diff --git a/sources/tech/20141120 How to install Xen hypervisor on unused old hardware.md b/sources/tech/20141120 How to install Xen hypervisor on unused old hardware.md deleted file mode 100644 index 427d658323..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20141120 How to install Xen hypervisor on unused old hardware.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,230 +0,0 @@ -liaoishere is translating!! - -How to install Xen hypervisor on unused old hardware -================================================================================ -Xen is a bare metal hypervisor, meaning that you must prepare a bare machine to install and run Xen. KVM is a little different - you can add it to any machine already running Linux. This tutorial describes how to install and configure Xen hypervisor on unused hardware. - -This procedure uses Debian Jessie (their testing distribution) as the host OS (also known as [Dom0][1]). Jessie is not the only choice - Xen support is built into the Linux kernel, and [plenty of Linux distributions][2] include one of these Xen-enabled kernels. - -### Find unused hardware ### - -As a start, find a suitable workstation which can be wiped out, such as an old laptop or desktop. Older hardware may not be good for gaming, but it is good enough for a host OS and a couple of guests. A PC with these specifications works fine. - -- 1 CPU with 2 cores (64-bit) -- 4GB memory -- 80GB hard disk -- ability to boot from CD, DVD or USB -- a network interface - -Note that the CPU must be a 64-bit processor since Debian dropped support for 32-bit Xen packages. If you don't have spare hardware, you could invest in an old machine. 2010's $1000 flagship laptop is today's $100 bargain. A second-hand laptop from eBay and a memory upgrade will do fine. - -### Burn a bootable CD/USB ### - -Download the ISO image for Debian Jessie. The small netinst image available from the [official Debian website][3] works fine. - - $ wget http://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/jessie_di_beta_2/amd64/iso-cd/debian-jessie-DI-b2-amd64-netinst.iso - -Next, identify the device name assigned to your [CD/DVD][4] or [USB drive][5] (e.g., /dev/sdc). - -Burn the downloaded ISO image into a bootable CD or a USB using dd command. Replace /dev/sdc with the device name you identified above. - - $ sudo dd if=debian-jessie-DI-b2-amd64-netinst.iso of=/dev/sdc - -### Start the installation ### - -To start the installation, boot with the Debian installer CD/USB. - -It's a good idea to use a wired connection, not WiFi. If the WiFi won't connect because firmware or driver software is missing, you won't get very far. - -![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7516/15772286696_c31e4c7754_z.jpg) - -### Partition the disk ### - -This setup uses four primary disk partitions. Automatic OS installers usually set up an extended partition that contains logical partitions. Set up the four partitions like this. - -- sda1 mount on /boot, 200MB -- sda2 /, 20GB, Ubuntu uses 4GB -- sda3 swap, 6GB (4GB of memory x 1.5 = 6) -- sda4 reserved for LVM, not mounted, all the rest of the disk space - -### Install the base system ### - -It's a good idea to make the install as simple and short as possible. A basic working system can always be added to later. Debian's APT (Advanced