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Translating by Xuanwo
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Part 1 - LFCS: How to use GNU ‘sed’ Command to Create, Edit, and Manipulate files in Linux
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================================================================================
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The Linux Foundation announced the LFCS (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin) certification, a new program that aims at helping individuals all over the world to get certified in basic to intermediate system administration tasks for Linux systems. This includes supporting running systems and services, along with first-hand troubleshooting and analysis, and smart decision-making to escalate issues to engineering teams.
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@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
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Translating by Xuanwo
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Part 10 - LFCS: Understanding & Learning Basic Shell Scripting and Linux Filesystem Troubleshooting
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================================================================================
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The Linux Foundation launched the LFCS certification (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin), a brand new initiative whose purpose is to allow individuals everywhere (and anywhere) to get certified in basic to intermediate operational support for Linux systems, which includes supporting running systems and services, along with overall monitoring and analysis, plus smart decision-making when it comes to raising issues to upper support teams.
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@ -99,10 +101,10 @@ Execute Script
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Whenever you need to specify different courses of action to be taken in a shell script, as result of the success or failure of a command, you will use the if construct to define such conditions. Its basic syntax is:
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if CONDITION; then
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if CONDITION; then
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COMMANDS;
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else
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OTHER-COMMANDS
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OTHER-COMMANDS
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fi
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Where CONDITION can be one of the following (only the most frequent conditions are cited here) and evaluates to true when:
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@ -133,8 +135,8 @@ Where CONDITION can be one of the following (only the most frequent conditions a
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This loop allows to execute one or more commands for each value in a list of values. Its basic syntax is:
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for item in SEQUENCE; do
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COMMANDS;
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for item in SEQUENCE; do
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COMMANDS;
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done
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Where item is a generic variable that represents each value in SEQUENCE during each iteration.
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@ -143,8 +145,8 @@ Where item is a generic variable that represents each value in SEQUENCE during e
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This loop allows to execute a series of repetitive commands as long as the control command executes with an exit status equal to zero (successfully). Its basic syntax is:
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while EVALUATION_COMMAND; do
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EXECUTE_COMMANDS;
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while EVALUATION_COMMAND; do
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EXECUTE_COMMANDS;
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done
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Where EVALUATION_COMMAND can be any command(s) that can exit with a success (0) or failure (other than 0) status, and EXECUTE_COMMANDS can be any program, script or shell construct, including other nested loops.
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@ -158,7 +160,7 @@ We will demonstrate the use of the if construct and the for loop with the follow
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Let’s create a file with a list of services that we want to monitor at a glance.
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# cat myservices.txt
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sshd
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mariadb
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httpd
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@ -172,10 +174,10 @@ Script to Monitor Linux Services
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Our shell script should look like.
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#!/bin/bash
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# This script iterates over a list of services and
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# is used to determine whether they are running or not.
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for service in $(cat myservices.txt); do
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systemctl status $service | grep --quiet "running"
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if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
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@ -214,10 +216,10 @@ Services Monitoring Script
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We could go one step further and check for the existence of myservices.txt before even attempting to enter the for loop.
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#!/bin/bash
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# This script iterates over a list of services and
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# is used to determine whether they are running or not.
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if [ -f myservices.txt ]; then
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for service in $(cat myservices.txt); do
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systemctl status $service | grep --quiet "running"
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@ -238,9 +240,9 @@ You may want to maintain a list of hosts in a text file and use a script to dete
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The read shell built-in command tells the while loop to read myhosts line by line and assigns the content of each line to variable host, which is then passed to the ping command.
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#!/bin/bash
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# This script is used to demonstrate the use of a while loop
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while read host; do
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ping -c 2 $host
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done < myhosts
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@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
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Translating by Xuanwo
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Part 2 - LFCS: How to Install and Use vi/vim as a Full Text Editor
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================================================================================
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A couple of months ago, the Linux Foundation launched the LFCS (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin) certification in order to help individuals from all over the world to verify they are capable of doing basic to intermediate system administration tasks on Linux systems: system support, first-hand troubleshooting and maintenance, plus intelligent decision-making to know when it’s time to raise issues to upper support teams.
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@ -295,7 +297,7 @@ Vi Search String in File
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c). vi uses a command (similar to sed’s) to perform substitution operations over a range of lines or an entire file. To change the word “old” to “young” for the entire file, we must enter the following command.
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:%s/old/young/g
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:%s/old/young/g
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**Notice**: The colon at the beginning of the command.
