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20 Years of GIMP Evolution: Step by Step
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================================================================================
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注：youtube 视频
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<iframe width="660" height="371" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PSJAzJ6mkVw?feature=oembed"></iframe>
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[GIMP][1] (GNU Image Manipulation Program) – superb open source and free graphics editor. Development began in 1995 as students project of the University of California, Berkeley by Peter Mattis and Spencer Kimball. In 1997 the project was renamed in “GIMP” and became an official part of [GNU Project][2]. During these years the GIMP is one of the best graphics editor and platinum holy wars “GIMP vs Photoshop” – one of the most popular.
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The first announce, 21.11.1995:
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> From: Peter Mattis
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>
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> Subject: ANNOUNCE: The GIMP
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>
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> Date: 1995-11-21
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>
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> Message-ID: <48s543$r7b@agate.berkeley.edu>
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>
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> Newsgroups: comp.os.linux.development.apps,comp.os.linux.misc,comp.windows.x.apps
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>
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> The GIMP: the General Image Manipulation Program
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> ------------------------------------------------
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>
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> The GIMP is designed to provide an intuitive graphical interface to a
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> variety of image editing operations. Here is a list of the GIMP's
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> major features:
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>
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> Image viewing
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> -------------
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>
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> * Supports 8, 15, 16 and 24 bit color.
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> * Ordered and Floyd-Steinberg dithering for 8 bit displays.
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> * View images as rgb color, grayscale or indexed color.
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> * Simultaneously edit multiple images.
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> * Zoom and pan in real-time.
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> * GIF, JPEG, PNG, TIFF and XPM support.
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>
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> Image editing
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> -------------
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>
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> * Selection tools including rectangle, ellipse, free, fuzzy, bezier
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> and intelligent.
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> * Transformation tools including rotate, scale, shear and flip.
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> * Painting tools including bucket, brush, airbrush, clone, convolve,
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> blend and text.
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> * Effects filters (such as blur, edge detect).
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> * Channel & color operations (such as add, composite, decompose).
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> * Plug-ins which allow for the easy addition of new file formats and
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> new effect filters.
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> * Multiple undo/redo.
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GIMP 0.54, 1996
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GIMP 0.54 was required X11 displays, X-server and Motif 1.2 wigdets and supported 8, 15, 16 & 24 color depths with RGB & grayscale colors. Supported images format: GIF, JPEG, PNG, TIFF and XPM.
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Basic functionality: rectangle, ellipse, free, fuzzy, bezier, intelligent selection tools, and rotate, scale, shear, clone, blend and flip images.
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Extended tools: text operations, effects filters, tools for channel and colors manipulation, undo and redo operations. Since the first version GIMP support the plugin system.
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GIMP 0.54 can be ran in Linux, HP-UX, Solaris, SGI IRIX.
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### GIMP 0.60, 1997 ###
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This is development release, not for all users. GIMP has the new toolkits – GDK (GIMP Drawing Kit) and GTK (GIMP Toolkit), Motif support is deprecated. GIMP Toolkit is also begin of the GTK+ cross-platform widget toolkit. New features:
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- basic layers
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- sub-pixel sampling
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- brush spacing
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- improver airbrush
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- paint modes
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### GIMP 0.99, 1997 ###
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Since 0.99 version GIMP has the scripts add macros (Script-Fus) support. GTK and GDK with some improvements has now the new name – GTK+. Other improvements:
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- support big images (rather than 100 MB)
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- new native format – XCF
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- new API – write plugins and extensions is easy
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### GIMP 1.0, 1998 ###
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GIMP and GTK+ was splitted into separate projects. The GIMP official website has
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reconstructed and contained new tutorials, plugins and documentation. New features:
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- tile-based memory management
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- massive changes in plugin API
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- XFC format now support layers, guides and selections
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- web interface
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- online graphics generation
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### GIMP 1.2, 2000 ###
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New features:
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- translation for non-english languages
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- fixed many bugs in GTK+ and GIMP
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- many new plugins
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- image map
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- new toolbox: resize, measure, dodge, burn, smugle, samle colorize and curve bend
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- image pipes
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- images preview before saving
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- scaled brush preview
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- recursive selection by path
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- new navigation window
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- drag’n’drop
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- watermarks support
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### GIMP 2.0, 2004 ###
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The biggest change – new GTK+ 2.x toolkit.
