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@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (wxy)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
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[#]: publisher: (wxy)
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[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10997-1.html)
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[#]: subject: (5 GNOME keyboard shortcuts to be more productive)
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||||
[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/5-gnome-keyboard-shortcuts-to-be-more-productive/)
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[#]: author: (Clément Verna https://fedoramagazine.org/author/cverna/)
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@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
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### GNOME 活动概述
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可以使用键盘上的 `Super` 键轻松打开活动概述。（`Super` 键通常有一个标识——比如 Windows 徽标……。）这在启动应用程序时非常有用。例如，使用以下键序列 `Super + f i r + Enter` 可以轻松启动 Firefox Web 浏览器
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可以使用键盘上的 `Super` 键轻松打开活动概述。（`Super` 键通常有一个标识——比如 Windows 徽标……）这在启动应用程序时非常有用。例如，使用以下键序列 `Super + f i r + Enter` 可以轻松启动 Firefox Web 浏览器
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![][3]
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@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
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在 GNOME 中，消息托盘中提供了通知。这也是日历和世界时钟出现的地方。要使用键盘打开信息托盘，请使用 `Super + m` 快捷键。要关闭消息托盘，只需再次使用相同的快捷方式。
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||||
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||||
* ![][4]
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![][4]
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### 在 GNOME 中管理工作空间
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@ -42,20 +42,18 @@ GNOME Shell 使用动态工作空间，这意味着它可以根据需要创建
|
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||||
### 同一个应用的多个窗口
|
||||
|
||||
使用活动概述启动应用程序非常有效。但是，尝试从已经运行的应用程序打开一个新窗口只能将焦点转移到已经打开的窗口。要创建一个新窗口，而不是简单地按 `Enter` 启动应用程序，请使用 `Ctrl + Enter`。
|
||||
使用活动概述启动应用程序非常有效。但是，尝试从已经运行的应用程序打开一个新窗口只能将焦点转移到已经打开的窗口。要创建一个新窗口，就不是简单地按 `Enter` 启动应用程序，请使用 `Ctrl + Enter`。
|
||||
|
||||
因此，例如，使用应用程序概述启动终端的第二个实例，`Super + t e r + (Ctrl + Enter)`。
|
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![][7]
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||||
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||||
然后你可以使用 `Super` + `在同一个应用程序的窗口之间切换。
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然后你可以使用 `Super` + ` 在同一个应用程序的窗口之间切换。
|
||||
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||||
![][8]
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||||
如图所示，当用键盘控制时，GNOME Shell 是一个非常强大的桌面环境。学习使用这些快捷方式并训练你的肌肉记忆以不使用鼠标将为你提供更好的用户体验，并在使用 GNOME 时提高你的工作效率。有关其他有用的快捷方式，请查看 [GNOME wiki 上的此页面][9]。
|
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||||
* * *
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||||
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||||
*图片来自 [1AmFcS][10]，[Unsplash][11]*
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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||||
@ -65,7 +63,7 @@ via: https://fedoramagazine.org/5-gnome-keyboard-shortcuts-to-be-more-productive
|
||||
作者：[Clément Verna][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
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|
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@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (An Ubuntu User’s Review Of Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu Edition)
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[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/dell-xps-13-ubuntu-review)
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[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
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An Ubuntu User’s Review Of Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu Edition
|
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======
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_**Brief: Sharing my feel and experience about Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu edition after using it for over three months.**_
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During Black Friday sale last year, I took the bullet and ordered myself a [Dell XPS 13][1] with the new [Intel Kaby Lake processor][2]. It got delivered in the second week of December and if you [follow It’s FOSS on Facebook][3], you might have seen the [live unboxing][4].
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Though I was tempted to do the review of Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu edition almost at the same time, I knew it won’t be fair. A brand new system will, of course, feel good and work smooth.
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|
||||
But that’s not the real experience. The real experience of any system comes after weeks, if not months, of use. That’s the reason I hold myself back and waited three months to review Dell XPS Kobylake Ubuntu edition.
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|
||||
### Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu Edition Review
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||||
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||||
Before we saw what’s hot and what’s not in the latest version of Dell XPS 13, I should tell you that I was using an Acer R13 ultrabook book before this. So I may compare the new Dell system with the older Acer one.
|
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|
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![Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu Edition System Settings][5]![Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu Edition System Settings][5]
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Dell XPS 13 has several versions based on processor. The one I am reviewing is Dell XPS13 MLK (9360). It has i5-7200U 7th generation processor. Since I hardly used the touch screen in Acer Aspire R13, I chose to go with the non-touch version of XPS. This decision also saved me a couple of hundreds of Euro.
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||||
It has 8 GB of LPDDR3 1866MHz RAM and 256 GB SSD PCIe. Graphics is Intel HD. On connectivity side, it’s got Killer 1535 Wi-Fi 802.11ac 2×2 and Bluetooth 4.1. Screen is InfinityEdge Full HD (1 920 x 1080).
|
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||||
Now, you know what kind of hardware we’ve got here, let’s see what works and what sucks.
