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CNprober 翻译中<travelwithheart@yeah.net, 619913541>
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A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution
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================================================================================
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Linux is Everywhere, at home, offices, colleges, labs and space stations. But it was not the dominant force in the past it is now, it all started as a hobby by a Finish student. Linux has evolved from a hobby into a computing revolution. We present you with the most complete historical timeline of Linux Evolution on the web spanning over 23 years.
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### 1991 ###
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**25 August** : The 21 year old Finnish student Linus Benedict Torvalds announced his work on a free operating system in the comp.os.minix Usenet newsgroup.
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**1 September** : Linux 0.01 was released on the net.
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### 1992 ###
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**5 January** : The Linux kernel was relicensed under the GNU GPL with the [v0.12 release][1]. The initial license forbade commercial use. After the change the distribution and sale of possibly modified and unmodified versions of Linux became possible, provided that all those copies be released under the same license and be accompanied by the complete corresponding source code. In a [later interview][2] Linus made the following statement about the license change:
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" Making Linux GPL’d was definitely the best thing I ever did."
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**29 January** : Andrew S. Tanenbaum posted [LINUX is obsolete][3] to the comp.os.minix mailing list. The debate, which is considered a flame war by some people, was about Linux and kernel architecture in general. Tanenbaum argued that microkernels are superior to monolithic kernels and that therefore Linux is obsolete.
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**5 April** : The first Linux newsgroup, comp.os.linux, is proposed and started by Ari Lemmke.
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**21 May** : Peter MacDonald announces SLS, the first standalone Linux install. It was installable by floppy disk and included such cutting-edge features as TCP-IP networking support and the X Window System. At least 10MB of space on disk was recommended.
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### 1993 ###
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**17 June** : Slackware was released by Patrick Volkerding. [Slackware][4] is considered to be the first broadly successful Linux distribution and is still in use today.
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**16 August** : Ian Murdock (the ian in Debian) released the 1st version of the Debian Linux distribution. Debian is one of the most influential Linux distros, being the basis of MEPIS, Mint, Ubuntu and many others.
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**19 August** : Matt Welsh’s Linux Installation and Getting Started, version 1 is released. This is the first book on Linux.
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### 1994 ###
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**14 March** : [Version 1.0 of the Linux kernel][5] was released. It supported single-processor i386-based computer systems. Within the 3 years of its existence the kernel code base had grown to 176,250 lines of code.
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**26 March** : The first issue of Linux Journal is published. This issue featured an interview with Linus Torvalds and articles written by Phil Hughes, Robert “Bob” Young, Michael K. Johnson, Arnold Robbins, Matt Welsh, Ian A.
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**15 August** : William R. Della Croce, Jr. files for the trademark “Linux” and it is registered in September. Della Croce has no known involvement in the Linux community yet sends letters out to prominent Linux companies demanding money for use of the trademark “Linux”. In 1997 the matter was settled by the assignment of the mark to Linus Torvalds on behalf of all Petitioners and Linux users.
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**3 November** : Red Hat co-founder Marc Ewing announced the availability of the Red Hat Software Linux on CD-ROM, a commercial product that shipped for a retail price of $49.95 and included 30 days of installation support. Red Hat became the [first $1 billion open source company][6] in 2012.
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### 1995 ###
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**4 April** : Linux Expo, the first Linux-specific tradeshow and conference series, launches and becomes the most popular and well-attended annual Linux show for the next several years. The price for entry into the exhibit hall and a pass to the conferences was $4. After three years Red Hat takes over organization and becomes the major sponsor.
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### 1996 ###
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**9 May** : The Tux mascot was created by Larry Ewing in 1996 after an initial suggestion made by Alan Cox and further refined by Linus Torvalds on the Linux kernel mailing list. The concept of the Linux mascot being a penguin came from Linus Torvalds, who claims to have contracted penguinitis after being gently nibbled by a penguin.
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**9 June** : [Version 2.0 of the Linux Kernel][7] was released. It was a significant improvement over the earlier versions being the first stable kernel to support multiple processors in a single system (SMP) and more processor types. Linux becomes a serious alternative for many companies. You can read an in advance [review of Linux Version 2.0][8] that was published in August 1996 in the Linux Journal to learn more about the improvements.
