能够根据自己意愿和软件的革新来改变硬件时，这是一个优势。例如-，
[00:06:30]
Saron Yitbarek:
[00:07:00]
很多人喜欢这种整合的模式，并因此成为了苹果的铁杆粉丝。还有很多人则选择了微软。回到 Honolulu 的销售会议上。在同一场活动中，乔布斯向观众展示了他即将发布的超级碗广告。你可能已经亲眼见过这则广告了。想想 George Orwell 的 1984。在这个冰冷、灰暗的世界里，在独裁者投射的目光下，没有头脑的机器人正在缓慢移动。这些机器人代表着 IBM 的用户们。然后，代表苹果公司的美丽而健壮的 Anya Major 穿着鲜艳的衣服跑过大厅。她向着老大哥的屏幕猛地透出大锤，将它砸成一片一片的。老大哥的咒语解除了，一个低沉的声音响起，苹果公司要开始介绍麦金塔了。
Voice Actor:
这就是为什么现实中的 1984 跟小说 1984 不一样了。
Saron Yitbarek:
[00:07:30]
是的，现在回顾这则广告，认为苹果是一个致力于解放大众的自由斗士的想法有点过分了。但这件事触动了我的神经。Ken Segal 曾在为苹果制作这则广告的广告公司工作过。在早期，他为 Steve Jobs 做了十多年的广告。
Ken Segal:
[00:08:00]
1984 这则广告的风险很大。事实上，它的风险太大，以至于苹果公司在看到它的时候都不想播出它。你可能听说了 Steve 喜欢它，但苹果公司董事会的人并不喜欢它。事实上，他们很愤怒，这么多钱被花在这么一件事情上，以至于他们想解雇广告代理商。Steve 则为我们公司辩护。
Saron Yitbarek:
Jobs，一如既往地，慧眼识英雄。
Ken Segal:
这则广告在公司内，在业界内都引起了共鸣，成为了苹果产品的代表。无论人们那天是否有在购买电脑，它都带来了一种持续多年的影响，帮助定义了这家公司的品质。我们是叛军。我们是拿着大锤的人。
[00:08:30]
Saron Yitbarek:
因此，在争夺数十亿潜在消费者偏好的过程中，苹果公司和微软公司的帝王们正在学着把自己塑造成救世主，非凡的英雄，一种对生活方式的选择。但 Bill Gates 知道一些苹果难以理解的事情。那就是在一个相互连接的世界里，没有人，甚至是皇帝，能独自完成任务。
[00:09:00]
[00:09:30]
1985 年 6 月 25 日。盖茨给当时的苹果 CEO 发了一份备忘录。那是一个迷失的年代。乔布斯刚刚被逐出公司，直到 1996 年才回到苹果。也许正是因为乔布斯离开了，盖茨才敢写这份东西。在备忘录中，他鼓励苹果授权制造商分发他们的操作系统。我想读一下备忘录的最后部分，让你们知道这份备忘录是多么的有洞察力。盖茨写道：“如果没有其他个人电脑制造商的支持，苹果现在不可能让他们的创新技术成为标准。苹果必须开放麦金塔的架构，以获得获得快速发展和建立标准所需的支持”。换句话说，你们不要再自己玩自己的了。你们必须有与他人合作的意愿。你们必须与开发者合作。
[00:10:00]
[00:10:30]
多年后你依然可以看到这条哲学思想，当微软首席执行官 Steve Ballmer 上台做主题演讲时，他开始大喊：“开发者，开发者，开发者，开发者，开发者，开发者，开发者，开发者，开发者。” 你懂我的意思了吧。微软喜欢开发人员。虽然目前他们不打算与这些开发人员共享源代码，但是他们确实想建立起整个合作伙伴生态系统。而当 Bill Gates 建议苹果公司也这么做时(你可能已经猜到了)，这个想法就被抛到了九霄云外。他们的关系产生了间隙，五个月后，微软发布了 Windows 1.0。战争开始了。
开发者，开发者，开发者，开发者，开发者，开发者，开发者，开发者，开发者，开发者，开发者，开发者，开发者，开发者，开发者，开发者，开发者，开发者。
[00:11:00]
您正在收听的是来自红帽公司的原创播客《代码英雄》。本集是第一集，我们将回到过去，重温操作系统战争的史诗故事，我们将会找出，科技巨头之间的战争是如何为我们今天所生活的开源世界扫清道路的？
[00:11:30]
好的，让我们先来个背景故事吧。如果你已经听过了，那么请原谅我，但它很经典。当时是 1979 年，Steve Jobs 开车去 Palo Alto 的 Xerox Park 研究中心。那里的工程师一直在为他们所称之为的"图形用户界面"开发一系列的元素。也许你听说过。它们有菜单，滚动条，按钮，文件夹和重叠的窗口。这是对计算机界面的一个美丽的新设想。这是前所未有的。作家兼记者 Steve Levy 会谈到它的潜力。
Steven Levy:
[00:12:00]
新界面要前所未有地有好的多，这让我们无比兴奋，以前我们用的是所谓的命令行，它的让你和电脑之间的交互方式跟现实生活中的交互方式完全不同。
电脑上的鼠标和图像让你可以可以像现实生活中的交互一样实现与电脑的交互，你可以像指向现实生活中的东西一样指向电脑上的东西。这让事情变得简单多了。你无需要记住所有代码。
Saron Yitbarek:
[00:12:30]
[00:13:00]
