Merge pull request #6 from LCTT/master

Update Repo

README.md

@@ -49,93 +49,125 @@ LCTT的组成
 * 2014/10/08 提升bazz2为Core Translators成员。
 * 2014/11/04 提升zpl1025为Core Translators成员。
 * 2014/12/25 提升runningwater为Core Translators成员。
+* 2015/04/19 发起 LFS-BOOK-7.7-systemd 项目。
 
 活跃成员
 -------------------------------
 
-目前活跃成员有：
-- CORE [wxy](https://github.com/wxy),
-- CORE [carolinewuyan](https://github.com/carolinewuyan),
-- CORE [DeadFire](https://github.com/DeadFire),
-- CORE [geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi),
-- CORE [GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux),
-- CORE [reinoir](https://github.com/reinoir),
-- CORE [bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2),
-- CORE [zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025),
-- Senior [tinyeyeser](https://github.com/tinyeyeser),
-- Senior [vito-L](https://github.com/vito-L),
-- Senior [jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng),
-- Senior [willqian](https://github.com/willqian),
-- Senior [vizv](https://github.com/vizv),
-- [runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater),
-- [luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat),
-- [Vic020](https://github.com/Vic020),
-- [KayGuoWhu](https://github.com/KayGuoWhu),
-- [alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x),
-- [ZTinoZ](https://github.com/ZTinoZ),
-- [2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007),
-- [flsf](https://github.com/flsf),
-- [blueabysm](https://github.com/blueabysm),
-- [barney-ro](https://github.com/barney-ro),
-- [su-kaiyao](https://github.com/su-kaiyao),
-- [crowner](https://github.com/crowner),
-- [Linchenguang](https://github.com/Linchenguang),
-- [Linux-pdz](https://github.com/Linux-pdz),
-- [linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap),
-- [yechunxiao19](https://github.com/yechunxiao19),
-- [woodboow](https://github.com/woodboow),
-- [SPccman](https://github.com/SPccman),
-- [disylee](https://github.com/disylee),
-- [cvsher](https://github.com/cvsher),
-- [ThomazL](https://github.com/ThomazL),
-- [Stevearzh](https://github.com/Stevearzh),
-- [felixonmars](https://github.com/felixonmars),
-- [scusjs](https://github.com/scusjs),
-- [johnhoow](https://github.com/johnhoow),
-- [hyaocuk](https://github.com/hyaocuk),
-- [MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder),
-- [theo-l](https://github.com/theo-l),
-- [wangjiezhe](https://github.com/wangjiezhe),
-- [jiajia9linuxer](https://github.com/jiajia9linuxer),
-- [NearTan](https://github.com/NearTan),
-- [l3b2w1](https://github.com/l3b2w1),
-- [shipsw](https://github.com/shipsw),
-- [boredivan](https://github.com/boredivan),
-- [Love-xuan](https://github.com/Love-xuan),
-- [JonathanKang](https://github.com/JonathanKang),
-- [luoyutiantang](https://github.com/luoyutiantang),
-- [owen-carter](https://github.com/owen-carter),
-- [icybreaker](https://github.com/icybreaker),
-- [tenght](https://github.com/tenght),
-- [rogetfan](https://github.com/rogetfan),
-- [liuaiping](https://github.com/liuaiping),
-- [nd0104](https://github.com/nd0104),
-- [szrlee](https://github.com/szrlee),
-- [lfzark](https://github.com/lfzark),
-- [ggaaooppeenngg](https://github.com/ggaaooppeenngg),
-- [CNprober](https://github.com/CNprober),
-- [coloka](https://github.com/coloka),
-- [213edu](https://github.com/213edu),
-- [guodongxiaren](https://github.com/guodongxiaren),
-- [Tanete](https://github.com/Tanete),
-- [zzlyzq](https://github.com/zzlyzq),
-- [yujianxuechuan](https://github.com/yujianxuechuan),
-- [ailurus1991](https://github.com/ailurus1991),
-- [FineFan](https://github.com/FineFan),
-- [shaohaolin](https://github.com/shaohaolin),
-- [tomatoKiller](https://github.com/tomatoKiller),
-- [CHINAANSHE](https://github.com/CHINAANSHE),
-- [stduolc](https://github.com/stduolc),
-- [Maclauring](https://github.com/Maclauring),
-- [Hao-Ding](https://github.com/Hao-Ding),
-- [zsJacky](https://github.com/zsJacky),
-- [small-Wood](https://github.com/small-Wood),
-- [cereuz](https://github.com/cereuz),
-- [lijhg](https://github.com/lijhg),
-- [fbigun](https://github.com/fbigun),
+目前 TP 活跃成员有：
+- CORE @wxy,
+- CORE @carolinewuyan,
+- CORE @DeadFire,
+- CORE @geekpi,
+- CORE @GOLinux,
+- CORE @reinoir,
+- CORE @bazz2,
+- CORE @zpl1025,
+- Senior @tinyeyeser,
+- Senior @vito-L,
+- Senior @jasminepeng,
+- Senior @willqian,
+- Senior @vizv,
+- @ZTinoZ,
+- @Vic020,
+- @runningwater,
+- @KayGuoWhu,
+- @luoxcat,
+- @alim0x,
+- @2q1w2007,
+- @theo-l,
+- @ictlyh,
+- @FSSlc,
+- @su-kaiyao,
+- @blueabysm,
+- @flsf,
+- @martin2011qi,
+- @SPccman,
+- @wi-cuckoo,
+- @Linchenguang,
+- @linuhap,
+- @crowner,
+- @Linux-pdz,
+- @H-mudcup,
+- @yechunxiao19,
+- @woodboow,
+- @Stevearzh,
+- @disylee,
+- @cvsher,
+- @wwy-hust,
+- @johnhoow,
+- @felixonmars,
+- @TxmszLou,
+- @shipsw,
+- @scusjs,
+- @wangjiezhe,
+- @hyaocuk,
+- @MikeCoder,
+- @ZhouJ-sh,
+- @boredivan,
+- @goreliu,
+- @l3b2w1,
+- @JonathanKang,
+- @NearTan,
+- @jiajia9linuxer,
+- @Love-xuan,
+- @coloka,
+- @owen-carter,
+- @luoyutiantang,
+- @JeffDing,
+- @icybreaker,
+- @tenght,
+- @liuaiping,
+- @mtunique,
+- @rogetfan,
+- @nd0104,
+- @mr-ping,
+- @szrlee,
+- @lfzark,
+- @CNprober,
+- @DongShuaike,
+- @ggaaooppeenngg,
+- @haimingfg,
+- @213edu,
+- @Tanete,
+- @guodongxiaren,
+- @zzlyzq,
+- @FineFan,
+- @yujianxuechuan,
+- @Medusar,
+- @shaohaolin,
+- @ailurus1991,
+- @liaoishere,
+- @CHINAANSHE,
+- @stduolc,
+- @yupmoon,
+- @tomatoKiller,
+- @zhangboyue,
+- @kingname,
+- @KevinSJ,
+- @zsJacky,
+- @willqian,
+- @Hao-Ding,
+- @JygjHappy,
+- @Maclauring,
+- @small-Wood,
+- @cereuz,
+- @fbigun,
+- @lijhg,
+- @soooogreen,
 
 
-（更新于2014/12/02，以Github contributors列表排名）
+LFS 项目活跃成员有：
+
+- @ictlyh
+- @dongfengweixiao
+- @wxy
+- @H-mudcup
+- @zpl1025
+- @KevinSJ
+- @Yuking-net
+
+（更新于2015/05/31，以Github contributors列表排名）
 
 谢谢大家的支持！
 

published/201505/20150205 zBackup--A versatile deduplicating backup tool.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-zBackup——一个通用的重复数据备份工具
+zBackup：一个多功能的去重备份工具
 ================================================================================
-zbackup是一个基于rsync思想的全局重复数据备份工具。给它传入一个大的tar文件后，它会存储该文件的重复区域（仅进行一次），然后对结果进行压缩，并根据参数确定是否对其加密。传入另一个tar文件后，它会从之前的已备份文件中复用重复的数据。只有新的改动会被保存，并且只要文件变动不是很大，需要的存储空间非常少。任何时候之前的已备份文件都可以被完整地读出来。
+zbackup是一个基于rsync思想的全局去重数据备份工具。给它传入一个大的tar文件后，它会仅存储一次该文件的重复部分，然后对结果进行压缩，并根据参数确定是否对其加密。传入另一个tar文件后，它会从之前的已备份文件中复用重复数据。只有新的改动会被保存，并且只要文件差异不是很大，需要的存储空间非常少。无论何时，之前的已备份文件都可以被完整地读出来。
 
 ### zBackup特性 ###
 
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ zbackup是一个基于rsync思想的全局重复数据备份工具。给它传
 - 使用内置的AES加密算法加密已备份数据
 - 可以删除旧的已备份数据
 - 使用一个64位滚动哈希，保持软碰撞数量为0
-- 已备份数据由不可更改的文件组成。任何现有文件都没有被更改过
+- 备份库由不可更改的文件组成，只有库中不存在的文件才能修改
 - 使用C++语言编写，并且只有适量的依赖库
 - 可以在生产环境安全使用
 - 可以在不同备份库中交换数据而无需重新压缩
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ zbackup是一个基于rsync思想的全局重复数据备份工具。给它传
 
     zbackup init [--non-encrypted] [--password-file ~/.my_backup_password ] /my/backup/repo
 
-`zbackup backup`命令备份一个由`tar c`创建的tar文件到刚才使用`zbackup init`初始化的备份库。（译注：实际使用时类似这样，tar c files | zbackup ...）
+`zbackup backup`命令备份一个由`tar c`命令创建的tar文件到刚才使用`zbackup init`初始化的备份库。（LCTT 译注：实际使用时类似这样，tar c files | zbackup ...）
 
     zbackup [--password-file ~/.my_backup_password ] [--threads number_of_threads ] backup /my/backup/repo/backups/backup-`date ‘+%Y-%m-%d'`
 
@@ -37,18 +37,15 @@ zbackup是一个基于rsync思想的全局重复数据备份工具。给它传
 
 - -non-encrypted -- 不加密备份库。
 - --password-file ~/.my_backup_password -- 使用位于~/.my_backup_password的口令文件来加密备份库和待备份文件，以及解密已备份文件。
-- --threads number_of_threads -- 限制并行LZMA压缩的线程数到number_of_threads。建议在32位的系统平台使用。
+- --threads number_of_threads -- 限制并行LZMA压缩的线程数为 number_of_threads。建议在32位的系统平台使用。
 - --cache-size cache_size_in_mb -- 使用cache_size_in_mb中的缓存大小来加速恢复文件的过程。
 
-### zBackup相关文件 ###
+### 上述命令中 zBackup 相关文件 ###
 
-~/.my_backup_password 用来加密备份库和待备份文件，以及解密已备份文件。更多细节见zbackup。
-
-/my/backup/repo 存放备份库的目录。
-
-/my/precious/restored-tar 用来恢复已备份文件的tar文件。
-
-/my/backup/repo/backups/backup-`date ‘+%Y-%m-%d'` 指定的之前已备份文件的文件名。
+- ~/.my_backup_password 用来加密备份库和待备份文件，以及解密已备份文件。更多细节见zbackup。
+- /my/backup/repo 存放备份库的目录。
+- /my/precious/restored-tar 用来恢复已备份文件的tar文件。
+- /my/backup/repo/backups/backup-`date ‘+%Y-%m-%d'` 指定的之前已备份文件的文件名。
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -56,7 +53,7 @@ via: http://www.ubuntugeek.com/zbackup-a-versatile-deduplicating-backup-tool.htm
 
 作者：[ruchi][a]
 译者：[goreliu](https://github.com/goreliu)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 

published/201505/20150227 Enjoy Android Apps on Ubuntu using ARChon Runtime.md

@@ -1,18 +1,19 @@
-使用ARChon环境在Ubuntu上运行Android应用
+使用 ARChon 运行时环境在 Ubuntu 上运行 Android 应用
 ================================================================================
-在此之前，我们尝试过在多款安卓应用模拟器工具上运行安卓应用，比如Genymotion、VirtualBox和Android SDK等。但是，有了这套全新的Chrome安卓运行环境，就可以在Chrome浏览器中运行安卓应用了。所以，下面是一些步骤来指导如何使用ARChon运行环境在Ubuntu上安装安卓应用。
 
-谷歌已经公布了[首批支持原生运行在Chrome OS的安卓应用][1]，而使用一个全新的“**安卓运行环境**”扩展程序使其成为可能。如今，一位名为Vlad Filippov的开发者已经找到了一种把安卓应用移植到桌面端Chrome浏览器的方法。他把chromeos-apk脚本和ARChon安卓运行环境扩展程序两者紧密结合在一起，使得安卓应用可以运行在Windows、Max和Linux系统的桌面端Chrome浏览器中。
+在此之前，我们尝试过在多款安卓应用模拟器工具上运行安卓应用，比如Genymotion、VirtualBox和Android SDK等。但是，有了这套全新的Chrome安卓运行环境，就可以在Chrome浏览器中运行安卓应用了。所以，下面是一些步骤来指导你如何使用ARChon运行时环境在Ubuntu上安装安卓应用。
 
-应用借助这种运行环境时的性能并不是很好。同样，由于它是官方运行环境的非官方二次开发包，而且运行在Google的Chrome OS之外，因此一些如webcam和speaker等系统集成工具可能需要通过打补丁获得或者根本就没有。
+谷歌已经公布了[首批支持原生运行在Chrome OS的安卓应用][1]，而这个全新的“**安卓运行时环境**”扩展程序使其成为可能。如今，一位名为Vlad Filippov的开发者已经找到了一种把安卓应用移植到桌面端Chrome浏览器的方法。他把chromeos-apk脚本和ARChon安卓运行环境扩展程序两者紧密结合在一起，使得安卓应用可以运行在Windows、Max和Linux系统的桌面端Chrome浏览器中。
+
+应用借助这种运行环境时的性能并不是很好。同样，由于它是官方运行环境的非官方二次开发包，而且运行在Google的Chrome OS之外，因此一些如摄像头和喇叭等系统内置设备可能需要通过打补丁获得或者根本不支持。
 
 ### 安装Chrome ###
 
 首先，需要在机器上安装Chrome，版本要求是Chrome 37或者更高。可以从[Chrome浏览器的下载页面][2]下载。
 
-如果打算安装Dev Channel版本，按照如下操作。
+如果打算安装开发通道版本，按照如下操作。
 
-首先，使用这个命令为Google Chrome添加软件源列表：
+使用这个命令为Google Chrome添加软件源列表：
 
     $ wget -q -O - https://dl-ssl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub | sudo apt-key add -
     $ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb/ stable main" >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-chrome.list'
@@ -23,7 +24,8 @@
 
     $ sudo apt-get update
 
-现在，就可以安装非稳定版的google chrome，即开发版。
+现在，就可以安装非稳定版的google chrome，即开发版：
+
     $ sudo apt-get install google-chrome-unstable
 
 ![Installing Google chrome unstable](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/installing-google-chrome-unstable.png)
@@ -34,11 +36,11 @@
 
 **32位** Ubntu发行版：
 
-- [Download Archron for 32-bit Ubuntu][3]
+- [下载 32 位版 Ubuntu 上的 Archron][3]
 
 **64位** Ubntu发行版：
 
-- [Download Archron for 64-bit Ubuntu][4]
+- [下载 64 位版 Ubuntu 上的  Archron][4]
 