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#### Look and feel
|
||||
|
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![Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu Edition][6]![Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu Edition][6]
|
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At 13.3″, Dell XPS 13 looks even smaller than a regular 13.3″ laptop, thanks to its non-existent bezel which is the specialty of the infinite display. It is light as a feather with weight just under 1.23 Kg.
|
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|
||||
The outer surface is metallic, not very shiny but a decent aluminum look. On the interior, the palm rest is made of carbon fiber which is very comfortable at the rest. Unlike the MacBook Air that uses metallic palm rests, the carbon fiber ones are more friendly, especially in winters.
|
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|
||||
It is almost centimeter and a half high at it’s thickest part (around hinges). This also adds a plus point to the elegance of XPS 13.
|
||||
|
||||
Overall, Dell XPS 13 has a compact body and an elegant body.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Keyboard and touchpad
|
||||
|
||||
The keyboard and touchpad mix well with the carbon fiber interiors. The keys are smooth with springs in the back (perhaps) and give a rich feel while typing. All of the important keys are present and are not tiny in size, something you might be worried of, considering the overall tiny size of XPS13.
|
||||
|
||||
Oh! the keyboards have backlit support. Which adds to the rich feel of this expensive laptop.
|
||||
|
||||
While the keyboard is a great experience, the same cannot be said about the touchpad. In fact, the touchpad is the weakest part which mars the overall good experience of XPS 13.
|
||||
|
||||
The touchpad has a cheap feeling because it makes an irritating sound while tapping on the right side as if it’s hollow underneath. This is [something that has been noticed in the earlier versions of XPS 13][7] but hasn’t been given enough consideration to fix it. This is something you do not expect from a product at such a price.
|
||||
|
||||
Also, the touchpad scroll on websites is hideous. It is also not suitable for pixel works because of difficulty in moving little adjustments.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Ports
|
||||
|
||||
Dell XPS 13 has two USB 3.0 ports, one of them with PowerShare. If you did not know, [USB 3.0 PowerShare][8] ports allow you to charge external devices even when your system is turned off.
|
||||
|
||||
![Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu edition ports][9]![Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu edition ports][9]
|
||||
|
||||
It also has a [Thunderbolt][10] (doubles up as [USB Type-C port][11]). It doesn’t have HDMI port, Ethernet port or VGA port. However, all of these three can be used via the Thunderbolt port and external adapters (sold separately).
|
||||
|
||||
![Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu edition ports][12]![Dell XPS 13 Kaby Lake Ubuntu edition ports][12]
|
||||
|
||||
It also has an SD card reader and a headphone jack. In addition to all these, there is an [anti-theft slot][13] (a common security practice in enterprises).
|
||||
|
||||
#### Display
|
||||
|
||||
The model I have packs 1920x1080px. It’s full HD and display quality is at par. It perfectly displays the high definition pictures and 1080p video files.
|
||||
|
||||
I cannot compare it with the [qHD model][14] as I never used it. But considering that there are not enough 4K contents for now, full HD display should be sufficient for next few years.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Sound
|
||||
|
||||
Compared to Acer R13, XPS 13 has better audio quality. Even the max volume is louder than that of Acer R13. The dual speakers give a nice stereo effect.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Webcam
|
||||
|
||||
The weirdest part of Dell XPS 13 review comes now. We all have been accustomed of seeing the webcam at the top-middle position on any laptop. But this is not the case here.
|
||||
|
||||
XPS 13 puts the webcam on the bottom left corner of the laptop. This is done to keep the bezel as thin as possible. But this creates a problem.
|
||||
|
||||
![Image captured with laptop screen at 90 degree][15]
|
||||
|
||||
When you video chat with someone, it is natural to look straight up. With the top-middle webcam, your face is in direct line with the camera. But with the bottom left position of web cam, it looks like those weird accidental selfies you take with the front camera of your smartphone. Heck, people on the other side might see inside of your nostrils.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Battery
|
||||
|
||||
Battery life is the strongest point of Dell XPS 13. While Dell claims an astounding 21-hour battery life, but in my experience, it smoothly gives a battery life of 8-10 hours. This is when I watch movies, browse the internet and other regular stuff.
|
||||
|
||||
There is one strange thing that I noticed, though. It charges pretty quick until 90% but the charging slows down afterward. And it almost never goes beyond 98%.
|
||||
|
||||
The battery indicator turns red when the battery status falls below 30% and it starts displaying notifications if the battery goes below 10%. There is small light indicator under the touchpad that turns yellow when the battery is low and it turns white when the charger is plugged in.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Overheating
|
||||
|
||||
I have previously written about ways to [reduce laptop overheating in Linux][16]. Thankfully, so far, I didn’t need to employ those tricks.
|
||||
|
||||
Dell XPS 13 remains surprisingly cool when you are using it on battery, even in long runs. The bottom does get heated a little when you use it while charging.
|
||||
|
||||
Overall, XPS 13 manages overheating very well.
|
||||
|
||||
#### The Ubuntu experience with Dell XPS 13
|
||||
|
||||
So far we have seen pretty generic things about the Dell XPS 13. Let’s talk about how good a Linux laptop it is.
|
||||
|
||||
Until now, I used to manually [install Linux on Windows laptop][17]. This is the first Linux laptop I ever bought. I would also like to mention the awesome first boot animation of Dell’s Ubuntu laptop. Here’s a YouTube video of the same:
|
||||
|
||||
One thing I would like to mention here is that Dell never displays Ubuntu laptops on its website. You’ll have to search the website with Ubuntu then you’ll see the Ubuntu editions. Also, Ubuntu edition is cheaper just by 50 Euro in comparison to its Windows counterpart whereas I was expecting it to be at least 100 Euro less than that of Windows.
|
||||
|
||||
Despite being an Ubuntu preloaded laptop, the super key still comes with Windows logo on it. It’s trivial but I would have loved to see the Ubuntu logo on it.
|
||||
|
||||
Now talking about Ubuntu experience, the first thing I noticed was that there was no hardware issue. Even the function and media keys work perfectly in Ubuntu, which is a pleasant surprise.
|
||||
|
||||
Dell has also added its own repository in the software sources to provide for some Dell specific tools. You can see the footprints of Dell in the entire system.
|
||||
|
||||
You might be interested to see how Dell partitioned the 256Gb of disk space. Let me show that to you.