不过，施乐的高管们并没有意识到他们正坐在金矿上。一如既往地，工程师比主管们更清楚它的价值。因此那些工程师，当被要求向 Jobs 展示所有这些东西是如何工作时，有点紧张。然而这是毕竟是高管的命令。Jobs 觉得，用他的话来说，“这个产品天才本来能够让施乐公司垄断整个行业，可是他最终会被公司的经营者毁掉，因为他们对产品的好坏没有概念”。这话有些苛刻，但是，Jobs 带着一卡车施乐高管错过的想法离开了会议。这几乎包含了他需要革新桌面计算体验的所有东西。1983 年，苹果发布了 Lisa 电脑，1984 年又发布了 Mac 电脑。这些设备的创意是抄袭自施乐公司的。
[00:13:30]
让我感兴趣的是，乔布斯对控诉他偷了图形用户界面的反应。他对此很冷静。他引用毕加索的话：“好的艺术家复制，伟大的艺术家偷窃。”他告诉一位记者，“我们总是无耻地窃取伟大的创意”。伟大的艺术家偷窃。好吧。我的意思是，我们说的并不是严格意义上的偷窃。没有人获得专有的源代码并公然将其集成到他们自己的操作系统中去。这要更温和些，更像是创意的借用。这就难控制的多了，就像 Jobs 自己即将学到的那样。传奇的软件向导、真正的代码英雄 Andy Hertzfeld 就是麦金塔开发团队的最初成员。
[00:14:00]
Andy Hertzfeld:
[00:14:30]
[00:15:00]
是的，微软是我们与麦金塔电脑的第一个软件合作伙伴。当时，我们并没有把他们当成是竞争对手。他们是苹果之外，第一家我们交付麦金塔原型的公司。我通常每周都会和微软的技术主管聊一次。他们是尝试我们所编写软件的第一个外部团队。他们给了我们非常重要的反馈，总的来说，我认为我们的关系非常好。但我也注意到，在我与技术主管的交谈中，他开始问一些系统实现方面的问题，而他本无需知道这些，我觉得，他们想要复制麦金塔电脑。我很早以前就像史蒂夫·乔布斯反馈过这件事，但在 1983 年秋天，这件事达到了高潮。我们发现，他们在 1983 年 11 月的 COMDEX 上发布了 Windows，但却没有提前告诉我们。对此史蒂夫·乔布斯勃然大怒。他认为那是一种背叛。
Saron Yitbarek:
[00:15:30]
[00:16:00]
随着新版 Windows 的发布，很明显，微软从苹果那里学到了苹果从施乐那里学来的所有想法。乔布斯很易怒。他的关于伟大艺术家如何偷窃的毕加索名言被别人学去了。而且恐怕盖茨也正是这么做的。据报道，当乔布斯怒斥盖茨偷了他们的东西时，盖茨回应道：“史蒂夫，我觉得这更像是我们都有一个叫施乐的富有邻居，我闯进他家偷电视机，却发现你已经偷过了”。苹果最终以窃取 GUI 的外观和风格为名起诉了微软。这个案子持续了好几年，但是在 1993 年，第九次巡回上诉法院的一名法官最终站在了微软一边。Vaughn Walker 法官宣布外观和风格不受版权保护。这是非常重要的。这一决定让苹果在无法垄断桌面计算的界面。很快，苹果短暂的领先优势消失了。以下是 Steven Levy 的观点。
Steven Levy:
[00:16:30]
[00:17:00]
他们之所以失去领先地位，不是因为微软方面窃取了知识产权，而是因为在上世纪 80 年代，他们无法通过更好的操作系统来巩固自己的优势。坦率地说，他们的电脑索价过高。因此微软从 20 世纪 80 年代中期开始开发 Windows 系统，但直到 1990 年开发出的 Windows 3，我想，他才真正算是一个为黄金时期做好准备的版本，才真正可供大众使用。从此以后，微软能够将数以亿计的用户迁移到图形界面，而这是苹果无法做到的。虽然苹果公司有一个非常好的操作系统，但是那已经是 1984 年的产品了。
Saron Yitbarek:
[00:17:30]
[00:18:00]
现在微软主导着操作系统的战场。他们占据了 90% 的市场份额，并且针对各种各样的个人电脑进行了标准化。操作系统的未来看起来会由微软掌控。此后发生了什么 ?1997 年，波士顿 Macworld 博览会上，你看到了一个几近破产的苹果。一个谦逊的多的史蒂夫·乔布斯走上舞台，开始谈论伙伴关系的重要性。特别是他们与微软的新型合作伙伴关系。史蒂夫·乔布斯呼吁双方缓和关系，停止火拼。微软将拥有巨大的市场份额。从表面看，我们可能会认为世界和平了。但当利益如此巨大时，事情就没那么简单了。就在苹果和微软在数十年的争斗中伤痕累累、最终走向死角之际，一名 21 岁的芬兰计算机科学专业学生出现了。几乎是偶然地，他彻底改变了一切。
我是 Saron Yitbarek，这里是代码英雄。
[00:18:30]
正当某些科技巨头正忙着就专有软件相互攻击时，自由软件和开源软件的新领军者如雨后春笋般涌现。其中一位优胜者就是理查德·斯托尔曼。你也许对他的工作很熟悉。他想要有自由软件和自由社会。这就像言论自由一样的自由，而不是像免费啤酒一样的免费。早在 80 年代，斯托尔曼就发现，除了昂贵的专有操作系统(如 UNIX) 外，就没有其他可行的替代品。因此他决定自己做一个。斯托尔曼的自由软件基金会发明了 GNU，它的意思是 "GNU's not UNIX"。它将是一个像 UNIX 一样的操作系统，但不包含所有 UNIX 代码，而且用户可以自由共享。
[00:19:00]
[00:19:30]
