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[translated] 20141120 How to install Xen hypervisor on unused old hardware
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How to install Xen hypervisor on unused old hardware
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================================================================================
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Xen is a bare metal hypervisor, meaning that you must prepare a bare machine to install and run Xen. KVM is a little different - you can add it to any machine already running Linux. This tutorial describes how to install and configure Xen hypervisor on unused hardware.
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This procedure uses Debian Jessie (their testing distribution) as the host OS (also known as [Dom0][1]). Jessie is not the only choice - Xen support is built into the Linux kernel, and [plenty of Linux distributions][2] include one of these Xen-enabled kernels.
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### Find unused hardware ###
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As a start, find a suitable workstation which can be wiped out, such as an old laptop or desktop. Older hardware may not be good for gaming, but it is good enough for a host OS and a couple of guests. A PC with these specifications works fine.
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- 1 CPU with 2 cores (64-bit)
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- 4GB memory
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- 80GB hard disk
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- ability to boot from CD, DVD or USB
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- a network interface
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Note that the CPU must be a 64-bit processor since Debian dropped support for 32-bit Xen packages. If you don't have spare hardware, you could invest in an old machine. 2010's $1000 flagship laptop is today's $100 bargain. A second-hand laptop from eBay and a memory upgrade will do fine.
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### Burn a bootable CD/USB ###
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Download the ISO image for Debian Jessie. The small netinst image available from the [official Debian website][3] works fine.
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$ wget http://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/jessie_di_beta_2/amd64/iso-cd/debian-jessie-DI-b2-amd64-netinst.iso
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Next, identify the device name assigned to your [CD/DVD][4] or [USB drive][5] (e.g., /dev/sdc).
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Burn the downloaded ISO image into a bootable CD or a USB using dd command. Replace /dev/sdc with the device name you identified above.
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$ sudo dd if=debian-jessie-DI-b2-amd64-netinst.iso of=/dev/sdc
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### Start the installation ###
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To start the installation, boot with the Debian installer CD/USB.
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It's a good idea to use a wired connection, not WiFi. If the WiFi won't connect because firmware or driver software is missing, you won't get very far.
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### Partition the disk ###
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This setup uses four primary disk partitions. Automatic OS installers usually set up an extended partition that contains logical partitions. Set up the four partitions like this.
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- sda1 mount on /boot, 200MB
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- sda2 /, 20GB, Ubuntu uses 4GB
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- sda3 swap, 6GB (4GB of memory x 1.5 = 6)
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- sda4 reserved for LVM, not mounted, all the rest of the disk space
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### Install the base system ###
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It's a good idea to make the install as simple and short as possible. A basic working system can always be added to later. Debian's APT (Advanced Package Tool) makes adding software easy. Installing Debian on a workstation can cause pretty obscure time-wasting issues. Perhaps a graphics driver does not agree with the kernel or maybe the old CD-ROM drive only works intermittently.
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When it comes to choosing what to install, do install an SSH server and don't install a desktop like Gnome.
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A graphical desktop requires hundreds of package installs - it's a lot of extra work that can be done later. If you run into problems, waiting for that desktop install is a waste of time. Also, without desktop component, the system boot will be much quicker - seconds rather than minutes. This procedure requires a few reboots, so that's a handy time-saver.
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An SSH server lets you configure the workstation from another computer. This allows you to avoid some of the problems with old hardware - perhaps the old machine's keyboard is missing keys, the LCD screen has dead pixels or the trackpad is unresponsive etc.
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### Add LVM (Logical Volume Manager) ###
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Install the LVM tools as the root.
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# apt-get update
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# apt-get install lvm2
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Pick a physical volume to work with.
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# pvcreate /dev/sda4
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Create a volume group.
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# vgcreate vg0 /dev/sda4
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You don't need to create a logical volume. If you want to test LVM works, create a volume then delete it.
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# lvcreate -nmytempvol -L10G vg0
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# lvremove /dev/vg0/mytempvol
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Check LVM status.
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# pvs (to view information about physical volumes)
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# vgs (to view information about volume groups)
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# lvs (to view information about logical volumes)
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### Add a Linux Ethernet bridge ###
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We are going to set up a Linux bridge so that all Xen's guest domains can be connected to, and communicate through the bridge.
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Install the bridge tools.
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# apt-get install bridge-utils
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See what interfaces are configured.
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# ip addr
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In this example, we have one primary interface assigned eth0. We are going to add eth0 to the Linux bridge by editing the network configuration file (/etc/network/interfaces).
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Before making any change, back up the network configuration file to keep the original working configuration safe.