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### GIMP 2.2, 2004 ###
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Many bugfixes and drag’n’drop support.
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### GIMP 2.4, 2007 ###
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|
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New features:
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- better drag’n’drop support
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- Ti-Fu was replaced to Script-Fu – the new script interpreter
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- new plugins: photocopy, softglow, neon, cartoon, dog, glob and others
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### GIMP 2.6, 2008 ###
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New features:
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- renew graphics interface
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- new select and tool
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- GEGL (GEneric Graphics Library) integration
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- “The Utility Window Hint” for MDI behavior
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### GIMP 2.8, 2012 ###
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New features:
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- GUI has some visual changes
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- new save and export menu
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- renew text editor
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- layers group support
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- JPEG2000 and export to PDF support
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- webpage screenshot tool
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://tlhp.cf/20-years-of-gimp-evolution/
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作者：[Pavlo Rudyi][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
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|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://tlhp.cf/author/paul/
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[1]:https://gimp.org/
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[2]:http://www.gnu.org/
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@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
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Linux Foundation Explains a "World without Linux" and Open Source
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================================================================================
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> The Linux Foundation responds to questions about its "World without Linux" movies, including what the Internet would be like without Linux and other open source software.
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Would the world really be tremendously different if Linux, the open source operating system kernel, did not exist? Would there be no Internet or movies? Those are the questions some viewers of the [Linux Foundation's][1] ongoing "[World without Linux][2]" video series are asking. Here are some answers.
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In case you've missed it, the "World without Linux" series is a collection of quirky short films that depict, well, a world without Linux (and open source software more generally). They have emphasized themes like [Linux's role in movie-making][3] and in [serving the Internet][4].
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||||
To offer perspective on the series's claims, direction and hidden symbols, Jennifer Cloer, vice president of communications at The Linux Foundation, recently sent The VAR Guy responses to some common queries about the movies. Below are the answers, in her own words.
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||||
### The latest episode takes Sam and Annie to the movies. Would today's graphics really be that much different without Linux? ###
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||||
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||||
In episode #4, we do a bit of a parody on "Avatar." Love it or hate it, the graphics in the real "Avatar" are pretty impressive. In a world without Linux, the graphics would be horrible but we wouldn't even know it because we wouldn't know any better. But in fact, "Avatar" was created using Linux. Weta Digital used one of the world's largest Linux clusters to render the film and do 3D modeling. It's also been reported that "Lord of the Rings," "Fantastic Four" and "King Kong," among others, have used Linux. We hope this episode can bring attention to that work, which hasn't been widely reported.
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|
||||
### Some people criticized the original episode for concluding there would be no Internet without Linux. What's your reaction? ###
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|
||||
We enjoyed the debate that resulted from the debut episode. With more than 100,000 views to date of that episode alone, it brought awareness to the role that Linux plays in society and to the worldwide community of contributors and supporters. Of course the Internet would exist without Linux but it wouldn't be the Internet we know today and it wouldn't have matured at the pace it has. Each episode makes a bold and fun statement about Linux's role in our every day lives. We hope this can help extend the story of Linux to more people around the world.
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|
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### Why is Sam and Annie's cat named String? ###
|
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Nothing in the series is a coincidence. Look closely and you'll find all kinds of inside Linux and geek jokes. String is named after String theory and was named by our Linux.com Editor Libby Clark. In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings. String theory describes how these strings propagate through space and interact with each other. Kind of like Sam, Annie and String in a World Without Linux.
