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20140723-1 选题
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Linux System Administration Skills are Changing
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================================================================================
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When was the last time you compiled a kernel? For many of the latest generation of Linux admins, the answer is really simple: never. I am one of those, provided we don't count a few times I tried it just for fun, then couldn't see why I would need a custom kernel and went back to my out-of-the-box kernel.
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For many of the longer-time Linux admins and engineers this may seem laughable, but it is a reality: As Linux adoption grows in the enterprise, a new generation of Linux admins is created that has extremely good technical skills, but lacks these 'simple' low level skills seen by many as fundamental to being a good Linux admin. We can build a high performance, highly available web infrastructure that uses the latest of the latest techniques, but don't ask us to fix a non-booting Linux machine: our advice will be to ditch it and set up a new vm.
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Over the past decade or so, we have seen some interesting trends. Linux became a commodity in the enterprise, and as that happened the various distributions became powerful yet flexible enough to remove the need for the average admin to ever have to do low level things like compiling a kernel.
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Next, we welcomed virtual machine technology as a commodity, which added another layer of abstraction. Users of clouds like amazon or VPS providers will possibly never have to deal with deploying Linux on bare metal. As hybrid and private clouds are becoming common as well, many enterprise admins will also not have to deal with this kind of thing anymore, they will just log into a web interface and spin up 5 more apache vm's.
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The newest two trends add even more abstraction: configuration management and the seemingly brand new (yet not new at all) containerization with tools like docker. Whenever a client asks us at [OlinData][1] to configure a Linux machine, our first action will be to set up [Puppet][2]. With our trusted library of well-functioning Puppet modules, that is very easy and will cost me less time then doing this manually.
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For example with Puppet, I can install Apache on a new machine as simple as this:
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node 'web01.olindata.com' {
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include apache
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apache::vhost{ 'www.olindata.com':
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docroot => '/var/www/olindata'
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}
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}
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Depending on the environment, I don't even have to log into the machine anymore. Deploying this code through Continuous Deployment tools like [Jenkins][3] will allow me to deploy my infrastructure code automatically as it passes the tests I set up.
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### SysAdmin skills move up the stack ###
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Even as we move toward higher levels of abstraction, ongoing Linux training is still highly valuable and desirable for admins today and will be well into the future. Knowing the fundamentals is key but as abstraction removes some of the old tasks, this requires sysadmins to move up further in the stack and enhance their skills in the higher level tools and practices. It is critical for a sysadmin to become familiar with the tools that enable these higher levels of abstraction. It pushes them to become more skilled in things like coding so that they can do more with these "new" tools.
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Will the need for low(er) level linux skills ever go away completely? Of course not. We still have many other uses for Linux then just the commodity server deployments. Also, people will still benefit hugely from knowing how to do lower level operations in their everyday work. On top of that, with demonstrable Linux skills on your resume, I (and many other employers with me) will always prefer you over candidates that don't have them. You never know when you need those low-level skills!
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----------
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Walter Heck is CEO and Founder of OlinData, an authorized Linux Foundation training partner. Here's a list of [scheduled official Linux Foundation courses by OlinData][4].
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.linux.com/news/enterprise/systems-management/780956-linux-system-administration-skills-are-changing
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原文作者：[Walter Heck][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/59207
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[1]:http://olindata.com/
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[2]:http://puppetlabs.com/
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[3]:http://jenkins.org/
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[4]:http://www.olindata.com/training/upcoming?technology=295
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Fix Missing Speaker Icon From Moka Icon Theme [Quick Tip]
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[Moka][1] is a beautiful icon theme. It has been constantly featured among the [best icon themes available for Ubuntu][2]. But there is little issue with Moka in Ubuntu 14.04. If you use Moka icons in Ubuntu 14.04 with Unity, you’ll find that speaker icon used for sound is missing:
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### Fix missing sound icon while using Moka icon theme ###
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Though you might have already added official Moka PPA but for the sake of checking, add it again:
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sudo add-apt-repository ppa:moka/stable
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sudo apt-get update
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Now, next step is to install monochrome panel icons. Use the following command to install it:
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sudo apt-get install faba-mono-icons
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Once you have installed the Faba monochrome icons, change your icon theme from Moka to Faba. This will give you Moka icon theme along with beautiful monochrome icons in the top panel in Unity:
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I hope this helped you to fix the missing sound icon. Enjoy every bit and every sip of the Moka.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://itsfoss.com/fix-missing-speaker-icon-from-moka/
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原文作者：[Abhishek][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/Abhishek/
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[1]:http://mokaproject.com/
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[2]:http://itsfoss.com/best-icon-themes-ubuntu-1404/
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How to access SoundCloud from the command line in Linux
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If you enjoy music streaming and originally-created sounds, you cannot have missed [SoundCloud][1]. Based in Germany, this cloud streaming service is now famous and well-established for any music adventurer. And naturally, as a Linux enthusiast, you might wonder how to join your passion for Linux with your love for music. As a solution, I advise you to check out Soundcloud2000, **a command line client for SoundCloud** born out of the [Music Hack Day Stockholm '13][2].