 下载好运行环境安装包后，从.zip文件中解压，并将解压得到的目录移动到Home目录。操作命令如下：
 
@@ -48,11 +50,11 @@
 
     $ unzip ARChon-v1.1-x86_32.zip ~/
 
-接下来是安装运行时环境，首先打开Google Chrome浏览器，在地址栏键入**chrome://extensions**。然后，选中“**开发者模式**”。最后，点击“**载入未打包扩展程序**”,选择刚才放置在**~/Home**下面的文件夹。
+接下来是安装运行时环境，首先打开Google Chrome浏览器，在地址栏键入**chrome://extensions**。然后，选中“**开发者模式**”。最后，点击“**载入未打包扩展程序**”，选择刚才放置在**~/Home**下面的文件夹。
 
 ### 安装 ChromeOS-APK ###
 
-如果要用到上面提到的应用，那么手动转换这些APKs无需复杂的操作——只需要安装“[chromeos-apk][5]”命令行JavaScript工具。可以在Node Package Modules（npm）管理器中安装它。为了安装npm和chromeos-apk，在shell或终端中运行下面命令：
+如果要用到上面提到的那些应用，那么手动转换这些APK无需复杂的操作——只需要安装“[chromeos-apk][5]”命令行JavaScript工具。可以在Node Package Modules（npm）管理器中安装它。为了安装npm和chromeos-apk，在shell或终端中运行下面命令：
 
     $ sudo apt-get install npm nodejs nodejs-legacy
 
@@ -86,7 +88,7 @@
 
 ### 运行安卓Apk ###
 
-最后，打开chrome浏览器，然后进入chrome://extensions页面，勾选开发者模式。点击“载入未打包扩展程序”按钮，选择文件夹载入刚创建的脚本。
+最后，打开chrome浏览器，然后进入chrome://extensions页面，勾选开发者模式。点击“载入未打包扩展程序”按钮，选择上面脚本刚创建的文件夹。
 
 至此，就可以打开Chrome应用启动器运行安卓应用了。
 
@@ -100,7 +102,7 @@ via: http://linoxide.com/ubuntu-how-to/android-apps-ubuntu-archon-runtime/
 
 作者：[Arun Pyasi][a]
 译者：[KayGuoWhu](https://github.com/KayGuoWhu)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 

published/201505/20150318 How to share a directory with Samba on Fedora or CentOS.md

@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+如何在Fedora或CentOS上使用Samba共享文件夹
+================================================================================
+如今，无论在家里或者是办公场所，不同的电脑之间共享文件夹已不是什么新鲜事了。在这种趋势下，现代操作系统通过网络文件系统的方式使得电脑间数据的交换变得简单而透明。如果您工作的环境中既有微软的Windows又有Linux，那么，一个共享文件及目录的方式便是通过一个跨平台网络文件共享协议：SMB/CIFS。Windows原生的支持SMB/CIFS，Linux也通过开源的软件Samba实现了SMB/CIFS协议。
+
+在这篇文章中，我们将展示**如何使用Samba共享文件夹**。我们使用的Linux平台是**Fedora或CentOS**。这篇文章分为四部分。首先，我们在Fedora/CentOS环境下安装Sambe。接着，我们讨论如何调整SELinux和防火墙配置以允许Samba的文件共享。最后我们介绍如何使用Samba来共享文件夹。
+
+### 步骤1：在Fedora和CentOS上安装Samba ###
+
+首先，安装Samba以及进行一些基本的配置。
+
+检验Samba是否已经安装在您的系统中：
+
+    $ rpm -q samba samba-common samba-client 
+
+如果上面的命令没有任何输出，这意味着Samba并未安装。这时，应使用下面的命令来安装Samba。
+
+    $ sudo yum install samba samba-common samba-client 
+
+接下来，创建一个用于在网络中共享的本地文件夹。这个文件夹应该以Samba共享的方式导出到远程的用户。在这个指南中，我们会在顶层文件夹'/'中创建这个文件夹，因此，请确保您有相应的权限。
+
+    $ sudo mkdir /shared 
+
+如果您想在您的home文件夹内创建共享文件夹（例如，~/shared），您必须激活SELinux中Samba的home文件夹共享选项，具体将在后面提到。
+
+在创建/shared文件夹后，设置文件夹权限以保证其余用户可以访问它。
+
+    $ sudo chmod o+rw /shared 
+
+如果您不想其他用户对该文件夹拥有写权限，您需要移除命令中的'w'选项。
+
+    $ sudo chmod o+r /shared 
+
+接下来，创建一个空文件来测试。这个文件可以被用来验证Samba的共享已经被挂载。
+
+    $ sudo touch /shared/file1 
+
+### 步骤2：为Samba配置SELinux ###
+
+接下来，我们需要再次配置SELinux。在Fedora和CentOS发行版中SELinux是默认开启的。SELinux仅在正确的安全配置下才允许Samba读取和修改文件或文件夹。（例如，加上'samba_share_t'属性标签）。
+
+下面的命令为文件的配置添加必要的标签：
+
+    $ sudo semanage fcontext -a -t samba_share_t "<directory>(/.*)?" 
+
+将<directory>替换为我们之前为Samba共享创建的本地文件夹（例如，/shared）：
+
+    $ sudo semanage fcontext -a -t samba_share_t "/shared(/.*)?" 
+
+我们必须执行restorecon命令来激活修改的标签，命令如下：
+
+    $ sudo restorecon -R -v /shared 
+
+![](https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8584/16652774078_2055f45f70_b.jpg)
+
+为了通过Samba共享在我们home文件夹内的文件夹，我们必须在SELinux中开启共享home文件夹的选项，该选项默认被关闭。下面的命令能达到该效果。如果您并未共享您的home文件夹，那么您可以跳过该步骤。
+
+    $ sudo setsebool -P samba_enable_home_dirs 1 
+
+### 步骤3：为Samba配置防火墙 ###
+
+下面的命令用来打开防火墙中Samba共享所需的TCP/UDP端口。
+
+如果您在使用firewalld（例如，在Fedora和CentOS7下），接下来的命令将会永久的修改Samba相关的防火墙规则。
+
+    $ sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=samba 
+
+如果您在防火墙中使用iptables（例如，CentOS6或者更早的版本），可以使用下面的命令来打开Samba必要的向外的端口。
+
+    $ sudo vi /etc/sysconfig/iptables 
+
+----------
+
+    -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 445 -j ACCEPT
+    -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m udp -p udp --dport 445 -j ACCEPT
+    -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m udp -p udp --dport 137 -j ACCEPT
+    -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m udp -p udp --dport 138 -j ACCEPT
+    -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 139 -j ACCEPT
+
+然后重启iptables服务：
+
+    $ sudo service iptables restart 
+
+### 步骤4：更改Samba配置 ###
+
+后面的步骤用来配置Samba以将本地文件夹导出为Samba共享文件夹。
+
+使用文件编辑器打开Samba配置文件，并将下面的行添加到文件的末尾。
+
+    $ sudo nano /etc/samba/smb.conf 
+
+----------
+
+    [myshare]
+    comment=my shared files
+    path=/shared
+    public=yes
+    writeable=yes
+
+上面在括号内的文本（例如，"myshare"）是Samba共享的资源的名字，它被用来从远程主机存取Samba共享。
+
+创建Samba用户帐户，这是挂载和导出Samba文件系统所必须的。我们可以使用smbpasswd工具来创建一个Samba用户。注意，Samba用户帐户必须是已有的Linux用户。如果您尝试使用smbpasswd添加一个不存在的用户，它会返回一个错误的消息。
+
+如果您不想使用任何已存在的Linux用户作为Samba用户，您可以在您的系统中创建一个新的用户。为安全起见，设置新用户的登录脚本为/sbin/nologin，并且不创建该用户的home文件夹。
+
+在这个例子中，我们创建了一个名叫"sambaguest"的用户，如下：
+
+    $ sudo useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin sambaguest
+    $ sudo passwd sambaguest 
+
+![](https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8702/16814479366_53f540d3ba_b.jpg)
+
+在创建一个新用户后，使用smbpasswd命令添加Samba用户。当这个命令询问一个密码时，您可以键入一个与其用户密码不同的密码。
+
+    $ sudo smbpasswd -a sambaguest
+
+激活Samba服务，并检测Samba服务是否在运行。
+
+    $ sudo systemctl enable smb.service
+    $ sudo systemctl start smb.service
+    $ sudo systemctl is-active smb 
+
+![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7607/16652984770_622f24bccc_b.jpg)
+
+使用下面的命令来查看Samba中共享的文件夹列表。
+
+    $ smbclient -U sambaguest -L localhost 
+
+![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7281/16220411103_06bf585901_b.jpg)
+
+接下来是在Thunar文件管理器中访问Samba共享文件夹以及对file1进行拷贝复制的截图。注意，Samba的共享内容可以通过在Thunar中通过 `smb://<samba-server-IP-address>/myshare` 这个地址来访问。
+
+![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7644/16218011174_c8b34fcedc_b.jpg)
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://xmodulo.com/share-directory-samba-fedora-centos.html
+
+作者：[Kristophorus Hadiono][a]
+译者：[wwy-hust](https://github.com/wwy-hust)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/kristophorus

published/201505/20150320 Sleuth Kit--Open Source Forensic Tool to Analyze Disk Images and Recover Files.md

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-Sleuth Kit -- 一个用来分析磁盘映像和恢复文件的开源取证工具
+Sleuth Kit：一个用来分析磁盘映像和恢复文件的开源取证工具
 ================================================================================
-SIFT 是一个由 SANS 公司提供的基于 Ubuntu 的取证发行版本。它包含许多取证工具，如 Sleuth kit/Autopsy 。但 Sleuth kit / Autopsy 可以直接在 Ubuntu 或 Fedora 发行版本上直接安装，而不必下载 SIFT 的整个发行版本。
+SIFT 是一个由 SANS 公司提供的基于 Ubuntu 的取证发行版。它包含许多取证工具，如 Sleuth kit/Autopsy 。但 Sleuth kit/Autopsy 可以直接在 Ubuntu 或 Fedora 发行版本上直接安装，而不必下载 SIFT 的整个发行版本。
 
-Sleuth Kit/Autopsy 是一个开源的电子取证调查工具，它被用于从磁盘映像中恢复丢失的文件，基于事件响应的磁盘映像的分析。 Autopsy 工具是 sleuth kit 的一个网页接口，支持 sleuth kit 的所有功能。这个工具在 Windows 和 Linux 平台下都可获取到。
+Sleuth Kit/Autopsy 是一个开源的电子取证调查工具，它可以用于从磁盘映像中恢复丢失的文件，以及为了特殊事件进行磁盘映像分析。 Autopsy 工具是 sleuth kit 的一个网页接口，支持 sleuth kit 的所有功能。这个工具在 Windows 和 Linux 平台下都可获取到。
 
 ### 安装 Sleuth kit ###
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Sleuth Kit/Autopsy 是一个开源的电子取证调查工具，它被用于从
 
 ### 安装 Autopsy 工具 ###
 
-Sleuth kit 已经安装完毕，现在我们将为它安装 autopsy 界面。从 [sleuthkit 的 autopsy 页面][2] 下载 Autopsy 软件。使用下面的命令在虚拟终端下使用 wget 命令来下载它，下图展示了这个过程。
+Sleuth kit 已经安装完毕，现在我们将为它安装 autopsy 界面。从 [sleuthkit 的 autopsy 页面][2]下载 Autopsy 软件。使用下面的命令在虚拟终端下使用 wget 命令来下载它，下图展示了这个过程。
 
     # wget http://kaz.dl.sourceforge.net/project/autopsy/autopsy/2.24/autopsy-2.24.tar.gz
 
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ autopsy 的配置脚本将询问 NSRL (National Software Reference Library) 和
 
 ![Autopsy](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/autopsy-started.png)
 
-在浏览器中键入下面的地址来获取 autopsy 的界面：
+在浏览器中键入下面的地址来访问 autopsy 的界面：
 
     http://localhost:9999/autopsy
 
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ autopsy 的配置脚本将询问 NSRL (National Software Reference Library) 和
 
 ![添加主机的详细信息](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/add-host-detial.png)
 
-点击 **增加映像** 按钮来为取证分析添加映像文件。
+添加主机后，点击 **增加映像** 按钮来为取证分析添加映像文件。
 
 ![添加映像](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/add-image.png)
 
@@ -98,11 +98,11 @@ autopsy 的配置脚本将询问 NSRL (National Software Reference Library) 和
 
 ![添加映像文件](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Add-image-file.png)
 
-正如下图中展示的那样，我们已经键入了 Linux 映像文件的路径。在我们这个例子中，映像文件是磁盘的分区。
+正如下图中展示的那样，我们已经键入了 Linux 映像文件的路径。在我们这个例子中，映像文件类型是磁盘分区。
 
 ![添加映像分区](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/add-image-parition.png)
 
-点击 下一步 按钮并在下一页中选择 **计算散列值** 的选项，这在下图中有展示。它也将检测所给映像的文件系统类型。
+点击“下一步”按钮并在下一页中选择 **计算散列值** 的选项，这在下图中有展示。它也将检测所给映像的文件系统类型。
  
 ![映像和文件系统详情](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/image-and-file-system-detail.png)
 
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ autopsy 的配置脚本将询问 NSRL (National Software Reference Library) 和
 
 ### 结论 ###
 
-希望这篇文章能够给那些进入磁盘映像的静态分析领域的新手提供帮助。Autopsy 是 sleuth kit 的网页界面，提供了在 Windows 和 Linux 磁盘映像中进行诸如字符串提取，恢复被删文件，时间线分析，网络浏览历史，关键字搜索和邮件分析等功能。
+希望这篇文章能够给那些进入磁盘映像静态分析领域的新手提供帮助。Autopsy 是 sleuth kit 的网页界面，提供了在 Windows 和 Linux 磁盘映像中进行诸如字符串提取，恢复被删文件，时间线分析，网络浏览历史，关键字搜索和邮件分析等功能。
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ via: http://linoxide.com/ubuntu-how-to/autopsy-sleuth-kit-installation-ubuntu/
 
 作者：[nido][a]
 译者：[FSSlc](https://github.com/FSSlc)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 

published/201505/20150324 7 Quirky' ls' Command Tricks Every Linux User Should Know.md

@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-Linux用户应知应会的7个‘ls’命令异用技巧
+Linux用户应知应会的7个‘ls’命令的独特技巧
 ================================================================================
+
 在前面我们系列报道的两篇文章中，我们已经涵盖了关于‘ls’命令的绝大多数内容。本文时‘ls命令’系列的最后一部分。如果你还没有读过该系列的其它两篇文章，你可以访问下面的链接。
 
-注：以下三篇都做过源文，看看翻译了没有，如果发布了可适当改链接地址
-
-- [Linux中的15个‘ls’命令基本用法实例][1]
-- [关于Linux “ls”命令的15个面试问题 – 第一部分][2]
-- [10个有用的‘ls’命令面试问题 – 第二部分][3]
+- [Linux中的15个基本‘ls’命令示例][1]
+- [15  个‘ls’命令的面试问题（一）][2]
+- [10 个‘ls’命令面试的问题（二）][3]
 
 ![7 Quirky ls Command Tricks](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/ls-command-tricks.jpg)
-7个ls命令异用技巧
+
+*7个ls命令独特技巧*
 