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|
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### What can we expect from the next two episodes and, in particular, the finale? When will it air? ###
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||||
In episode #5, we'll go to space and experience what a world without Linux would mean to exploration. It's a wild ride. In the finale, we finally get to see Linus in a world without Linux. There have been clues throughout the series as to what this finale will include but I can't give more than that away since there are ongoing contests to find the clues. And I can't give away the air date for the finale! You'll have to follow #WorldWithoutLinux to learn more.
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|
||||
### Can you give us a hint on the clues in episode #4? ###
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||||
There is another reference to the Free Burger Restaurant in this episode. Linux also actually does appear in this world without Linux but in a very covert way; you could say it's like reading Linux in another language. And, of course, just for fun, String makes another appearance.
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### Is the series achieving what you hoped? ###
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||||
|
||||
Yes. We're really happy to see people share and engage with these stories. We hope that it's reaching people who might not otherwise know the story of Linux or understand its pervasiveness in the world today. It's really about surfacing this to a broader audience and giving thanks to the worldwide community of developers and companies that support Linux and all the things it makes possible.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/linux-foundation-explains-world-without-linux-and-open-so
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|
||||
作者：[Christopher Tozzi][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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|
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[a]:http://thevarguy.com/author/christopher-tozzi
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[1]:http://linuxfoundation.org/
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[2]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/world-without-linux
|
||||
[3]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/new-linux-foundation-video-highlights-role-open-source-3d
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||||
[4]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/100715/would-internet-exist-without-linux-yes-without-open-sourc
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@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
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Microsoft and Linux: True Romance or Toxic Love?
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================================================================================
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Every now and then, you come across a news story that makes you choke on your coffee or splutter hot latte all over your monitor. Microsoft's recent proclamations of love for Linux is an outstanding example of such a story.
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||||
Common sense says that Microsoft and the FOSS movement should be perpetual enemies. In the eyes of many, Microsoft embodies most of the greedy excesses that the Free Software movement rejects. In addition, Microsoft previously has labeled Linux as a cancer and the FOSS community as a "pack of thieves".
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|
||||
We can understand why Microsoft has been afraid of a free operating system. When combined with open-source applications that challenge Microsoft's core line, it threatens Microsoft's grip on the desktop/laptop market.
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|
||||
In spite of Microsoft's fears over its desktop dominance, the Web server marketplace is one arena where Linux has had the greatest impact. Today, the majority of Web servers are Linux boxes. This includes most of the world's busiest sites. The sight of so much unclaimed licensing revenue must be painful indeed for Microsoft.
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||||
Handheld devices are another realm where Microsoft has lost ground to free software. At one point, its Windows CE and Pocket PC operating systems were at the forefront of mobile computing. Windows-powered PDA devices were the shiniest and flashiest gadgets around. But, that all ended when Apple released its iPhone. Since then, Android has stepped into the limelight, with Windows Mobile largely ignored and forgotten. The Android platform is built on free and open-source components.
|
||||
|
||||
The rapid expansion in Android's market share is due to the open nature of the platform. Unlike with iOS, any phone manufacturer can release an Android handset. And, unlike with Windows Mobile, there are no licensing fees. This has been really good news for consumers. It has led to lots of powerful and cheap handsets appearing from manufacturers all over the world. It's a very definite vindication of the value of FOSS software.
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||||
Losing the battle for the Web and mobile computing is a brutal loss for Microsoft. When you consider the size of those two markets combined, the desktop market seems like a stagnant backwater. Nobody likes to lose, especially when money is on the line. And, Microsoft does have a lot to lose. You would expect Microsoft to be bitter about it. And in the past, it has been.
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|
||||
Microsoft has fought back against Linux and FOSS using every weapon at its disposal, from propaganda to patent threats, and although these attacks have slowed the adoption of Linux, they haven't stopped it.
