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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (Modrisco)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (How Linux can help with your spelling)
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[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400942/how-linux-can-help-with-your-spelling.html)
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[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/)
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How Linux can help with your spelling
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======
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Whether you're struggling with one elusive word or checking a report before you send it off to your boss, Linux can help with your spelling.
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![Sandra Henry-Stocker][1]
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Linux provides all sorts of tools for data analysis and automation, but it also helps with an issue that we all struggle with from time to time – spelling! Whether you're grappling with the spelling of a single word while you’re writing your weekly report or you want a set of computerized "eyes" to find your typos before you submit a business proposal, maybe it’s time to check out how it can help.
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### look
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One tool is **look**. If you know how a word begins, you can ask the look command for provide a list of words that start with those letters. Unless an alternate word source is provided, look uses **/usr/share/dict/words** to identify the words for you. This file with its hundreds of thousands of words will suffice for most of the English words that we routinely use, but it might not have some of the more obscure words that some of us in the computing field tend to use — such as zettabyte.
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**[ Two-Minute Linux Tips:[Learn how to master a host of Linux commands in these 2-minute video tutorials][2] ]**
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The look command's syntax is as easy as can be. Type "look word" and it will run through all the words in that words file and find matches for you.
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```
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$ look amelio
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ameliorable
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ameliorableness
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ameliorant
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ameliorate
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ameliorated
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ameliorates
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ameliorating
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amelioration
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ameliorations
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ameliorativ
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ameliorative
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amelioratively
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ameliorator
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amelioratory
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```
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If you happen upon a word that isn't included in the word list on the system, you'll simply get no output.
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```
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$ look zetta
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$
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```
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Don’t despair if you're not seeing what you were hoping for. You can add words to your words file or even reference an altogether different words list — either finding one online and creating one yourself. You don't even have to place an added word in the proper alphabetical location; just add it to the end of the file. You do need to do this as root, however. For example (and be careful with that **> >**!):
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```
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# echo “zettabyte” >> /usr/share/dict/words
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```
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Using a different list of words ("jargon" in this case) just requires adding the name of the file. Use a full path if the file is not the default.
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```
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$ look nybble /usr/share/dict/jargon
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nybble
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nybbles
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```
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The look command is also case-insensitive, so you don't have to concern yourself with whether the word you're looking for should be capitalized or not.
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```
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$ look zet
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ZETA
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Zeta
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zeta
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zetacism
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Zetana
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zetas
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Zetes
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zetetic
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Zethar
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Zethus
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Zetland
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Zetta
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```
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Of course, not all word lists are created equal. Some Linux distributions provide a _lot_ more words than others in their word files. Yours might have 100,000 words or many times that number.
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On one of my Linux systems:
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```
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$ wc -l /usr/share/dict/words
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102402 /usr/share/dict/words
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```
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On another:
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```
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$ wc -l /usr/share/dict/words
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479828 /usr/share/dict/words
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```
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Remember that the look command works only with the beginnings of words, but there are other options if you don't want to start there.
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### grep
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Our dearly beloved **grep** command can pluck words from a word file as well as any tool. If you’re looking for words that start or end with particular letters, grep is a natural. It can match words using beginnings, endings, or middle portions of words. Your system's word file will work with grep as easily as it does with look. The only drawback is that unlike with look, you have to specify the file.
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Using word beginnings with ^:
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```
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$ grep ^terra /usr/share/dict/words
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terrace
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terrace's
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terraced
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terraces
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terracing
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terrain
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terrain's
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terrains
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terrapin
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terrapin's
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terrapins
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terraria
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terrarium
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terrarium's
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terrariums
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```
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Using word endings with $:
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```
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$ grep bytes$ /usr/share/dict/words
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bytes
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gigabytes
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kilobytes
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megabytes
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terabytes
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```
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With grep, you do need to concern yourself with capitalization, but the command provides some options for that.