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@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
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Translating by Xuanwo
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Part 3 - LFCS: How to Archive/Compress Files & Directories, Setting File Attributes and Finding Files in Linux
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================================================================================
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Recently, the Linux Foundation started the LFCS (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin) certification, a brand new program whose purpose is allowing individuals from all corners of the globe to have access to an exam, which if approved, certifies that the person is knowledgeable in performing basic to intermediate system administration tasks on Linux systems. This includes supporting already running systems and services, along with first-level troubleshooting and analysis, plus the ability to decide when to escalate issues to engineering teams.
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@ -178,9 +180,9 @@ List Archive Content
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Run any of the following commands:
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# gzip -d myfiles.tar.gz [#1]
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# bzip2 -d myfiles.tar.bz2 [#2]
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# xz -d myfiles.tar.xz [#3]
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# gzip -d myfiles.tar.gz [#1]
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# bzip2 -d myfiles.tar.bz2 [#2]
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# xz -d myfiles.tar.xz [#3]
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Then
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Translating by Xuanwo
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Part 4 - LFCS: Partitioning Storage Devices, Formatting Filesystems and Configuring Swap Partition
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================================================================================
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Last August, the Linux Foundation launched the LFCS certification (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin), a shiny chance for system administrators to show, through a performance-based exam, that they can perform overall operational support of Linux systems: system support, first-level diagnosing and monitoring, plus issue escalation – if needed – to other support teams.
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@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
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Translating by Xuanwo
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Part 5 - LFCS: How to Mount/Unmount Local and Network (Samba & NFS) Filesystems in Linux
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================================================================================
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The Linux Foundation launched the LFCS certification (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin), a brand new program whose purpose is allowing individuals from all corners of the globe to get certified in basic to intermediate system administration tasks for Linux systems, which includes supporting running systems and services, along with overall monitoring and analysis, plus smart decision-making when it comes to raising issues to upper support teams.
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@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
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Translating by Xuanwo
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Part 6 - LFCS: Assembling Partitions as RAID Devices – Creating & Managing System Backups
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================================================================================
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Recently, the Linux Foundation launched the LFCS (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin) certification, a shiny chance for system administrators everywhere to demonstrate, through a performance-based exam, that they are capable of performing overall operational support on Linux systems: system support, first-level diagnosing and monitoring, plus issue escalation, when required, to other support teams.
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@ -24,7 +26,7 @@ However, the actual fault-tolerance and disk I/O performance lean on how the har
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Our tool of choice for creating, assembling, managing, and monitoring our software RAIDs is called mdadm (short for multiple disks admin).
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---------------- Debian and Derivatives ----------------
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# aptitude update && aptitude install mdadm
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# aptitude update && aptitude install mdadm
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----------
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@ -34,7 +36,7 @@ Our tool of choice for creating, assembling, managing, and monitoring our softwa
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----------
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---------------- On openSUSE ----------------
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# zypper refresh && zypper install mdadm #
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# zypper refresh && zypper install mdadm #
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#### Assembling Partitions as RAID Devices ####
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@ -55,7 +57,7 @@ Creating RAID Array
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After creating RAID array, you an check the status of the array using the following commands.
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# cat /proc/mdstat
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or
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or
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# mdadm --detail /dev/md0 [More detailed summary]
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@ -203,16 +205,16 @@ The downside of this backup approach is that the image will have the same size a
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# dd if=/dev/sda of=/system_images/sda.img
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OR
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--------------------- Alternatively, you can compress the image file ---------------------
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# dd if=/dev/sda | gzip -c > /system_images/sda.img.gz
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--------------------- Alternatively, you can compress the image file ---------------------
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# dd if=/dev/sda | gzip -c > /system_images/sda.img.gz
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**Restoring the backup from the image file**
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# dd if=/system_images/sda.img of=/dev/sda
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OR
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--------------------- Depending on your choice while creating the image ---------------------
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gzip -dc /system_images/sda.img.gz | dd of=/dev/sda
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OR
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--------------------- Depending on your choice while creating the image ---------------------
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gzip -dc /system_images/sda.img.gz | dd of=/dev/sda
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Method 2: Backup certain files / directories with tar command – already covered in [Part 3][3] of this series. You may consider using this method if you need to keep copies of specific files and directories (configuration files, users’ home directories, and so on).
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@ -247,7 +249,7 @@ Synchronizing remote → local directories over ssh.
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In this case, switch the source and destination directories from the previous example.