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||||
So, you can forgive us for being shocked when Microsoft starts handing out t-shirts and badges that say "Microsoft Loves Linux" at open-source conferences and events. Could it be true? Does Microsoft really love Linux?
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||||
Of course, PR slogans and free t-shirts do not equal truth. Actions speak louder than words. And when you consider Microsoft's actions, Microsoft's stance becomes a little more ambiguous.
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On the one hand, Microsoft is recruiting hundreds of Linux developers and sysadmins. It's releasing its .NET Core framework as an open-source project with cross-platform support (so that .NET apps can run on OS X and Linux). And, it is partnering with Linux companies to bring popular distros to its Azure platform. In fact, Microsoft even has gone so far as to create its own Linux distro for its Azure data center.
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On the other hand, Microsoft continues to launch legal attacks on open-source projects directly and through puppet corporations. It's clear that Microsoft hasn't had some big moral change of heart over proprietary vs. free software, so why the public declarations of adoration?
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||||
To state the obvious, Microsoft is a profit-making entity. It's an investment vehicle for its shareholders and a source of income for its employees. Everything it does has a single ultimate goal: revenue. Microsoft doesn't act out of love or even hate (although that's a common accusation).
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||||
So the question shouldn't be "does Microsoft really love Linux?" Instead, we should ask how Microsoft is going to profit from all this.
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|
||||
Let's take the open-source release of .NET Core. This move makes it easy to port the .NET runtime to any platform. That extends the reach of Microsoft's .NET framework far beyond the Windows platform.
|
||||
|
||||
Opening .NET Core ultimately will make it possible for .NET developers to produce cross-platform apps for OS X, Linux, iOS and even Android--all from a single codebase.
|
||||
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||||
From a developer's perspective, this makes the .NET framework much more attractive than before. Being able to reach many platforms from a single codebase dramatically increases the potential target market for any app developed using the .NET framework.
|
||||
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||||
What's more, a strong Open Source community would provide developers with lots of code to reuse in their own projects. So, the availability of open-source projects would make the .NET framework.
|
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||||
On the plus side, opening .NET Core reduces fragmentation across different platforms and means a wider choice of apps for consumers. That means more choice, both in terms of open-source software and proprietary apps.
|
||||
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||||
From Microsoft's point of view, it would gain a huge army of developers. Microsoft profits by selling training, certification, technical support, development tools (including Visual Studio) and proprietary extensions.
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||||
The question we should ask ourselves is does this benefit or hurt the Free Software community?
|
||||
|
||||
Widespread adoption of the .NET framework could mean the eventual death of competing open-source projects, forcing us all to dance to Microsoft's tune.
|
||||
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||||
Moving beyond .NET, Microsoft is drawing a lot of attention to its Linux support on its Azure cloud computing platform. Remember, Azure originally was Windows Azure. That's because Windows Server was the only supported operating system. Today, Azure offers support for a number of Linux distros too.
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||||
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||||
There's one reason for this: paying customers who need and want Linux services. If Microsoft didn't offer Linux virtual machines, those customers would do business with someone else.
|
||||
|
||||
It looks like Microsoft is waking up to the fact that Linux is here to stay. Microsoft cannot feasibly wipe it out, so it has to embrace it.
|
||||
|
||||
This brings us back to the question of why there is so much buzz about Microsoft and Linux. We're all talking about it, because Microsoft wants us to think about it. After all, all these stories trace back to Microsoft, whether it's through press releases, blog posts or public announcements at conferences. The company is working hard to draw attention to its Linux expertise.
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||||
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||||
What other possible purpose could be behind Chief Architect Kamala Subramaniam's blog post announcing Azure Cloud Switch? ACS is a custom Linux distro that Microsoft uses to automate the configuration of its switch hardware in the Azure data centers.
|
||||
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||||
ACS is not publicly available. It's intended for internal use in the Azure data center, and it's unlikely that anyone else would be able to find a use for it. In fact, Subramaniam states the same thing herself in her post.
|
||||
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||||
So, Microsoft won't be making any money from selling ACS, and it won't attract a user base by giving it away. Instead, Microsoft gets to draw attention to Linux and Azure, strengthening its position as a Linux cloud computing platform.