|
||||
|
||||
![Default disk partition by Dell][18]
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, there is 524MB reserved for [EFI][19]. Then there is 3.2 GB of factory restore image perhaps.
|
||||
|
||||
Dell is using 17Gb of Swap partition, which is more than double of the RAM size. It seems Dell didn’t put enough thought here because this is simply waste of disk space, in my opinion. I would have used not [more than 11 GB of Swap partition][20] here.
|
||||
|
||||
As I mentioned before, Dell adds a “restore to factory settings” option in the Grub menu. This is a nice little feature to have.
|
||||
|
||||
One thing which I don’t like in the XPS 13 Ubuntu edition is the long boot time. It takes entire 23 seconds to reach the login screen after pressing the power button. I would expect it to be faster considering that it uses SSD PCIe.
|
||||
|
||||
If it interests you, the XPS 13 had Chromium and Google Chrome browsers installed by default instead of Firefox.
|
||||
|
||||
As far my experience goes, I am fairly impressed with Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu edition. It gives a smooth Ubuntu experience. The laptop seems to be a part of Ubuntu. Though it is an expensive laptop, I would say it is definitely worth the money.
|
||||
|
||||
To summarize, let’s see the good, the bad and the ugly of Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu edition.
|
||||
|
||||
#### The Good
|
||||
|
||||
* Ultralight weight
|
||||
* Compact
|
||||
* Keyboard
|
||||
* Carbon fiber palm rest
|
||||
* Full hardware support for Ubuntu
|
||||
* Factory restore option for Ubuntu
|
||||
* Nice display and sound quality
|
||||
* Good battery life
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### The bad
|
||||
|
||||
* Poor touchpad
|
||||
* A little pricey
|
||||
* Long boot time for SSD powered laptop
|
||||
* Windows key still present :P
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### The ugly
|
||||
|
||||
* Weird webcam placement
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
How did you like the **Dell XPS 13 Ubuntu edition review** from an Ubuntu user’s point of view? Do you find it good enough to spend over a thousand bucks? Do share your views in the comment below.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/dell-xps-13-ubuntu-review
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://amzn.to/2ImVkCV
|
||||
[2]: http://www.techradar.com/news/computing-components/processors/kaby-lake-intel-core-processor-7th-gen-cpu-news-rumors-and-release-date-1325782
|
||||
[3]: https://www.facebook.com/itsfoss/
|
||||
[4]: https://www.facebook.com/itsfoss/videos/810293905778045/
|
||||
[5]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Dell-XPS-13-Ubuntu-Edition-spec.jpg?resize=540%2C337&ssl=1
|
||||
[6]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Dell-XPS-13-Ubuntu-review.jpeg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1
|
||||
[7]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yt5SkI0c3lM
|
||||
[8]: http://www.dell.com/support/article/fr/fr/frbsdt1/SLN155147/usb-powershare-feature?lang=EN
|
||||
[9]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Dell-Ubuntu-XPS-13-Kaby-Lake-ports-1.jpg?resize=800%2C435&ssl=1
|
||||
[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)
|
||||
[11]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB-C
|
||||
[12]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Dell-Ubuntu-XPS-13-Kaby-Lake-ports-2.jpg?resize=800%2C325&ssl=1
|
||||
[13]: http://accessories.euro.dell.com/sna/productdetail.aspx?c=ie&l=en&s=dhs&cs=iedhs1&sku=461-10169
|
||||
[14]: https://recombu.com/mobile/article/quad-hd-vs-qhd-vs-4k-ultra-hd-what-does-it-all-mean_M20472.html
|
||||
[15]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Dell-XPS-13-webcam-issue.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
|
||||
[16]: https://itsfoss.com/reduce-overheating-laptops-linux/
|
||||
[17]: https://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu-1404-dual-boot-mode-windows-8-81-uefi/
|
||||
[18]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Dell-XPS-13-Ubuntu-Edition-disk-partition.jpeg?resize=800%2C448&ssl=1
|
||||
[19]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFI_system_partition
|
||||
[20]: https://itsfoss.com/swap-size/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Cisco connects with IBM in to simplify hybrid cloud deployment)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403363/cisco-connects-with-ibm-in-to-simplify-hybrid-cloud-deployment.html)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/)
|
||||
|
||||
Cisco connects with IBM in to simplify hybrid cloud deployment
|
||||
======
|
||||
Cisco and IBM are working todevelop a hybrid-cloud architecture that meld Cisco’s data-center, networking and analytics platforms with IBM’s cloud offerings.
|
||||
![Ilze Lucero \(CC0\)][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Cisco and IBM said the companies would meld their [data-center][2] and cloud technologies to help customers more easily and securely build and support on-premises and [hybrid-cloud][3] applications.
|
||||
|
||||
Cisco, IBM Cloud and IBM Global Technology Services (the professional services business of IBM) said they will work to develop a hybrid-cloud architecture that melds Cisco’s data-center, networking and analytics platforms with IBM’s cloud offerings. IBM's contribution includea a heavy emphasis on Kubernetes-based offerings such as Cloud Foundry and Cloud Private as well as a catalog of [IBM enterprise software][4] such as Websphere and open source software such as Open Whisk, KNative, Istio and Prometheus.
|
||||
|
||||
**[ Read also:[How to plan a software-defined data-center network][5] ]**
|
||||
|
||||
Cisco said customers deploying its Virtual Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI) technologies can now extend that network fabric from on-premises to the IBM Cloud. ACI is Cisco’s [software-defined networking (SDN)][6] data-center package, but it also delivers the company’s Intent-Based Networking technology, which brings customers the ability to automatically implement network and policy changes on the fly and ensure data delivery.