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**14 October** : Matthias Ettrich founded the KDE project in 1996 as he was troubled by the inconsistency of applications running on the Unix desktop.
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### 1997 ###
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**9 January** : Bliss, first “Linux Virus” was discovered. Bliss does not circumvent the security of the system, it relies on people with privilege to do something dumb and reminds users to install digitally signed software from trustworthy sites only and to check signatures before installing.
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“In fact it’s probably easier to write a virus for Linux because it’s open source and the code is available. So we will be seeing more Linux viruses as the OS becomes more common and popular.” —Wishful thinking from McAfee.
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### 1998 ###
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**1 May** : The Google search engine was launched. Not only is it one of the best search engines around, but it’s based on Linux and features a Linux-specific search page.
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**4 December** : A report from IDC says that Linux shipments rose by more than 200% in 1998, and its market share rose by more than 150%. Linux has a 17% market share and a growth rate unmatched by any other system on the market.
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### 1999 ###
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**9 February** : Linux and BSD users unite for “Windows Refund Day”. They visit Microsoft, hoping to return the unused Windows licenses that they were forced to acquire when they purchased a computer system bundled with the OS.
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**3 March** : Another influential desktop environment arrives in the Linux World, [the GNOME desktop][9]. GNOME is the default desktop environment in several major Linux distributions like Debian, Fedora, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop.
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### 2000 ###
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**4 February** : The latest IDC report suggests that Linux now ranks as the “second-most-popular operating system for server computers”, with 25% of the server operating system sales in 1999. Windows NT is first with 38% and NetWare ranks third with 19%.
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**11 March** : Motorola Computer Group announces the release of its HA Linux distribution. This distribution is aimed at telecommunications applications that require very high amounts of uptime; it includes hot-swap capability and is available for the i386 and PowerPC architectures.
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**23 March** : Ericsson announces its “Screen Phone HS210” product—a Linux-based telephone with a touchscreen that can be used for e-mail, web browsing, etc. Ericsson and Opera Software also announce that Ericsson’s (Linux-based) HS210 Screen Phone will incorporate the Opera web browser.
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**30 September** : Knoppix was one of the first Linux live distributions when initially released by Linux consultant Klaus Knopper.
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### 2001 ###
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**3 January** : The US National Security Agency (NSA) releases SELinux under the GPL. SELinux offers an additional layer of security checks in addition to the standard UNIX-like permissions system.
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### 2003 ###
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**6 March** : The SCO Group (SCO) announced that they were suing IBM for $1 billion, claiming that IBM transferred SCO trade secrets into Linux. Later SCO began numerous legal claims and threats against many of the major names in the computer industry, including HP, Microsoft, Novell, Silicon Graphics, Sun Microsystems and Red Hat. The jury case was decided on 30 March 2010 in Novell’s favour
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### 2004 ###
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**20 October** : [Ubuntu][10] came into life with the unusual version number 4.10, referring to its release date in October 2004 and the odd code name Warty Warthog. Ubuntu’s development is led by Canonical Ltd., a company owned by Mark Shuttleworth. While not being a major contributor to the kernel, Ubuntu plays an important part in the adoption of Linux on desktops and laptops.
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### 2007 ###
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**6 June** : ASUS announced two Eee PC models at Computex Taipei 2007: the 701 and 1001. The 1st Eee PCs came pre-installed with Xandros Linux, a lightweigt distribution optimized for small displays based on Debian.
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**8 August** : Linux Foundation was founded in 2007 by the merger of the [Open Source Development Labs][11] (OSDL) and the [Free Standards Group][12] (FSG). The Linux Foundation sponsors the work of Linux creator Linus Torvalds and is supported by leading Linux and open source companies, including prominent technology corporations such as Fujitsu, HP,IBM, Intel, NEC, Oracle, Qualcomm, Samsungand developers from around the world.
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**5 November** : Instead of announcing a Gphone as speculated beforehand, [Google announced][13] the Open Handset Alliance and [Android][14] calling it "the first truly open and comprehensive platform for mobile devices".