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### Installation ###
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For Debian or Ubuntu users, install via:
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$ sudo apt-get install portaudio19-dev libmpg123-dev libncurses-dev ruby1.9.1-dev
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$ sudo gem install soundcloud2000
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For Archlinux users, the package is available in [AUR][3].
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For Fedora users, install via:
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$ sudo yum install portaudio-devel libmpg123-devel ncurses-devel ruby-devel
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$ sudo gem install soundcloud2000
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For CentOS users, install or upgrade to the [latest Ruby/RubyGems][4] (1.9 and higher), enable [Repoforge repo][5], and install via:
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$ sudo yum install portaudio-devel mpg123-devel
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$ sudo gem install curses soundcloud2000
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And finally, go to the official github page for the sources.
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### Usage ###
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Soundcloud2000 is very easy to pick up. Some might even say simplistic. I like it for that sobriety and the effort of the three authors and contributors. Launch it via:
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$ soundcloud2000
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From there, you will be welcomed with a splash screen:
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and then a list of songs:
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You can scroll through the list via the up and down keys, play a song with enter, pause/resume with the space bar, and fast forward/rewind with the right and left arrow keys. As you can see, nothing groundbreaking but definitely ergonomic.
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If the random list is too long to scroll through, you have an option to see all the tracks for a particular user by hitting the 'u' key and then typing his name.
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That is probably one of the major defaults of Soundcloud2000. While the navigation is not optimized, I have high hopes for improvements and support as the software is still very young.
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### Bonus ###
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Another alternative as a bonus: if you like the idea of using SoundCloud from a terminal, but do not want to install any additional software (or maybe you cannot), I advise you to go to [cmd.fm][6]. The website is a kind of camouflage for SoundCloud, as it hides it behind a shell interface.
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[][7]
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Type "help" for a list of commands, which is a lot longer than for Soundcloud2000. As examples, I noticed:
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- _genres to list all genres
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- _play random to play a random track
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- _pause to pause the current track
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- _playlist new to make a new playlist
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- _loop to loop current track
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- _cinema to watch and ASCII version of Star Wars which completely blew my mind.
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And it even supports auto-completion via the tabulation key for genres.
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To conclude, Soundcloud2000 is a neat program that does exactly what it is supposed to. We can forgive its current flaws as they are surely tied to its youth. I really hope that it will grow and include more features (and potentially get inspiration from cmd.fm).
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If you like the idea, I invite you to support the programmers, and if you like these kinds of initiatives, support [Music Hack Day][8] which mixes software development and music.
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What do you think of using SoundCloud from the command line? Please let us know in the comments.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/access-soundcloud-command-line-linux.html
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原文作者：[Adrien Brochard][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/adrien
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[1]:https://soundcloud.com/
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[2]:https://www.hackerleague.org/hackathons/music-hack-day-stockholm-13/
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[3]:https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/ruby-soundcloud2000/
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[4]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/upgrade-ruby-centos.html
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[5]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/01/how-to-set-up-rpmforge-repoforge-repository-on-centos.html
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[6]:https://cmd.fm/
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[7]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14494448218/
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[8]:http://new.musichackday.org/
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116
sources/tech/20140723 Top 10 Fun On The Command Line.md
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Top 10! Fun On The Command Line
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================================================================================
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**If you just love making 'top 10'-type lists but are a little embarrassed to say so, tell people you're passionate about data exploration. To impress them even more, explain that you do your data exploration on the command line. But don't ruin the impression by telling them how easy that is!**
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In this article I'll do some data exploration with basic GNU/Linux tools and 'one-column tables', by which I mean simple lists. For more information on the commands used here, see their Linux 'man' pages, or ask for an explanation in the 'Comments' section.
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### Passwords ###
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The first list to explore is Mark Burnett's 2011 compilation of the [10000 most commonly used passwords][1]. The list is ordered most-frequent-first, and is one source of the widely known factoid that 'password' is the most commonly used password, with '123456' in second place. Here I've put the list in a file called passwords, and used the head command to show the first 10 lines:
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(Burnett explains how he collects his passwords [here][2]. Note that he converted all uppercase letters to lowercase in his list.)
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OK, so 'password' is top of the Burnett list. What about individual digits?
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Interesting. The digit '1' appears in the password list more than twice as often as the next most-used digit, '2', and the 10 digits are in numerical as well as popularity order, except for 0 and 9. And the top 10 letters?
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The most frequent letters in the passwords file are EARONISTLC. That's not too far off EAIRTONSLC, which is the frequency pattern in at least [one published table][3] of letter usage in common English words. Does this mean that most passwords are actually common English words, maybe with a few digits thrown in?
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To find out, I'll first convert passwords to a list of letters-only strings, then see how many of those strings are in an English dictionary.