|
||||
|
||||
[IBM said Cisco ACI Virtual Pod][7] (vPOD) software can now run on IBM Cloud bare-metal servers. “vPOD consists of virtual spines and leafs and supports up to eight instances of ACI Virtual Edge. These elements are often deployed on VMware services on the IBM Cloud to support hybrid deployments from on-premises environments to the IBM Cloud," the company stated.
|
||||
|
||||
“Through a new relationship with IBM’s Global Technology Services team, customers can implement Virtual ACI on their IBM Cloud,” Cisco’s Kaustubh Das, vice president of strategy and product development wrote in a [blog][8] about the agreement. “Virtual ACI is a software-only solution that you can deploy wherever you have at least two servers on which you can run the VMware ESXi hypervisor. In the future, the ability to deploy IBM Cloud Pak for Applications in a Cisco ACI environment will also be supported,” he stated.
|
||||
|
||||
IBM’s prepackaged Cloud Paks include a secured Kubernetes container and containerized IBM middleware designed to let customers quickly spin-up enterprise-ready containers, Big Blue said.
|
||||
|
||||
Additionally IBM said it would add support for its IBM Cloud Private, which manages Kubernetes and other containers, on Cisco HyperFlex and HyperFlex Edge hyperconverged infrastructure (HCI) systems. HyperFlex is Cisco's HCI that offers computing, networking and storage resources in a single system. The package can be managed via Cisco’s Intersight software-as-a-service cloud management platform that offers a central dashboard of HyperFlex operations.
|
||||
|
||||
IBM said it was adding Hyperflex support to its IBM Cloud Pak for Applications as well.
|
||||
|
||||
The paks include IBM Multicloud Manager which is a Kubernetes-based platform that runs on the company’s [IBM Cloud Private][9] platform and lets customers manage and integrate workloads on clouds from other providers such as Amazon, Red Hat and Microsoft.
|
||||
|
||||
At the heart of the Multi-cloud Manager is a dashboard interface for managing thousands of Kubernetes applications and huge volumes of data regardless of where in the organization they are located.
|
||||
|
||||
The idea is that Multi-cloud Manager lets operations and development teams get visibility of Kubernetes applications and components across the different clouds and clusters via a single control pane.
|
||||
|
||||
“With IBM Multicloud Manager, enterprises can have a single place to manage multiple clusters running across multiple on-premises, public and private cloud environments, providing consistent visibility, governance and automation from on-premises to the edge, wrote IBM’s Evaristus Mainsah, general manager of IBM Cloud Private Ecosystem in a [blog][7] about the relationship.
|
||||
|
||||
Distributed workloads can be pushed out and managed directly at the device at a much larger scale across multiple public clouds and on-premises locations. Visibility, compliance and governance are provided with extended MCM capabilities that will be available at the lightweight device layer, with a connection back to the central server/gateway, Mainsah stated.
|
||||
|
||||
In addition, Cisco’s AppDynamics\can be tied in to monitor infrastructure and business performance, Cisco stated. Cisco recently added [AppDynamics for Kubernetes][10], which Cisco said will reduce the time it takes to identify and troubleshoot performance issues across Kubernetes clusters.
|
||||
|
||||
The companies said the hybrid-cloud architecture they envision will help reduce the complexity of setting up and managing hybrid-cloud environments.
|
||||
|
||||
Cisco and IBM are both aggressively pursuing cloud customers. Cisco[ ramped up][11] its own cloud presence in 2018 with all manner of support stemming from an [agreement with Amazon Web Services][12] (AWS) that will offer enterprise customers an integrated platform to help them more simply build, secure and connect [Kubernetes][13] clusters across private [data centers][14] and the AWS cloud.
|
||||
|
||||
Cisco and Google in [April expanded their joint cloud-development][15] activities to help customers more easily build secure multicloud and hybrid applications everywhere from on-premises data centers to public clouds.
|
||||
|
||||
IBM is waiting to close [its $34 billion Red Hat deal][16] that it expects will give it a huge presence in the hotly contested hybrid-cloud arena and increase its inroads to competitors – Google, Amazon and Microsoft among others. Gartner says that market will be worth $240 billion by next year.
|
||||
|
||||
Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][17] and [LinkedIn][18] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3403363/cisco-connects-with-ibm-in-to-simplify-hybrid-cloud-deployment.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Michael Cooney][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/03/cubes_blocks_squares_containers_ilze_lucero_cc0_via_unsplash_1200x800-100752172-large.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3223692/what-is-a-data-centerhow-its-changed-and-what-you-need-to-know.html
|
||||
[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3233132/what-is-hybrid-cloud-computing.html
|
||||
[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3340043/ibm-marries-on-premises-private-and-public-cloud-data.html
|
||||
[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3284352/data-center/how-to-plan-a-software-defined-data-center-network.html
|
||||
[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3209131/what-sdn-is-and-where-its-going.html
|
||||
[7]: https://www.ibm.com/blogs/cloud-computing/2019/06/18/ibm-cisco-collaborating-hybrid-cloud-modern-enterprise/
|
||||
[8]: https://blogs.cisco.com/datacenter/cisco-and-ibm-cloud-announce-hybrid-cloud-partnership
|
||||
[9]: https://www.ibm.com/cloud/private
|
||||
[10]: https://blog.appdynamics.com/product/kubernetes-monitoring-with-appdynamics/
|
||||
[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3322937/lan-wan/what-will-be-hot-for-cisco-in-2019.html?nsdr=true
|
||||
[12]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3319782/cloud-computing/cisco-aws-marriage-simplifies-hybrid-cloud-app-development.html?nsdr=true
|
||||
[13]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3269848/cloud-computing/cisco-embraces-kubernetes-pushing-container-software-into-mainstream.html
|
||||
[14]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3223692/data-center/what-is-a-data-centerhow-its-changed-and-what-you-need-to-know.html
|
||||
[15]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3388218/cisco-google-reenergize-multicloudhybrid-cloud-joint-development.html
|
||||
[16]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3316960/ibm-says-buying-red-hat-makes-it-the-biggest-in-hybrid-cloud.html
|
||||
[17]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
|
||||
[18]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
|
||||
@ -1,84 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Emacs for (even more of) the win)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://so.nwalsh.com/2019/03/01/emacs)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Norman Walsh https://so.nwalsh.com)
|
||||
|
||||
Emacs for (even more of) the win
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
I use Emacs every day. I rarely notice it. But when I do, it usually brings me joy.