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||||
|
||||
Is Microsoft's new-found love for Linux good news for the community?
|
||||
|
||||
We shouldn't be slow to forget Microsoft's mantra of Embrace, Extend and Exterminate. Right now, Microsoft is very much in the early stages of embracing Linux. Will Microsoft seek to splinter the community through custom extensions and proprietary "standards"?
|
||||
|
||||
Let us know what you think in the comments below.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/microsoft-and-linux-true-romance-or-toxic-love-0
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[James Darvell][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/users/james-darvell
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
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Translating by XLCYun
|
||||
Install Intel Graphics Installer in Ubuntu 15.10
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
@ -43,4 +44,4 @@ via: http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/2015/11/install-intel-graphics-installe
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/about/
|
||||
[1]:https://01.org/linuxgraphics/downloads
|
||||
[1]:https://01.org/linuxgraphics/downloads
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
|
||||
translation by strugglingyouth
|
||||
How to Install GIMP 2.8.16 in Ubuntu 16.04, 15.10, 14.04
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
GIMP image editor 2.8.16 was released on its 20th birthday. Here’s how to install or upgrade in Ubuntu 16.04, Ubuntu 15.10, Ubuntu 14.04, Ubuntu 12.04 and their derivatives, e.g., Linux Mint 17.x/13, Elementary OS Freya.
|
||||
|
||||
GIMP 2.8.16 features support for layer groups in OpenRaster files, fixes for layer groups support in PSD, various user inrterface improvements, OSX build system fixes, translation updates, and more changes. Read the [official announcement][1].
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### How to Install or Upgrade: ###
|
||||
|
||||
Thanks to Otto Meier, an [Ubuntu PPA][2] with latest GIMP packages is available for all current Ubuntu releases and derivatives.
|
||||
|
||||
**1. Add GIMP PPA**
|
||||
|
||||
Open terminal from Unity Dash, App launcher, or via Ctrl+Alt+T shortcut key. When it opens, paste below command and hit Enter:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:otto-kesselgulasch/gimp
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Type in your password when it asks, no visual feedback so just type in mind, and hit enter to continue.
|
||||
|
||||
**2. Install or Upgrade the editor.**
|
||||
|
||||
After added the PPA, launch **Software Updater** (or Software Manager in Mint). After checking for updates, you’ll see GIMP in the update list. Click “Install Now” to upgrade it.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
For those who prefer Linux commands, run below commands one by one to refresh your repository caches and install GIMP:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get update
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install gimp
|
||||
|
||||
**3. (Optional) Uninstall.**
|
||||
|
||||
Just in case you want to uninstall or downgrade GIMP image editor. Use Software Center to remove it, or run below commands one by one to purge PPA as well as downgrade the software:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install ppa-purge
|
||||
|
||||
sudo ppa-purge ppa:otto-kesselgulasch/gimp
|
||||
|
||||
That’s it. Enjoy!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/2015/11/how-to-install-gimp-2-8-16-in-ubuntu-16-04-15-10-14-04/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ji m][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/about/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.gimp.org/news/2015/11/22/20-years-of-gimp-release-of-gimp-2816/
|
||||
[2]:https://launchpad.net/~otto-kesselgulasch/+archive/ubuntu/gimp
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
|
||||
Running a mainline kernel on a cellphone
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
One of the biggest freedoms associated with free software is the ability to replace a program with an updated or modified version. Even so, of the many millions of people using Linux-powered phones, few are able to run a mainline kernel on those phones, even if they have the technical skills to do the replacement. The sad fact is that no mainstream phone available runs mainline kernels. A session at the 2015 Kernel Summit, led by Rob Herring, explored this problem and what might be done to address it.