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# cd /etc/network/
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# cp interfaces interfaces.backup
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# vi /etc/network/interfaces
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The file contents look something like this.
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auto lo
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iface lo inet loopback
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allow-hotplug eth0
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iface eth0 inet dhcp
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Change the file to this.
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auto lo
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iface lo inet loopback
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auto eth0
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iface eth0 inet manual
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auto xenbr0
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iface xenbr0 inet dhcp
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bridge_ports eth0
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Activate the network configuration change:
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# systemctl restart networking
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### Verify networking settings ###
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Verify that a Linux bridge xenbr0 is created successfully.
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# ip addr show xenbr0
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Also check that the primary interface eth0 is successfully added to the bridge.
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# brctl show
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You now have a working machine with Jessie installed. Xen is not yet installed at this point. Let's proceed to install Xen next.
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### Install the Xen hypervisor ###
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Install Xen and QEMU packages, and update the GRUB bootloader.
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# apt-get install xen-linux-system
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Reboot.
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When the GRUB screen appears, you can see extra booting options listed.
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The first option will boot automatically in five seconds (see the GRUB_TIMEOUT line in /etc/default/grub), so this is not the time to get a coffee.
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Press the down arrow to highlight the option "Debian GNU/Linux, with Xen hypervisor", and press RETURN. Many lines of information appear, followed by the usual login screen.
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### Check Xen works ###
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Xen hypervisor comes with Xen management command-line tool called xl, which can be used to create and manage Xen guest domains. Let's use xl command to check if Xen is successfully installed.
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Log in as root, and run:
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# xl info
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which will display various information about Xen host.
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To see a list of existing Xen domains:
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# xl list
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A little table of domains appears. Without any Xen guest domain created, the only entry should be Domain-0, your Debian installation.
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### Change the boot order ###
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When you reach this point, the Xen install is complete. There is one more thing to fix - the default boot will not load Xen. GRUB chooses the first item in the boot menu (Debian GNU/Linux), not the third (Debian GNU/Linux, with Xen hypervisor).
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The default option in the boot menu is defined in the grub configuration file /boot/grub/grub.cfg. To change the default option, don't edit that file, but edit /etc/default/grub instead. A little helper program called grub-mkconfig reads in this default configuration file and all the templates in /etc/grub.d/, then writes the grub.cfg file.
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Edit Debian's configuration file for grub-mkconfig.
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# vi /etc/default/grub
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Change the line:
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GRUB_DEFAULT=0
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to
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GRUB_DEFAULT='Debian GNU/Linux, with Xen hypervisor'
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Then update the grub configuration file.
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# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
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Finally reboot. After a few seconds, the grub boot menu appears. Check that the third option "Debian GNU/Linux, with Xen hypervisor" is highlighted automatically.
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### Final note ###
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If you use this machine as your hands-on workstation, install a graphical desktop. The Debian library includes a few [desktop environments][6]. If you want a graphical desktop that includes everything and the kitchen sink, go for Gnome. If graphics just get in your way, try Awesome.
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Note that the Debian Jessie default environment Gnome comes with a huge amount of extra applications including the productivity suite LibreOffice, the Iceweasel web browser and the Rhythmbox music player. The install command "apt-get install gnome" adds 1,000 packages and takes up nearly 2GB of disk space. Running this heavyweight desktop takes up 1GB of memory.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://xmodulo.com/install-xen-hypervisor.html