|
||||
|
||||
>If you are a professional writer…Emacs outshines all other editing software in approximately the same way that the noonday sun does the stars. It is not just bigger and brighter; it simply makes everything else vanish.
|
||||
|
||||
I’ve been using [Emacs][1] for well over twenty years. I use it for writing almost anything and everything (I edit Scala and Java in [IntelliJ][2]). I read my email in it. If it can be done in Emacs, that’s where I prefer to do it.
|
||||
|
||||
Although I’ve used Emacs for literally decades, I realized around the new year that very little about my use of Emacs had changed in the past decade or more. New editing modes had come along, of course, I’d picked up a package or two, and I did adopt [Helm][3] a few years ago, but mostly it just did all the heavy lifting that I required of it, day in and day out without complaining or getting in my way. On the one hand, that’s a testament to how good it is. On the other hand, that’s an invitation to dig in and see what I’ve missed.
|
||||
|
||||
At about the same time, I resolved to improve several aspects of my work life:
|
||||
|
||||
* **Better meeting management.** I’m lead on a couple of projects at work and those projects have meetings, both regularly scheduled and ad hoc; some of them I run, some of them, I only attend.
|
||||
|
||||
I realized I’d become sloppy about my participation in meetings. It’s all too easy sit in a room where there’s a meeting going on but actually read email and work on other items. (I strongly oppose the “no laptops” rule in meetings, but that’s a topic for another day.)
|
||||
|
||||
There are a couple of problems with sloppy participation. First, it’s disrespectful to the person who convened the meeting and the other participants. That’s actually sufficient reason not to do it, but I think there’s another problem: it disguises the cost of meetings.
|
||||
|
||||
If you’re in a meeting but also answering your email and maybe fixing a bug, then that meeting didn’t cost anything (or as much). If meetings are cheap, then there will be more of them.
|
||||
|
||||
I want fewer, shorter meetings. I don’t want to disguise their cost, I want them to be perceived as damned expensive and to be avoided unless absolutely necessary.
|
||||
|
||||
Sometimes, they are absolutely necessary. And I appreciate that a quick meeting can sometimes resolve an issue quickly. But if I have ten short meetings a day, let’s not pretend that I’m getting anything else productive accomplished.
|
||||
|
||||
I resolved to take notes at all the meetings I attend. I’m not offering to take minutes, necessarily, but I am taking minutes of a sort. It keeps me focused on the meeting and not catching up on other things.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Better time management.** There are lots and lots of things that I need or want to do, both professionally and personally. I’ve historically kept track off some of them in issue lists, some in saved email threads (in Emacs and [Gmail][4], for slightly different types of reminders), in my calendar, on “todo lists” of various sorts on my phone, and on little scraps of paper. And probably other places as well.
|
||||
|
||||
I resolved to keep them all in one place. Not because I think there’s one place that’s uniformly best or better, but because I hope to accomplish two things. First, by having them all in one place, I hope to be able to develop a better and more holistic view of where I’m putting my energies. Second, because I want to develop a habitn. “A settled or regular tendency or practice, especially one that is hard to give up.” of recording, tracking, and preserving them.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Better accountability.** If you work in certain science or engineering disciplines, you will have developed the habit of keeping a [lab notebook][5]. Alas, I did not. But I resolved to do so.
|
||||
|
||||
I’m not interested in the legal aspects that encourage bound pages or scribing only in permanent marker. What I’m interested in is developing the habit of keeping a record. My goal is to have a place to jot down ideas and design sketches and the like. If I have sudden inspiration or if I think of an edge case that isn’t in the test suite, I want my instinct to be to write it in my journal instead of scribbling it on a scrap of paper or promising myself that I’ll remember it.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
This confluence of resolutions led me quickly and more-or-less directly to [Org][6]. There is a large, active, and loyal community of Org users. I’ve played with it in the past (I even [wrote about it][7], at least in passing, a couple of years ago) and I tinkered long enough to [integrate MarkLogic][8] into it. (Boy has that paid off in the last week or two!)
|
||||
|
||||
But I never used it.
|
||||
|
||||
I am now using it. I take minutes in it, I record all of my todo items in it, and I keep a journal in it. I’m not sure there’s much value in me attempting to wax eloquent about it or enumerate all its features, you’ll find plenty of either with a quick web search.
|
||||
|
||||
If you use Emacs, you should be using Org. If you don’t use Emacs, I’m confident you wouldn’t be the first person who started because of Org. It does a lot. It takes a little time to learn your way around and remember the shortcuts, but I think it’s worth it. (And if you carry an [iOS][9] device in your pocket, I recommend [beorg][10] for recording items while you’re on the go.)
|
||||
|
||||
Naturally, I worked out how to [get XML out of it][11]⊕“Worked out” sure is a funny way to spell “hacked together in elisp.”. And from there, how to turn it back into the markup my weblog expects (and do so at the push of a button in Emacs, of course). So this is the first posting written in Org. It won’t be the last.
|
||||
|
||||
P.S. Happy birthday [little weblog][12].
