document/TranslateProject
2
0
Fork 0
mirror of https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject.git synced 2025-01-25 23:11:02 +08:00
Code Issues Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity

Merge pull request #5542 from geekpi/master

Browse Source 
translated
This commit is contained in:
geekpi 2017-05-08 10:21:25 +08:00 committed by GitHub
commit 3129809ab9
2 changed files with 255 additions and 258 deletions
Show Stats Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

258
sources/tech/20170413 rdiff-backup – A Remote Incremental Backup Tool for Linux.md
View File

@ -1,258 +0,0 @@
translating---geekpi
rdiff-backup – A Remote Incremental Backup Tool for Linux
============================================================
rdiff-backup is a powerful and easy-to-use Python script for local/remote incremental backup, which works on any POSIX operating system such as Linux, Mac OS X or [Cygwin][1]. It brings together the remarkable features of a mirror and an incremental backup.
Significantly, it preserves subdirectories, dev files, hard links, and critical file attributes such as permissions, uid/gid ownership, modification times, extended attributes, acls, and resource forks. It can work in a bandwidth-efficient mode over a pipe, in a similar way as the popular [rsync backup tool][2].
rdiff-backup backs up a single directory to another over a network using SSH, implying that the data transfer is encrypted thus secure. The target directory (on the remote system) ends up an exact copy of the source directory, however extra reverse diffs are stored in a special subdirectory in the target directory, making it possible to recover files lost some time ago.
#### Dependencies
To use rdiff-backup in Linux, you’ll need the following packages installed on your system:
* Python v2.2 or later
* librsync v0.9.7 or later
* pylibacl and pyxattr Python modules are optional but necessary for POSIX access control list(ACL) and extended attribute support respectively.
* rdiff-backup-statistics requires Python v2.4 or later.
### How to Install rdiff-backup in Linux
Important: If you are operating over a network, you’ll have to install rdiff-backup both systems, preferably both installations of rdiff-backup will have to be the exact same version.
The script is already present in the official repositories of the mainstream Linux distributions, simply run the command below to install rdiff-backup as well as its dependencies:
#### On Debian/Ubuntu
```
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install librsync-dev rdiff-backup
```
#### On CentOS/RHEL 7
```
# wget http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/7/x86_64/e/epel-release-7-9.noarch.rpm
# rpm -ivh epel-release-7-9.noarch.rpm
# yum install librsync rdiff-backup
```
#### On CentOS/RHEL 6
```
# wget http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/x86_64/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm
# rpm -ivh epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm
# yum install librsync rdiff-backup
```
#### On Fedora
```
# yum install librsync rdiff-backup
# dnf install librsync rdiff-backup [Fedora 22+]
```
### How to Use rdiff-backup in Linux
As I mentioned before, rdiff-backup uses SSH to connect to remote machines on your network, and the default authentication in SSH is the username/password method, which normally requires human interaction.
However, to automate tasks such as automatic backups with scripts and beyond, you will need to configure [SSH Passwordless Login Using SSH keys][3], because SSH keys increases the trust between two Linux servers for [easy file synchronization or transfer][4].
Once you have setup [SSH Passwordless Login][5], you can start using the script with the following examples.