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作者：[Nick Hardiman][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/nick
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[1]:http://wiki.xen.org/wiki/Dom0
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[2]:http://wiki.xen.org/wiki/Dom0_Kernels_for_Xen
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[3]:https://www.debian.org/devel/debian-installer/
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[4]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/detect-dvd-writer-device-name-writing-speed-command-line-linux.html
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[5]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/find-device-name-usb-drive-linux.html
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[6]:https://wiki.debian.org/DesktopEnvironment
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@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
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怎样在废旧的硬件上安装 Xen 虚拟机监视器
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================================================================================
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Xen 是一个直接运行在硬件上的虚拟机监视器，这意味着你必须准备一个裸机来安装和运行 Xen。KVM 和 Xen 有一些不同 —— 你可以把它安装在任何已经正在运行 Linux 的机器上。本教程描述了如何在废旧的硬件上安装和配置 Xen 虚拟机监视器。
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整个安装过程使用 Debian Jessie（Debian 的测试发行版）作为宿主机操作系统（也称作 [Dom0][1]）。Jessie 并不是唯一的选择 —— Xen 的支持是内建在 Linux 内核中的，[许多 Linux 发行版][2] 都包含支持 Xen 的内核。
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### 找点废旧的硬件 ###
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首先，找一个可以格式化的合适的工作站，比如一台旧的笔记本或者台式机。旧的硬件可能不适合玩游戏，但是足够安装一个宿主机和一些客户机了。一个满足下面这些要求的 PC 机就可以了。
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- 一个双核 CPU（64 位）
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- 4GB 内存
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- 80GB 硬盘
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- 能够从 CD，DVD 或者 USB 引导启动
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- 一块网卡
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注意 CPU 必须是 64 位的，因为 Debian 已经不再支持 32 位的 Xen 安装包。如果你没有空余的硬件，你可以花点钱投资一台旧机器。2010 年值 $1000 的旗舰级笔记本现在只需要 $100。从 eBay 买台二手笔记本并升级下内存也可以满足需求。
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### 刻录一个引导 CD/USB ###
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下载 Debian Jessie 的 ISO 镜像。从 [Debian 官网][3] 下载网络安装镜像就可以了。
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$ wget http://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/jessie_di_beta_2/amd64/iso-cd/debian-jessie-DI-b2-amd64-netinst.iso
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接下来，记下你的 [CD/DVD][4] 或者 [USB设备][5] 所识别的设备名 （例如 /dev/sdc）。
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使用 dd 命令将 ISO 镜像刻录至 CD 或者 USB 中。将下面的 /dev/sdc 替换为你上面识别出的设备名。
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$ sudo dd if=debian-jessie-DI-b2-amd64-netinst.iso of=/dev/sdc
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### 开始安装 ###
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安装前，使用刻录的 CD/USB 启动 Debian 的安装界面。
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最好是使用有线网络，而不是 WIFI。如果因为固件或者驱动的原因导致 WIFI 不能连接，你将无法完成下面的步骤。
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### 硬盘分区 ###
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这里的设置使用了四个分区。自动安装时通常会创建一个包含逻辑分区的扩展分区。像下面这样给硬盘分四个区。
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- sda1 挂载至 /boot，200MB
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- sda2 /, 20GB, Ubuntu 占用 4GB
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- sda3 swap, 6GB (4GB x 1.5 = 6)
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- sda4 保留用作 LVM, 不挂载，大小为剩余的硬盘大小
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### 安装基本的系统 ###
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这里尽可能的让系统的安装更简单快速一些。一个基本的工作用系统可以稍后再添加。Debian 的 APT（Advanced Package Tool）使得添加软件非常的简单。在一个工作站上安装 Deibian 可能会有一些很浪费时间的问题。可能显卡驱动与内核不监控或者可能老旧的 CD-ROM 驱动器只能间歇性的工作。
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当选择安装软件时，选择安装一个 SSH 服务器，不要安装桌面环境如 Gnome。
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安装一个图形桌面需要安装成百上千的包 —— 这些额外的工作可以稍后再进行。如果你遇到问题了，等到图形桌面的安装会浪费很多事件。同时，没有桌面组件，系统的启动可以更快一些 —— 只需要几十秒而不是几分钟。整个安装过程会需要重启几次，因此这样做可以节省不少时间。
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一个 SSH 服务器可以让你从另一台电脑来配置这台工作站。这可以避免一些旧硬件的问题 —— 可能旧机器的键盘少了几个键，LCD 屏幕有坏点或者触摸板没有反应等等。
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### 添加 LVM (Logical Volume Manager) ###
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以 root 身份安装 LVM 工具。
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# apt-get update
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# apt-get install lvm2
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选择一个分区创建物理卷。
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# pvcreate /dev/sda4
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创建卷组。
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# vgcreate vg0 /dev/sda4
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你并不需要创建逻辑卷。如果你想测试 LVM 是否正常，可以创建一个逻辑卷然后删掉它。
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# lvcreate -nmytempvol -L10G vg0
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# lvremove /dev/vg0/mytempvol
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检查 LVM 状态。
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# pvs (to view information about physical volumes)
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# vgs (to view information about volume groups)
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# lvs (to view information about logical volumes)
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### 添加一个 Linux 网桥 ###
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这里我们要添加一个桥接网卡，这样 Xen 客户机就可以通过网桥连接网络。
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安装桥接的工具。
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# apt-get install bridge-utils
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查看在哪块网卡配置桥接。
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See what interfaces are configured.