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://so.nwalsh.com/2019/03/01/emacs
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Norman Walsh][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://so.nwalsh.com
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs
|
||||
[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IntelliJ_IDEA
|
||||
[3]: https://emacs-helm.github.io/helm/
|
||||
[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail
|
||||
[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_notebook
|
||||
[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Org-mode
|
||||
[7]: https://www.balisage.net/Proceedings/vol17/html/Walsh01/BalisageVol17-Walsh01.html
|
||||
[8]: https://github.com/ndw/ob-ml-marklogic/
|
||||
[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS
|
||||
[10]: https://beorgapp.com/
|
||||
[11]: https://github.com/ndw/org-to-xml
|
||||
[12]: https://so.nwalsh.com/2017/03/01/helloWorld
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
Translating by name1e5s
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,133 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/installing-alternative-rpm-versions-in-fedora/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Adam Šamalík https://fedoramagazine.org/author/asamalik/)
|
||||
|
||||
Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
![][1]
|
||||
|
||||
[Modularity][2] enables Fedora to provide alternative versions of RPM packages in the repositories. Several different applications, language runtimes, and tools are available in multiple versions, build natively for each Fedora release.
|
||||
|
||||
The Fedora Magazine has already covered [Modularity in Fedora 28 Server Edition][3] about a year ago. Back then, it was just an optional repository with additional content, and as the title hints, only available to the Server Edition. A lot has changed since then, and now **Modularity is a core part of the Fedora distribution**. And some packages have moved to modules completely. At the time of writing — out of the 49,464 binary RPM packages in Fedora 30 — 1,119 (2.26%) come from a module ([more about the numbers][4]).
|
||||
|
||||
### Modularity basics
|
||||
|
||||
Because having too many packages in multiple versions could feel overwhelming (and hard to manage), packages are grouped into **modules** that represent an application, a language runtime, or any other sensible group.
|
||||
|
||||
Modules often come in multiple **streams** — usually representing a major version of the software. Available in parallel, but only one stream of each module can be installed on a given system.
|
||||
|
||||
And not to overwhelm users with too many choices, each Fedora release comes with a set of **defaults** — so decisions only need to be made when desired.
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, to simplify installation, modules can be optionally installed using pre-defined **profiles** based on a use case. A database module, for example, could be installed as a client, a server, or both.
|
||||
|
||||
### Modularity in practice
|
||||
|
||||
When you install an RPM package on your Fedora system, chances are it comes from a module stream. The reason why you might not have noticed is one of the core principles of Modularity — remaining invisible until there is a reason to know about it.
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s compare the following two situations. First, installing the popular _i3_ tiling window manager, and second, installing the minimalist _dwm_ window manager:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install i3
|
||||
...
|
||||
Done!
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
As expected, the above command installs the _i3_ package and its dependencies on the system. Nothing else happened here. But what about the other one?
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install dwm
|
||||
...
|
||||
Enabling module streams:
|
||||
dwm 6.1
|
||||
...
|
||||
Done!
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
It feels the same, but something happened in the background — the default _dwm_ module stream ( _6.1_ ) got enabled, and the _dwm_ package from the module got installed.
|
||||
|
||||
To be transparent, there is a message about the module auto-enablement in the output. But other than that, the user doesn’t need to know anything about Modularity in order to use their system the way they always did.
|
||||
|
||||
But what if they do? Let’s see how a different version of _dwm_ could have been installed instead.
|
||||
|
||||
Use the following command to see what module streams are available:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf module list
|
||||
...
|
||||
dwm latest ...
|
||||
dwm 6.0 ...
|
||||
dwm 6.1 [d] ...
|
||||
dwm 6.2 ...
|
||||
...
|
||||
Hint: [d]efault, [e]nabled, [x]disabled, [i]nstalled
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The output shows there are four streams of the _dwm_ module, _6.1_ being the default.
|
||||
|
||||
To install the _dwm_ package in a different version — from the _6.2_ stream for example — enable the stream and then install the package by using the two following commands:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf module enable dwm:6.2
|
||||
...
|
||||
Enabling module streams:
|
||||
dwm 6.2
|
||||
...
|
||||
Done!
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install dwm
|
||||
...
|
||||
Done!
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, let’s have a look at profiles, with PostgreSQL as an example.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf module list
|
||||
...
|
||||
postgresql 9.6 client, server ...
|
||||
postgresql 10 client, server ...
|
||||
postgresql 11 client, server ...
|
||||
...
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To install PostgreSQL 11 as a server, use the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf module install postgresql:11/server
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Note that — apart from enabling — modules can be installed with a single command when a profile is specified.
|
||||
|
||||
It is possible to install multiple profiles at once. To add the client tools, use the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf module install postgresql:11/client
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
There are many other modules with multiple streams available to choose from. At the time of writing, there were 83 module streams in Fedora 30. That includes two versions of MariaDB, three versions of Node.js, two versions of Ruby, and many more.