#### Backup Files to Different Partition
The example below will backup the `/etc` directory in a Backup directory on another partition:
```
$ sudo rdiff-backup /etc /media/aaronkilik/Data/Backup/mint_etc.backup
```
[
![Backup Files to Different Partition](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Backup-Files-to-Different-Partition.png)
][6]
Backup Files to Different Partition
To exclude a particular directory as well as it’s subdirectories, you can use the `--exclude` option as follows:
```
$ sudo rdiff-backup --exclude /etc/cockpit --exclude /etc/bluetooth /media/aaronkilik/Data/Backup/mint_etc.backup
```
We can include all device files, fifo files, socket files, and symbolic links with the `--include-special-files` option as below:
```
$ sudo rdiff-backup --include-special-files --exclude /etc/cockpit /media/aaronkilik/Data/Backup/mint_etc.backup
```
There are two other important flags we can set for file selection; `--max-file-size` size which excludes files that are larger than the given size in bytes and `--min-file-size` size which excludes files that are smaller than the given size in bytes:
```
$ sudo rdiff-backup --max-file-size 5M --include-special-files --exclude /etc/cockpit /media/aaronkilik/Data/Backup/mint_etc.backup
```
#### Backup Remote Files on Local Linux Server
For the purpose of this section, we’ll use:
```
Remote Server (tecmint) : 192.168.56.102
Local Backup Server (backup) : 192.168.56.10
```
As we stated before, you must install the same version of rdiff-backup on both machines, now try to check the version on both machines as follows:
```
$ rdiff-backup -V
```
[
![Check rdiff Version on Servers](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/check-rdif-versions-on-servers.png)
][7]
Check rdiff Version on Servers
On the backup server, create a directory which will store the backup files like so:
```
# mkdir -p /backups
```
Now from the backup server, run the following commands to make a backup of directories `/var/log/`and `/root` from remote Linux server 192.168.56.102 in `/backups`:
```
# rdiff-backup root@192.168.56.102::/var/log/ /backups/192.168.56.102_logs.backup
# rdiff-backup root@192.168.56.102::/root/ /backups/192.168.56.102_rootfiles.backup
```
The screenshot below shows the root file on remote server 192.168.56.102 and the backed up files on the back server 192.168.56.10:
[
![Backup Remote Directory on Local Server](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Backup-Remote-Linux-Directory-on-Local-Server.png)
][8]
Backup Remote Directory on Local Server
Take note of the rdiff-backup-data directory created in the `backup` directory as seen in the screenshot, it contains vital data concerning the backup process and incremental files.
[
![rdiff-backup - Backup Process Files](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/rdiff-backup-data-directory-contents.png)
][9]
rdiff-backup – Backup Process Files
Now, on the server 192.168.56.102, additional files have been added to the root directory as shown below:
[
![Verify Backup Directory](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/additional-files-in-root-directory.png)
][10]
Verify Backup Directory
Let’s run the backup command once more time to get the changed data, we can use the `-v[0-9]`(where the number specifies the verbosity level, default is 3 which is silent) option to set the verbosity feature:
```
# rdiff-backup -v4 root@192.168.56.102::/root/ /backups/192.168.56.102_rootfiles.backup
```
[
![Incremental Backup with Summary](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/incremental-backup-of-root-files.png)
][11]
Incremental Backup with Summary
And to list the number and date of partial incremental backups contained in the /backups/192.168.56.102_rootfiles.backup directory, we can run:
```
# rdiff-backup -l /backups/192.168.56.102_rootfiles.backup/
```
#### Automating rdiff-back Backup Using Cron
We can print summary statistics after a successful backup with the `--print-statistics`. However, if we don’t set this option, the info will still be available from the session statistics file. Read more concerning this option in the STATISTICS section of the man page.
And the –remote-schema flag enables us to specify an alternative method of connecting to a remote computer.
Now, let’s start by creating a `backup.sh` script on the backup server 192.168.56.10 as follows:
```
# cd ~/bin
# vi backup.sh
```
Add the following lines to the script file.
```
#!/bin/bash
#This is a rdiff-backup utility backup script
#Backup command
rdiff-backup --print-statistics --remote-schema 'ssh -C %s "sudo /usr/bin/rdiff-backup --server --restrict-read-only /"' root@192.168.56.102::/var/logs /backups/192.168.56.102_logs.back
#Checking rdiff-backup command success/error
status=$?
if [ $status != 0 ]; then
#append error message in ~/backup.log file
echo "rdiff-backup exit Code: $status - Command Unsuccessful" >>~/backup.log;
exit 1;
fi
#Remove incremental backup files older than one month
rdiff-backup --force --remove-older-than 1M /backups/192.168.56.102_logs.back
```
Save the file and exit, then run the following command to add the script to the crontab on the backup server 192.168.56.10:
```
# crontab -e
```
Add this line to run your backup script daily at midnight:
```
0 0 * * * /root/bin/backup.sh > /dev/null 2>&1
```
Save the crontab and close it, now we’ve successful automated the backup process. Ensure that it is working as expected.