Package Tool) makes adding software easy. Installing Debian on a workstation can cause pretty obscure time-wasting issues. Perhaps a graphics driver does not agree with the kernel or maybe the old CD-ROM drive only works intermittently. - -When it comes to choosing what to install, do install an SSH server and don't install a desktop like Gnome. - -![](https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8541/15176520633_5d31beda9c_z.jpg) - -A graphical desktop requires hundreds of package installs - it's a lot of extra work that can be done later. If you run into problems, waiting for that desktop install is a waste of time. Also, without desktop component, the system boot will be much quicker - seconds rather than minutes. This procedure requires a few reboots, so that's a handy time-saver. - -An SSH server lets you configure the workstation from another computer. This allows you to avoid some of the problems with old hardware - perhaps the old machine's keyboard is missing keys, the LCD screen has dead pixels or the trackpad is unresponsive etc. - -### Add LVM (Logical Volume Manager) ### - -Install the LVM tools as the root. - - # apt-get update - # apt-get install lvm2 - -Pick a physical volume to work with. - - # pvcreate /dev/sda4 - -Create a volume group. - - # vgcreate vg0 /dev/sda4 - -You don't need to create a logical volume. If you want to test LVM works, create a volume then delete it. - - # lvcreate -nmytempvol -L10G vg0 - # lvremove /dev/vg0/mytempvol - -Check LVM status. - - # pvs (to view information about physical volumes) - # vgs (to view information about volume groups) - # lvs (to view information about logical volumes) - -### Add a Linux Ethernet bridge ### - -We are going to set up a Linux bridge so that all Xen's guest domains can be connected to, and communicate through the bridge. - -Install the bridge tools. - - # apt-get install bridge-utils - -See what interfaces are configured. - - # ip addr - -![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7512/15610553338_2f9cf1d3a2_z.jpg) - -In this example, we have one primary interface assigned eth0. We are going to add eth0 to the Linux bridge by editing the network configuration file (/etc/network/interfaces). - -Before making any change, back up the network configuration file to keep the original working configuration safe. - - # cd /etc/network/ - # cp interfaces interfaces.backup - # vi /etc/network/interfaces - -The file contents look something like this. - - auto lo - iface lo inet loopback - - allow-hotplug eth0 - iface eth0 inet dhcp - -Change the file to this. - - auto lo - iface lo inet loopback - - auto eth0 - iface eth0 inet manual - - auto xenbr0 - iface xenbr0 inet dhcp - bridge_ports eth0 - -Activate the network configuration change: - - # systemctl restart networking - -### Verify networking settings ### - -Verify that a Linux bridge xenbr0 is created successfully. - - # ip addr show xenbr0 - -Also check that the primary interface eth0 is successfully added to the bridge. - - # brctl show - -![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5609/15795960355_673c71ab5c_z.jpg) - -You now have a working machine with Jessie installed. Xen is not yet installed at this point. Let's proceed to install Xen next. - -### Install the Xen hypervisor ### - -Install Xen and QEMU