|
||||
|
||||
When asked, most of the developers in the room indicated that they would prefer to be able to run mainline kernels on their phones — though a handful did say that they would rather not do so. Rob has been working on this problem for the last year and a half in support of Project Ara (mentioned in this article). But the news is not good.
|
||||
|
||||
There is, he said, too much out-of-tree code running on a typical handset; mainline kernels simply lack the drivers needed to make that handset work. A typical phone is running 1-3 million lines of out-of-tree code. Almost all of those phones are stuck on the 3.10 kernel — or something even older. There are all kinds of reasons for this, but the simple fact is that things seem to move too quickly in the handset world for the kernel community to keep up. Is that, he asked, something that we care about?
|
||||
|
||||
Tim Bird noted that the Nexus 1, one of the original Android phones, never ran a mainline kernel and never will. It broke the promise of open source, making it impossible for users to put a new kernel onto their devices. At this point, no phone supports that ability. Peter Zijlstra wondered about how much of that out-of-tree code was duplicated functionality from one handset to the next; Rob noted that he has run into three independently developed hotplug governors so far.
|
||||
|
||||
Dirk Hohndel suggested that few people care. Of the billion phones out there, he said, approximately 27 of them have owners who care about running mainline kernels. The rest just want to get the phone to work. Perhaps developers who are concerned about running mainline kernels are trying to solve the wrong problem.
|
||||
|
||||
Chris Mason said that handset vendors are currently facing the same sorts of problems that distributors dealt with many years ago. They are coping with a lot of inefficient, repeated, duplicated work. Once the distributors [Rob Herring] decided to put their work into the mainline instead of carrying it themselves, things got a lot better. The key is to help the phone manufacturers to realize that they can benefit in the same way; that, rather than pressure from users, is how the problem will be solved.
|
||||
|
||||
Grant Likely raised concerns about security in a world where phones cannot be upgraded. What we need is a real distribution market for phones. But, as long as the vendors are in charge of the operating software, phones will not be upgradeable. We have a big security mess coming, he said. Peter added that, with Stagefright, that mess is already upon us.
|
||||
|
||||
Ted Ts'o said that running mainline kernels is not his biggest concern. He would be happy if the phones on sale this holiday season would be running a 3.18 or 4.1 kernel, rather than being stuck on 3.10. That, he suggested, is a more solvable problem. Steve Rostedt said that would not solve the security problem, but Ted remarked that a newer kernel would at least make it easier to backport fixes. Grant replied that, one year from now, it would all just happen again; shipping newer kernels is just an incremental fix. Kees Cook added that there is not much to be gained from backporting fixes; the real problem is that there are no defenses from bugs (he would expand on this theme in a separate session later in the day).
|
||||
|
||||
Rob said that any kind of solution would require getting the vendors on board. That, though, will likely run into trouble with the sort of lockdown that vendors like to apply to their devices. Paolo Bonzini asked whether it would be possible to sue vendors over unfixed security vulnerabilities, especially when the devices are still under warranty. Grant said that upgradeability had to become a market requirement or it simply wasn't going to happen. It might be a nasty security issue that causes this to happen, or carriers might start requiring it. Meanwhile, kernel developers need to keep pushing in that direction. Rob noted that, beyond the advantages noted thus far, the ability to run mainline kernels would help developers to test and validate new features on Android devices.
|
||||
|
||||
Josh Triplett asked whether the community would be prepared to do what it would take if the industry were to come around to the idea of mainline kernel support. There would be lots of testing and validation of kernels on handsets required; Android Compatibility Test Suite failures would have to be treated as regressions. Rob suggested that this could be discussed next year, after the basic functionality is in place, but Josh insisted that, if the demand were to show up, we would have to be able to give a good answer.