|
||||
|
||||
Please refer to the [official user documentation for Modularity][5] for a complete set of commands including switching from one stream to another.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://fedoramagazine.org/installing-alternative-rpm-versions-in-fedora/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Adam Šamalík][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/asamalik/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/modularity-f30-816x345.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://docs.pagure.org/modularity
|
||||
[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/modularity-fedora-28-server-edition/
|
||||
[4]: https://blog.samalik.com/2019/06/12/counting-modularity-packages.html
|
||||
[5]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/modularity/using-modules/
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
|
||||
83
translated/tech/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md
Normal file
83
translated/tech/20190301 Emacs for (even more of) the win.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (oneforalone)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Emacs for (even more of) the win)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://so.nwalsh.com/2019/03/01/emacs)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Norman Walsh https://so.nwalsh.com)
|
||||
|
||||
Emacs 的胜利（或是更多）
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
我天天用 Emacs，但我却从意识到。但是每当我用 Emacs 时，它都给我带来了很多乐趣。
|
||||
|
||||
>如果你是个职业作家……Emacs 与其它的编辑器的相比就如皓日与群星一样。不仅更大、更亮，它轻而易举就让其他所有的东西都消失了。
|
||||
|
||||
我用 [Emacs][1] 已有二十多年了。我用它来写几乎所有的东西（Scala 和 Java 我用 [IntelliJ][2]）。看邮件的话我是能在 Emacs 里看就在里面看。
|
||||
|
||||
尽管我用 Emacs 已有数十年，我在新年前后才意识到，在过去10年或更长时间里，我对 Emacs 的使用几乎没有什么变化。当然，新的编辑模式出现了，我就会选一两个插件，几年前我确实是用了 [Helm][3]，但大多数时候，它只是完成了我需要的所有繁重工作，日复一日，没有抱怨，也没有妨碍我。一方面，这证明了它有多好。另一方面，这是一个邀请，让我深入挖掘，看看我错过了什么。
|
||||
|
||||
于此同时，我也决定从以下几方面改进我的工作方式：
|
||||
|
||||
* **更好的议程管理** 我在工作中负责几个项目，这些项目有定期和临时的会议;有些我是我主持的，有些我只要参加就可以。
|
||||
|
||||
我意识到我对开会变得草率起来了了。坐在一个有会议要开的房间里实在是太容易了，但实际上你可以阅读电子邮件，处理其他事情。(我强烈反对在会议中“禁止携带笔记本电脑”的这条规定，但这就是另一个话题。)
|
||||
|
||||
草率地去开会有几个问题。首先，这是对主持会议的人和其他参与者的不尊重。实际上这是不这么做的完美理由，但我还有意识到令一个问题：它忽视了会议的成本。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你在开会，但同时还要回复电子邮件，也许还要改 bug，那么这个会议就不需要花费任何东西（或同样多的钱）。如果会议成本低廉，那么会议数量将会更多。
|
||||
|
||||
我想要少点、短些的会议。我不想忽视它们的成本，我想让开会变得很有价值，除非绝对必要，否则就可以避免。
|
||||
|
||||
有时，开会是很有必要的。而且我认为一个简短的会能够很快的解决问题。但是，如果我一天有十个短会的话，那还是不要说我做了些有成果的事吧。
|
||||
|
||||
我决定在我参加的所有的会上做笔记。我并不是说一定要做会议记录，而是我在做某种会议记录。这会让我把注意力集中在开会上，而忽略其他事。
|
||||
|
||||
* **更好的时间管理** 我有很多要做和想做的事，或工作的或私人的。之前，我有在问题清单和邮件进程（Emacs 和 [Gmail][4] 中，用于一些稍微不同的提醒）、日历、手机上各种各样的“待办事项列表”和小纸片上记录过它们。可能还有其他地方。
|
||||
|
||||
我决定把它们放在一起。不是说我认为有一个地方就最好或更好，而是说我想完成两件事。首先，把它们都放在一个地方，我能够对我把精力放在哪里有一个更好、更全面的看法。第二，也是因为我想养成一个习惯。固定的或有规律的倾向或行为，尤指难以放弃的。记录、跟踪并保存它们。
|
||||
|
||||
* **更好的说明** 如果你在某些科学或工程领域工作，你就会养成记笔记的习惯。唉，我没有。但我决定这么做。
|
||||
|
||||
我对法律上鼓励装订页面或做永久标记并不感兴趣。我感兴趣的是养成做记录的习惯。我的目标是有一个地方记下想法和设计草图等。如果我突然有了灵感，或者我想到了一个不在测试套件中的边缘案例，我希望我的本能是把它写在我的日志中，而不是草草写在一张小纸片上，或者向自己保证我会记住它。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
这些决心让我很快或多或少地转到了 [Org][6]。Org 有一个庞大的、活跃的、忠诚的用户社区。我以前也用过它(顺带一提，我有[写过][7]它，至少在几年前)，我花了很长的一段时间（将 [MarkLogic 集成][8]到其中。（天哪，这在过去的一两个星期里得到了回报！）
|
||||
|
||||
但我从没用过 Org。
|
||||
|
||||
我现在正在用它。我用了几分钟，我把所有要做的事情都记录下来，我还记了日记。我不确定我试图对它进行边界或列举它的所有特性有多大价值，你可以通过网页快速地搜索找到很多。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你用 Emacs，那你也应该用 Org。如果没用过Emacs，我相信你不会是第一个因 Org 而使用 Emacs 的人。Org 可以做很多。它需要一点时间来学习你的方法和快捷键，但我认为这是值得的。(如果你的口袋中有一台 [iOS][9] 设备，我推荐你在忙的时候使用 [beorg][10] 来记录。)
|
||||
|
||||
当然，我想出了如何[将 XML 从其中提取出来][11]⊕“working out” 确实是“用 elisp 来编程”的一种有趣的拼写方式。然后，如何将它转换回我的 weblog 期望的标记（当然，在 Emacs 中按下一个按钮就可以做到）。这是第一次用 Org 写的帖子。这也不会是最后一次。
|
||||
|
||||
附注：生日快乐，[小博客][12]。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://so.nwalsh.com/2019/03/01/emacs
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Norman Walsh][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[oneforalone](https://github.com/oneforalone)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://so.nwalsh.com
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs
|
||||
[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IntelliJ_IDEA
|
||||
[3]: https://emacs-helm.github.io/helm/
|
||||
[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail
|
||||
[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_notebook
|
||||
[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Org-mode
|