 ### 1. 以各种时间格式附带时间戳列出目录中的内容 ###
 
@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@ Linux用户应知应会的7个‘ls’命令异用技巧
 
     # ls -l –time-style=[STYLE]               (方法 A)
 
-**注意** - 上面的开关（`--time`格式必须和`-l`开关同时使用，否则达不到目的）。
+**注意** - 上面的开关`--time`的格式必须和`-l`开关同时使用，否则达不到目的。
 
-    # ls –full-time                           (方法 B)
+    # ls -full-time                           (方法 B)
 
-用以下任何一个选项替换`[STYLE]`。
+可以用以下任何一个选项替换`[STYLE]`。
 
     full-iso
     long-iso
@@ -29,64 +29,59 @@ Linux用户应知应会的7个‘ls’命令异用技巧
     locale
     +%H:%M:%S:%D
 
-**注意** - 在上面行中，H（时），M（分），S（秒），D（日期）的顺序可以任意调整。
-
-此外，你只需选择那些相关的选项，而不是所有选项。例如，`ls -l --time-style=+%H`将只显示小时。
-
-`ls -l --time-style=+%H:%M:%D`将显示小时、分钟和日期。 
+**注意** - 在上面行中，H（时），M（分），S（秒），D（日）的顺序可以任意调整。此外，你只需选择那些相关的选项，而不是所有选项。例如，`ls -l --time-style=+%H`将只显示小时。`ls -l --time-style=+%H:%M:%D`将显示小时、分钟和日。 
 
     # ls -l --time-style=full-iso
 
 ![ls Command Full Time Style](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/ls-Command-Full-Time-Style.gif)
-ls命令完整时间格式
+
+*ls命令的完整 ISO时间格式*
 
     # ls -l --time-style=long-iso
 
 ![Long Time Style Listing](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Long-Time-Listing-Format.gif)
-长时间格式列表
+
+*长时间格式列表*
 
     # ls -l --time-style=iso
 
 ![Time Style Listing](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Local-Time-Style-Listing.gif)
-时间格式列表
+
+*时间格式列表*
 
     # ls -l --time-style=locale
 
 ![Locale Time Style Listing](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Hour-Mintue-Time-Style-Listing.gif)
-本地时间格式列表
+
+*本地时间格式列表*
 
     # ls -l --time-style=+%H:%M:%S:%D
 
 ![Date and Time Style Listing](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Full-Time-Style-Listing.gif)
-日期和时间格式列表
+
+*日期和时间格式列表*
 
     # ls --full-time
 
 ![Full Style Time Listing](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Full-Style-Time-Listing.gif)
-完整格式时间列表
+
+*完整格式时间列表*
 
 ### 2. 以多种格式列出目录内容，如以逗号分隔、水平格式、长格式、垂直格式、交叉格式等列出。 ###
 
-目录内容可以用以下建议的ls命令各种格式列出。
+目录内容可以用以下建议的ls命令各种格式列出：
 
-- 交叉
-- 逗号
-- 水平
-- 长格式
-- 单栏
-- 详情
-- 垂直
-
-    # ls –-format=across
-    # ls --format=comma
-    # ls --format=horizontal
-    # ls --format=long
-    # ls --format=single-column
-    # ls --format=verbose
-    # ls --format=vertical
+    # ls --format=across		# 交叉
+    # ls --format=comma			# 逗号
+    # ls --format=horizontal	# 水平
+    # ls --format=long			# 长格式
+    # ls --format=single-column	# 单栏
+    # ls --format=verbose		# 详情
+    # ls --format=vertical		# 垂直
 
 ![Listing Formats of ls Command](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/ls-command-Listing-Formats.gif)
-ls命令的列出格式
+
+*ls命令的列出格式*
 
 ### 3. 使用ls命令为目录内容输出结果添加像（/=@|）这样的指示符。 ###
 
@@ -95,7 +90,8 @@ ls命令的列出格式
     # ls -p
 
 ![Append Indicators to Content](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Append-Indicators.gif)
-添加指示符到内容
+
+*添加指示符到内容*
 
 ### 4. 根据扩展名、大小、时间和版本对目录内容排序。 ###
 
@@ -110,16 +106,18 @@ ls命令的列出格式
     # ls --sort=none
 
 ![Sort Listing of Content by Options](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Sort-Content-by-Extensions.gif)
-通过选项对内容排序列出
 
-### 5. 使用ls命令打印目录中各个内容的数字UID和GID。 ###
+*通过选项对内容排序列出*
+
+### 5. 使用ls命令打印目录中各个项的数字UID和GID。 ###
 
 上面的环境可以通过使用带有-n标识的ls命令来实现。
 
     # ls -n
 
 ![Print Listing of Content by UID and GID](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Print-UID-GID-of-Contents.gif)
-通过UID和GID对打印内容列表
+
+*通过UID和GID对打印内容列表*
 
 ### 6. 标准输出结果中打印目录内容中比默认指定的更多栏目。 ###
 
@@ -132,20 +130,22 @@ ls命令的列出格式
     # ls --width 150
 
 ![List Content Based on Window Sizes](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/List-Content-By-More-Column.gif)
-根据窗口大小列出内容
+
+*根据窗口大小列出内容*
 
 **注意**： 你可以试验你可以给width标识传递什么值。
 
-### 7. 通过ls命令为列出的目录内容手动指定的tab大小而不是默认的8。 ###
+### 7. 通过ls命令为列出的目录内容手动指定的制表符大小而不是默认的8。 ###
 
     # ls --tabsize=[value]
 
 ![List Content by Table Size](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/List-Content-by-Table-Size.gif)
-按表尺寸列出内容
 
-**注意**： 指定`[Value]=`的数值。
+*按表尺寸列出内容*
 
-到目前为止，都讲完了。保持连线到Tecmint，我们会推出下一篇文章。别忘了在下面的评论中为我们提供有价值的反馈。为我们点赞并分享，帮我们推广。
+**注意**： 指定`[Value]`的数值。
+
+到目前为止，都讲完了。保持连线，我们会推出下一篇文章。别忘了在下面的评论中为我们提供有价值的反馈。为我们点赞并分享，帮我们推广。
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -153,11 +153,11 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/linux-ls-command-tricks/
 
 作者：[Avishek Kumar][a]
 译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 
 [a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/
-[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/15-basic-ls-command-examples-in-linux/
-[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/ls-command-interview-questions/
-[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/ls-interview-questions/
+[1]:https://linux.cn/article-5109-1.html
+[2]:https://linux.cn/article-5349-1.html
+[3]:https://linux.cn/article-5350-1.html

published/201505/20150326 How to set up server monitoring system with Monit.md

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 ### Monit是什么？ ###
 
-[Monit][3]是一个跨平台的用来监控Unix/linux系统（比如Linux、BSD、OSX、Solaris）的工具。Monit特别易于安装，而且非常轻量级（只有500KB大小），并且不依赖任何第三方程序、插件或者库。然而，Monit可以胜任全面监控、进程状态监控、文件系统变动监控、邮件通知和对核心服务的自定义回调等场景。易于安装、轻量级的实现以及强大的功能，让Monit成为一个理想的后备监控工具。
+[Monit][3]是一个跨平台的用来监控Unix/linux系统（比如Linux、BSD、OSX、Solaris）的工具。Monit特别易于安装，而且非常轻量级（只有500KB大小），并且不依赖任何第三方程序、插件或者库。然而，Monit可以胜任全面监控、进程状态监控、文件系统变动监控、邮件通知和对核心服务的自定义动作等场景。易于安装、轻量级的实现以及强大的功能，让Monit成为一个理想的后备监控工具。
 
 我已经在一些机器使用Monit几年了，而且我对它的可靠性非常满意。甚至作为全面的监控系统，对任何Linux系统管理员来说Monit也是非常有用和强大的。在这篇教程中，我会展示如何在一个本地服务器部署Monit（作为后备监控系统）来监控常见的服务。在部署过程中，我只会展示我们用到的部分。
 
@@ -24,16 +24,16 @@ Fedora或者CentOS/RHEL：
 
     # yum install monit
 
-Monit自带一个文档完善的配置文件，其中包含了很多例子。主配置文件在/etc/monit.conf（Fedora/CentOS/RHEL），或者/etc/monit/monitrc（Debian/Ubuntu/Mint）。Monit配置文件有两部分：“Global”（全局）和“Services”（服务）。
+Monit自带一个文档完善的配置文件，其中包含了很多例子。主配置文件在/etc/monit.conf（Fedora/CentOS/RHEL 中），或者/etc/monit/monitrc（Debian/Ubuntu/Mint 中）。Monit配置文件有两部分：“Global”（全局）和“Services”（服务）。
 
-### Global Configuration: Web Status Page （全局配置：Web状态页面。LCTT 译注：保留原文是因为和配置文件中的字段对应） ###
+### Global Configuration: Web Status Page （全局配置：Web状态页面） ###
 
-Monit可以使用邮件服务来发送通知，也可以使用HTTP/HTTPS页面来展示。我们先使用符合以下要求的web状态页面吧：
+Monit可以使用邮件服务来发送通知，也可以使用HTTP/HTTPS页面来展示。我们先使用如下配置的web状态页面吧：
 
 - Monit监听1966端口。
 - 对web状态页面的访问是通过SSL加密的。
 - 使用monituser/romania作为用户名/口令登录。
-- 只允许使用localhost、myhost.mydomain.ro和在局域网内部（192.168.0.0/16）访问。
+- 只允许通过localhost、myhost.mydomain.ro和在局域网内部（192.168.0.0/16）访问。
 - Monit使用pem格式的SSL证书。
 
 之后的步骤，我会使用一个基于Red Hat的系统。在基于Debian的系统中的步骤也是类似的。
@@ -99,10 +99,10 @@ Monit可以使用邮件服务来发送通知，也可以使用HTTP/HTTPS页面
 我们必须定义“idfile”，Monit守护进程的一个独一无二的ID文件；以及“eventqueue”，当monit的邮件因为SMTP或者网络故障发不出去，邮件会暂存在这里；以及确保/var/monit路径是存在的。然后使用下边的配置就可以了。
 
     set idfile /var/monit/id
-     set eventqueue
+    set eventqueue
          basedir /var/monit
 
-### 测试Global Configuration（全局配置） ###
+### 测试全局配置 ###
 
 现在“Global”部分就完成了。Monit配置文件看起来像这样：
 
@@ -163,11 +163,11 @@ Monit可以使用邮件服务来发送通知，也可以使用HTTP/HTTPS页面
 
 现在打开一个浏览器窗口，然后访问`https://<monit_host>:1966`。将`<monit_host>`替换成Monit所在机器的机器名或者IP地址。
 
-如果你使用的是自签名的SSL证书，你会在浏览器中看到一个警告信息。
+如果你使用的是自签名的SSL证书，你会在浏览器中看到一个警告信息。继续访问即可。
 
 ![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7596/16737206479_96b9f7dfdb_c.jpg)
 
-你完成登录后，一定要看这个页面。
+你完成登录后，就会看到这个页面。
 
 ![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7594/16303369973_6019482dea_c.jpg)
 
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ Monit可以使用邮件服务来发送通知，也可以使用HTTP/HTTPS页面
        if failed port 22 protocol ssh then restart
        if 5 restarts within 5 cycles then timeout
 
-我们可以这样解释上述配置。我们检查是否存在名为sshd的进程，并且有一个保存pid的文件存在（/var/run/sshd.pid）。如果任何一个不存在，我们就使用启动脚本重启sshd。我们检查是否有进程在监听22端口，并且使用的是SSH协议。如果没有，我们还是重启sshd。如果在最近的5个监控周期（5x120秒）至少重启5次了，sshd就被认为是不能用的，我们就不再检查了。
+我们可以这样解释上述配置：我们检查是否存在名为sshd的进程，并且有一个保存其pid的文件存在（/var/run/sshd.pid）。如果任何一个不存在，我们就使用启动脚本重启sshd。我们检查是否有进程在监听22端口，并且使用的是SSH协议。如果没有，我们还是重启sshd。如果在最近的5个监控周期（5x120秒）至少重启5次了，sshd就被认为是不能用的，我们就不再检查了。
 
 ![](https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8685/16735725998_62c26a24bc_c.jpg)
 
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/server-monitoring-system-monit.html
 
 作者：[Iulian Murgulet][a]
 译者：[goreliu](https://github.com/goreliu)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/server-monitoring-system-monit.html
 [1]:http://xmodulo.com/monitor-common-services-nagios.html
 [2]:http://xmodulo.com/monitor-linux-servers-snmp-cacti.html
 [3]:http://mmonit.com/monit/
-[4]:http://xmodulo.com/how-to-set-up-epel-repository-on-centos.html
+[4]:https://linux.cn/article-2324-1.html
 [5]:http://xmodulo.com/how-to-set-up-rpmforge-repoforge-repository-on-centos.html
 [6]:http://xmodulo.com/mail-server-ubuntu-debian.html
 [7]:http://mmonit.com/wiki/Monit/ConfigurationExamples

published/201505/20150407 5 Linux Command Line Based Tools for Downloading Files and Browsing Websites.md

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-5个基于Linux命令行的文件下载和网站浏览工具
+5 个基于Linux命令行的文件下载和网站浏览工具
 ================================================================================
-GNU/Linux最冒险迷人的部分，Linux命令行，是非常强大的工具。命令行本身功能多样，多种内建或者第三方的命令行应用使得Linux变得更加健壮和强大。Linux Shell支持多种不同类型的网络应用，无论是BT下载软件，专用下载器或者互联网冲浪。
+
+Linux命令行是GNU/Linux中最神奇迷人的部分，它是非常强大的工具。命令行本身功能多样，多种内建或者第三方的命令行应用使得Linux变得更加健壮和强大。Linux Shell支持多种不同类型的网络应用，无论是BT下载软件，专用下载器或者互联网冲浪。
 
 ![命令行互联网工具](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Command-Line-Internet-Tools.jpg)
-5个命令行互联网工具
+
+*5个命令行互联网工具*
 
 这里我们介绍了5个很好的命令行互联网工具，它们非常有用，也很容易上手。
 
@@ -24,7 +26,8 @@ rTorrent是基于文本，用C++编写，追求高性能的Torrent客户端。
     # rtorrent
 
 ![命令行torrent下载器](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/rTorrent.jpeg)
-rTorrent命令行工具
+
+*rTorrent命令行工具*
 
 #### rTorrent的功能 ####
 
@@ -34,18 +37,18 @@ rTorrent命令行工具
 - CTRL+ s – 开始下载
 - CTRL+ d – 停止运行中的下载或者移除已完成的下载
 - CTRL+ k – 停止并关闭运行中的下载
-- CTRL+ r – 在上传/下载torrent之前进行Hash检查
-- CTRL+ q – 执行两次这个命令，rTorrent会直接退出而不发送停止信号
+- CTRL+ r – 在上传/下载种子之前进行Hash检查
+- CTRL+ q – 执行两次这个命令，rTorrent会直接退出而不发送“停止”信号
 - Left Arrow Key – 跳到上一屏幕
 - Right Arrow Key – 跳到下一屏幕
 