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```
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$ grep ^[Zz]et /usr/share/dict/words
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Zeta
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zeta
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zetacism
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Zetana
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zetas
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Zetes
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zetetic
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Zethar
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Zethus
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Zetland
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Zetta
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zettabyte
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```
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Setting up a symbolic link to the words file makes this kind of word search a little easier:
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```
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$ ln -s /usr/share/dict/words words
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$ grep ^[Zz]et words
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Zeta
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zeta
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zetacism
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Zetana
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zetas
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Zetes
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zetetic
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Zethar
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Zethus
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Zetland
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Zetta
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zettabytye
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```
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### aspell
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The aspell command takes a different approach. It provides a way to check the spelling in whatever file or text you provide to it. You can pipe text to it and have it tell you which words appear to be misspelled. If you’re spelling all the words correctly, you’ll see no output.
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```
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$ echo Did I mispell that? | aspell list
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mispell
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$ echo I can hardly wait to try out aspell | aspell list
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aspell
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$ echo Did I misspell anything? | aspell list
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$
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```
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The "list" argument tells aspell to provide a list of misspelled words in the words that are sent through standard input.
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You can also use aspell to locate and correct words in a text file. If it finds a misspelled word, it will offer you an opportunity to replace it from a list of similar (but correctly spelled) words, to accept the words and add them to your personal words list (~/.aspell.en.pws), to ignore the misspelling, or to abort the process altogether (leaving the file as it was before you started).
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```
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$ aspell -c mytext
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```
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Once aspell finds a word that’s misspelled, it offers a list of choices like these for the incorrect "mispell":
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```
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1) mi spell 6) misplay
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2) mi-spell 7) spell
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3) misspell 8) misapply
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4) Ispell 9) Aspell
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5) misspells 0) dispel
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i) Ignore I) Ignore all
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r) Replace R) Replace all
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a) Add l) Add Lower
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b) Abort x) Exit
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```
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Note that the alternate words and spellings are numbered, while other options are represented by letter choices. You can choose one of the suggested spellings or opt to type a replacement. The "Abort" choice will leave the file intact even if you've already chosen replacements for some words. Words you elect to add will be inserted into a local file (e.g., ~/.aspell.en.pws).
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### Alternate word lists
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Tired of English? The aspell command can work with other languages if you add a word file for them. To add a dictionary for French on Debian systems, for example, you could do this:
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```
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$ sudo apt install aspell-fr
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```
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This new dictionary file would be installed as /usr/share/dict/French. To use it, you would simply need to tell aspell that you want to use the alternate word list:
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```
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$ aspell --lang=fr -c mytext
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```
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When using, you might see something like this if aspell looks at the word “one”:
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```
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1) once 6) orné
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2) onde 7) ne
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3) ondé 8) né
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4) onze 9) on
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5) orne 0) cône
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i) Ignore I) Ignore all
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r) Replace R) Replace all
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a) Add l) Add Lower
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b) Abort x) Exit
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```
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You can also get other language word lists from [GNU][3].
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### Wrap-up
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Even if you're a national spelling bee winner, you probably need a little help with spelling every now and then — if only to spot your typos. The aspell tool, along with look and grep, are ready to come to your rescue.
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Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][4] and [LinkedIn][5] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400942/how-linux-can-help-with-your-spelling.html
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作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[Modrisco](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/linux-spelling-100798596-large.jpg
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[2]: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7D2RMSmRO9J8OTpjFECi8DJiTQdd4hua
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[3]: ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/aspell/dict/0index.html
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[4]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
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||||
[5]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
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||||
@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (Modrisco)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (How Linux can help with your spelling)
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[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400942/how-linux-can-help-with-your-spelling.html)
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[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/)
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如何用 Linux 帮助你拼写
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======
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无论你在处理一个难以理解的单词，还是在将报告发给老板之前再检查一遍，Linux 都可以帮助你解决拼写问题。
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![Sandra Henry-Stocker][1]
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Linux 为数据分析和自动化提供了各种工具，它也帮助我们解决了一个一直都在纠结的问题 —— 拼写！无论在写每周报告时努力拼出一个单词，还是在提交商业计划书之前想要借助计算机的“眼睛”来找出你的拼写错误。现在我们来看一下它是如何帮助你的。
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### look
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**look** 是其中一款工具。如果你知道一个单词是怎么开始拼的，你就可以用这个命令来获取以这些字母开头的单词列表。除非提供了替代词源，否则 look 将使用 **/usr/share/dict/words** 中的内容来为你标识单词。这个文件有数十万个单词，可以满足我们日常使用的大多数英语单词的需要，但是它可能不包含我们计算机领域中的一些人倾向于使用的更加生僻的单词，如 zettabyte。
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**[ 两分钟的Linux技巧：[在这些两分钟的视频教程中学习如何掌握一系列 Linux 命令][2] ]**（Youtube 源）
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look 命令的语法非常简单。输入 `look word` ，它将遍历单词文件中的所有单词并找到匹配项。
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```
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$ look amelio
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ameliorable
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ameliorableness
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ameliorant
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ameliorate
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ameliorated
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ameliorates
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ameliorating
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amelioration
|
||||
ameliorations
|
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ameliorativ
|
||||
ameliorative
|
||||
amelioratively
|
||||
ameliorator
|
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amelioratory
|
||||
```
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如果你遇到系统中单词列表中未包含的单词，将无法获得任何输出。
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```
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$ look zetta
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$
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```
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如果你没有看到你所希望出现的单词，不要绝望。你可以在你的单词文件中添加单词，甚至引用一个完全不同的单词列表，在网上找一个或者干脆自己创建一个。你甚至不必将添加的单词放在按字母顺序排列的正确位置；只需将其添加到文件的末尾即可。但是，你必须以 root 用户身份执行此操作。例如(要注意 **> >**!)：
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|
||||
```
|
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# echo “zettabyte” >> /usr/share/dict/words
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```
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当使用不同的单词列表时，例如这个例子中的 “jargon” ，你只需要添加文件的名称。如果文件不是默认值，请使用完整路径。
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```
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$ look nybble /usr/share/dict/jargon
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nybble
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nybbles
|
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```
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look 命令大小写不敏感，因此你不必关心要查找的单词是否应该大写。
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```
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$ look zet
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ZETA
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Zeta
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zeta
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zetacism
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Zetana
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zetas