||||
[7]: https://www.balisage.net/Proceedings/vol17/html/Walsh01/BalisageVol17-Walsh01.html
|
||||
[8]: https://github.com/ndw/ob-ml-marklogic/
|
||||
[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS
|
||||
[10]: https://beorgapp.com/
|
||||
[11]: https://github.com/ndw/org-to-xml
|
||||
[12]: https://so.nwalsh.com/2017/03/01/helloWorld
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Installing alternative versions of RPMs in Fedora)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/installing-alternative-rpm-versions-in-fedora/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Adam Šamalík https://fedoramagazine.org/author/asamalik/)
|
||||
|
||||
在 Fedora 中安装替代版本的 RPM
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
![][1]
|
||||
|
||||
[模块化][2]（Modularity）使 Fedora 能够在仓库中提供替代版本的 RPM 软件包。为每个 Fedroa 版本原生构建了多个不同的应用、语言运行时和工具版本。
|
||||
|
||||
Fedora Magazine 大约一年前就写了 [Fedora 28 服务器版的模块化][3]。那时，它只是一个有附加内容的可选仓库，并且明确只支持服务器版。到目前为止，它已经发生了很多变化，现在**模块化是 Fedora 发行版的核心部分**。一些软件包已完全变成模块。在编写本文时，Fedora 30 的 49,464 个二进制 RPM 软件包中的 1,119（2.26％）来自一个模块（[关于这个数字的更多信息][4]）。
|
||||
|
||||
### 模块化基础知识
|
||||
|
||||
由于许多软件包有不同的版本会让人难以承受（并且难以管理），所以包被分组为**模块**，这代表一个应用程序、一个语言运行时或任何其他合理的组。
|
||||
|
||||
模块通常有多个**流**，这通常代表软件的主要版本。它可以并行使用，但在给定系统上只能安装每个模块的一个流。
|
||||
|
||||
为了不让用户因为太多选择而难以承受，每个 Fedora 版本都有一组**默认**，因此只需要在需要时做出决定。
|
||||
|
||||
最后，为了简化安装，可以根据用例使用预定义的 **profile** 选择性地安装模块。例如，数据库模块可以作为客户端，服务端或同时安装。
|
||||
|
||||
### 实际使用模块化
|
||||
|
||||
当你在 Fedora 系统上安装 RPM 软件包时，它很可能它来自模块流。你可能没有注意到的原因之一是模块化的核心原则之一是在你要了解之前保持不可见。
|
||||
|
||||
让我们比较以下两种情况。首先，安装流行的 _i3_ 平铺窗口管理器，然后安装极简化的 _dwm_ 窗口管理器：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install i3
|
||||
...
|
||||
Done!
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
正如所料，上面的命令会在系统上安装 _i3_ 包及其依赖项。这里没有其他事情发生。但另一个会怎么样？
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install dwm
|
||||
...
|
||||
Enabling module streams:
|
||||
dwm 6.1
|
||||
...
|
||||
Done!
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
感觉是一样的，但后台发生了一些事情 。它启用了默认的 _dwm_ 模块流 （_6.1_），并且安装了模块中的 _dwm_ 包。
|
||||
|
||||
为了保持透明，输出中有一条关于模块自动启用的消息。但除此之外，用户不需要了解模块化的任何信息，以便按照他们一贯的方式使用他们的系统。
|
||||
|
||||
但如果他们使用模块化方式呢？让我们看看如何安装不同版本的 _dwm_。
|
||||
|
||||
使用以下命令查看可用的模块流：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf module list
|
||||
...
|
||||
dwm latest ...
|
||||
dwm 6.0 ...
|
||||
dwm 6.1 [d] ...
|
||||
dwm 6.2 ...
|
||||
...
|
||||
Hint: [d]efault, [e]nabled, [x]disabled, [i]nstalled
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
输出显示 _dwm_ 模块有四个流，_6.1_ 是默认值。
|
||||
|
||||
要安装不同版本的 _dwm_ 包，例如，安装 _6.2_ 的流。启用他，然后使用以下两个命令安装软件包：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf module enable dwm:6.2
|
||||
...
|
||||
Enabling module streams:
|
||||
dwm 6.2
|
||||
...
|
||||
Done!
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install dwm
|
||||
...
|
||||
Done!
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
最后，让我们看下配置，以 PostgreSQL 为例。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf module list
|
||||
...
|
||||
postgresql 9.6 client, server ...
|
||||
postgresql 10 client, server ...
|
||||
postgresql 11 client, server ...
|
||||
...
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
要安装 PostgreSQL 11 服务端，使用以下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf module install postgresql:11/server
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
请注意，除了启用流之外，我们可以指定配置从而使用一条命令安装模块。
|
||||
|
||||
可以立即安装多个版本。要添加客户端工具，使用下面的命令：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf module install postgresql:11/client
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
还有许多其他带有多个流的模块可供选择。在编写本文时，Fedora 30 中有 83 个模块流。包括两个版本的 MariaDB、三个版本的 Node.js、两个版本的 Ruby 等等。
|
||||
|
||||
有关完整的命令集（包括从一个流切换到另一个流），请参阅[模块化的官方用户文档][5]。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://fedoramagazine.org/installing-alternative-rpm-versions-in-fedora/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Adam Šamalík][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/asamalik/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/modularity-f30-816x345.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://docs.pagure.org/modularity
|
||||
[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/modularity-fedora-28-server-edition/
|
||||
[4]: https://blog.samalik.com/2019/06/12/counting-modularity-packages.html
|
||||
[5]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/modularity/using-modules/
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user