为了让你体会到 80 年代自由软件概念的重要性，从不同角度来说拥有 UNIX 代码的两家公司，AT&T 贝尔实验室 以及 UNIX 系统实验室威胁将会起诉任何看过 UNIX 源代码后又创建自己操作系统的人。
这些人是次一级的专利所属。用这两家公司的话来说，所有这些程序员都在“精神上受到了污染”，因为他们都见过 UNIX 代码。在 UNIX 系统实验室和 Berkeley 软件设计之间的一个著名的法庭案例中，有人认为任何功能类似的系统，即使它本身没有使用 UNIX 代码，也归版权所有。Paul Jones 当时是一名开发人员。他现在是数字图书馆 ibiblio.org 的主任。
Paul Jones:
[00:20:00]
他们认为，任何看过代码的人都受到了精神污染。因此几乎所有在安装有与 UNIX 相关操作系统的电脑上工作过的人以及任何在计算机科学部门工作的人都受到精神上的污染。因此，在 USENIX 的一年里，我们都 a 发有带有红字的白色小别针，上面写着“精神受到了污染”。我们很喜欢带着这些别针到处走，以表达我们力挺 Bell，因为我们的精神受到了污染。
[00:20:30]
Saron Yitbarek:
[00:21:00]
整个世界都被精神污染了。想要保持纯粹，保持事物的美好和专有的旧哲学正变得越来越不现实。正是在这被污染的现实中，历史上最伟大其中一个的代码英雄诞生了，他是一个芬兰男孩，名叫 Linus Torvalds。如果这是《星球大战》，那么 Linus Torvalds 就是我们的卢克·天行者。他是赫尔辛基大学一名温文尔雅的研究生。有才华，但缺乏宏伟的愿景。典型的被逼上梁山的英雄。和其他年轻的英雄一样，他也感到沮丧。他想把 386 处理器整合到他的新电脑中。他对自己的 IBM 主机上运行的 MS-DOS 操作系统并不感冒，也负担不起 UNIX 软件 5000 美元的价格，而只有 UNIX 才能让他自由地编程。解决方案是 Torvalds 在 1991 年春天基于 MINIX 开发了一个名为 Linux 的操作系统内核。他自己的操作系统内核。
[00:21:30]
Steven Vaughan-Nichols:
Linus Torvalds 真的只想找点乐子。
Saron Yitbarek:
Steven Vaughan-Nichols 是 ZDNet.com 的特约编辑，而且他从科技行业出现以来就一直在写科技行业相关的内容。
Steven Vaughan-Nichols:
[00:22:00]
[00:22:30]
当时有几个类似的操作系统。他最关心的是一个名叫 MINIX 的操作系统，MINIX 旨在让学生学习如何构建操作系统。莱纳斯着到这些，觉得很有趣，但他想建立自己的操作系统。因此它始于赫尔辛基的一个 DIY 项目。一切就这样开始了，基本上就是一个大孩子在玩耍，学习如何做事。但不同之处在于，他足够聪明，足够执着，也足够友好，让所有其他人都参与进来，然后他开始把这个项目进行到底。27 年后，这个项目变得比他想象的要大得多。
Saron Yitbarek:
[00:23:00]
到 1991 年秋季，Torvalds 发布了 10，000 行代码，世界各地的人们开始提供注释，然后进行优化、添加和修改代码。对于今天的开发人员来说，这似乎很正常，但请记住，在那个时候，像这样的开放协作是对整个专有系统(微软、苹果和 IBM 在这方面做的非常好)道德上的侮辱。随后这种开放性被奉若神明。Torvalds 将 Linux 置于 GNU 通用公共许可证之下。曾经保障斯托尔曼的 GNU 系统自由的许可证现在也将保障 Linux 的自由。Vaughan-Nichols 解释道，迁移到 incorporate GPL 的重要性怎么强调都不过分，它基本上能永远保证软件的自由和开放性。
[00:23:30]
Steven Vaughan-Nichols:
事实上，根据 Linux 所遵循的许可协议，即 GPL 第 2 版，如果你想把贩卖 Linux 或者向全世界展示它，你必须与它人共享代码，所以如果你对其做了一些改进，仅仅给别人使用是不够的。事实上你必须和他们分享所有这些变化的具体细节。然后，如果这些改进足够好，就会被 Linux 所吸收。
Saron Yitbarek:
[00:24:00]
事实证明，这种公开的方式极具吸引力。Eric Raymond 是这场运动的早期传道者之一，他在他那篇著名的文章中写道：“微软和苹果这样的公司一直在试图建造软件大教堂，而 Linux 及类似的软件则提供了一个由不同日程和方法组成的巨大集市”集市比大教堂有趣多了。
tormy Peters:
我认为在那个时候，真正吸引人的是人们终于可以把控自己的世界了。
Saron Yitbarek:
Stormy Peters 是一位行业分析师，也是自由和开源软件的倡导者。
[00:24:30]
Stormy Peters:
[00:25:00]
开源软件第一次出现的时候，所有的操作系统都是专有的。如果不使用专有软件，你甚至不能添加打印机。您不能添加耳机。你不能自己开发一个小型硬件设备，然后让它在你的笔记本电脑上运行。你甚至不能放入 DVD 并复制它，因为你不能改变软件。即使你拥有这张 DVD，你也无法复制它。你无法控制你购买的硬件/软件系统。你不能从中创造出任何新的、更大的、更好的东西。这就是为什么开源操作系统在一开始是如此重要的原因。我们需要一个开源协作环境，在那里我们可以构建更大更好的东西。