 ### 2. Wget ###
 
-Wget是GNU项目的一部分，名字由World Wide Web (WWW)衍生而来。Wget是用来递归下载，离线查看本地服务器HTML文件一个很好的工具，它可用于Windows， Max，以及Linux等大部分平台。Wget能通过HTTP，HTTPS和FTP下载文件。另外，能镜像整个网站，支持代理浏览以及暂停/回复下载使得它更为有用。
+Wget是GNU项目的一部分，名字由World Wide Web (WWW)衍生而来。Wget是用来递归下载、离线查看本地服务器HTML文件一个很好的工具，它可用于Windows， Mac，以及Linux等大部分平台。Wget能通过HTTP，HTTPS和FTP下载文件。另外，能镜像整个网站，支持代理浏览以及暂停/回复下载使得它更为有用。
 
 #### 安装Wget ####
 
-由于是GNE项目的一部分，Wget在大部分标准Linux发行版中都绑定发布，不再需要独立下载安装。如果默认没有安装，你也可以使用apt或者yum安装。
+由于是GNU项目的一部分，Wget捆绑在大部分标准Linux发行版中，不再需要独立下载安装。如果默认没有安装，你也可以使用apt或者yum安装。
 
     # apt­-get install wget        (基于 APT 的系统)
 
@@ -70,13 +73,14 @@ Wget是GNU项目的一部分，名字由World Wide Web (WWW)衍生而来。Wget
 Wget是一个很棒的工具，它允许在资源有限的机器上自定义或者过滤下载。这是镜像一个网站(Yahoo.com)的wget下载截图。
 
 ![Wget 下载文件](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Wget.jpeg)
-Wget 命令行文件下载
 
-要获取更多wget下载的例子，可以阅读我们的文章[10个Wget下载命令例子][1]。
+*Wget 命令行文件下载*
+
+要获取更多wget下载的例子，可以阅读我们的文章[Wget下载命令例子][1]。
 
 ### 3. cURL ###
 
-cURL是在多种协议上传输数据的命令行工具。cURL是支持FTP, HTTP, FTPS, TFTP, TELNET, IMAP, POP3等协议的客户端应用。和其它相对比，在支持LDAP，POP3方面，cURL是和wget不同的简单下载器。cURL也很好的支持代理下载，暂停下载以及恢复下载。
+cURL是在多种协议上传输数据的命令行工具。cURL是支持FTP, HTTP, FTPS, TFTP, TELNET, IMAP, POP3等协议的客户端应用。cURL是一个不同于wget 的简单下载器，和其它的相比，它支持LDAP，POP3。cURL也很好的支持代理下载，暂停下载以及恢复下载。
 
 #### 安装cURL ####
 
@@ -93,14 +97,16 @@ cURL的基本使用方法
     # curl www.tecmint.com
 
 ![Curl 下载](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Curl.jpeg)
-Curl 下载数据
+
+*Curl 下载*
 
 ![Curl 下载数据](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Curl-2.jpeg)
-Curl 下载
+
+*Curl 下载*
 
 ### 4. w3m ###
 
-W3m是GPL协议下发布的基于文本的web浏览器。W3m支持表格，帧，颜色，SSL连接以及内联图像。W3m由于快速浏览而出名。
+W3m是GPL协议下发布的基于文本的web浏览器。W3m支持表格，帧，颜色，SSL连接以及内联图像。W3m以快速浏览而出名。
 
 #### 安装w3m ####
 
@@ -117,11 +123,12 @@ W3m在大部分Linux发行版中也是默认可用的。如果不可用的话可
     # w3m www.tecmint.com
 
 ![命令行浏览器](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/w3m.jpeg)
-基于文本的web浏览器w3m
+
+*基于文本的web浏览器w3m*
 
 ### 5. Elinks ###
 
-Elinks是基于文本，给基于Unix和基于Unix的系统使用的免费web浏览器。Elinks支持 HTTP，HTTP Cookies以及支持浏览Pery和Ruby脚本。也很好的支持基于标签的浏览。最棒的是它支持鼠标，颜色显示以及支持一系列的协议，例如HTTP, FTP, SMB, Ipv4 和 Ipv6。
+Elinks是基于文本的免费浏览器，用于Unix及基于Unix的系统。Elinks支持 HTTP，HTTP Cookies以及支持浏览Perl和Ruby脚本（LCTT 译注：应该是指 CGI）。也很好的支持选项卡浏览。最棒的是它支持鼠标、彩色以及支持一系列的协议，例如HTTP, FTP, SMB, Ipv4 和 Ipv6。
 
 #### 安装Elinks ####
 
@@ -138,7 +145,8 @@ Elinks的基本使用方法
     # elinks www.tecmint.com
 
 ![命令行互联网浏览](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Elinks.jpeg)
-Elinks命令行浏览互联网
+
+*Elinks命令行浏览互联网*
 
 就是这些了。有你们喜欢读的有趣的文章，我会再次来到这里。到那时尽请关注并保持和Tecmint的联系，别忘了在评论部分给我们你的宝贵的反馈。
 
@@ -148,9 +156,9 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/linux-command-line-tools-for-downloading-files/
 
 作者：[Avishek Kumar][a]
 译者：[ictlyh](https://github.com/ictlyh)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 
 [a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/
-[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/10-wget-command-examples-in-linux/
+[1]:https://linux.cn/article-4129-1.html

published/201505/20150407 How to secure BGP sessions using authentication on Quagga.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ Quagga上使用验证加固BGP会话安全
 ================================================================================
 BGP协议运行于TCP之上，因而，它也继承了TCP连接的所有漏洞。例如，在一个BGP会话内，攻击者可以冒充一个合法的BGP邻居，然后说服另一端的BGP路由器共享路由信息给攻击者。在攻击者通告并向邻居路由注入伪造的路由时，就会发生这个问题。毫无戒备的邻居路由器就会开始向攻击者发送通信实况，实际上这些信息并没有去向任何地方，仅仅只是被丢弃了。回到2008年，YouTube实际上也[受害于][1]这样的BGP路由中毒，并遭受了长达一个小时的视频服务大量中断。一个更加糟糕的情况是，如果攻击者是个足够懂行的人，他们可以伪装成一台透明路由器，然后嗅探经过的通信以获取敏感数据。你可以想象，这会造成深远的影响。
 
-要保护活跃的BGP会话不受攻击，许多服务提供商在BGP会话中使用[MD5校验和并预共享密钥][2]。在受保护的BGP会话中，一台发送包的BGP路由器通过使用预共享的密钥生成MD5散列值、部分IP和TCP头以及有效负载。然后，MD5散列作为一个TCP选项字段存储。在收到包后，接受路由器用同样的方法使用预共享密钥生成它的MD5版本。它会将它的MD5散列和接收到的某个包的值进行对比，以决定是否接受该包。对于一个攻击者而言，几乎不可能猜测校验和或其密钥。对于BGP路由器而言，它们能在消耗包的内容前确保每个包的合法性。
+要保护活跃的BGP会话不受攻击，许多服务提供商在BGP会话中使用[MD5校验和及预共享密钥][2]。在受保护的BGP会话中，一台发送包的BGP路由器通过使用预共享的密钥生成MD5散列值、部分IP和TCP头以及有效载荷。然后，MD5散列作为一个TCP选项字段存储。在收到包后，接受路由器用同样的方法使用预共享密钥生成它的MD5版本。它会将它的MD5散列和接收到的某个包的值进行对比，以决定是否接受该包。对于一个攻击者而言，几乎不可能猜测到校验和或其密钥。对于BGP路由器而言，它们能在使用包的内容前确保每个包的合法性。
 
 在本教程中，我们将为大家演示如何使用MD5校验和以及预共享密钥来加固两个邻居间的BGP会话的安全。
 
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ BGP协议运行于TCP之上，因而，它也继承了TCP连接的所有漏洞
 <table id="content">
 <tbody><tr>
 <td><b>路由器名称</b></td>
-<td><b>AS</b></td>
+<td><b>AS 号</b></td>
 <td><b>IP地址</b></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ BGP协议运行于TCP之上，因而，它也继承了TCP连接的所有漏洞
 </tr>
 </tbody></table>
 
-常用的Linux内核原生支持TCP的MD5选项用于IPv4和IPv6。因此，如果你从全新的[Linux盒子][3]构建了Quagga路由器，TCP的MD5功能会自动启用。剩下来的事情，仅仅是配置Quagga以使用它的功能。但是，如果你使用的是FreeBSD盒子或者为Quagga构建了一个自定义内核，请确保内核开启了TCP的MD5支持（如，Linux中的CONFIG_TCP_MD5SIG选项）。
+常用的Linux内核原生支持IPv4和IPv6的TCP MD5选项。因此，如果你从全新的[Linux机器][3]构建了一台Quagga路由器，TCP的MD5功能会自动启用。剩下来的事情，仅仅是配置Quagga以使用它的功能。但是，如果你使用的是FreeBSD机器或者为Quagga构建了一个自定义内核，请确保内核开启了TCP的MD5支持（如，Linux中的CONFIG_TCP_MD5SIG选项）。
 
 ### 配置Router-A验证功能 ###
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ BGP协议运行于TCP之上，因而，它也继承了TCP连接的所有漏洞
 
 本例中使用的预共享密钥是‘xmodulo’。很明显，在生产环境中，你需要选择一个更健壮的密钥。
 
-**注意**： 在Quagga中，‘service password-encryption’命令是想加密配置文件中所有明文密码（如，登录密码）。然而，当我使用该命令时，我注意到BGP配置中的预共享密钥仍然是明文的。我不确定这是否是Quagga的限制，还是版本自身的问题。
+**注意**： 在Quagga中，‘service password-encryption’命令被用做加密配置文件中所有明文密码（如，登录密码）。然而，当我使用该命令时，我注意到BGP配置中的预共享密钥仍然是明文的。我不确定这是否是Quagga的限制，还是版本自身的问题。
 
 ### 配置Router-B验证功能 ###
 
@@ -58,15 +58,17 @@ BGP协议运行于TCP之上，因而，它也继承了TCP连接的所有漏洞
 
 ### 验证BGP会话 ###
 
-如果一切配置正确，那么BGP会话就会起来，两台路由器应该能交换路由表。这时候，TCP会话中的所有流出包都会携带一个MD5摘要的包内容和一个密钥，而摘要信息会被另一端自动验证。
+如果一切配置正确，那么BGP会话就应该起来了，两台路由器应该能交换路由表。这时候，TCP会话中的所有流出包都会携带一个MD5摘要的包内容和一个密钥，而摘要信息会被另一端自动验证。
 
-我们可以像平时一样通过查看BGP的概要来验证活跃的BGP会话。MD5校验和验证在Quagga内部是透明的，因此，你在BGP级别是无法看到的。
+我们可以像平时一样通过查看BGP的概要来验证活跃的BGP会话。MD5校验和的验证在Quagga内部是透明的，因此，你在BGP级别是无法看到的。
 
 ![](https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7621/16837774368_e9ff66b370_c.jpg)
 
 如果你想要测试BGP验证，你可以配置一个邻居路由，设置其密码为空，或者故意使用错误的预共享密钥，然后查看发生了什么。你也可以使用包嗅探器，像tcpdump或者Wireshark等，来分析通过BGP会话的包。例如，带有“-M <secret>”选项的tcpdump将验证TCP选项字段的MD5摘要。
 
-小结之，在本教程中，我们演示了怎样简单地加固两台路由间的BGP会话安全。相对于其它协议而言，配置过程非常简明。强烈推荐你加固BGP会话安全，尤其是当你用另一个AS配置BGP会话的时候。预共享密钥也应该安全地保存。
+###小结###
+
+在本教程中，我们演示了怎样简单地加固两台路由间的BGP会话安全。相对于其它协议而言，配置过程非常简明。强烈推荐你加固BGP会话安全，尤其是当你用另一个AS配置BGP会话的时候。预共享密钥也应该安全地保存。
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -74,11 +76,11 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/bgp-authentication-quagga.html
 
 作者：[Sarmed Rahman][a]
 译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 
 [a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/sarmed
 [1]:http://research.dyn.com/2008/02/pakistan-hijacks-youtube-1/
 [2]:http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2385
-[3]:http://xmodulo.com/centos-bgp-router-quagga.html
+[3]:https://linux.cn/article-4232-1.html

published/201505/20150417 sshuttle--A transparent proxy-based VPN using ssh.md

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-sshuttle - 一个使用ssh的基于VPN的透明代理
+sshuttle：一个使用ssh的基于VPN的透明代理
 ================================================================================
-sshuttle允许你通过ssh创建一条从你电脑连接到任何远程服务器的VPN连接，只要你的服务器支持python2.3 或则更高的版本， 你必须有本机的root权限，但是你可以在服务端有普通账户即可。
-
-你可以在一台机器上同时运行多次sshuttle来连接到不同的服务器上，这样你就可以一次使用多个VPN， sshuttle可以转发你子网所有流量到VPN中。
+sshuttle 允许你通过 ssh 创建一条从你电脑连接到任何远程服务器的 VPN 连接，只要你的服务器支持  python2.3 或则更高的版本。你必须有本机的 root 权限，但是你可以在服务端有普通账户即可。
 
+你可以在一台机器上同时运行多次 sshuttle 来连接到不同的服务器上，这样你就可以同时使用多个 VPN， sshuttle可以转发你子网中所有流量到VPN中。
 
 ### 在Ubuntu中安装sshuttle ###
 
@@ -17,7 +16,7 @@ sshuttle允许你通过ssh创建一条从你电脑连接到任何远程服务器
 
     sshuttle [options...] [-r [username@]sshserver[:port]] [subnets]
 
-#### Option 细节 ####
+#### 选项细节 ####
 
 -r, —remote=[username@]sshserver[:port]
 
@@ -29,9 +28,9 @@ sshuttle允许你通过ssh创建一条从你电脑连接到任何远程服务器
 
     sudo sshuttle -r username@sshserver 0.0.0.0/0 -vv
 
-当开始后，sshuttle会创建一个ssh会话到通过-r指定的服务器。如果-r被忽略了，它会在本地运行客户端和服务端，这个有时会在测试时有用。
+当开始后，sshuttle会创建一个ssh会话到由-r指定的服务器。如果-r被丢了，它会在本地运行客户端和服务端，这个有时会在测试时有用。
 
-连接到远程服务器后，sshuttle会上传它的（python）源码到远程服务器并执行。那么，你就不需要在远程服务器上安装sshuttle，并且客户端和服务器端间不会存在sshuttle版本冲突。
+连接到远程服务器后，sshuttle会上传它的（python）源码到远程服务器并执行。所以，你就不需要在远程服务器上安装sshuttle，并且客户端和服务器端间不会存在sshuttle版本冲突。
 
 #### 手册中的更多例子 ####
 
@@ -86,7 +85,7 @@ via: http://www.ubuntugeek.com/sshuttle-a-transparent-proxy-based-vpn-using-ssh.
 