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### 2009 ###
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**29 January** : In January 2009 the New York Times stated: “More than 10 million people are estimated to run Ubuntu today”.
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### 2011 ###
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**11 May** : Google announced the Chromebook at the Google I/O conference 2011. Chromebooks are laptops running the so-called cloud operating system Chrome OS, that is based on the Linux kernel.
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**21 June** : Linus Torvalds announces the release of Linux 3.0.
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### 2013 ###
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**13 December** : Valve Corporation announces its Linux-based operating system SteamOS for video game consoles.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.linuxfederation.com/complete-historical-timeline-linux-evolution/
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.12
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[2]:http://j.mp/fs-pragmatist
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[3]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanenbaum%E2%80%93Torvalds_debate
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[4]:http://www.slackware.com/
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[5]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v1.0/
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[6]:http://www.informationweek.com/software/operating-systems/red-hat-first-$1-billion-open-source-company/d/d-id/1103616
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[7]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.0/
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[8]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/1311
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[9]:http://www.gnome.org/
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[10]:http://www.ubuntu.com/
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[11]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Development_Labs
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[12]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Standards_Group
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[13]:http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2007/11/wheres-my-gphone.html
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[14]:http://www.android.com/
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CNprober 翻译完成<travelwithheart@yeah.net, 619913541>
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一份完整的Linux发展年表
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================================================================================
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我们周围到处都有Linux的身影，家，公司，大学，实验室，太空空间站。但是过去它不像现在一样是计算机发展的中坚力量，它只是开始于一个芬兰大学生的业余爱好。现在的Linux已经从一个业余爱好发展成了一场计算机革命。在这篇文章里，我们向你展示最完整的Linux23年发展的历史年表。
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### 1991 ###
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**8月25号** : 21岁的芬兰学生Linus Benedict Torvalds 在comp.os.minix 新闻组上宣布了它正在写一个免费的操作系统。
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**9月1号** : Linux 0.01在网上发布。
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### 1992 ###
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**1月5号** : Linux [v0.12 release][1] 版本的内核重新以GUN GPL的协议发布。原来的许可证是禁止任何商业用途的。通过这次协议变更，发布和出售修改或者未修改版的Linux变成可能，只要你将这些拷贝和完整的相应的源代码也以相同的GPL许可证发布。在后来的一次[采访][2]中,Linus对许可证的更改说了这样一句话（让Linux遵守GPL绝对是我干过的最正确的事）：
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" Making Linux GPL’d was definitely the best thing I ever did."
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**1月29号** : Andrew S. Tanenbaum向comp.os.minix邮件列表发送了一封名为[LINUX is obsolete][3]的邮件。这次被一些人认为是跑题的网络口水战的争论总的来说是关于Linux和内核架构的。Tanenbaum争辩说宏内核比微内核更加高级，所以Linux是过时的。