Saron Yitbarek:
[00:25:30]
请注意，Linux 并不是一个纯粹的平等主义乌托邦。Linus Torvalds 不会批准所有对内核的修改，但是他确实主持内核的变更。他安排了十几个人来管理内核的不同部分。这些人也会信任自己下面的人，以此类推，形成信任金字塔。变化可能来自任何地方，但它们都是经过判断和策划的。
[00:26:00]
然而，考虑到到 Linus 的 DIY 项目一开始是多么的简陋和随意，这项成就令人十分惊讶。他完全不知道自己就是卢克·天行者。当时他只有 21 岁，一半的时间都在编程。但是当魔盒第一次被打开，人们开始给他反馈。几十个，然后几百个，成千上万的贡献者。有了这样的众包基础，Linux 很快就开始成长。真的成长得很快。甚至最终引起了微软的注意。他们的首席执行官 Steve Ballmer 将 Linux 称为是“一种癌症，从知识产权得角度来看，它传染了接触到得任何东西 ”。Steven Levy 将会描述 Ballmer 的由来。
Steven Levy:
[00:26:30]
一旦微软真正巩固了它的垄断地位，而且它也确实被联邦法院判定为垄断，他们将会对任何可能对其构成威胁的事情做出强烈反应。因此，既然他们对软件收费，很自然得，他们将自由软件得出现看成是一种癌症。他们试图提出一个知识产权理论，来解释为什么这对消费者不利。
Saron Yitbarek:
[00:27:00]
Linux 在不断传播，微软也开始担心起来。到了 2006 年，Linux 成为仅次于 Windows 的第二大常用操作系统，全球约有 5000 名开发人员在使用它。5000 名开发者。还记得比尔·盖茨给苹果公司的备忘录吗？在那份备忘录中，他向苹果公司的员工们论述了与他人合作的重要性。事实证明，开源将把伙伴关系的概念提升到一个全新的水平，这是 Bill Gates 从未预见到的。
[00:27:30]
[00:28:00]
我们一直在谈论操作系统之间的巨型战斗，但是到目前为止，并没有怎么提到无名英雄和开发者们。在下次得代码英雄中，情况就不同了。第二集讲的是操作系统大战的第二部分，是关于 Linux 崛起的。业界醒悟过来，认识到了开发人员的重要性。这些开源反叛者变得越来越强大，战场从桌面转移到了服务器领域。这里有商业间谍活动、新的英雄人物，还有科技史上最不可能改变的想法。这一切都在操作系统大战的后半集内达到了高潮。
[00:28:30]
要想自动免费获得新一集的代码英雄，请点击订阅苹果播客 、Spotify、 谷歌播放器等其他应用获取播客。在这一季剩下的时间里，我们将参观最新的战场，相互争斗的版图，这里是下一代代码英雄留下印记的地方。更多信息，请访问 redhat.com/commandlineheroes。我是 Saron Yitbarek。下次之前，继续编码。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.redhat.com/en/command-line-heroes/season-1/os-wars-part-1
作者：[redhat][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.redhat.com
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972

69
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使用 MacSVG 创建 SVG 动画
======
> 开源 SVG：墙上的魔法字。
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/open_design_paper_plane_2_0.jpg?itok=xKdP-GWE)
新巴比伦的摄政王[伯沙撒][1]没有注意到他在盛宴期间神奇地[书写在墙上的文字][2]。但是，如果他在公元前 539 年有一台笔记本电脑和良好的互联网连接，他可能会通过在浏览器上阅读 SVG 来避开那些讨厌的波斯人。
出现在网页上的动画文本和对象是建立用户兴趣和参与度的好方法。有几种方法可以实现这一点，例如视频嵌入、动画 GIF 或幻灯片 —— 但你也可以使用[可缩放矢量图形（SVG）][3]。
SVG 图像与 JPG 不同，因为它可以缩放而不会丢失其分辨率。矢量图像是由点而不是像素创建的，所以无论它放大到多大，它都不会失去分辨率或像素化。充分利用可缩放的静态图像的一个例子是网站的徽标。
### 动起来，动起来
你可以使用多种绘图程序创建 SVG 图像，包括开源的 [Inkscape][4] 和 Adobe Illustrator。让你的图像“能动起来”需要更多的努力。幸运的是，有一些开源解决方案甚至可以引起 Belshazzar 的注意。
[MacSVG][5] 是一款可以让你的图像动起来的工具。你可以在 [GitHub][6] 上找到源代码。