 作者：[ruchi][a]
 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 

published/201505/20150429 Synfig Studio 1.0--Open Source Animation Gets Serious.md

@@ -1,21 +1,16 @@
-Translating by H-mudcup
-
-Synfig Studio 1.0 —— 开源动画动真格的了
+Synfig Studio 1.0：开源动画动真格的了
 ================================================================================
 ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/synfig-free-animations-750x467.jpg)
 
 **现在可以下载 Synfig Studio 这个自由、开源的2D动画软件的全新版本了。 **
 
-在第一次发行这个跨平台的软件一年以后，Synfig Studio 1.0 带着一套全新改和改进过的功能，实现它所承诺的“创造电影级别的动画的产业级解决方案”。
+在这个跨平台的软件首次发行一年之后，Synfig Studio 1.0 带着一套全新改进过的功能，实现它所承诺的“创造电影级的动画的工业级解决方案”。
 
-在众多功能之上的是一个改进过的用户界面，据工程开发者说那是个用起来‘更简单’、‘更直观’的界面。客户端添加了新的**单窗口模式**，让界面更整洁，而且**为了使用最新的 GTK3 库而被重新制作**。
+在众多功能之上的是一个改进过的用户界面，据项目开发者说那是个用起来‘更简单’、‘更直观’的界面。客户端添加了新的**单窗口模式**，让界面更整洁，而且**使用了最新的 GTK3 库重制**。
 
 在功能方面有几个值得注意的变化，包括新加的全功能骨骼系统。
 
-这套**关节和转轴的‘骨骼’构架**非常适合2D剪纸动画，再配上这个版本新加的复杂的变形控制系统或是 Synfig 受欢迎的‘关键帧自动插入’（阅读：画面与画面间的变形）应该会变得非常有效率的。
-
-注：youtube视频
-<iframe width="750" height="422" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/M8zW1qCq8ng?feature=oembed"></iframe>
+这套**关节和转轴的‘骨骼’构架**非常适合2D剪纸动画，再配上这个版本新加的复杂的变形控制系统或是 Synfig 受欢迎的‘关键帧自动插入’（即：帧到帧之间的变形）应该会变得非常有效率的。（youtube视频 https://www.youtube.com/M8zW1qCq8ng ）
 
 新的无损剪切工具，摩擦力效果和对逐帧位图动画的支持，可能会有助于释放开源动画师们的创造力，更别说新加的用于同步动画的时间线和声音的声效层！
 
@@ -23,18 +18,18 @@ Synfig Studio 1.0 —— 开源动画动真格的了
 
 Synfig Studio 并不是任何人都能用的工具套件，这最新发行版的最新一批改进应该能吸引一些动画制作者试一试这个软件。
 
-If you want to find out what open-source animation software is like for yourself, you can grab an installer for Ubuntu for the latest release direct from the project’s   page using the links below. 如果你想看看开源动画制作软件是什么样的，你可以通过下面的链接直接从工程的 Sourceforge 页下载一个适用于 Ubuntu 的最新版本的安装器。
+如果你想看看开源动画制作软件是什么样的，你可以通过下面的链接直接从工程的 Sourceforge 页下载一个适用于 Ubuntu 的最新版本的安装器。
 
-- [Download Synfig 1.0 (64bit) .deb Installer][1]
-- [Download Synfig 1.0  (32bit) .deb Installer][2]
+- [下载 Synfig 1.0 (64bit) .deb 安装器][1]
+- [下载 Synfig 1.0  (32bit) .deb 安装器][2]
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/04/synfig-studio-new-release-features
 
-作者：[oey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
+作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
 译者：[H-mudcup](https://github.com/H-mudcup)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 

published/201505/20150515 New to Linux 5 Apps You Didn't Know You Were Missing.md

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+初来乍到Linux? 你需要知道的5款好应用
+================================================================================
+![](http://cdn.makeuseof.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/linux-apps-840x420.jpg?92a7a3)
+
+当你刚刚迈入linux的世界时，你会立马动身开始使用那些知名的浏览器、云客户端、音乐播放器、邮件客户端，也许还有图形编辑器，对吗？可是，你却错过了几个非常重要的生产工具。这里将介绍给你5个应该安装的不容错过的应用。
+
+### [Synergy][1] ###
+
+Synergy 简直就是多桌面用户的福音。这是一个开源软件，它可以让你用一个鼠标和键盘跨越几台电脑、显示器和操作系统。在桌面之间切换鼠标和键盘非常简单，你只要把鼠标从一个桌面的边缘移向另一个桌面即可。
+
+![](http://cdn.makeuseof.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/multiple-monitors-640x431.jpg?92a7a3)
+
+当你第一次打开 Synergy，它会引导你完成设置。你的主桌面就是你将与其它桌面共享输入设备的那个。将主桌面设为服务端，将其它桌面设置为客户端。
+
+![](http://cdn.makeuseof.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/synergy-setup-wizard-640x480.jpg?92a7a3)
+
+Synergy 在互连的各个桌面间维持同一张粘贴板。它也将锁屏功能融合到了一起，例如，你可以跳过锁屏一次登录到所有桌面。你可以在 **Edit 菜单的 Setting** 下调整更多的设置，比如设置密码或者将 Synergy 设置成开机自启动。
+
+（LCTT 译注：这是个[自由而开源][15]的好软件，但是如果你从它的网站下载，由于商业支持的缘故，是需要付费的；当然你可以自己[下载源代码并编译][15]。）
+
+### [BasKet Note Pads][2] ###
+
+从某种意义上来讲，用 BasKet Note Pads，就像把你的大脑刻画进计算机里一样。它把我们不经意间的想法记录下来，然后任由我们去把它们组织起来。你可以在各种任务中用到 BasKet Note Pads，比如记录笔记、制作脑图、记录代办事项、保存链接、管理你的发现、或者追踪项目数据。
+
+在 BasKet Note Pads 中，每个放到一个区域的主要的想法或项目被称作一个篮子（basket）。你可以进一步拆分，成一个或多个子篮或者兄弟篮。篮子进一步分成笔记，这些零零碎碎的笔记组成了一个项目。你可以自由组织它们，给它们打标签，和筛选它们。
+
+该应用的双面板结构的左侧以树形结构显示了你创建的所有篮子。
+
+![](http://cdn.makeuseof.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/basket-note-pads-640x480.jpg?92a7a3)
+
+BasKet Note Pads 第一次用起来可能有点复杂，但是如果你经常用它的话，你会觉得相当顺手。当你暂时不用它时，它会退出到系统托盘，方便你下次快速打开它。
+
+如果在 Linux 上想要一个[更简单的笔记本替代品][3]？可以试试[Springseed][4]。
+
+### [Caffeine（咖啡因）][5]###
+
+你怎样确保你的电脑不会在放一部[精彩的电影][6]中途突然休眠呢？Caffeine 会帮助你解决这个问题。当然，你并不需要为你的电脑泡一杯咖啡。你只需要安装一个轻量级的指示器 —— Caffeine。只要当前你是全屏模式，它就会禁用你的屏幕保护程序、锁屏程序，让你的电脑不会因为没有在任务中而进入睡眠模式。
+
+[点击下载][7]安装最新版本的 Caffeine。如果你想以[PPA的方式][8]安装，使用如下命令：
+
+    $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:caffeine-developers/ppa
+    $ sudo apt-get update
+    $ sudo apt-get install caffeine
+
+如果你的Ubuntu版本是14.10或者15.04(或者其它衍生版本)，你还需要安装下面的依赖包：
+
+    $ sudo apt-get install libappindicator3-1 gir1.2-appindicator3-0.1
+
+完成安装以后，将**Caffeine指示器**设置成开机自启动，这样可以使指示器显示在系统托盘里。你可以右键点击托盘图标打开应用的关联菜单，来开启或关闭Caffeine，
+
+![](http://cdn.makeuseof.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/caffeine-indicator-640x480.jpg?92a7a3)
+
+### Easystroke ###
+
+Easystroke 是一个将[鼠标潜力][9]开发出来的应用。通过一系列的设置，用鼠标、触摸屏、手写笔的手势来完成敲击键盘、执行命令和滚动屏幕等通用操作。在 Easystroke 里能够设置的手势相当多，而且当你看到应用的界面时，你会发现应用的引导非常清晰。
+
+![](http://cdn.makeuseof.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/easystroke-record-640x480.jpg?92a7a3)
+
+选择一个你喜欢的鼠标键开始设置手势。如果你喜欢，你还可以设置辅助功能键。通过Perferences>Behavior>Gesture Button 来设置。现在到**Action**选项卡里面，把你最常用的动作记录成手势吧。
+
+![](http://cdn.makeuseof.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/easytroke-actions-640x480.jpg?92a7a3)
+
+在 Preferences 和 Advanced 选项卡中，你可以做一些其它的调整，比如将 EasyStroke 设置成自动启动，在系统托盘中显示图标，改变滚动速度。
+
+### Guake ###
+
+我把我最喜欢的应用放在最后。Guake 是根据第一人称射击视屏游戏 [Quake][10] 模仿而来的下拉式命令行终端。不管你是否在[学习命令行终端][11]，或者是有一定的基础，Guake 都可以将终端变得更加方便。你可以一键将它呼出，也可以一键将它隐藏。
+
+就像下面这张图，当打开时，Guake 的界面会覆盖在当前的屏幕上。你可以在终端中右键点击，调出 Preference 来改变 Guake 的界面，滚动方式，快捷键等等。
+
+![](http://cdn.makeuseof.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/guake-terminal-640x480.jpg?92a7a3)
+
+如果[你的桌面][12]是 KDE，你可以选择一个类似的工具——[Yakuake][13].
+
+### 写下你最喜欢的Linux新发现！###
+
+还有更多[超级实用的 Linux 应用][14]等待被发现。放心，我们将一直关注，并把它们带到你们的生活中。
+
+哪一个应用是你最喜欢研究的呢？哪一个是你觉得必不可少的呢？在评论里告诉给我们吧。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/new-linux-5-apps-didnt-know-missing/
+
+作者：[Akshata][a]
+译者：[sevenot](https://github.com/sevenot)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/author/akshata/
+[1]:http://synergy-project.org/
+[2]:http://basket.kde.org/
+[3]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/try-these-3-beautiful-note-taking-apps-that-work-offline/
+[4]:http://getspringseed.com/
+[5]:https://launchpad.net/caffeine
+[6]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/popular-apps-movies-according-google/
+[7]:http://ppa.launchpad.net/caffeine-developers/ppa/ubuntu/pool/main/c/caffeine/
+[8]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/ubuntu-ppa-technology-explained/
+[9]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/4-astounding-linux-mouse-hacks/
+[10]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quake_%28video_game%29
+[11]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/4-ways-teach-terminal-commands-linux-si/
+[12]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/10-top-linux-desktop-environments-available/
+[13]:https://yakuake.kde.org/
+[14]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/linux-treasures-x-sublime-native-linux-apps-will-make-want-switch/

published/201505/20150527 Ubuntu Community Council Asks the Kubuntu Project Leader to Step Down.md

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+Ubuntu 社区委员会要求 Kubuntu 项目领导人下台
+================================================================================
+> 而Jonathan Riddell拒绝从Kubuntu领导人位置退出
+
+![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Ubuntu-Community-Council-Asks-the-Kubuntu-Project-Leader-to-Step-Down-482384-2.jpg)
+
+**这一切刚刚发生。一名Debian开发者以及Kubuntu委员会成员 Scott Kitterman 决定公开一些电子邮件，邮件披露了Ubuntu 社区委员会成员要求 Jonathan Riddell 从 Kubuntu 项目领导人位置退出的过程。**
+
+Jonathan Riddell 是 KDE 以及 Kubuntu 的一名开发者，多年来也是 Ubuntu 社区的一名重要成员。从 Scott Kitterman [今天曝光的社区邮件往来][1]中来看，Jonathan Riddell 被指责对 Ubuntu 以及 Kubuntu 社区的一些成员咄咄逼人和挑衅。
+
+长话短说，经过多轮邮件往来之后，Ubuntu 社区委员会的最终决定是让 Jonathan Riddell 退出他在 Ubuntu 以及Kubuntu 社区的领导人位置至少12个月，但仍可以像其他成员一样参与讨论。这个决定同时也得到了 Canonical 和Ubuntu 的创始人 Mark Shuttleworth 的支持。
+
+“很遗憾写下了讨论这个我们觉得对 Ubuntu 社区有着消极影响的问题的邮件。长期以来，Jonathan Riddell 变得越来越难以交往。Jonathan 提出了有效的问题及关注，但当收到他不赞同的答案时，他的反应就不那么让人愉快了。”在 Ubuntu 社区委员会发出的第一封认为 Jonathan Riddell 行为“不友好”的邮件中这么写道。
+
+### Jonathan Riddell拒绝从Kubuntu领导人位置退出 ###
+
+从今天 Scott Kitterman 披露邮件往来，并决定在博客上写第二篇博文来看，表明了他想从他在 Ubuntu 和 Kubuntu 的位置退出，这表明 Jonathan Riddell 可能拒绝从 Kubuntu 领导人位置退出。
+
+正如预料之中，Kubuntu 社区委员会的成员们支持 Jonathan Riddell，并且回击了 Ubuntu 社区委员会罢免 Kubuntu 项目领导人的决定。“我要感谢所有在 Kubuntu 委员会投票再次肯定我的 Kubuntu 成员。”，Jonathan Riddell 在[他的博客][2]上写道，“希望 Kubuntu 能够继续走下去，我也计划和我深爱的社区伙伴们一起为 15.10 发布而努力。”
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-Community-Council-Asks-the-Kubuntu-Project-Leader-to-Step-Down-482384.shtml
+
+作者：[Marius Nestor][a]
+译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/marius-nestor
+[1]:https://skitterman.wordpress.com/
+[2]:http://jriddell.org/

sources/news/20150511 Ubuntu Devs Propose Stateless Persistent Network Interface Names for Ubuntu and Debian.md

@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-Ubuntu Devs Propose Stateless Persistent Network Interface Names for Ubuntu and Debian
-======================================================================================
-*Networks are detected in an unpredictable and unstable order*
-
-**Martin Pitt, a renown Ubuntu and Debian developer, came with the proposal of enabling stateless persistent network interface names in the upcoming versions of the Ubuntu Linux and Debian GNU/Linux operating systems.**
-
-According to Mr. Pitt, it appears that the problem lies in the automatic detection of network interfaces within the Linux kernel. As such, network interfaces are detected in an unstable and unpredictable order. However, it order to connect to a certain network interface in ifupdown or networkd users will need to identify it first using a stable name.
-
-"The general schema for this is to have an udev rule which does some matches to identify a particular interface, and assings a NAME="foo" to it," says Martin Pitt in an email to the Ubuntu mailinglist. "Interfaces with an explicit NAME= get called just like this, and others just get a kernel driver default, usually ethN, wlanN, or sometimes others (some wifi drivers have their own naming schemas)."
-
-**Sever solutions appeared over the years: mac, biosdevname, and ifnames**
-
-Apparently, several solutions are available for this problem, including an installation of an udev rule in /lib/udev/rules.d/75-persistent-net-generator.rules that creates a MAC address at first boot and writes it to /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules, which is currently used by default in Ubuntu and applies to most hardware components.
-
-Other solutions include biosdevname, a package that reads port or index numbers, and slot names from the BIOS and writes them to /lib/udev/rules.d/71-biosdevname.rules, and ifnames, a persistent name generator that automatically checks the BIOS and/or firmware for index numbers or slot names, similar to biosdevname.
-
-However, the difference between ifnames and biosdevname is that the latter falls back to slot names, such as PCI numbers, and then to the MAC address and writes to /lib/udev/rules.d/80-net-setup-link.rules. All of these solutions can be combined, and Martin Pitt proposes to replace the first solution that is now used by default with the ifnames one.
-
-If a new solution is implemented, a lot of networking issues will be resolved in Ubuntu, especially the cloud version. In addition, it will provide for stable network interface names for all new Ubuntu installations, and resolve many other problems related to system-image, etc.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-Devs-Propose-Stateless-Persistent-Network-Interface-Names-for-Ubuntu-and-Debian-480730.shtml
-
-作者：[Marius Nestor][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/marius-nestor

sources/share/20141013 Compact Text Editors Great for Remote Editing and Much More.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-wyangsun翻译中
 Compact Text Editors Great for Remote Editing and Much More
 ================================================================================
 A text editor is software used for editing plain text files. This type of software has many different uses including modifying configuration files, writing programming language source code, jotting down thoughts, or even making a grocery list. Given that editors can be used for such a diverse range of activities, it is worth spending the time finding an editor that best suites your preferences.