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**4月5号** : 第一个Linux新闻组，comp.os.linux由Ari Lemmke提议和开通。
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**5月21号** : Peter MacDonald 发布第一个独立的Linux安装包。可以通过软盘安装，包括比较前沿的TCP-IP网络支持和X Window视窗系统。它建议至少预留10M的磁盘空间来安装。
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### 1993 ###
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**6月17号** : Slackware Linux由Patrick Volkerding发布。[Slackware][4]被认为是第一个取得广泛成功的Linux发行版，而且它现在还在使用。
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**8月16号** : Ian Murdock（Debian中的'ian'）发布了第一个Debian Linux的发行版。Debian是最有影响力的Linux发行版，是MEPIS，Mint，Ubuntu和很多其他发行版的鼻祖。
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**8月19号** : Matt Welsh写的《Linux Installation and Getting Started》第1版出版，这是第一本关于Linux的书。
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### 1994 ###
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**3月14号** : [Linux内核V1.0][5]发布。它支持基于i386单处理器的计算机系统。这3年来，内核代码增长到了176,250行。
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**3月26号** : 第一期《Linux Journal》杂志发行。这一期杂志的特点是记录了一次对Linus Torvalds的采访和一些Phil Hughes, Robert “Bob” Young, Michael K. Johnson, Arnold Robbins, Matt Welsh, Ian A写的文章。
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**8月15号** : Willian R. Della Croce, Jr. 申请了“Linux”商标，9月进行了注册。Della Croce在不知道Linux社区财政窘迫的前提下，向煊赫的“Linux公司”写了一封信，要求他们为“Linux”商标使用支付费用。这次风波以将商标转让给代表所有请愿者和Linux使用者的Linus Torvalds而告终，时间是1997年。
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**11月3号** : Red Hat的共同创始人Marc Ewing宣布可以以49.95美元的零售价格获得Red Hat Software Linux的CD-ROM和30天的安装支持。2012年Red Hat成为[第一家10亿美元的开源公司][6]。
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### 1995 ###
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**4月4号** : 开展了第一个专门针对Linux的贸易展和会议系列，名字叫Linux Expo。这成为接下来几年中，最流行和备受关注的年度Linux盛会。贸易展和会议的入场券价格是4美元。3年后，Red Hat接管了这个展会，也是主要的赞助商。
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### 1996 ###
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**5月9号** : 在最初Alan Cox的提议和Linus Torvalds的细化下，Larry Ewing1996年创造了现在看到的这个叫做Tux的吉祥物。选定企鹅作为Linux吉祥物的主意来自Linus Torvalds，他说自己被一只企鹅轻轻的咬了一口之后就具有了企鹅的特征。（这是要变成企鹅侠吗？估计是原作者调皮了？--译注）
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**6月9号** : [Linux内核V2.0][7]发布。相比更早的版本这是一个意义重大的提升，这是第一个在单系统中支持多处理器的稳定内核版本，也支持更多的处理器类型。Linux从此以后成了很多公司一个郑重选择的对象。你可以阅读1996年8月在Linux Journal上发布的[回顾Linux V2.0][8]文章了解更多的关于这方面的提升。
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**10月14号** : 1996年Mattias Ettrich发起了KDE项目，因为他深受Unix桌面系统下应用程序的不一致之苦。(在此之前Unix和Linux都没有一个统一的桌面系统，编写桌面软件非常复杂--译注)
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### 1997 ###
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**1月9号** : 第一个“Linux病毒”Bliss被发现了。Bliss不危害系统的安全，他依赖于人们用特权干蠢事来感染系统，然后提醒用户只安装从可靠站点下载的可以验证数字签名的软件，并且安装之前一定要先验证签名(很多地方把这个算作第2个Linux病毒，因为之前还有一个更加“绿色”的病毒--译注)。
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“事实上，在Linux上写一个病毒可能会更加的简单，因为Linux是开源的，所有的源代码都是可以获取的。所以，随着Linux变得更加通用和流行的时候，我们将看到更多的Linux病毒。”--来自McAfee的畅想。
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### 1998 ###
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**5月1号** : Google搜索引擎面世。它不仅仅是世界上最好的搜索引擎之一，更是基于Linux的，它的特征是有一个Linux的搜索页面。
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**12月4号** : 一份来自IDC的报告称1998年Linux的出货量至少上升了200%，市场占有率上升至少150%。Linux的市场占有率为17%，并且以一个其他操作系统无法企及的速度增长着。
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### 1999 ###
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**2月9号** : Linux和BSD使用者们发起了“Windows退款日”。他们联合起来造访了微软公司，希望退还他们在买电脑时绑定购买Windows许可证的钱，这些许可证他们从来没有用过。
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**3月3号** : 另一个颇具影响力的桌面系统进入了Linux的世界，就是[GNOME桌面系统][9]。在很多主要的Linux发行版比如Debian，Fedora，RedHad Enterprise Linux和SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop中，GNOME是默认的桌面环境。
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### 2000 ###