根据其[官网][5]说，MacSVG 由阿肯色州康威的 Douglas Ward 开发，是一个“用于设计 HTML5 SVG 艺术和动画的开源 Mac OS 应用程序”。
我想使用 MacSVG 来创建一个动画签名。我承认我发现这个过程有点令人困惑，并且在我第一次尝试创建一个实际的动画 SVG 图像时失败了。
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/macsvg-screen.png)
重要的是首先要了解要展示的书法内容实际写的是什么。
动画文字背后的属性是 [stroke-dasharray][7]。将该术语分成三个单词有助于解释正在发生的事情：“stroke” 是指用笔（无论是物理的笔还是数字化笔）制作的线条或笔画。“dash” 意味着将笔划分解为一系列折线。“array” 意味着将整个东西生成为数组。这是一个简单的概述，但它可以帮助我理解应该发生什么以及为什么。
使用 MacSVG，你可以导入图形（.PNG）并使用钢笔工具描绘书写路径。我使用了草书来表示我的名字。然后，只需应用该属性来让书法动画起来、增加和减少笔划的粗细、改变其颜色等等。完成后，动画的书法将导出为 .SVG 文件，并可以在网络上使用。除书写外，MacSVG 还可用于许多不同类型的 SVG 动画。
### 在 WordPress 中书写
我准备在我的 [WordPress][8] 网站上传和分享我的 SVG 示例，但我发现 WordPress 不允许进行 SVG 媒体导入。幸运的是，我找到了一个方便的插件：Benbodhi 的 [SVG 支持][9]插件允许快速、轻松地导入我的 SVG，就像我将 JPG 导入媒体库一样。我能够在世界各地向巴比伦人展示我[写在墙上的魔法字][10]。
我在 [Brackets][11] 中开源了 SVG 的源代码，结果如下：
```
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?>
<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:cc="http://web.resource.org/cc/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:sodipodi="http://sodipodi.sourceforge.net/DTD/sodipodi-0.dtd" xmlns:inkscape="http://www.inkscape.org/namespaces/inkscape" height="360px" style="zoom: 1;" cursor="default" id="svg_document" width="480px" baseProfile="full" version="1.1" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 480 360"><title id="svg_document_title">Path animation with stroke-dasharray</title><desc id="desc1">This example demonstrates the use of a path element, an animate element, and the stroke-dasharray attribute to simulate drawing.</desc><defs id="svg_document_defs"></defs><g id="main_group"></g><path stroke="#004d40" id="path2" stroke-width="9px" d="M86,75 C86,75 75,72 72,61 C69,50 66,37 71,34 C76,31 86,21 92,35 C98,49 95,73 94,82 C93,91 87,105 83,110 C79,115 70,124 71,113 C72,102 67,105 75,97 C83,89 111,74 111,74 C111,74 119,64 119,63 C119,62 110,57 109,58 C108,59 102,65 102,66 C102,67 101,75 107,79 C113,83 118,85 122,81 C126,77 133,78 136,64 C139,50 147,45 146,33 C145,21 136,15 132,24 C128,33 123,40 123,49 C123,58 135,87 135,96 C135,105 139,117 133,120 C127,123 116,127 120,116 C124,105 144,82 144,81 C144,80 158,66 159,58 C160,50 159,48 161,43 C163,38 172,23 166,22 C160,21 155,12 153,23 