sources/share/20150407 10 Truly Amusing Easter Eggs in Linux.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-KevinSJ translating
 10 Truly Amusing Easter Eggs in Linux
 ================================================================================
 ![](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adventure_Easteregg.PNG)

sources/share/20150515 New to Linux 5 Apps You Didn't Know You Were Missing.md

@@ -1,104 +0,0 @@
-sevenot Translating
-New to Linux? 5 Apps You Didn’t Know You Were Missing 
-================================================================================
-![](http://cdn.makeuseof.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/linux-apps-840x420.jpg?92a7a3)
-
-When you moved to Linux, you went straight for the obvious browsers, cloud clients, music players, email clients, and perhaps image editors, right? As a result, you’ve missed several vital, productive tools. Here’s a roundup of five umissable Linux apps that you really need to install.
-
-### [Synergy][1] ###
-
-Synergy is a godsend if you use multiple desktops. It’s an open-source app that allows you to use a single mouse and keyboard across multiple computers, displays, and operating systems. Switching the mouse and keyboard functionality between the desktops is easy. Just move the mouse out the edge of one screen and into another.
-
-![](http://cdn.makeuseof.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/multiple-monitors-640x431.jpg?92a7a3)
-
-When you open Synergy for the first time, it will run you through the setup wizard. The primary desktop is the one whose input devices you’ll be sharing with the other desktops. Configure that as the server. Add the remaining computers as clients.
-
-![](http://cdn.makeuseof.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/synergy-setup-wizard-640x480.jpg?92a7a3)
-
-Synergy maintains a common clipboard across all connected desktops. It also merges the lock screen setup, i.e. you need to bypass the lock screen just once to log in to all the computers together. Under **Edit > Settings**, you can make a few more tweaks such as adding a password and setting Synergy to launch on startup.
-
-### [BasKet Note Pads][2] ###
-
-Using BasKet Note Pads is somewhat like mapping your brain onto a computer. It helps make sense of all the ideas floating around in your head by allowing you to organize them in digestible chunks. You can use BasKet Note Pads for various tasks such as taking notes, creating idea maps and to-do lists, saving links, managing research, and keeping track of project data.
-
-Each main idea or project goes into a section called a basket. To split ideas further, you can have one or more sub-baskets or sibling baskets. The baskets are further broken down into notes, which hold all the bits and pieces of a project. You can group them, tag them, and filter them.
-
-The left pane in the application’s two-pane structure displays a tree-like view of all the baskets you have created.
-
-![](http://cdn.makeuseof.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/basket-note-pads-640x480.jpg?92a7a3)
-
-BasKet Note Pads might seem a little complex on day one, but you’ll get the hang of it soon. When you’re not using it, the app sits in the system tray, ready for quick access.
-
-Want a [simpler note-taking alternative][3] on Linux? Try [Springseed][4].
-
-### [Caffeine][5]###
-
-How do you ensure that your computer doesn’t go to sleep right in the middle of an [interesting movie][6]? Caffeine is the answer. No, you don’t need to brew a cup of coffee for your computer. You just need to install a lightweight indicator applet called Caffeine. It prevents the screen-saver, lock screen, or the Sleep mode from being activated when the computer is idle, only if the current window is in full-screen mode.
-
-To install the applet, [download its latest version][7]. If you want to go [the ppa way][8], here’s how you can:
-
-    $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:caffeine-developers/ppa
-    $ sudo apt-get update
-    $ sudo apt-get install caffeine
-
-On Ubuntu versions 14.10 and 15.04 (and their derivatives), you’ll also need to install certain dependency packages:
-
-    $ sudo apt-get install libappindicator3-1 gir1.2-appindicator3-0.1
-
-After finishing the installation, add **caffeine-indicator** to your list of startup applications to make the indicator appear in the system tray. You can turn Caffeine’s functionality on and off via the app’s context menu, which pops up when you right-click on the tray icon.
-
-![](http://cdn.makeuseof.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/caffeine-indicator-640x480.jpg?92a7a3)
-
-### Easystroke ###
-
-Easystroke makes an excellent [Linux mouse hack][9]. Use it to set up a series of customized mouse/touchpad/pen gestures to simulate common actions such as keystrokes, commands, and scrolls. Setting up Easystroke gestures is straightforward enough, thanks to the clear instructions that appear at all the right moments when you’re navigating the UI.
-
-![](http://cdn.makeuseof.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/easystroke-record-640x480.jpg?92a7a3)
-
-Begin by choosing the mouse button you’d like to use for performing gestures. Throw in a modifier if you like. You’ll find this setting under **Preferences > Behavior > Gesture Button**. Now head to the **Actions** tab and record strokes for your most commonly used actions.
-
-![](http://cdn.makeuseof.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/easytroke-actions-640x480.jpg?92a7a3)
-
-Using the **Preferences** and **Advanced** tabs, you can make other tweaks like setting Easystroke to autostart, adding a system tray icon, and changing scroll speed.
-
-### Guake ###
-
-I saved my favorite Linux find for last. Guake is a dropdown command line modeled after the one in the first-person shooter video game [Quake][10]. Whether you’re [learning about terminal commands][11] or executing them on a regular basis, Guake is a great way to keep the terminal handy. You can bring it up or hide it in a single keystroke.
-
-As you can see in the image below, when in action, Guake appears as an overlay on the current window. Right-click within the terminal to access the **Preferences** section, from where you can change Guake’s appearance, its scroll action, keyboard shortcuts, and more.
-
-![](http://cdn.makeuseof.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/guake-terminal-640x480.jpg?92a7a3)
-
-If KDE is your [Linux desktop of choice][12], do check out [Yakuake][13], which provides a similar functionality.
-
-### Name Your Favorite Linux Discovery! ###
-
-There are many more [super useful Linux apps][14] waiting to be discovered. Rest assured that we’ll keep introducing you to them.
-
-Which Linux app were you happiest to learn about? Which one do you consider a must-have? Tell us in the comments.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/new-linux-5-apps-didnt-know-missing/
-
-作者：[Akshata][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/author/akshata/
-[1]:http://synergy-project.org/
-[2]:http://basket.kde.org/
-[3]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/try-these-3-beautiful-note-taking-apps-that-work-offline/
-[4]:http://getspringseed.com/
-[5]:https://launchpad.net/caffeine
-[6]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/popular-apps-movies-according-google/
-[7]:http://ppa.launchpad.net/caffeine-developers/ppa/ubuntu/pool/main/c/caffeine/
-[8]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/ubuntu-ppa-technology-explained/
-[9]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/4-astounding-linux-mouse-hacks/
-[10]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quake_%28video_game%29
-[11]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/4-ways-teach-terminal-commands-linux-si/
-[12]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/10-top-linux-desktop-environments-available/
-[13]:https://yakuake.kde.org/
-[14]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/linux-treasures-x-sublime-native-linux-apps-will-make-want-switch/

sources/share/20150527 3 Open Source Python Shells.md

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+3 Open Source Python Shells
+================================================================================
+Python is a high-level, general-purpose, structured, powerful, open source programming language that is used for a wide variety of programming tasks. It features a fully dynamic type system and automatic memory management, similar to that of Scheme, Ruby, Perl, and Tcl, avoiding many of the complexities and overheads of compiled languages. The language was created by Guido van Rossum in 1991, and continues to grow in popularity.
+
+Python is a very useful and popular computer language. One of the benefits of using an interpreted language such as Python is exploratory programming with its interactive shell. You can try out code without having to write a script. But there are limitations with the Python shell. Fortunately, there are some excellent alternative Python shells that extend on the basic shell. They each offer an excellent interactive Python experience.
+
+----------
+
+### bpython ###
+
+![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Programming/Screenshot-bpython.png)
+
+bpython is a fancy interface to the Python interpreter for Linux, BSD, OS X and Windows.
+
+The idea is to provide the user with all the features in-line, much like modern IDEs, but in a simple, lightweight package that can be run in a terminal window.
+
+bpython doesn't seek to create anything new or groundbreaking. Instead, it brings together a few neat ideas and focuses on practicality and usefulness.
+
+Features include:
+
+- In-line syntax highlighting - uses Pygments for lexing the code as you type, and colours appropriately
+- Readline-like autocomplete with suggestions displayed as you type
+- Expected parameter list for any Python function - seeks to display a list of parameters for any function you call
+- "Rewind" function to pop the last line of code from memory and re-evaluate
+- Send the code you've entered off to a pastebin
+- Save the code you've entered to a file
+- Auto-indentation
+- Python 3 support
+
+- Website: [www.bpython-interpreter.org][1]
+- Developer: Bob Farrell and contributors
+- License: MIT License
+- Version Number: 0.14.1
+
+----------
+
+### IPython ###
+
+![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Programming/Screenshot-ipython.png)
+
+IPython is an enhanced interactive Python shell. It provides a rich toolkit to help you make the most out of using Python interactively.
+
+IPython can be used as a replacement for the standard Python shell, or it can be used as a complete working environment for scientific computing (like Matlab or Mathematica) when paired with the standard Python scientific and numerical tools. It supports dynamic object introspections, numbered input/output prompts, a macro system, session logging, session restoring, complete system shell access, verbose and colored traceback reports, auto-parentheses, auto-quoting, and is embeddable in other Python programs.
+
+Features include:
+
+- Powerful interactive shells (terminal and Qt-based)
+- A browser-based notebook with support for code, rich text, mathematical expressions, inline plots and other rich media
+- Support for interactive data visualization and use of GUI toolkits
+- Flexible, embeddable interpreters to load into your own projects
+- Easy to use, high performance tools for parallel computing
+
+- Website: [ipython.org][2]
+- Developer: The IPython Development Team
+- License: BSD
+- Version Number: 3.1
+
+----------
+
+### DreamPie ###
+
+![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Programming/Screenshot-DreamPie.png)
+
+DreamPie is a Python shell which is designed to be reliable and fun.
+
+DreamPie can use just about any Python interpreter (Jython, IronPython, PyPy).
+
+Features include:
+
+- New concept for an interactive shell: the window is divided into the history box, which lets you view previous commands and their output, and the code box, where you write your code. This allows you to edit any amount of code, just like in your favorite editor, and execute it when it's ready. You can also copy code from anywhere, edit it and run it instantly
+- The Copy code only command will copy the code you want to keep, so you can save it in a file. The code is already formatted nicely with a four-space indentation
+- Automatic completion of attributes and file names
+- Automatically displays function arguments and documentation
+- Keeps your recent results in the result history, for later use
+- Can automatically fold long outputs, so you can concentrate on what's important
+- Save the history of the session as an HTML file, for future reference. You can then load the history file into DreamPie, and quickly redo previous commands
+- Automatically adds parentheses and optionally quotes when you press space after functions and methods. For example, type execfile fn and get execfile("fn")
+- Supports interactive plotting with matplotlib
+- Xupport for Python 2.5, Python 2.6, Python 3.1, Jython 2.5, IronPython 2.6, and PyPy
+- Extremely fast and responsive.
+
+- Website: [www.dreampie.org][3]
+- Developer: Noam Yorav-Raphael
+- License: GNU GPL v3
+- Version Number: 1.2.1
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20150523032756576/PythonShells.html
+
+作者：Frazer Kline
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://www.bpython-interpreter.org/
+[2]:http://ipython.org/
+[3]:http://www.dreampie.org/

sources/share/20150527 Animated Wallpaper Adds Live Backgrounds To Linux Distros.md

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+Animated Wallpaper Adds Live Backgrounds To Linux Distros
+================================================================================
+**We know a lot of you love having a stylish Ubuntu desktop to show off.**
+
+![Live Wallpaper](http://i.imgur.com/9JIUw5p.gif)
+
+Live Wallpaper
+
+And as Linux makes it so easy to create a stunning workspace with a minimal effort, that’s understandable!
+
+Today, we’re highlighting — [re-highlighting][2] for those of you with long memories — a free, open-source tool that can add extra bling your OS screenshots and screencasts.
+
+It’s called **Live Wallpaper** and (as you can probably guess) it will replace the standard static desktop background with an animated alternative powered by OpenGL.
+
+And the best bit: it can be installed in Ubuntu very easily.
+
+### Animated Wallpaper Themes ###
+
+![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/animated-wallpaper-ubuntu-750x383.jpg)
+
+Live Wallpaper is not the only app of this type, but it is one of the the best.
+
+It comes with a number of different themes out of the box.
+
+These range from the subtle (‘noise’) to frenetic (‘nexus’), and caters to everything in between. There’s even the obligatory clock wallpaper inspired by the welcome screen of the Ubuntu Phone:
+
+- Circles — Clock inspired by Ubuntu Phone with ‘evolving circle’ aura
+- Galaxy — Spinning galaxy that can be resized/repositioned
+- Gradient Clock — A polar clock overlaid on basic gradient
+- Nexus — Brightly colored particles fire across screen
+- Noise — A bokeh design similar to the iOS dynamic wallpaper
+- Photoslide — Grid of photos from folder (default ~/Photos) animate in/out
+
+Live Wallpaper is **fully open-source** so there’s nothing to stop imaginative artists with the know-how (and patience) from creating some slick themes of their own.
+
+### Settings & Features ###
+
+![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/live-wallpaper-gui-settings.jpg)
+
+Each theme can be configured or customised in some way, though certain themes have more options than others.
+
+For example, in Nexus (pictured above) you can change the number and colour of the the pulse particles, their size, and their frequency.
+
+The preferences app also provides a set of **general options** that will apply to all themes. These include:
+
+- Setting live wallpaper to run on log-in
+- Setting a custom background that the animation sits on
+- Adjusting the FPS (including option to show FPS on screen)
+- Specifying the multi-monitor behaviour
+
+With so many options available it should be easy to create a background set up that suits you.
+
+### Drawbacks ###
+
+#### No Desktop Icons ####
+
+You can’t add, open or edit files or folders on the desktop while Live Wallpaper is ‘On’.
+
+The Preferences app does list an option that will, supposedly, let you do this. It may work on really older releases but in our testing, on Ubuntu 14.10, it does nothing.
+
+One workaround that seems to work for some users of the app on Ubuntu is setting a .png image as the custom background. It doesn’t have to be a transparent .png, simply a .png.
+
+#### Resource Usage ####
+
+Animated wallpapers use more system resources than standard background images.
+
+We’re not talking about 50% load at all times —at least not with this app in our testing— but those on low-power devices and laptops will want to use apps like this cautiously.  Use a [system monitoring tool][2] to keep an eye on CPU and GPU load.
+
+#### Quitting the app ####
+
+The biggest “bug” for me is the absolute lack of “quit” option.
+
+Sure, the animated wallpaper can be turned off from the Indicator Applet and the Preferences tool but quitting the app entirely, quitting the indicator applet? Nope. To do that I have to use the ‘pkill livewallpaper’ command in the Terminal.
+
+### How to Install Live Wallpaper in Ubuntu 14.04 LTS + ###
+
+![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/terminal-command-750x146.jpg)
+
+To install Live Wallpaper in Ubuntu 14.04 LTS and above you will first need to add the official PPA for the app to your Software Sources.
+
+The quickest way to do this is using the Terminal:
+
+    sudo add-apt-repository ppa:fyrmir/livewallpaper-daily
+    
+    sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install livewallpaper
+
+You should also install the indicator applet, which lets you quickly and easily turn on/off the animated wallpaper and switch theme from the menu area, and the GUI settings tool so that you can configure each theme based on your tastes.
+
+    sudo apt-get install livewallpaper-config livewallpaper-indicator
+
+When everything has installed you will be able to launch the app and its preferences tool from the Unity Dash.
+
+![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/live-wallpaper-app-launcher.png)
+
+Annoyingly, the Indicator Applet won’t automatically open after you install it. It does add itself to the start up list, so a quick log out > log in will get it to show.
+
+### Summary ###
+
+If you fancy breathing life into a dull desktop, give it a spin — and let us know what you think of it and what animated wallpapers you’d love to see added! 
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/05/animated-wallpaper-adds-live-backgrounds-to-linux-distros
+
+作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
+[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2012/11/live-wallpaper-for-ubuntu
+[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2011/11/5-system-monitoring-tools-for-ubuntu