Read through the rdiff-backup man page for additional info, exhaustive usage options and examples:
```
# man rdiff-backup
```
rdiff-backup Homepage: [http://www.nongnu.org/rdiff-backup/][12]
That’s it for now! In this tutorial, we showed you how to install and basically use rdiff-backup, an easy-to-use Python script for local/remote incremental backup in Linux. Do share your thoughts with us via the feedback section below.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
作者简介：
Aaron Kili is a Linux and F.O.S.S enthusiast, an upcoming Linux SysAdmin, web developer, and currently a content creator for TecMint who loves working with computers and strongly believes in sharing knowledge.
------------
via: http://www.tecmint.com/rdiff-backup-remote-incremental-backup-for-linux/
作者：[Aaron Kili ][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-cygwin-to-run-linux-commands-on-windows-system/
[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/rsync-local-remote-file-synchronization-commands/
[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/ssh-passwordless-login-using-ssh-keygen-in-5-easy-steps/
[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/sync-new-changed-modified-files-rsync-linux/
[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/ssh-passwordless-login-using-ssh-keygen-in-5-easy-steps/
[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Backup-Files-to-Different-Partition.png
[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/check-rdif-versions-on-servers.png
[8]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Backup-Remote-Linux-Directory-on-Local-Server.png
[9]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/rdiff-backup-data-directory-contents.png
[10]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/additional-files-in-root-directory.png
[11]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/incremental-backup-of-root-files.png
[12]:http://www.nongnu.org/rdiff-backup/
[13]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/
[14]:http://www.tecmint.com/10-useful-free-linux-ebooks-for-newbies-and-administrators/
[15]:http://www.tecmint.com/free-linux-shell-scripting-books/

255
translated/tech/20170413 rdiff-backup – A Remote Incremental Backup Tool for Linux.md Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
rdiff-backup - 一个 Linux 中的远程增量备份工具
============================================================
rdiff-backup 是用于本地/远程增量备份的强大且易于使用的 Python 脚本，它适用于任何 POSIX 操作系统，如Linux、Mac OS X 或 [Cygwin][1]。它集合了镜像和增量备份的显著特性。
值得注意的是，它保留了子目录、dev文件、硬链接和关键的文件属性，如权限、uid/gid 所有权、修改时间、扩展属性、acls 以及 resource fork。它可以通过管道以高效带宽的模式工作，这与流行的[ rsync 备份工具][2]类似。
rdiff-backup 通过使用 SSH 将单个目录备份到另一个目录，这意味着数据传输被加密并且是安全的。目标目录（在远程系统上）最终会得到源目录的完整副本，但是额外的反向差异存储在目标目录的特殊子目录中，从而可以恢复前一段时间丢失的文件。
#### 依赖
要在 Linux 中使用 rdiff-backup，你需要在系统上安装以下软件包：
* Python v2.2 或更高版本
* librsync v0.9.7 或更高版本
* pylibacl 和 pyxattr Python 模块是可选的，但它们分别是 POSIX 访问控制列表（ACL）和扩展属性支持必需的。
* rdiff-backup-statistics 需要 Python v2.4 或更高版本。
### 如何在 Linux 中安装 rdiff-backup
重要：如果你通过网络运行它，则必须在两个系统中都安装 rdiff-backup，两者最好是相同版本。
该脚本已经存在于主流 Linux 发行版的官方仓库中，只需运行以下命令来安装 rdiff-backup 及其依赖关系：
#### 在 Debian/Ubuntu 中
```
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install librsync-dev rdiff-backup