C151,34 161,68 160,78 C159,88 164,108 163,113 C162,118 165,126 157,128 C149,130 152,109 152,109 C152,109 185,64 185,64 " fill="none" transform=""><animate values="0,1739;1739,0;" attributeType="XML" begin="0; animate1.end+5s" id="animateSig1" repeatCount="indefinite" attributeName="stroke-dasharray" fill="freeze" dur="2"></animate></path></svg>
```
你会使用 MacSVG 做什么？
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/18/10/macsvg-open-source-tool-animation
作者：[Jeff Macharyas][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/rikki-endsley
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belshazzar
[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belshazzar%27s_feast
[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics
[4]: https://inkscape.org/
[5]: https://macsvg.org/
[6]: https://github.com/dsward2/macSVG
[7]: https://gist.github.com/mbostock/5649592
[8]: https://macharyas.com/
[9]: https://wordpress.org/plugins/svg-support/
[10]: https://macharyas.com/index.php/2018/10/14/open-source-svg/
[11]: http://brackets.io/

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@ -7,32 +7,32 @@
[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-check-linux-package-version-before-installing-it/)
[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/)
How To Check Linux Package Version Before Installing It
如何在安装之前检查 Linux 软件包的版本？
======
![Check Linux Package Version][1]
Most of you will know how to [**find the version of an installed package**][2] in Linux. But, what would you do to find the packages’ version which are not installed in the first place? No problem! This guide describes how to check Linux package version before installing it in Debian and its derivatives like Ubuntu. This small tip might be helpful for those wondering what version they would get before installing a package.
大多数人都知道如何在 Linux 中[**查找已安装软件包的版本**][2]，但是，你会如何查找那些最初没有安装的软件包的版本呢？这些都不是问题！本文将介绍在 Debian 及其衍生产品（如 Ubuntu）中，如何在软件包安装之前检查它的版本。对于那些想在安装之前知道软件包版本的人来说，这个小技巧可能会有所帮助。
### Check Linux Package Version Before Installing It
### 在安装之前检查 Linux 软件包版本
There are many ways to find a package’s version even if it is not installed already in DEB-based systems. Here I have given a few methods.