sources/talk/20140818 Upstream and Downstream--why packaging takes time.md

@@ -1,97 +0,0 @@
-Upstream and Downstream: why packaging takes time
-================================================================================
-Here in the KDE office in Barcelona some people spend their time on purely upstream KDE projects and some of us are primarily interested in making distros work which mean our users can get all the stuff we make. I've been asked why we don't just automate the packaging and go and do more productive things. One view of making on a distro like Kubuntu is that its just a way to package up the hard work done by others to take all the credit. I don't deny that, but there's quite a lot to the packaging of all that hard work, for a start there's a lot of it these days.
-
-"KDE" used to be released once every nine months or less frequently. But yesterday I released the [first bugfix update to Plasma][1], to make that happen I spent some time on Thursday with David making the [first update to Frameworks 5][2]. But Plasma 5 is still a work in progress for us distros, let's not forget about [KDE SC 4.13.3][3] which Philip has done his usual spectacular job of updating in the 14.04 LTS archive or [KDE SC 4.14 betas][4] which Scarlett has been packaging for utopic and backporting to 14.04 LTS. KDE SC used to be 20 tars, now it's 169 and over 50 langauge packs. 
-
-### Patches ###
-
-If we were packaging it without any automation as used to be done it would take an age but of course we do automate the repetative tasks, the [KDE SC 4.13.97 status][5] page shows all the packages and highlights obvious problems. But with 169 tars even running the automated script takes a while, then you have to fix any patches that no longer apply. We have [policies][6] to disuade having patches, any patches should be upstream in KDE or on their way upstream, but sometimes it's unavoidable that we have some to maintain which often need small changes for each upstream release.
-
-### Symbols ###
-
-Much of what we package are libraries and if one small bit changes in the library, any applications which use that library will crash. This is ABI and the rules for [binary compatibility][7] in C++ are nuts. Not infrequently someone in KDE will alter a library ABI without realising. So we maintain symbol files to list all the symbols, these can often feel like more trouble than they're worth because they need updated when a new version of GCC produces different symbols or when symbols disappear and on investigation they turn out to be marked private and nobody will be using them anyway, but if you miss a change and apps start crashing as nearly happened in KDE PIM last week then people get grumpy.
-
-### Copyright ###
-
-Debian, and so Ubuntu, documents the copyright licence of every files in every package. This is a very slow and tedious job but it's important that it's done both upstream and downstream because it you don't people won't want to use your software in a commercial setting and at worst you could end up in court. So I maintain the [licensing policy][8] and not infrequently have to fix bits which are incorrectly or unclearly licenced and answer questions such as today I was reviewing whether a kcm in frameworks had to be LGPL licenced for Eike. We write a copyright file for every package and again this can feel like more trouble than its worth, there's no easy way to automate it but by some readings of the licence texts it's necessary to comply with them and it's just good practice. It also means that if someone starts making claims like requiring licencing for already distributed binary packages I'm in an informed position to correct such nonsense.
-
-### Descriptions ###
-
-When we were packaging KDE Frameworks from scratch we had to find a descirption of each Framework. Despite policies for metadata some were quite underdescribed so we had to go and search for a sensible descirption for them. Infact not infrequently we'll need to use a new library which doesn't even have a sensible paragraph describing what it does. We need to be able to make a package show something of a human face.
-
-### Multiarch ###
-
-A recent addition to the world of .deb packaging is [MultiArch][9] which allows i386 packages to be installed on amd64 computers as well as some even more obscure combinations (powerpc on ppcel64 anyone?). This lets you run Skype on your amd64 computer without messy cludges like the ia32-libs package. However it needs quite a lot of attention from packagers of libraries marking which packages are multiarch, which depend on other multiarch or arch independent packages and even after packaging KDE Frameworks I'm not entirely comfortable with doing it.
-
-### Splitting up Packages ###
-
-We spend lots of time splitting up packages. When say Calligra gets released it's all in one big tar but you don't want all of it on your system because you just want to write a letter in Calligra Words and Krita has lots of image and other data files which take up lots of space you don't care for. So for each new release we have to work out which of the installed files go into which .deb package. It takes time and even worse occationally we can get it wrong but if you don't want heaps of stuff on your computer you don't need then it needs to be done. It's also needed for library upgrades, if there's a new version of libfoo and not all the programs have been ported to it then you can install libfoo1 and libfoo2 on the same system without problems. That's not possible with distros which don't split up packages.
-
-One messy side effect of this is that when a file moves from one .deb to another .deb made by the same sources, maybe Debian chose to split it another way and we want to follow them, then it needs a Breaks/Replaces/Conflicts added. This is a pretty messy part of .deb packaging, you need to specify which version it Breaks/Replaces/Conflicts and depending on the type of move you need to specify some combination of these three fields but even experienced packages seem to be unclear on which. And then if a backport (with files in original places) is released which has a newer version than the version you specify in the Breaks/Replaces/Conflicts it just refuses to install and stops half way through installing until a new upload is made which updates the Breaks/Replaces/Conflicts version in the packaging. I'd be interested in how this is solved in the RPM world.
-
-### Debian Merges ###
-
-Ubuntu is forked from Debian and to piggy back on their work (and add our own bugs while taking the credit) we merge in Debian's packaging at the start of each cycle. This is fiddly work involving going through the diff (and for patches that's often a diff of a diff) and changelog to work out why each alternation was made. Then we merge them together, it takes time and it's error prone but it's what allows Ubuntu to be one of the most up to date distros around even while much of the work gone into maintaining universe packages not part of some flavour has slowed down.
-
-### Stable Release Updates ###
-
-You have Kubuntu 14.04 LTS but you want more? You want bugfixes too? Oh but you want them without the possibility of regressions? Ubuntu has quite strict definition of what's allowed in after an Ubuntu release is made, this is because once upon a time someone uploaded a fix for X which had the side effect of breaking X on half the installs out there. So for any updates to get into the archive they can only be for certain packages with a track record of making bug fix releases without sneaking in new features or breaking bits. They need to be tested, have some time passed to allow for wider testing, be tested again using the versions compiled in Launchpad and then released. KDE makes bugfix releases of KDE SC every month and we update them in the latest stable and LTS releases as [4.13.3 was this week][10]. But it's not a process you can rush and will take a couple of weeks usually. That 4.13.3 update was even later then usual because we were busy with Plasma 5 and whatnot. And it's not perfect, a bug in Baloo did get through with 4.13.2. But it would be even worse if we did rush it.
-
-### Backports ###
-
-Ah but you want new features too? We don't allow in new features into the normal updates because they will have more chance of having regressions. That's why we make backports, either in the kubuntu-ppa/backports archive or in the ubuntu backports archive. This involves running the package through another automation script to change whever needs changed for the backport then compiling it all, testing it and releasing it. Maintaining and running that backport script is quite faffy so sending your thanks is always appreciated.
-
-We have an allowance to upload new bugfix (micro releases) of KDE SC to the ubuntu archive because KDE SC has a good track record of fixing things and not breaking them. When we come to wanting to update Plasma we'll need to argue for another allowance. One controvertial issue in KDE Frameworks is that there's no bugfix releases, only monthly releases with new features. These are unlikely to get into the Ubuntu archive, we can try to argue the case that with automated tests and other processes the quality is high enough, but it'll be a hard sell.
-
-### Crack of the Day ###
-
-Project Neon provides packages of daily builds of parts of KDE from Git. And there's weekly ISOs that are made from this too. These guys rock. The packages are monolithic and install in /opt to be able to live alongside your normal KDE software.
-
-### Co-installability ###
-
-You should be able to run KDELibs 4 software on a Plasma 5 desktop. I spent quite a bit of time ensuring this is possible by having no overlapping files in kdelibs/kde-runtime and kde frameworks and some parts of Plasma. This wasn't done primarily for Kubuntu, many of the files could have been split out into .deb packages that could be shared between KDELibs 4 and Plasma 5, but other disros which just installs packages in a monolithic style benefitted. Some projects like Baloo didn't ensure they were co-installable, fine for Kubuntu as we can separate the libraries that need to be coinstalled from the binaries, but other distros won't be so happy.
-
-### Automated Testing ###
-
-Increasingly KDE software comes with its own test suite. Test suites are something that has been late coming to free software (and maybe software in general) but now it's here we can have higher confidence that the software is bug free. We run these test suites as part of the package compilation process and not infrequently find that the test suite doesn't run, I've been told that it's not expected for packagers to use it in the past. And of course tests fail.
-
-### Obscure Architectures ###
-
-In Ubuntu we have some obscure architectures. 64-bit Arm is likely to be a useful platform in the years to come. I'm not sure why we care about 64-bit powerpc, I can only assume someone has paid Canonical to care about it. Not infrequently we find software compiles fine on normal PCs but breaks on these obscure platforms and we need to debug why they is. This can be a slow process on ARM which takes an age to do anything, or very slow where I don't even have access to a machine to test on, but it's all part of being part of a distro with many use-cases.
-
-### Future Changes ###
-
-At Kubuntu we've never shared infrstructure with Debian despite having 99% the same packaging. This is because Ubuntu to an extent defines itself as being the technical awesomeness of Debian with smoother processes. But for some time Debian has used git while we've used the slower bzr (it was an early plan to make Ubuntu take over the world of distributed revision control with Bzr but then Git came along and turned out to be much faster even if harder to get your head around) and they've also moved to team maintainership so at last we're planning [shared repositories][11]. That'll mean many changes in our scripts but should remove much of the headache of merges each cycle.
-
-There's also a proposal to [move our packaging to daily builds][12] so we won't have to spend a lot of time updating packaging at every release. I'm skeptical if the hassle of the infrastructure for this plus fixing packaging problems as they occur each day will be less work than doing it for each release but it's worth a try.
-
-### ISO Testing ###
-
-Every 6 months we make an Ubuntu release (which includes all the flavours of which Ubuntu [Unity] is the flagship and Kubuntu is the most handsome) and there's alphas and betas before that which all need to be tested to ensure they actually install and run. Some of the pain of this has reduced since we've done away with the alternative (text debian-installer) images but we're nowhere near where Ubuntu [Unity] or OpenSUSE is with OpenQA where there are automated installs running all the time in various setups and some magic detects problems. I'd love to have this set up.
-
-I'd welcome comments on how any workflow here can be improved or how it compares to other distributions. It takes time but in Kubuntu we have a good track record of contributing fixes upstream and we all are part of KDE as well as Kubuntu. As well as the tasks I list above about checking copyright or co-installability I do Plasma releases currently, I just saw Harald do a Phonon release and Scott's just applied for a KDE account for fixes to PyKDE. And as ever we welcome more people to join us, we're in #kubuntu-devel where free hugs can be found, and we're having a whole day of Kubuntu love at Akademy.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://blogs.kde.org/2014/08/13/upstream-and-downstream-why-packaging-takes-time
-
-作者：[Jonathan Riddell][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:https://blogs.kde.org/users/jriddell
-[1]:https://dot.kde.org/2014/08/12/first-bugfix-update-plasma-5
-[2]:https://dot.kde.org/2014/08/07/kde-frameworks-5.1
-[3]:http://www.kubuntu.org/news/kde-sc-4.13.3
-[4]:https://dot.kde.org/2014/07/18/kde-ships-july-updates-and-second-beta-applications-and-platform-414
-[5]:http://qa.kubuntu.co.uk/ninjas-status/build_status_4.13.97_utopic.html
-[6]:https://community.kde.org/Kubuntu/Policies
-[7]:https://techbase.kde.org/Policies/Binary_Compatibility_Issues_With_C++
-[8]:https://techbase.kde.org/Policies/Licensing_Policy
-[9]:https://help.ubuntu.com/community/MultiArch
-[10]:http://www.kubuntu.org/news/kde-sc-4.13.3
-[11]:http://lists.alioth.debian.org/pipermail/pkg-kde-talk/2014-August/001934.html
-[12]:https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/kubuntu-devel/2014-August/008651.html

sources/talk/20150205 GHOST--Another Security Bug Hits Linux, But is it That Bad.md

@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-GHOST: Another Security Bug Hits Linux, But is it That Bad?
-================================================================================
-> GHOST, a newly announced security vulnerability that affects Linux servers and other systems that use the open source glibc library, is not as dangerous to data privacy as the Shellshock or Heartbleed bugs.
-
-![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2015/01/ghost-costume.jpg)
-
-Heartbleed is not even a year behind us, and the open source world has been hit with another major security vulnerability in the form of [GHOST][1], which involves holes in the Linux glibc library. This time, though, the actual danger may not live up to the hype.
-
-The GHOST vulnerability, which was announced last week by security researchers at [Qualys][2], resides in the gethostbyname*() functions of the glibc library. glibc is one of the core building blocks of most Linux systems, and gethostbyname*(), which resolves domain names into IP addresses, is widely used in open source applications.
-
-Attackers can exploit the GHOST security hole to create a buffer overflow, making it possible to execute any kind of code they want and do all sorts of nasty things.
-
-All of the above suggests that GHOST is bad news indeed. Fortunately for the open source community, however, the actual risk appears small. As TrendMicro [points out][3], the bug that makes the exploit possible has been fixed in glibc since May 2013, meaning that any Linux servers or PCs running more recent versions of the software are safe from attack.
-
-In addition, gethostbyname*() has been superseded by newer glibc functions that can better handle modern networking environments. Those include ones that use the IPv6 protocol, which gethostbyname*() doesn't support. As a result, newer applications often don't use the gethostbyname*() functions, and are not at risk.
-
-And perhaps most importantly, there's currently no known way of executing GHOST attacks through the Web. That greatly reduces opportunities for using this vulnerability to steal the data of unsuspecting users or otherwise wreak havoc.
-
-All in all, then, GHOST doesn't seem like a vulnerability that will prove as serious as Heartbleed or Shellshock, two other recent security problems that affected widely used open source software.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/020415/ghost-another-security-bug-hits-linux-it-bad
-
-作者：[Christopher Tozzi][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://thevarguy.com/author/christopher-tozzi
-[1]:https://community.qualys.com/blogs/laws-of-vulnerabilities/2015/01/27/the-ghost-vulnerability
-[2]:http://qualys.com/
-[3]:http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/not-so-spooky-linux-ghost-vulnerability/