|
||||
|
||||
Tim said that there is currently a big disconnect with the vendor world; vendors are not reporting or contributing anything back to the community at all. They are completely disconnected, so there is no forward progress ever. Josh noted that when vendors do report bugs with the old kernels they are using, the reception tends to be less than friendly. Arnd Bergmann said that what was needed was to get one of the big silicon vendors to commit to the idea and get its hardware to a point where running mainline kernels was possible; that would put pressure on the others. But, he added, that would require the existence of one free GPU driver that got shipped with the hardware — something that does not exist currently.
|
||||
|
||||
Rob put up a list of problem areas, but there was not much time for discussion of the particulars. WiFi drivers continue to be an issue, especially with the new features being added in the Android world. Johannes Berg agreed that the new features are an issue; the Android developers do not even talk about them until they ship with the hardware. Support for most of those features does eventually land in the mainline kernel, though.
|
||||
|
||||
As things wound down, Ben Herrenschmidt reiterated that the key was to get vendors to realize that working with the mainline kernel is in their own best interest; it saves work in the long run. Mark Brown said that, in past years when the kernel version shipped with Android moved forward more reliably, the benefits of working upstream were more apparent to vendors. Now that things seem to be stuck on 3.10, that pressure is not there in the same way. The session ended with developers determined to improve the situation, but without any clear plan for getting there.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://lwn.net/Articles/662147/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jonathan Corbet][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://lwn.net/Articles/KernelSummit2015/
|
||||
137
sources/tech/20151125 The tar command explained.md
Normal file
137
sources/tech/20151125 The tar command explained.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
|
||||
The tar command explained
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
The Linux [tar][1] command is the swiss army of the Linux admin when it comes to archiving or distributing files. Gnu Tar archives can contain multiple files and directories, file permissions can be preserved and it supports multiple compression formats. The name tar stands for "**T**ape **Ar**chiver", the format is an official POSIX standard.
|
||||
|
||||
### Tar file formats ###
|
||||
|
||||
A short introduction into tar compression levels.
|
||||
|
||||
- **No compression** Uncompressed files have the file ending .tar.
|
||||
- **Gzip Compression** The Gzip format is the most widely used compression format for tar, it is fast for creating and extracting files. Files with gz compression have normally the file ending .tar.gz or .tgz. Here some examples on how to [create][2] and [extract][3] a tar.gz file.
|
||||
- **Bzip2 Compression** The Bzip2 format offers a better compression then the Gzip format. Creating files is slower, the file ending is usually .tar.bz2.
|
||||
- **Lzip (LZMA) Compression** The Lzip compression combines the speed of Gzip with a compression level that is similar to Bzip2 (or even better). Independently from these good attributes, this format is not widely used.
|
||||
- **Lzop Compression** This compress option is probably the fastest compression format for tar, it has a compression level similar to gzip and is not widely used.
|
||||
|
||||
The common formats are tar.gz and tar.bz2. If you goal is fast compression, then use gzip. When the archive file size is critical, then use tar.bz2.
|
||||
|
||||
### What is the tar command used for? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Here a few common use cases of the tar command.
|
||||
|
||||
- Backup of Servers and Desktops.
|
||||
- Document archiving.
|
||||
- Software Distribution.
|
||||
|
||||
### Installing tar ###
|
||||
|
||||
The command is installed on most Linux Systems by default. Here are the instructions to install tar in case that the command is missing.
|
||||
|
||||
#### CentOS ####
|
||||
|
||||
Execute the following command as root user on the shell to install tar on CentOS.
|
||||
|
||||
yum install tar
|
||||
|
||||
#### Ubuntu ####
|
||||
|
||||
This command will install tar on Ubuntu. The "sudo" command ensures that the apt command is run with root privileges.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install tar
|
||||
|
||||
#### Debian ####
|
||||
|
||||
The following apt command installs tar on Debian.