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First I'll delete all the digits in passwords with a **sed** command, then delete all the punctuation marks, then all the blank lines. This creates a list of letters-only passwords. Then I'll prune that list with **sort** and **uniq** to get rid of any duplicates. (For example, 'abc1234def' and 'abc1!2!3!def!' both reduce to 'abcdef'.) According to the wc command, my pruning reduces the 10000 passwords to 8583 letters-only strings:
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For a handy English dictionary I'll use the file `usr/share/dict/american-english`, which came with my Debian Linux distribution. It contains 99171 words. I'll first convert this wordlist to lowercase-only with the **tr** command, then delete any duplicate entries with **sort** and **uniq** (like 'A' and 'a' both becoming 'a'). That reduces the wordlist to 97723 entries:
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I can now ask the comm command with the '-23' option to compare the two lists and report just the words in the letters-only file that are not found in the dictionary:
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The total is 3137, so at least 8583 - 3137 = 5446 'core' passwords in Burnett's lowercase-only list (about 63%) are either plain English words, or plain English words with some digits or punctuation marks added. I wrote at least because a big proportion of the 3137 strings are only slight modifications of plain English words or names, or words or names missing from the /usr/share dictionary. Among the LA's, for example, are 'labtec', 'ladyboy', 'lakeside', 'lalakers', 'lalala', 'laserjet', 'lasvegas', 'lavalamp' and 'lawman'.
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### Placenames ###
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In a previous [Linux Rain article][4], I described how I built a table of Australian placenames with more than 370 000 entries. Using it, I can now answer vital questions like 'Is Round Hill the most popular name for hills in Australia?' and 'Is Sandy Beach tops for beaches, and Rocky Creek for creeks?'
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The placename field in the gazetteer table is number 2, so here goes:
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Wow. I wasn't even close. (But note how I saved typing by using the **^string1^string2** command. It repeats the last command, but substitutes string2 for string1. Wonderful BASH trick!)
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Another burning question is how many placenames there are with 'Mile' in them, like 'Six Mile Creek', and how they rank:
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I've noticed a lot of Dead Horse Creeks in my Australian travels, and so has the gazetteer:
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### Species ###
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The third list to explore comes from a table I published this year of new Australian insect species named in the period 1961-2010. From the table I've pulled out all the 'species epithets', which are the second parts of genus-species combinations like Homo sapiens (you and me) and Apis mellifera (European honeybee).
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(Tech note: The insects table, which is available from the open data Zenodo repository at [https://zenodo.org/record/10481][5], includes subspecies. For my 'top 10' exercise I first isolated all the unique genus-species combinations, to avoid duplication from subspecies like Apis mellifera iberica, Apis mellifera intermissa, etc. The final species file has 18155 species epithets.)
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Most people who make jokes about scientific names use the '-us' ending, as in 'Biggus buggus'. What about entomologists? There are a couple of good, command-line ways to get the last 2 letters of a string, and here I've used both:
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Yep, entomologists prefer '-us', too. Next, I wonder how many species are named for my home State of Tasmania? (Below I ask head for the first 100 lines to make sure I get all the 'tasman' combinations.)
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How about Queensland?
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And generally speaking, what are the top 10 names in that insect species list?
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Hmm. Apart from the obvious 'australis' and 'australiensis', and the geographical 'occidentalis' (of the west), the other 7 epithets in the 10-most-popular list have been created by entomologists to honour other entomologists. (The epithet 'commoni' honors the Australian butterfly and moth specialist Ian F.B. Common, 1917-2006.)
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### Speechifying ###
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The commands used above work on simple lists. To make a simple list out a block of text, the command line is again your friend. For example, I've saved a rather filibustery [speech][6] in the Australian Senate on 16 July 2014 as the text file hansard. To split hansard into a list of words:
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And to look at word frequency in the speech:
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### Coming soon... ###
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Doing 'top 10' and other rankings from multi-column tables requires a few more command-line tools. I'll demonstrate their use in a future article.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://thelinuxrain.com/articles/top-10-fun-on-the-command-line
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原文作者：Bob Mesibov(Bob Mesibov is Tasmanian, retired and a keen Linux tinkerer.)
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:https://xato.net/passwords/more-top-worst-passwords/#.U8eD13AvDy0
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[2]:https://xato.net/passwords/how-i-collect-passwords/#.U8eEdnAvDy0
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[3]:http://www.rinkworks.com/words/letterfreq.shtml
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[4]:http://www.thelinuxrain.com/articles/building-a-gazetteer-table-from-kml-files
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[5]:https://zenodo.org/record/10481
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[6]:http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;db=CHAMBER;id=chamber%2Fhansards%2F232fa1a8-d7e8-4b22-9018-1a99b5a96812%2F0025;query=Id%3A%22chamber%2Fhansards%2F232fa1a8-d7e8-4b22-9018-1a99b5a96812%2F0000%22
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