packages, and update the GRUB bootloader. - - # apt-get install xen-linux-system - -Reboot. - -When the GRUB screen appears, you can see extra booting options listed. - -![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7535/15794086091_bf1bce6b4b_z.jpg) - -The first option will boot automatically in five seconds (see the GRUB_TIMEOUT line in /etc/default/grub), so this is not the time to get a coffee. - -Press the down arrow to highlight the option "Debian GNU/Linux, with Xen hypervisor", and press RETURN. Many lines of information appear, followed by the usual login screen. - -### Check Xen works ### - -Xen hypervisor comes with Xen management command-line tool called xl, which can be used to create and manage Xen guest domains. Let's use xl command to check if Xen is successfully installed. - -Log in as root, and run: - - # xl info - -which will display various information about Xen host. - -![](https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8404/15610553388_db3b134a9d_z.jpg) - -To see a list of existing Xen domains: - - # xl list - -![](https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8393/15610135189_ffd8bd24e8_z.jpg) - -A little table of domains appears. Without any Xen guest domain created, the only entry should be Domain-0, your Debian installation. - -### Change the boot order ### - -When you reach this point, the Xen install is complete. There is one more thing to fix - the default boot will not load Xen. GRUB chooses the first item in the boot menu (Debian GNU/Linux), not the third (Debian GNU/Linux, with Xen hypervisor). - -The default option in the boot menu is defined in the grub configuration file /boot/grub/grub.cfg. To change the default option, don't edit that file, but edit /etc/default/grub instead. A little helper program called grub-mkconfig reads in this default configuration file and all the templates in /etc/grub.d/, then writes the grub.cfg file. - -Edit Debian's configuration file for grub-mkconfig. - - # vi /etc/default/grub - -Change the line: - - GRUB_DEFAULT=0 - -to - - GRUB_DEFAULT='Debian GNU/Linux, with Xen hypervisor' - -Then update the grub configuration file. - - # grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg - -Finally reboot. After a few seconds, the grub boot menu appears. Check that the third option "Debian GNU/Linux, with Xen hypervisor" is highlighted automatically. - -### Final note ### - -If you use this machine as your hands-on workstation, install a graphical desktop. The Debian library includes a few [desktop environments][6]. If you want a graphical desktop that includes everything and the kitchen sink, go for Gnome. If graphics just get in your way, try Awesome. - -Note that the Debian Jessie default environment Gnome comes with a huge amount of extra applications including the productivity suite LibreOffice, the Iceweasel web browser and the Rhythmbox music player. The install command "apt-get install gnome" adds 1,000 packages and takes up nearly 2GB of disk space. Running this heavyweight desktop takes up 1GB of memory. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://xmodulo.com/install-xen-hypervisor.html - -作者：[Nick Hardiman][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/nick -[1]:http://wiki.xen.org/wiki/Dom0 -[2]:http://wiki.xen.org/wiki/Dom0_Kernels_for_Xen -[3]:https://www.debian.org/devel/debian-installer/ -[4]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/detect-dvd-writer-device-name-writing-speed-command-line-linux.html -[5]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/find-device-name-usb-drive-linux.html -[6]:https://wiki.debian.org/DesktopEnvironment diff --git a/translated/tech/20141120 How to install Xen hypervisor on unused old hardware.md b/translated/tech/20141120 How to install Xen hypervisor on unused old hardware.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..87a28c57fc --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20141120 How to install Xen hypervisor on unused old hardware.md @@ -0,0 +1,229 @@ + +怎样在废旧的硬件上安装 Xen 虚拟机监视器 +================================================================================ +Xen 是一个直接运行在硬件上的虚拟机监视器，这意味着你必须准备一个裸机来安装和运行 Xen。KVM 和 Xen 有一些不同 —— 你可以把它安装在任何已经正在运行 Linux 的机器上。本教程描述了如何在废旧的硬件上安装和配置 Xen 虚拟机监视器。 + +整个安装过程使用 Debian Jessie（Debian 的测试发行版）作为宿主机操作系统（也称作 [Dom0][1]）。Jessie 并不是唯一的选择 —— Xen 的支持是内建在 Linux 内核中的，[许多 Linux 发行版][2] 都包含支持 Xen 的内核。 + +### 找点废旧的硬件 ### +首先，找一个可以格式化的合适的工作站，比如一台旧的笔记本或者台式机。旧的硬件可能不适合玩游戏，但是足够安装一个宿主机和一些客户机了。一个满足下面这些要求的 PC 机就可以了。 + +- 一个双核 CPU（64 位） +- 4GB 内存 +- 80GB 硬盘 +- 能够从 CD，DVD 或者 USB 引导启动 +- 一块网卡 + +注意 CPU 必须是 64 位的，因为 Debian 已经不再支持 32 位的 Xen 安装包。如果你没有空余的硬件，你可以花点钱投资一台旧机器。2010 年值 $1000 的旗舰级笔记本现在只需要 $100。从 eBay 买台二手笔记本并升级下内存也可以满足需求。 + +### 刻录一个引导 CD/USB ### + +下载 Debian Jessie 的 ISO 镜像。从 [Debian 官网][3] 下载网络安装镜像就可以了。 + + $ wget http://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/jessie_di_beta_2/amd64/iso-cd/debian-jessie-DI-b2-amd64-netinst.iso + +接下来，记下你的 [CD/DVD][4] 或者 [USB设备][5] 所识别的设备名 （例如 /dev/sdc）。 + +使用 dd 命令将 ISO 镜像刻录至 CD 或者 USB 中。将下面的 /dev/sdc 替换为你上面识别出的设备名。 + + $ sudo dd if=debian-jessie-DI-b2-amd64-netinst.iso of=/dev/sdc + +### 开始安装 ### + +安装前，使用刻录的 CD/USB 启动 Debian 的安装界面。 + +最好是使用有线网络，而不是 WIFI。如果因为固件或者驱动的原因导致 WIFI 不能连接，你将无法完成下面的步骤。 + +![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7516/15772286696_c31e4c7754_z.jpg) + +### 硬盘分区 ### + +这里的设置使用了四个分区。自动安装时通常会创建一个包含逻辑分区的扩展分区。像下面这样给硬盘分四个区。 + +- sda1 挂载至 /boot，200MB +- sda2 /, 20GB, Ubuntu 占用 4GB +- sda3 swap, 6GB (4GB x 1.5 = 6) +- sda4 保留用作 LVM, 不挂载，大小为剩余的硬盘大小 + +### 安装基本的系统 ### + +这里尽可能的让系统的安装更简单快速一些。一个基本的工作用系统可以稍后再添加。Debian 的 APT（Advanced Package Tool）使得添加软件非常的简单。在一个工作站上安装 Deibian 可能会有一些很浪费时间的问题。可能显卡驱动与内核不监控或者可能老旧的 CD-ROM 驱动器只能间歇性的工作。 + +当选择安装软件时，选择安装一个 SSH 服务器，不要安装桌面环境如 Gnome。 + +![](https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8541/15176520633_5d31beda9c_z.jpg) + +安装一个图形桌面需要安装成百上千的包 —— 这些额外的工作可以稍后再进行。如果你遇到问题了，等到图形桌面的安装会浪费很多事件。同时，没有桌面组件，系统的启动可以更快一些 —— 只需要几十秒而不是几分钟。整个安装过程会需要重启几次，因此这样做可以节省不少时间。 + +一个 SSH 服务器可以让你从另一台电脑来配置这台工作站。这可以避免一些旧硬件的问题 —— 可能旧机器的键盘少了几个键，LCD 屏幕有坏点或者触摸板没有反应等等。 + +### 添加 LVM (Logical Volume Manager) ### + +以 root 身份安装 LVM 工具。 + + # apt-get update + # apt-get install lvm2 + +选择一个分区创建物理卷。 + + # pvcreate /dev/sda4 + +创建卷组。 + + # vgcreate vg0 /dev/sda4 + +你并不需要创建逻辑卷。如果你想测试 LVM 是否正常，可以创建一个逻辑卷然后删掉它。 + + # lvcreate -nmytempvol -L10G vg0 + # lvremove /dev/vg0/mytempvol + +检查 LVM 状态。 + + # pvs (to view information about physical volumes) + # vgs (to view information about volume groups) + # lvs (to view information about logical volumes) + +### 添加一个 Linux 网桥 ### + +这里我们要添加一个桥接网卡，这样 Xen 客户机就可以通过网桥连接网络。 + +安装桥接的工具。 + + # apt-get install bridge-utils + +查看在哪块网卡配置桥接。 +See what interfaces are configured. + + # ip addr + +![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7512/15610553338_2f9cf1d3a2_z.jpg) + +在这个例子中，我们有一块网卡名称为 eth0。我们准备修改配置文件（/etc/network/interfaces）将 eth0 作为桥接设备。 + +在进行更改之前，备份网络配置文件以保证原来的工作配置是安全的。 + + # cd /etc/network/ + # cp interfaces interfaces.backup + # vi /etc/network/interfaces + +文件的内容类似下面这样。 + + auto lo + iface lo inet loopback + + allow-hotplug eth0 + iface eth0 inet dhcp + +修改成这样。 + + auto lo + iface lo inet loopback + + auto eth0 + iface eth0 inet manual + + auto xenbr0 + iface xenbr0 inet dhcp + bridge_ports eth0 + +激活网卡配置的修改： + + # systemctl restart networking + +### 验证网络设置 ### + +验证桥接设备 xenbr0 创建成功。 + + # ip addr show xenbr0 + +同时检查 eth0 被成功加入网桥。 + + # brctl show + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5609/15795960355_673c71ab5c_z.jpg) + +你现在安装好了 Jessie 系统。不过此时 Xen 还没有安装。下面我们开始安装 Xen。 + +### 安装 Xen 虚拟机监视器 ### + +安装 Xen 和 QEMU 包，并升级 GRUB 引导程序。 + + # apt-get install xen-linux-system + +重启。 + +当 GRUB 界面出现时，你可以看到列出的额外的启动选项。 + +![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7535/15794086091_bf1bce6b4b_z.jpg) + +第一个选项会在 5 秒钟内自动启动（在 /etc/default/grub 的 GRUB_TIMEOUT 这行设置），因此这点时间还来不及喝咖啡的。 + +按下方向键选择 "Debian GNU/Linux, with Xen hypervisor" 这个选项，然后按回车。这时屏幕会出现很多行信息，接着是正常的登录界面。 + +### 检查 Xen 工作是否正常 ### + +Xen 虚拟机监视器嗲有一个管理 Xen 的命令行工序叫做 xl，可以用来创建和管理 Xen 虚拟机。使用 xl 命令来检查 Xen 是否成功安装了。 + +以 root 用户登录，执行: + + # xl info + +将会显示很多关于 Xen 主机的信息。 + +![](https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8404/15610553388_db3b134a9d_z.jpg) + +查看已有 Xen 虚拟机的列表： + + # xl list + +![](https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8393/15610135189_ffd8bd24e8_z.jpg) + +这里显示了一个主机的列表。因为没有创建任何的 Xen 客户机，唯一的条目是 Domain-0，即你安装的 Debian 系统。 + +### 修改启动顺序 ### + +当你到这一步之后，Xen 的安装已经完成了。这里还有一件事需要修改 —— 默认的启动选项不会加载 Xen。GRUB 选择启动菜单的第一个选项 （Debian GNU/Linux），而不是第三个（Debian GNU/Linux, with Xen hypervisor）。 + +启动菜单的默认选项是在 grub 配置文件 /boot/grub/grub.cfg 中定义的。修改选项时，不要直接修改这个文件，而是编辑 /etc/default/grub 这个文件。有一个叫做 grub-mkconfig 的工具可以读取这个配置文件和 /etc/grub.d/ 中的所有莫爸妈，并写入到 grub.cfg 文件中。 + +编辑 Debian 的 grub-mkconfig 的配置文件 + + # vi /etc/default/grub + +修改这一行: + + GRUB_DEFAULT=0 + +改为 + + GRUB_DEFAULT='Debian GNU/Linux, with Xen hypervisor' + +然后更新 grub 的配置文件。 + + # grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg + +最后重启。几秒钟后，grub 启动菜单出现了。检查看第三个选项 "Debian GNU/Linux, with Xen hypervisor" 是否是自动选中的选项。 + +### 最后 ### + +如果你使用这台主机作为你的工作站，可以安装一个图形桌面。Debian 包好几种[桌面环境][6]。如果你想要一个包含所有东西的图形桌面，那么安装 Gnome 吧。如果图形效果并不是你的菜，试试 Awesome 吧。 + +注意 Debian 的默认 Gnome 环境有大量的额外应用程序包括办公套件 LibreOffice，Iceweasel 浏览器和 Rhythmbox 音乐播放器。安装命令 "apt-get install gnome" 会安装 1,000 多个包并需要将近 2GB 的硬盘空间。运行这个重量级的桌面环境需要占用 1GB 的内存。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/install-xen-hypervisor.html + +作者：[Nick Hardiman][a] +译者：[Liao](https://github.com/liaoishere) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/nick +[1]:http://wiki.xen.org/wiki/Dom0 +[2]:http://wiki.xen.org/wiki/Dom0_Kernels_for_Xen +[3]:https://www.debian.org/devel/debian-installer/ +[4]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/detect-dvd-writer-device-name-writing-speed-command-line-linux.html +[5]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/find-device-name-usb-drive-linux.html +[6]:https://wiki.debian.org/DesktopEnvironment