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New-World-2019
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[#]: subject: "Check file status on Linux with the stat command"
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[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/21/8/linux-stat-file-status"
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[#]: author: "Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth"
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[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
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[#]: translator: "New-World-2019"
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[#]: reviewer: " "
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[#]: publisher: " "
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[#]: url: " "
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Check file status on Linux with the stat command
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======
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All the information you need about any file or file system is just one
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Linux command away.
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![Hand putting a Linux file folder into a drawer][1]
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The `stat` command, included in the GNU `coreutils` package, provides a variety of metadata, including file size, inode location, access permissions and SELinux context, and creation and modification times, about files and filesystems. It's a convenient way to gather information that you usually need several different commands to acquire.
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### Installing stat on Linux
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On Linux, you probably already have the `stat` command installed because it's part of a core utility package that's generally bundled with Linux distributions by default.
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In the event that you don't have `stat` installed, you can install `coreutils` with your package manager.
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Alternately, you can [compile coreutils from source code][2].
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### Getting the status of a file
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Running `stat` provides easy to read output about a specific file or directory.
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```
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$ stat planets.xml
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File: planets.xml
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Size: 325 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file
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Device: fd03h/64771d Inode: 140217 Links: 1
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Access: (0664/-rw-rw-r--) Uid: (1000/tux) Gid: (100/users)
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Context: unconfined_u:object_r:user_home_t:s0
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Access: 2021-08-17 18:26:57.281330711 +1200
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Modify: 2021-08-17 18:26:58.738332799 +1200
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Change: 2021-08-17 18:26:58.738332799 +1200
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Birth: 2021-08-17 18:26:57.281330711 +1200
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```
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It may be easy to read, but it's still a lot of information. Here's what `stat` is covering:
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* **File**: the file name
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* **Size**: the file size in bytes
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* **Blocks**: the number of blocks on the hard drive reserved for this file
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* **IO Block**: the size of a block of the filesystem
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* **regular file**: the type of file (regular file, directory, filesystem)
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* **Device**: the device where the file is located
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* **Inode**: the inode number where the file is located
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* **Links**: the number of links to the file
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* **Access, UID, GID**: file permissions, user, and group owner
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* **Context**: SELinux context
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* **Access, Modify, Change, Birth**: the timestamp of when the file was accessed, modified, changed status, and created
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### Terse output
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For people who know the output well, or want to parse the output with other utilities like [awk][3], there's the `--terse` (`-t` for short) option, which formats the output without headings or line breaks.
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```
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$ stat --terse planets.xml
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planets.xml 325 8 81b4 100977 100 fd03 140217 1 0 0 1629181617 1629181618 1629181618 1629181617 4096 unconfined_u:object_r:user_home_t:s0
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```
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### Choosing your own format
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You can define your own format for output using the `--printf` option and a syntax similar to [printf][4]. Each attribute reported by `stat` has a format sequence (`%C` for SELinux context, `%n` for file name, and so on), so you can choose what you want to see in a report.
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```
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$ stat --printf="%n\n%C\n" planets.xml
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planets.xml
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unconfined_u:object_r:user_home_t:s0
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$ $ stat --printf="Name: %n\nModified: %y\n" planets.xml
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Name: planets.xml
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Modified: 2021-08-17 18:26:58.738332799 +1200
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```
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Here are some common format sequences:
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* **%a** access rights
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* **%F** file type
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* **%n** file name
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* **%U** user name
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* **%u** user ID
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* **%g** group ID
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* **%w** time of birth
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* **%y** modification time
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A full listing of format sequences is available in the `stat` man page and the `coreutils` info pages.