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# ip addr
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在这个例子中，我们有一块网卡名称为 eth0。我们准备修改配置文件（/etc/network/interfaces）将 eth0 作为桥接设备。
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在进行更改之前，备份网络配置文件以保证原来的工作配置是安全的。
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# cd /etc/network/
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# cp interfaces interfaces.backup
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# vi /etc/network/interfaces
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文件的内容类似下面这样。
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auto lo
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iface lo inet loopback
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allow-hotplug eth0
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iface eth0 inet dhcp
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修改成这样。
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auto lo
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iface lo inet loopback
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auto eth0
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iface eth0 inet manual
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auto xenbr0
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iface xenbr0 inet dhcp
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bridge_ports eth0
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激活网卡配置的修改：
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# systemctl restart networking
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### 验证网络设置 ###
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验证桥接设备 xenbr0 创建成功。
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# ip addr show xenbr0
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同时检查 eth0 被成功加入网桥。
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# brctl show
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你现在安装好了 Jessie 系统。不过此时 Xen 还没有安装。下面我们开始安装 Xen。
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### 安装 Xen 虚拟机监视器 ###
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安装 Xen 和 QEMU 包，并升级 GRUB 引导程序。
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# apt-get install xen-linux-system
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重启。
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当 GRUB 界面出现时，你可以看到列出的额外的启动选项。
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第一个选项会在 5 秒钟内自动启动（在 /etc/default/grub 的 GRUB_TIMEOUT 这行设置），因此这点时间还来不及喝咖啡的。
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按下方向键选择 "Debian GNU/Linux, with Xen hypervisor" 这个选项，然后按回车。这时屏幕会出现很多行信息，接着是正常的登录界面。
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### 检查 Xen 工作是否正常 ###
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Xen 虚拟机监视器嗲有一个管理 Xen 的命令行工序叫做 xl，可以用来创建和管理 Xen 虚拟机。使用 xl 命令来检查 Xen 是否成功安装了。
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以 root 用户登录，执行:
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# xl info
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将会显示很多关于 Xen 主机的信息。
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查看已有 Xen 虚拟机的列表：
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# xl list
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||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
这里显示了一个主机的列表。因为没有创建任何的 Xen 客户机，唯一的条目是 Domain-0，即你安装的 Debian 系统。
|
||||
|
||||
### 修改启动顺序 ###
|
||||
|
||||
当你到这一步之后，Xen 的安装已经完成了。这里还有一件事需要修改 —— 默认的启动选项不会加载 Xen。GRUB 选择启动菜单的第一个选项 （Debian GNU/Linux），而不是第三个（Debian GNU/Linux, with Xen hypervisor）。
|
||||
|
||||
启动菜单的默认选项是在 grub 配置文件 /boot/grub/grub.cfg 中定义的。修改选项时，不要直接修改这个文件，而是编辑 /etc/default/grub 这个文件。有一个叫做 grub-mkconfig 的工具可以读取这个配置文件和 /etc/grub.d/ 中的所有莫爸妈，并写入到 grub.cfg 文件中。
|
||||
|
||||
编辑 Debian 的 grub-mkconfig 的配置文件
|
||||
|
||||
# vi /etc/default/grub
|
||||
|
||||
修改这一行:
|
||||
|
||||
GRUB_DEFAULT=0
|
||||
|
||||
改为
|
||||
|
||||
GRUB_DEFAULT='Debian GNU/Linux, with Xen hypervisor'
|
||||
|
||||
然后更新 grub 的配置文件。
|
||||
|
||||
# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
最后重启。几秒钟后，grub 启动菜单出现了。检查看第三个选项 "Debian GNU/Linux, with Xen hypervisor" 是否是自动选中的选项。
|
||||
|
||||
### 最后 ###
|
||||
|
||||
如果你使用这台主机作为你的工作站，可以安装一个图形桌面。Debian 包好几种[桌面环境][6]。如果你想要一个包含所有东西的图形桌面，那么安装 Gnome 吧。如果图形效果并不是你的菜，试试 Awesome 吧。
|
||||
|
||||
注意 Debian 的默认 Gnome 环境有大量的额外应用程序包括办公套件 LibreOffice，Iceweasel 浏览器和 Rhythmbox 音乐播放器。安装命令 "apt-get install gnome" 会安装 1,000 多个包并需要将近 2GB 的硬盘空间。运行这个重量级的桌面环境需要占用 1GB 的内存。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/install-xen-hypervisor.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Nick Hardiman][a]
|
||||
译者：[Liao](https://github.com/liaoishere)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/nick
|
||||
[1]:http://wiki.xen.org/wiki/Dom0
|
||||
[2]:http://wiki.xen.org/wiki/Dom0_Kernels_for_Xen
|
||||
[3]:https://www.debian.org/devel/debian-installer/
|
||||
[4]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/detect-dvd-writer-device-name-writing-speed-command-line-linux.html
|
||||
[5]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/find-device-name-usb-drive-linux.html
|
||||
[6]:https://wiki.debian.org/DesktopEnvironment
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user