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# rsync -avzhe ssh root@remote_host:/remote_directory/ backups
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# rsync -avzhe ssh root@remote_host:/remote_directory/ backups
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Please note that these are only 3 examples (most frequent cases you’re likely to run into) of the use of rsync. For more examples and usages of rsync commands can be found at the following article.
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@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
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Translating by Xuanwo
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Part 7 - LFCS: Managing System Startup Process and Services (SysVinit, Systemd and Upstart)
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================================================================================
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A couple of months ago, the Linux Foundation announced the LFCS (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin) certification, an exciting new program whose aim is allowing individuals from all ends of the world to get certified in performing basic to intermediate system administration tasks on Linux systems. This includes supporting already running systems and services, along with first-hand problem-finding and analysis, plus the ability to decide when to raise issues to engineering teams.
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@ -267,7 +269,7 @@ Starting Stoping Services
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Under systemd you can enable or disable a service when it boots.
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# systemctl enable [service] # enable a service
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# systemctl enable [service] # enable a service
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# systemctl disable [service] # prevent a service from starting at boot
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The process of enabling or disabling a service to start automatically on boot consists in adding or removing symbolic links in the /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants directory.
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@ -315,7 +317,7 @@ For example,
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# My test service - Upstart script demo description "Here goes the description of 'My test service'" author "Dave Null <dave.null@example.com>"
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# Stanzas
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#
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# Stanzas define when and how a process is started and stopped
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# See a list of stanzas here: http://upstart.ubuntu.com/wiki/Stanzas#respawn
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Translating by Xuanwo
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Part 8 - LFCS: Managing Users & Groups, File Permissions & Attributes and Enabling sudo Access on Accounts
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================================================================================
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Last August, the Linux Foundation started the LFCS certification (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin), a brand new program whose purpose is to allow individuals everywhere and anywhere take an exam in order to get certified in basic to intermediate operational support for Linux systems, which includes supporting running systems and services, along with overall monitoring and analysis, plus intelligent decision-making to be able to decide when it’s necessary to escalate issues to higher level support teams.
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@ -191,7 +193,7 @@ Thus, any user should have permission to run /bin/passwd, but only root will be
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Change User Password
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**Understanding Setgid**
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When the setgid bit is set, the effective GID of the real user becomes that of the group owner. Thus, any user can access a file under the privileges granted to the group owner of such file. In addition, when the setgid bit is set on a directory, newly created files inherit the same group as the directory, and newly created subdirectories will also inherit the setgid bit of the parent directory. You will most likely use this approach whenever members of a certain group need access to all the files in a directory, regardless of the file owner’s primary group.
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Translating by Xuanwo
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Part 9 - LFCS: Linux Package Management with Yum, RPM, Apt, Dpkg, Aptitude and Zypper
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================================================================================
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Last August, the Linux Foundation announced the LFCS certification (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin), a shiny chance for system administrators everywhere to demonstrate, through a performance-based exam, that they are capable of succeeding at overall operational support for Linux systems. A Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin has the expertise to ensure effective system support, first-level troubleshooting and monitoring, including finally issue escalation, when needed, to engineering support teams.
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@ -85,7 +87,7 @@ rpm is the package management system used by Linux Standard Base (LSB)-compliant
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yum adds the functionality of automatic updates and package management with dependency management to RPM-based systems. As a high-level tool, like apt-get or aptitude, yum works with repositories.
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- Read More: [20 yum Command Examples][4]
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-
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-
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### Common Usage of Low-Level Tools ###
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The most frequent tasks that you will do with low level tools are as follows:
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@ -155,7 +157,7 @@ The most frequent tasks that you will do with high level tools are as follows.
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aptitude update will update the list of available packages, and aptitude search will perform the actual search for package_name.
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# aptitude update && aptitude search package_name
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# aptitude update && aptitude search package_name
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In the search all option, yum will search for package_name not only in package names, but also in package descriptions.
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@ -190,8 +192,8 @@ The option remove will uninstall the package but leaving configuration files int
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# yum erase package_name
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---Notice the minus sign in front of the package that will be uninstalled, openSUSE ---
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# zypper remove -package_name
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# zypper remove -package_name
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Most (if not all) package managers will prompt you, by default, if you’re sure about proceeding with the uninstallation before actually performing it. So read the onscreen messages carefully to avoid running into unnecessary trouble!
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@ -199,7 +201,7 @@ Most (if not all) package managers will prompt you, by default, if you’re sure
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The following command will display information about the birthday package.
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# aptitude show birthday
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# aptitude show birthday
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# yum info birthday
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# zypper info birthday
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