在基于 DEB 的系统中，即使软件包还没有安装，也有很多方法可以查看他的版本。接下来，我将一一介绍。
##### Method 1 – Using Apt
##### 方法 1 – 使用 Apt
The quick and dirty way to check a package version, simply run:
检查软件包的版本的懒人方法：
```
$ apt show <package-name>
```
**Example:**
**示例：**
```
$ apt show vim
```
**Sample output:**
**示例输出：**
```
Package: vim
@ -67,23 +67,22 @@ Description: Vi IMproved - enhanced vi editor
N: There is 1 additional record. Please use the '-a' switch to see it
```
As you can see in the above output, “apt show” command displays, many important details of the package such as,
正如你在上面的输出中看到的，"apt show" 命令显示了软件包许多重要的细节，例如：
1. package name,
2. version,
3. origin (from where the vim comes from),
4. maintainer,
5. home page of the package,
6. dependencies,
7. download size,
8. description,
9. and many.
1. 包名称，
2. 版本，
3. 来源（vim 的来源），
4. 维护者，
5. 包的主页，
6. 依赖，
7. 下载大小，
8. 简介，
9. 其他。
因此，Ubuntu 仓库中可用的 Vim 版本是 **8.0.1453**。如果我把它我的 Ubuntu 系统上，就会得到这个版本。
So, the available version of Vim package in the Ubuntu repositories is **8.0.1453**. This is the version I get if I install it on my Ubuntu system.
Alternatively, use **“apt policy”** command if you prefer short output:
或者，如果你不想看那么多的内容，那么可以使用 **"apt policy"**这个命令：
```
$ apt policy vim
@ -98,7 +97,7 @@ vim:
500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 Packages
```
Or even shorter:
甚至更短：
```
$ apt list vim
@ -107,17 +106,17 @@ vim/bionic-updates,bionic-security 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 amd64
N: There is 1 additional version. Please use the '-a' switch to see it
```
**Apt** is the default package manager in recent Ubuntu versions. So, this command is just enough to find the detailed information of a package. It doesn’t matter whether given package is installed or not. This command will simply list the given package’s version along with all other details.
**Apt** 是 Ubuntu 最新版本的默认包管理器。因此，这个命令足以找到一个软件包的详细信息，给定的软件包是否安装并不重要。这个命令将简单地列出给定包的版本以及其他详细信息。
##### Method 2 – Using Apt-get
##### 方法 2 – 使用 Apt-get
To find a package version without installing it, we can use **apt-get** command with **-s** option.
要查看软件包的版本而不安装它，我们可以使用 **apt-get** 命令和 **-s** 选项。
```
$ apt-get -s install vim
```
**Sample output:**
**示例输出：**
```
NOTE: This is only a simulation!
@ -136,19 +135,19 @@ Inst vim (2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic
Conf vim (2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-updates, Ubuntu:18.04/bionic-security [amd64])
```
Here, -s option indicates **simulation**. As you can see in the output, It performs no action. Instead, It simply performs a simulation to let you know what is going to happen when you install the Vim package.
这里，-s 选项代表 **模拟**。正如你在输出中看到的，它不执行任何操作。相反，它只是模拟执行，好让你知道在安装 Vim 是会发生什么。
You can substitute “install” option with “upgrade” option to see what will happen when you upgrade a package.
你可以将 "install" 选项替换为 "upgrade"，以查看升级包时会发生什么。
```
$ apt-get -s upgrade vim
```
##### Method 3 – Using Aptitude
##### 方法 3 – 使用 Aptitude
**Aptitude** is an ncurses and commandline-based front-end to APT package manger in Debian and its derivatives.
在 Debian 及其衍生品中，**aptitude** 是一个基于 ncurses（LCTT 译者注：ncurses 是终端基于文本的字符处理的库）和命令行的前端 APT 包管理器。
To find the package version with Aptitude, simply run:
使用 aptitude 来查看软件包的版本，只需运行：
```
$ aptitude versions vim
@ -156,7 +155,7 @@ p 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1
p 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 bionic-security,bionic-updates 500
```
You can also use simulation option ( **-s** ) to see what would happen if you install or upgrade package.
你还可以使用模拟选项（**-s**）来查看安装或升级包时会发生什么。
```
$ aptitude -V -s install vim
@ -167,33 +166,29 @@ Need to get 1,152 kB of archives. After unpacking 2,852 kB will be used.
Would download/install/remove packages.
```
Here, **-V** flag is used to display detailed information of the package version.
Similarly, just substitute “install” with “upgrade” option to see what would happen if you upgrade a package.