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### File information
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If you've ever tried to parse the output of `ls -l`, then you'll appreciate the flexibility of the `stat` command. You don't always need every bit of the default information that `stat` provides, but the command is invaluable when you do need some or all of it. Whether you read its output in its default format, or you create your own queries, the `stat` command gives you easy access to the data about your data.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/21/8/linux-stat-file-status
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作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/yearbook-haff-rx-linux-file-lead_0.png?itok=-i0NNfDC (Hand putting a Linux file folder into a drawer)
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[2]: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/
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[3]: https://opensource.com/article/20/9/awk-ebook
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[4]: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/printf
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@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
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[#]: subject: "Check file status on Linux with the stat command"
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[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/21/8/linux-stat-file-status"
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[#]: author: "Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth"
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[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
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[#]: translator: "New-World-2019"
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[#]: reviewer: " "
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[#]: publisher: " "
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[#]: url: " "
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在 Linux 上使用 stat 命令查看文件状态
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======
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只需要一个 Linux 命令，你就可以获取到任何文件或文件系统的所有信息。
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![Hand putting a Linux file folder into a drawer][1]
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命令 `stat` 被包含在 GNU `coreutils` 软件包里，它提供了关于文件和文件系统的各种元数据，包括文件大小、结点位置、访问权限和 SELinux 上下文以及创建和修改时间。通常情况下，你需要多个不同命令获取的信息，这一个命令就可以实现。
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### 在 Linux 上安装 stat 命令
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在 Linux 系统中，可能早已安装了 `state` 命令，因为它是核心功能软件包的一部分，默认情况下，通常包含在 Linux 发行版里。
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如果系统中没有安装 `stat` 命令，你可以使用包管理器安装 `coreutils` 软件包。
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另外，你可以 [ 使用源码编译 coreutils 包 ][2]。
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### 获取文件状态
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运行 `stat` 命令可以获取指定文件或目录易于理解的输出。
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```
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$ stat planets.xml
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File: planets.xml
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Size: 325 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file
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Device: fd03h/64771d Inode: 140217 Links: 1
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Access: (0664/-rw-rw-r--) Uid: (1000/tux) Gid: (100/users)
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Context: unconfined_u:object_r:user_home_t:s0
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Access: 2021-08-17 18:26:57.281330711 +1200
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Modify: 2021-08-17 18:26:58.738332799 +1200
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Change: 2021-08-17 18:26:58.738332799 +1200
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Birth: 2021-08-17 18:26:57.281330711 +1200
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```
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输出的信息很容易理解，但是包含了很多的信息，这里是 `stat` 所包含的项：
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* **File**: 文件名
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* **Size**: 文件大小，以字节表示
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* **Blocks**: 在硬盘驱动器上为文件保留的数据块的数量
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* **IO Block**: 文件系统块大小
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* **regular file**: 文件类型（普通文件，目录，文件系统）
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* **Device**: 文件所在的设备
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* **Inode**: 文件所在的 Inode 号
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* **Links**: 文件的链接数
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* **Access, UID, GID**: 文件权限，用户和组的所有者
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* **Context**: SELinux 上下文
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* **Access, Modify, Change, Birth**: 文件被访问、修改、更改状态以及创建时的时间戳
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### 精简输出
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对于非常了解输出或者想要使用其它工具（例如：[awk][3]）解析输出的人，这里可以使用 `--terse`（短参数为 `-t`) 参数，实现没有标题或换行符的格式化输出。
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```
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$ stat --terse planets.xml
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planets.xml 325 8 81b4 100977 100 fd03 140217 1 0 0 1629181617 1629181618 1629181618 1629181617 4096 unconfined_u:object_r:user_home_t:s0
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```
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### 选择自己的格式
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你可以使用 `--printf` 参数以及与 [printf][4] 类似的语法定义自己的输出格式。`stat` 的每一个属性都有一个格式序列（`%C` 表示 SELinux 上下文，`%n` 表示文件名等等），所以，你可以选择你想要的输出格式。
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```
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$ stat --printf="%n\n%C\n" planets.xml
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planets.xml
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unconfined_u:object_r:user_home_t:s0
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$ $ stat --printf="Name: %n\nModified: %y\n" planets.xml
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Name: planets.xml
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Modified: 2021-08-17 18:26:58.738332799 +1200
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```
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下面是一些常见的格式序列：
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* **%a** 访问权限
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* **%F** 文件类型
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* **%n** 文件名
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* **%U** 用户名
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* **%u** 用户 ID
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* **%g** 组 ID
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* **%w** 创建时间
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* **%y** 修改时间
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在 `stat` 手册和 `coreutils` 信息页中都有完整的格式化序列列表。
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### 文件信息
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如果你曾经尝试解析过 `ls -l` 的输出，那么，你会很喜欢 `stat` 命令的灵活性。你并不是每次都需要 `stat` 提供的所有信息，但是，当你需要其中一些或全部的时候它是非常有用的。不管你是读取默认输出，还是你自己创建的查询输出，`stat` 命令都可以让你访问想要的数据。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/21/8/linux-stat-file-status
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作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[New-World-2019](https://github.com/New-World-2019)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/yearbook-haff-rx-linux-file-lead_0.png?itok=-i0NNfDC (Hand putting a Linux file folder into a drawer)
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[2]: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/
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[3]: https://opensource.com/article/20/9/awk-ebook
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[4]: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/printf
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