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Zetes
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zetetic
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Zethar
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Zethus
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Zetland
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Zetta
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```
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当然，不是所有的单词列表都是一样的。一些 Linux 发行版在单词文件中提供了 _多得多_ 的内容。你的文件中可能有十万或者更多倍的单词。
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||||
在我的一个 Linux 系统中：
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||||
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||||
```
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$ wc -l /usr/share/dict/words
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102402 /usr/share/dict/words
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||||
```
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||||
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||||
在另一个系统中：
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||||
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||||
```
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||||
$ wc -l /usr/share/dict/words
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479828 /usr/share/dict/words
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||||
```
|
||||
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||||
请记住，look 命令只适用于单词的开头，但如果你不想从单词的开头开始，还可以使用其他选项。
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||||
### grep
|
||||
|
||||
我们深爱的 **grep** 命令像其他工具一样可以从一个单词文件中选出单词。如果你正在找以某些字母开头或结尾的单词，使用 grep 命令是自然而然的事情。它可以通过单词的开头，结尾或中间部分来匹配单词。系统中的单词文件可以像使用 look 命令时在 grep 命令中轻松使用。不过唯一的缺点是你需要指定文件，这一点与 look 不尽相同。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在单词的开头前加上 ^：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ grep ^terra /usr/share/dict/words
|
||||
terrace
|
||||
terrace's
|
||||
terraced
|
||||
terraces
|
||||
terracing
|
||||
terrain
|
||||
terrain's
|
||||
terrains
|
||||
terrapin
|
||||
terrapin's
|
||||
terrapins
|
||||
terraria
|
||||
terrarium
|
||||
terrarium's
|
||||
terrariums
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
在单词的结尾后加上 $:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ grep bytes$ /usr/share/dict/words
|
||||
bytes
|
||||
gigabytes
|
||||
kilobytes
|
||||
megabytes
|
||||
terabytes
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
使用 grep 时，你需要考虑大小写，不过 grep 命令也提供了一些选项。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ grep ^[Zz]et /usr/share/dict/words
|
||||
Zeta
|
||||
zeta
|
||||
zetacism
|
||||
Zetana
|
||||
zetas
|
||||
Zetes
|
||||
zetetic
|
||||
Zethar
|
||||
Zethus
|
||||
Zetland
|
||||
Zetta
|
||||
zettabyte
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
为单词文件添加软连接能使这种搜索方式更加便捷：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ln -s /usr/share/dict/words words
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||||
$ grep ^[Zz]et words
|
||||
Zeta
|
||||
zeta
|
||||
zetacism
|
||||
Zetana
|
||||
zetas
|
||||
Zetes
|
||||
zetetic
|
||||
Zethar
|
||||
Zethus
|
||||
Zetland
|
||||
Zetta
|
||||
zettabytye
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### aspell
|
||||
|
||||
aspell 命令提供了一种不同的方式。它提供了一种方法来检查你提供给它的任何文件或文本的拼写。你可以通过管道将文本传递给它，然后它会告诉你哪些单词看起来有拼写错误。如果所有单词都拼写正确，则不会有任何输出。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ echo Did I mispell that? | aspell list
|
||||
mispell
|
||||
$ echo I can hardly wait to try out aspell | aspell list
|
||||
aspell
|
||||
$ echo Did I misspell anything? | aspell list
|
||||
$
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||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
“list” 参数告诉 aspell 为标准输入单词提供拼写错误的单词列表。
|
||||
|
||||
你还可以使用 aspell 来定位和更正文本文件中的单词。如果它发现一个拼写错误的单词，它将为你提供一个相似（但拼写正确的）单词列表来替换这个单词。你也可以将单词加入个人词库（~/.aspell.en.pws）来接收并忽略拼写错误。或者完全中止进程（使文件保持启动前的状态）。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ aspell -c mytext
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
一旦 aspell 发现一个单词出现了拼写错误，它将会为不正确的 “mispell” 提供一个选项列表：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
1) mi spell 6) misplay
|
||||
2) mi-spell 7) spell
|
||||
3) misspell 8) misapply
|
||||
4) Ispell 9) Aspell
|
||||
5) misspells 0) dispel
|
||||
i) Ignore I) Ignore all
|
||||
r) Replace R) Replace all
|
||||
a) Add l) Add Lower
|
||||
b) Abort x) Exit
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
请注意，备选单词和拼写是数字编号的，而其他选项是由字母选项表示的。你可以选择备选拼写中的一项或者自己输入替换项。“Abort” 选项将使文件保持不变，即使你已经为某些单词选择了替换。你选择添加的单词将被插入到本地文件中（例如 ~/.aspell.en.pws）。
|
||||
|
||||
### 其他单词列表
|
||||
|
||||
厌倦了英语？ aspell 命令可以在其他语言中使用，只要你添加了相关语言的单词列表。例如，在 Debian 系统中添加法语的词库，你可以这样做：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo apt install aspell-fr
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这个新的词库文件会被安装为 /usr/share/dict/French。为了使用它，你只需要简单地告诉 aspell 你想要使用替换的单词列表：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ aspell --lang=fr -c mytext
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这种情况下，当 aspell 读到单词 “one” 时，你可能会看到下面的情况：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
1) once 6) orné
|
||||
2) onde 7) ne
|
||||
3) ondé 8) né
|
||||
4) onze 9) on
|
||||
5) orne 0) cône
|
||||
i) Ignore I) Ignore all
|
||||
r) Replace R) Replace all
|
||||
a) Add l) Add Lower
|
||||
b) Abort x) Exit
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以通过 [GNU][3] 来获取其他语言的词库。
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结
|
||||
|
||||
即使你是全国拼字比赛的冠军，你可能偶尔也会需要一点拼写方面的帮助，哪怕只是为了找出你手滑打错的单词。aspell 工具，加上 look 和 grep 命令已经准备来助你一臂之力了。
|
||||
|
||||
加入[Facebook][4] 和 [LinkedIn][5] 的 Network World 社区，评论热点话题。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3400942/how-linux-can-help-with-your-spelling.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[Modrisco](https://github.com/Modrisco)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/06/linux-spelling-100798596-large.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7D2RMSmRO9J8OTpjFECi8DJiTQdd4hua
|
||||
[3]: ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/aspell/dict/0index.html
|
||||
[4]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
|
||||
[5]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user