这里，**-V** 标志用于显示软件包的详细信息。
```
$ aptitude -V -s upgrade vim
```
Another way to find the non-installed package’s version using Aptitude command is:
类似的，只需将 "install" 替换为 "upgrade" 选项，即可查看升级包会发生什么。
```
$ aptitude search vim -F "%c %p %d %V"
```
Here,
这里，
* **-F** is used to specify which format should be used to display the output,
* **%c** – status of the given package (installed or not installed),
* **%p** – name of the package,
* **%d** – description of the package,
* **%V** – version of the package.
* **-F** 用于指定应使用哪种格式来显示输出，
* **%c** – 包的状态（已安装或未安装），
* **%p** – 包的名称，
* **%d** – 包的简介，
* **%V** – 包的版本。
当你不知道完整的软件包名称时，这非常有用。这个命令将列出包含给定字符串（即 vim）的所有软件包。
This is helpful when you don’t know the full package name. This command will list all packages that contains the given string (i.e vim).
Here is the sample output of the above command:
以下是上述命令的示例输出：
```
[...]
@ -207,17 +202,17 @@ p vim-voom Vim two-pane out
p vim-youcompleteme fast, as-you-type, fuzzy-search code completion engine for Vim 0+20161219+git
```
##### Method 4 – Using Apt-cache
##### 方法 4 – 使用 Apt-cache
**Apt-cache** command is used to query APT cache in Debian-based systems. It is useful for performing many operations on APT’s package cache. One fine example is we can [**list installed applications from a certain repository/ppa**][3].
**Apt-cache** 命令用于查询基于 Debian 的系统中的 APT 缓存。对于要在 APT 的包缓存上执行很多操作时，它很有用。一个很好的例子是我们可以从[**某个仓库或 ppa 中列出已安装的应用程序**][3]。
Not just installed applications, we can also find the version of a package even if it is not installed. For instance, the following command will find the version of Vim package:
不仅是已安装的应用程序，我们还可以找到软件包的版本，即使它没有被安装。例如，以下命令将找到 Vim 的版本：
```
$ apt-cache policy vim
```
Sample output:
示例输出：
```
vim:
@ -231,19 +226,18 @@ vim:
500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 Packages
```
As you can see in the above output, Vim is not installed. If you wanted to install it, you would get version **8.0.1453**. It also displays from which repository the vim package is coming from.
正如你在上面的输出中所看到的，Vim 并没有安装。如果你想安装它，你会知道它的版本是 **8.0.1453**。它还显示 vim 包来自哪个仓库。
##### Method 5 – Using Apt-show-versions
##### 方法 5 – 使用 Apt-show-versions
**Apt-show-versions** command is used to list installed and available package versions in Debian and Debian-based systems. It also displays the list of all upgradeable packages. It is quite handy if you have a mixed stable/testing environment. For instance, if you have enabled both stable and testing repositories, you can easily find the list of applications from testing and also you can upgrade all packages in testing.
Apt-show-versions is not installed by default. You need to install it using command:
在 Debian 和基于 Debian 的系统中，**apt-show-versions** 命令用于列出已安装和可用软件包的版本。它还显示所有可升级软件包的列表。如果你有一个混合的稳定或测试环境，这是非常方便的。例如，如果你同时启用了稳定和测试仓库，那么你可以轻松地从测试库找到应用程序列表，还可以升级测试库中的所有软件包。
默认情况下系统没有安装 apt-show-versions，你需要使用以下命令来安装它：
```
$ sudo apt-get install apt-show-versions
```
Once installed, run the following command to find the version of a package,for example Vim:
安装后，运行以下命令查找软件包的版本，例如 Vim：
```
$ apt-show-versions -a vim
@ -253,15 +247,15 @@ vim:amd64 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.1 bionic-updates archive.ubuntu.com
vim:amd64 not installed
```
Here, **-a** switch prints all available versions of the given package.
这里，**-a** 选项打印给定软件包的所有可用版本。
If the given package is already installed, you need not to use **-a** option. In that case, simply run:
如果已经安装了给定的软件包，那么就不需要使用 **-a** 选项呢。在这种情况下，只需运行：
```
$ apt-show-versions vim
```
And, that’s all. If you know any other methods, please share them in the comment section below. I will check and update this guide.
差不多完了。如果你还了解其他方法，在下面的评论中分享，我将检查并更新本指南。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@ -269,7 +263,7 @@ via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-check-linux-package-version-before-install
作者：[sk][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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