```
#### 在 CentOS/RHEL 7 中
```
# wget http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/7/x86_64/e/epel-release-7-9.noarch.rpm
# rpm -ivh epel-release-7-9.noarch.rpm
# yum install librsync rdiff-backup
```
#### 在 CentOS/RHEL 6 中
```
# wget http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/x86_64/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm
# rpm -ivh epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm
# yum install librsync rdiff-backup
```
#### 在 Fedora 中
```
# yum install librsync rdiff-backup
# dnf install librsync rdiff-backup [Fedora 22+]
```
### 如何在 Linux 中使用 rdiff-backup
如前所述，rdiff-backup 使用 SSH 连接到网络上的远程计算机，SSH 的默认身份验证方式是用户名/密码，这通常需要人工交互。
但是，要自动执行诸如脚本等自动备份之类的任务，那么你需要配置[使用 SSH 密钥无密码登录 SSH][3]，因为 SSH 密钥增加了两台 Linux服务器之间的信任来[简化文件同步或传输][4]。
在你设置了[ SSH 无密码登录][5]后，你可以使用下面的例子开始使用该脚本。
#### 备份文件到不同分区
下面的例子会备份 `/etc` 文件夹到另外一个分区的 Backup 文件夹内：
```
$ sudo rdiff-backup /etc /media/aaronkilik/Data/Backup/mint_etc.backup
```
[
![Backup Files to Different Partition](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Backup-Files-to-Different-Partition.png)
][6]
备份文件到不同分区
要排除一个特定文件夹和它的子目录，你可以如下使用 `--exclude` 选项：
```
$ sudo rdiff-backup --exclude /etc/cockpit --exclude /etc/bluetooth /media/aaronkilik/Data/Backup/mint_etc.backup
```
我们可以如下使用 `--include-special-files` 包含所有的设备文件、fifo 文件、socket 文件和链接文件：
```
$ sudo rdiff-backup --include-special-files --exclude /etc/cockpit /media/aaronkilik/Data/Backup/mint_etc.backup
```
还有另外两个重要标志来用于选择文件，`--max-file-size` 用来排除大于给定字节大小的文件，`--max-file-size` 用于排除小于给定字节大小的文件：
```
$ sudo rdiff-backup --max-file-size 5M --include-special-files --exclude /etc/cockpit /media/aaronkilik/Data/Backup/mint_etc.backup
```
#### 在本地 Linux 服务器上备份远程文件
要这么做，我们使用：
```
Remote Server (tecmint) : 192.168.56.102
Local Backup Server (backup) : 192.168.56.10
```
如前所述，你必须在两台机器上安装相同版本的 rdiff-backup，如下所示，请尝试在两台机器上检查版本，：
```
$ rdiff-backup -V
```
[
![Check rdiff Version on Servers](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/check-rdif-versions-on-servers.png)
][7]
检查服务器中 rdiff 版本
在备份服务器中，像这样创建一个存储备份文件的目录：
```
# mkdir -p /backups
```
现在在备份服务器中，运行下面的命令来将远程 Linux 服务器 192.168.56.102 中的 `/var/log/` 和 `/root` 备份到 `/backups` 中：
```
# rdiff-backup root@192.168.56.102::/var/log/ /backups/192.168.56.102_logs.backup
# rdiff-backup root@192.168.56.102::/root/ /backups/192.168.56.102_rootfiles.backup
```
下面的截图展示了远程服务器 192.168.56.102 中的 root 文件夹以及 192.168.56.10 备份服务器中的已备份文件：
[
![Backup Remote Directory on Local Server](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Backup-Remote-Linux-Directory-on-Local-Server.png)
][8]
在本地服务器备份远程目录
注意截图中 “backup” 目录中创建的 rdiff-backup-data 文件夹，它包含了备份过程和增量文件的重要数据。
[
![rdiff-backup - Backup Process Files](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/rdiff-backup-data-directory-contents.png)
][9]
rdiff-backup – 备份过程文件
现在，在 192.168.56.102 服务器中，如下所示 root 目录已经添加了额外的文件：
[
![Verify Backup Directory](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/additional-files-in-root-directory.png)
][10]
验证备份目录
让我们再次运行备份命令以获取更改的数据，我们可以使用 `-v[0-9]`（其中数字指定详细程度级别，默认值为 3，这是静默模式）选项设置详细功能：
```
# rdiff-backup -v4 root@192.168.56.102::/root/ /backups/192.168.56.102_rootfiles.backup
```
[