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**2月4号** : 最新的IDC报告表明Linux现在排在“最受欢迎的服务器操作系统的第2位”，1999年服务器系统销售量占总量的25%。Windows NT38%位列第1，NetWare19%排在第3位。
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**3月11号** : 摩托罗拉公司宣布发行HA Linux。这个发行版专注于通信应用领域，对系统不关机连续运行时间要求非常高。它还包括了热交换能力和支持i386和PowerPC架构。
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**3月23号** : 爱立信公布了“Screen Phone HS210”，这是一款基于Linux的触屏手机，具备邮件和网页浏览等功能。爱立信和Opera Software公司同时宣布这款手机将会安装Opera的网页浏览器。
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**10月30号** : 第一个Linux live发行版由Linux咨询顾问Klaus Knopper发布，名字叫做Knoppix。
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### 2001 ###
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**1月3号** : 美国NAS（美国国家安全局）以GPL许可证发布了SELinux。SELinux提供了标准Unix权限管理系统以外的另一层安全检查。
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### 2003 ###
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**3月6号** : SCO Group公司宣布他们正在发起对IBM高达10亿美元的诉讼，他们声称IBM把SCO的商业机密整合到了Linux中。之后SCO公司发起了一系列的法律诉讼案，这威胁到了很多计算机行业的巨头包括惠普，微软，Novell，Silicon Graphics，Sun Microsystems和RedHat。这次案件在Novell公司的支持下于2010年3月30号判决完。(著名的SCO-Linux争议，SCO声称拥有System V的部分源码所有权，IBM将这部分源码整合到Linux中侵犯了SCO著作权。最后联邦法院裁定Novell才是Unix商标的合法拥有者。--译注)
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### 2004 ###
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**10月20号** : [Ubuntu][10]以一个不同寻常的版本号4.10和怪异的版本代号“Warty Warthog”（长满疙瘩的非洲疣猪）进入大家的生活。用这个版本号是因为发布日期是2004年10月。Ubuntu的开发由Cannonical Ltd公司主导，公司的创始人是Mark Shuttleworth（就是那个不到30岁的亿万富翁，钱多的不知道怎么花，只能烧钱上太空的游一圈的人--译注）。
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### 2007 ###
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**6月6号** : 华硕在2007的台北电脑展上展出了两款“易PC”（Eee PC）：701和1001.第1批易PC预装的是Xandros Linux，这是一个基于Debian，轻量级的为适应小屏幕进行过优化的Linux发行版。
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**8月8号** : 2007年Linux基金会由[开源发展实验室(OSDL)][11]和[自由标准组织(FSG)][12]联合成立。这个基金会目的是赞助Linux创始人Linus的工作。基金会得到了主要的Linux和开源公司，包括富士通，HP，IBM，Intel，NEC，Oracle，Qualcomm，三星和来自世界各地的开发者的支持。
|
||||
|
||||
**11月5号** : 与之前大家推测的发布Gphone不同，[Google宣布][13]组建开放手机联盟(Open Handset Alliance)和发布[Android][14]，这个被称为“第一个真正开放的综合移动设备平台”。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2009 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**1月29号** : 2009年1月纽约时报称“现在预计有超过10亿人在运行Ubuntu系统”。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2011 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**5月11号** : 2011年Google I/O大会发布了Chrombook。这是一款运行着所谓的云操作系统Chrome OS的笔记本。Chome OS也是基于Linux内核的。
|
||||
|
||||
**6月21号** : Linus Torvalds 发布了Linux3.0版本。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2013 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**12月13号** : Valve公司发布基于Linux的StreamOS操作系统，这是一个视频游戏控制台系统。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxfederation.com/complete-historical-timeline-linux-evolution/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[love\\_daisy\\_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.12
|
||||
[2]:http://j.mp/fs-pragmatist
|
||||
[3]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanenbaum%E2%80%93Torvalds_debate
|
||||
[4]:http://www.slackware.com/
|
||||
[5]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v1.0/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.informationweek.com/software/operating-systems/red-hat-first-$1-billion-open-source-company/d/d-id/1103616
|
||||
[7]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.0/
|
||||
[8]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/1311
|
||||
[9]:http://www.gnome.org/
|
||||
[10]:http://www.ubuntu.com/
|
||||
[11]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Development_Labs
|
||||
[12]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Standards_Group
|
||||
[13]:http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2007/11/wheres-my-gphone.html
|
||||
[14]:http://www.android.com/
|
||||
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Block a user