sources/talk/20150310 FAQ--BSD.md

@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
-translating by wwy-hust
-
-FAQ: BSD
-================================================================================
-![](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/faq1-large1.png)
-
-### Had history been slightly different, you’d be reading FreeBSD Voice today… ###
-
-#### So what’s the deal with this Birsa Seva Dal then? Isn’t it a political group in India? ####
-
-Very funny – you looked up the “BSD” disambiguation page on Wikipedia just to make that joke, didn’t you? Here we’re talking about the Berkeley Software Distribution, a family of operating systems that are much more widely used than you might think.
-
-#### Sorry, I couldn’t help myself. OK, so what’s the deal with these OSes? ####
-
-There are three main BSD operating systems in use today. They are based on Unix, they are open source, they tend to be used in server roles, but can also make good desktops and workstations as well. They run KDE, Firefox, LibreOffice, Apache, MySQL and pretty much any open source application you can name. They’re reliable, secure and support a lot of different hardware.
-
-#### Congratulations – you’ve just described GNU/Linux… ####
-
-True. Linux has all of the things I’ve just mentioned, and that’s why a lot of people never investigate BSD. In day-to-day usage, there isn’t a lot of difference between the BSD family and Linux, largely because they all have Unix underpinnings, and also because they share a lot of software. You could be logged into a remote machine, hacking some Python code in Vim, and checking your email in Mutt, and you wouldn’t know you were running BSD. Or you could be using an internet terminal in a cafe somewhere and not know it’s BSD.
-
-The biggest differences are in the development model and licence, and to understand this, we need to step back in time. The B in BSD refers to the University of California, Berkeley, which was a hotbed of open source Unix development back in the 1980s. As the 90s came, x86-based PCs were becoming popular and many people were interested in having a Unix-like OS on their home computers. A project called 386BSD was released in 1992 to provide just that.
-
-#### And where were all the Linux distributions at this time? ####
-
-Good question! You might know that one year before, Linus Torvalds had announced his kernel, which, when paired with the GNU project, formed a complete open source operating system. Linus had been following GNU’s own kernel (Hurd) and 386BSD, and said that had either of them been ready for daily use, he probably wouldn’t have created Linux. So the first few years of the 90s were tremendously lively for open source operating systems, and nobody was really sure which ones would succeed.
-
-Then it got messy for BSD. AT&T, the original developer of Unix, was trying to monetise its work on the operating system and claimed that BSD infringed its intellectual property rights. This culminated in a lawsuit in 1992 which severely held back BSD development. In the end, various chunks of the BSD source code had to be rewritten – while all this time, GNU/Linux was gaining features, stability and popularity.
-
-BSD was arguably in a more mature state than GNU/Linux in the early 1990s, and without these legal complications it could have become the standard on x86 PCs. We could all be using it today instead of Linux.
-
-#### But you said earlier that BSD is still widely used, so things improved after that? ####
-
-Yes. 386BSD development stagnated, but two teams of developers working over the internet created separate successor projects. FreeBSD became the most widely used flavour of BSD, and is now the closest to Linux as a desktop and server operating system, while NetBSD focused on portability (today it runs on over 50 platforms, all built from the same codebase). The third flavour, OpenBSD, forked off from NetBSD just a few years after NetBSD started due to a developer spat, and today it’s well known for its concentration on security. Over the years, OpenBSD has created many programs that have become standard on Linux, such as OpenSSH – and now we have LibreSSL too.
-
-#### So these three flavours of BSD are like Linux distributions? ####
-
-Yes and no. Each BSD has a separate codebase and separate development teams, although there is a lot of code-flow between them (especially for hardware drivers). But they are standalone operating systems with their own features, pros and cons.
-
-We mentioned that the development model of the BSDs is one feature that really distinguishes them from GNU/Linux. There’s nobody in charge of GNU/Linux as a whole: some teams are working on the GNU components, some are working on the kernel, some on boot scripts, some on manual pages, some on libraries, and so forth. The development model is often called “wild west”, with a lack of central authority, and distributions do all the hard work of fitting everything together.
-
-The BSDs, in contrast, are developed as complete projects from centralised source code trees. The kernel, the libraries, the system utilities and the manual pages are all stored and worked on in the same place. Many BSD fans argue that this gives the operating systems more coherency and stability, and from our years of dabbling with BSD we can attest that the manual pages are largely superb.
-
-![](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/faq2-large1.png)
-
-#### Don’t the BSDs use anything from GNU/Linux? ####
-
-Yes, especially GCC. The GNU Compiler Collection has been the de-facto standard compiler on free Unix systems for decades, although FreeBSD has recently moved to LLVM/Clang. It’s important to note that the BSDs also use other open source projects that aren’t specifically GNU or Linux, such as the X Window System (XFree86 and X.org), Perl and so forth. And thanks to standards such as POSIX, most programs that run on Linux can be recompiled to run on the various BSD flavours.
-
-So, you could replace the L in a LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP) stack with FreeBSD, and get pretty much the same environment, with a different set of features (eg variations in filesystem and driver support). And there are some mega, super, huge users of FreeBSD, such as Netflix, which serve up ridiculous amounts of data every day. While FreeBSD makes a good desktop OS, its strengths really lie in the server room, with exceptional reliability and network performance.
-
-OpenBSD tends to be used in smaller web serving, file hosting, firewall and gateway roles where security is imperative. NetBSD is the least popular of the main BSD flavours – it can run on almost anything though, including old Amigas and Acorn boxes, and sometimes finds itself inside closed-source network devices.
-
-#### Hang on – how can someone close the source code? That ain’t kosher in Linux! ####
-
-Correct, and here we come to the other major difference with GNU/Linux. The licence for the BSD flavours (called, funnily enough, the BSD Licence) is very different to the GPL that we know. For starters, it’s much shorter. The BSD Licence essentially says: do what you want with this code, but give the original developers credit for writing it, and don’t try to sue them if it blows up your computer.
-
-So there’s nothing in the licence that forces the code to stay open, unlike with the GPL, which requires that users of the code also make their modifications freely available. This crucial difference has sparked countless flame wars over the years, with BSD fans saying that their licence is more free (because it’s less restrictive), while GNU/GPL fans say that their licence is actually more free (because it preserves freedom down the road).
-
-#### Blimey. Anyway, now that you’ve piqued my interest, where can I try out all these lovely BSD flavours? ####
-
-You can probably guess the websites – [www.openbsd.org][1], [www.freebsd.org][2] and [www.netbsd.org][3] – where you can download ISO images, boot them in VirtualBox, and play around. If you’ve been using Linux for a while, you won’t find any of them too difficult, although you’re expected to know your way around the command line. If you’re looking for something more newbie-friendly, PC-BSD
-
-([www.pcbsd.org][4]) is a customised version of FreeBSD focused on the desktop, with a fancy graphical installer and super-simple management of software. Have fun exploring!
-
-
-
-
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/faq-bsd-2/
-
-作者：[Mike Saunders][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/author/mike/
-[1]:http://www.openbsd.org/
-[2]:http://www.freebsd.org/
-[3]:http://www.netbsd.org/
-[4]:http://www.pcbsd.org/

sources/talk/20150511 Open Source History--Why Did Linux Succeed.md

@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-[translating by KayGuoWhu]
-Open Source History: Why Did Linux Succeed?
-================================================================================
-> Why did Linux, the Unix-like operating system kernel started by Linus Torvalds in 1991 that became central to the open source world, succeed where so many similar projects, including GNU HURD and the BSDs, fail?
-
-![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2015/05/linux.jpg)
-
-One of the most puzzling questions about the history of free and open source is this: Why did Linux succeed so spectacularly, whereas similar attempts to build a free or open source, Unix-like operating system kernel met with considerably less success? I don't know the answer to that question. But I have rounded up some theories, which I'd like to lay out here.
-
-First, though, let me make clear what I mean when I write that Linux was a great success. I am defining it in opposition primarily to the variety of other Unix-like operating system kernels, some of them open and some not, that proliferated around the time Linux was born. [GNU][1] HURD, the free-as-in-freedom kernel whose development began in [May 1991][2], is one of them. Others include Unices that most people today have never heard of, such as various derivatives of the Unix variant developed at the University of California at Berkeley, BSD; Xenix, Microsoft's take on Unix; academic Unix clones including Minix; and the original Unix developed under the auspices of AT&T, which was vitally important in academic and commercial computing circles during earlier decades, but virtually disappeared from the scene by the 1990s.
-
-#### Related ####
-
-- [Open Source History: Tracing the Origins of Hacker Culture and the Hacker Ethic][3]
-- [Unix and Personal Computers: Reinterpreting the Origins of Linux][4]
-
-I'd also like to make clear that I'm writing here about kernels, not complete operating systems. To a great extent, the Linux kernel owes its success to the GNU project as a whole, which produced the crucial tools, including compilers, a debugger and a BASH shell implementation, that are necessary to build a Unix-like operating system. But GNU developers never created a viable version of the the HURD kernel (although they are [still trying][5]). Instead, Linux ended up as the kernel that glued the rest of the GNU pieces together, even though that had never been in the GNU plans.
-
-So it's worth asking why Linux, a kernel launched by Linus Torvalds, an obscure programmer in Finland, in 1991—the same year as HURD—endured and thrived within a niche where so many other Unix-like kernels, many of which enjoyed strong commercial backing and association with the leading Unix hackers of the day, failed to take off. To that end, here are a few theories pertaining to that question that I've come across as I've researched the history of the free and open source software worlds, along with the respective strengths and weaknesses of these various explanations.
-
-### Linux Adopted a Decentralized Development Approach ###
-
-This is the argument that comes out of Eric S. Raymond's essay, "[The Cathedral and the Bazaar][6]," and related works, which make the case that software develops best when a large number of contributors collaborate continuously within a relatively decentralized organizational structure. That was generally true of Linux, in contrast to, for instance, GNU HURD, which took a more centrally directed approach to code development—and, as a result, "had been evidently failing" to build a complete operating system for a decade, in Raymond's view.
-
-To an extent, this explanation makes sense, but it has some significant flaws. For one, Torvalds arguably assumed a more authoritative role in directing Linux code development—deciding which contributions to include and reject—than Raymond and others have wanted to recognize. For another, this reasoning does not explain why GNU succeeded in producing so much software besides a working kernel. If only decentralized development works well in the free/open source software world, then all of GNU's programming efforts should have been a bust—which they most certainly were not.
-
-### Linux is Pragmatic; GNU is Ideological ###
-
-Personally, I find this explanation—which supposes that Linux grew so rapidly because its founder was a pragmatist who initially wrote the kernel just to be able to run a tailored Unix OS on his computer at home, not as part of a crusade to change the world through free software, as the GNU project aimed to do—the most compelling.
-
-Still, it has some weaknesses that make it less than completely satisfying. In particular, while Torvalds himself adopted pragmatic principles, not all members of the community that coalesced around his project, then or today, have done the same. Yet, Linux has succeeded all the same.
-
-Moreover, if pragmatism was the key to Linux's endurance, then why, again, was GNU successful in building so many other tools besides a kernel? If having strong political beliefs about software prevents you from pursuing successful projects, GNU should have been an outright failure, not an endeavor that produced a number of software packages that remain foundational to the IT world today.
-
-Last but not least, many of the other Unix variants of the late 1980s and early 1990s, especially several BSD off-shoots, were the products of pragmatism. Their developers aimed to build Unix variants that could be more freely shared than those restricted by expensive commercial licenses, but they were not deeply ideological about programming or sharing code. Neither was Torvalds, and it is therefore difficult to explain Linux's success, and the failure of other Unix projects, in terms of ideological zeal.
-
-### Operating System Design ###
-
-There are technical differences between Linux and some other Unix variants that are important to keep in mind when considering the success of Linux. Richard Stallman, the founder of the GNU project, pointed to these in explaining, in an email to me, why HURD development had lagged: "It is true that the GNU Hurd is not a practical success. Part of the reason is that its basic design made it somewhat of a research project. (I chose that design thinking it was a shortcut to get a working kernel in a hurry.)"
-
-Linux is also different from other Unix variants in the sense that Torvalds wrote all of the Linux code himself. Having a Unix of his own, free of other people's code, was one of his stated intentions when he [first announced Linux][7] in August 1991. This characteristic sets Linux apart from most of the other Unix variants that existed at that time, which derived their code bases from either AT&T Unix or Berkeley's BSD.
-
-I'm not a computer scientist, so I'm not qualified to decide whether the Linux code was simply superior to that of the other Unices, explaining why Linux succeeded. But that's an argument someone might make—although it does not account for the disparity in culture and personnel between Linux and other Unix kernels, which, to me, seem more important than code in understanding Linux's success.
-
-### The "Community" Put Its Support Behind Linux ###
-
-Stallman also wrote that "mainly the reason" for Linux's success was that "Torvalds made Linux free software, and since then more of the community's effort has gone into Linux than into the Hurd." That's not exactly a complete explanation for Linux's trajectory, since it does not account for why the community of free software developers followed Torvalds instead of HURD or another Unix. But it nonetheless highlights this shift as a large part of how Linux prevailed.
-
-A fuller account of the free software community's decision to endorse Linux would have to explain why developers did so even though, at first, Linux was a very obscure project—much more so, by any measure, than some of the other attempts at the time to create a freer Unix, such as NET BSD and 386/BSD—as well as one whose affinity with the goals of the free software movement was not at first clear. Originally, Torvalds released Linux under a license that simply prevented its commercial use. It was considerably later that he switched to the GNU General Public License, which protects the openness of source code.
-
-So, those are the explanations I've found for Linux's success as an open source operating system kernel—a success which, to be sure, has been measured in some respects (desktop Linux never became what its proponents hoped, for instance). But Linux has also become foundational to the computing world in ways that no other Unix-like OS has. Maybe Apple OS X and iOS, which derive from BSD, come close, but they don't play such a central role as Linux in powering the Internet, among other things.
-
-Have other ideas on why Linux became what it did, or why its counterparts in the Unix world have now almost all sunk into obscurity? (I know: BSD variants still have a following today, and some commercial Unices remain important enough for [Red Hat][8] (RHT) to be [courting their users][9]. But none of these Unix holdouts have conquered everything from Web servers to smartphones in the way Linux has.) I'd be delighted to hear them.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/050415/open-source-history-why-did-linux-succeed
-
-作者：[hristopher Tozzi][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://thevarguy.com/author/christopher-tozzi
-[1]:http://gnu.org/
-[2]:http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/history/hurd-announce
-[3]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/042915/open-source-history-tracing-origins-hacker-culture-and-ha
-[4]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/042715/unix-and-personal-computers-reinterpreting-origins-linux
-[5]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/042015/30-years-hurd-lives-gnu-updates-open-source-
-[6]:http://www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/
-[7]:https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/comp.os.minix/dlNtH7RRrGA[1-25]
-[8]:http://www.redhat.com/
-[9]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/032614/red-hat-grants-certification-award-unix-linux-migration-a

sources/talk/20150520 Is Linux Better than OS X GNU Open Source and Apple in History.md

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+translating wi-cuckoo
 Is Linux Better than OS X? GNU, Open Source and Apple in History
 ================================================================================
 > Tensions between the free software/open source community and Apple date back to the 1980s, Linux's founder called the core of Mac OS X "a piece of crap" and other anecdotes from software history.
@@ -54,4 +55,4 @@ via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/051815/linu
 [7]:http://www.duntemann.com/AppleSnakeButton.jpg
 [8]:http://www.freibrun.com/articles/articl12.htm
 [9]:https://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull18.html#SEC6
-[10]:https://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull12.html
+[10]:https://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull12.html