![Incremental Backup with Summary](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/incremental-backup-of-root-files.png)
][11]
带有摘要的增量备份
要列出 /backups/192.168.56.102_rootfiles.backup 目录中包含的部分增量备份的数量和日期，我们可以运行：
```
# rdiff-backup -l /backups/192.168.56.102_rootfiles.backup/
```
#### 使用 cron 自动进行 rdiff-back 备份
使用 `--print-statistics` 成功备份后，我们可以打印摘要统计信息。但是，如果我们不设置此选项，我们可以仍从会话统计中获得。在手册页的 “STATISTICS” 部分中阅读有关此选项的更多信息。
-remote-schema 标志使我们能够指定使用替代方法连接到远程计算机。
现在，我们开始在备份服务器 192.168.56.10 上创建一个 `backup.sh` 脚本，如下所示：
```
# cd ~/bin
# vi backup.sh
```
添加下面的行到脚本中。
```
#!/bin/bash
#This is a rdiff-backup utility backup script
#Backup command
rdiff-backup --print-statistics --remote-schema 'ssh -C %s "sudo /usr/bin/rdiff-backup --server --restrict-read-only /"' root@192.168.56.102::/var/logs /backups/192.168.56.102_logs.back
#Checking rdiff-backup command success/error
status=$?
if [ $status != 0 ]; then
#append error message in ~/backup.log file
echo "rdiff-backup exit Code: $status - Command Unsuccessful" >>~/backup.log;
exit 1;
fi
#Remove incremental backup files older than one month
rdiff-backup --force --remove-older-than 1M /backups/192.168.56.102_logs.back
```
保存文件并退出，接着运行下面的命令在服务器 192.168.56.10 上的 crontab 中添加此脚本：
```
# crontab -e
```
添加此行在每天午夜运行你的备份脚本：
```
0 0 * * * /root/bin/backup.sh > /dev/null 2>&1
```
保存 crontab 并退出，现在我们已经成功自动化了备份过程。确保一切如希望那样工作。
阅读 rdiff-backup 的手册页获取更多信息、详尽的使用选项以及示例：
```
# man rdiff-backup
```
rdiff-backup 主页： [http://www.nongnu.org/rdiff-backup/][12]
就是这样了！在本教程中，我们向你展示了如何安装并基础地使用 rdiff-backup 这个易于使用的 Python 脚本，用于 Linux 中的本地/远程增量备份。 请通过下面的反馈栏与我们分享你的想法。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
作者简介：
Aaron Kili 是 Linux 和 F.O.S.S 爱好者，将来的 Linux SysAdmin 和 web 开发人员，目前是 TecMint 的内容创建者，他喜欢用电脑工作，并坚信分享知识。
------------
via: http://www.tecmint.com/rdiff-backup-remote-incremental-backup-for-linux/
作者：[Aaron Kili ][a]
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-cygwin-to-run-linux-commands-on-windows-system/
[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/rsync-local-remote-file-synchronization-commands/
[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/ssh-passwordless-login-using-ssh-keygen-in-5-easy-steps/
[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/sync-new-changed-modified-files-rsync-linux/
[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/ssh-passwordless-login-using-ssh-keygen-in-5-easy-steps/
[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Backup-Files-to-Different-Partition.png
[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/check-rdif-versions-on-servers.png
[8]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Backup-Remote-Linux-Directory-on-Local-Server.png
[9]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/rdiff-backup-data-directory-contents.png
[10]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/additional-files-in-root-directory.png
[11]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/incremental-backup-of-root-files.png
[12]:http://www.nongnu.org/rdiff-backup/
[13]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/
[14]:http://www.tecmint.com/10-useful-free-linux-ebooks-for-newbies-and-administrators/
[15]:http://www.tecmint.com/free-linux-shell-scripting-books/