|
||||
|
||||
apt-get install tar
|
||||
|
||||
#### Windows ####
|
||||
|
||||
The tar command is available for Windows as well, you can download it from the Gunwin project. [http://gnuwin32.sourceforge.net/packages/gtar.htm][4]
|
||||
|
||||
### Create tar.gz Files ###
|
||||
|
||||
Here is the [tar command][5] that has to be run on the shell. I will explain the command line options below.
|
||||
|
||||
tar pczf myarchive.tar.gz /home/till/mydocuments
|
||||
|
||||
This command creates the archive myarchive.tar.gz which contains the files and folders from the path /home/till/mydocuments. **The command line options explained**:
|
||||
|
||||
- **[p]** This option stand for "preserve", it instructs tar to store details on file owner and file permissions in the archive.
|
||||
- **[c]** Stands for create. This option is mandatory when a file is created.
|
||||
- **[z]** The z option enables gzip compression.
|
||||
- **[f]** The file option tells tar to create an archive file. Tar will send the output to stdout if this option is omitted.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Tar command examples ####
|
||||
|
||||
**Example 1: Backup the /etc Directory** Create a backup of the /etc config directory. The backup is stored in the root folder.
|
||||
|
||||
tar pczvf /root/etc.tar.gz /etc
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The command should be run as root to ensure that all files in /etc are included in the backup. This time, I've added the [v] option in the command. This option stands for verbose, it tells tar to show all file names that get added into the archive.
|
||||
|
||||
**Example 2: Backup your /home directory** Create a backup of your home directory. The backup will be stored in a directory /backup.
|
||||
|
||||
tar czf /backup/myuser.tar.gz /home/myuser
|
||||
|
||||
Replace myuser with your username. In this command, I've omitted the [p] switch, so the permissions get not preserved.
|
||||
|
||||
**Example 3: A file-based backup of MySQL databases** The MySQL databases are stored in /var/lib/mysql on most Linux distributions. You can check that with the command:
|
||||
|
||||
ls /var/lib/mysql
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Stop the database server to get a consistent MySQL file backup with tar. The backup will be written to the /backup folder.
|
||||
|
||||
1) Create the backup folder
|
||||
|
||||
mkdir /backup
|
||||
chmod 600 /backup
|
||||
|
||||
2) Stop MySQL, run the backup with tar and start the database server again.
|
||||
|
||||
service mysql stop
|
||||
tar pczf /backup/mysql.tar.gz /var/lib/mysql
|
||||
service mysql start
|
||||
ls -lah /backup
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Extract tar.gz Files ###
|
||||
|
||||
The command to extract tar.gz files is:
|
||||
|
||||
tar xzf myarchive.tar.gz
|
||||
|
||||
#### The tar command options explained ####
|
||||
|
||||
- **[x]** The x stand for extract, it is mandatory when a tar file shall be extracted.
|
||||
- **[z]** The z option tells tar that the archive that shall be unpacked is in gzip format.
|
||||
- **[f]** This option instructs tar to read the archive content from a file, in this case the file myarchive.tar.gz.
|
||||
|
||||
The above tar command will silently extract that tar.gz file, it will show only error messages. If you like to see which files get extracted, then add the "v" option.
|
||||
|
||||
tar xzvf myarchive.tar.gz
|
||||
|
||||
The **[v]** option stands for verbose, it will show the file names while they get unpacked.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/linux-tar-command/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[howtoforge][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.howtoforge.com/
|
||||
[1]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_(computing)
|
||||
[2]:http://www.faqforge.com/linux/create-tar-gz/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.faqforge.com/linux/extract-tar-gz/
|
||||
[4]:http://gnuwin32.sourceforge.net/packages/gtar.htm
|
||||
[5]:http://www.faqforge.com/linux/tar-command/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
|
||||
How to Install Nginx as Reverse Proxy for Apache on FreeBSD 10.2
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Nginx is free and open source HTTP server and reverse proxy, as well as an mail proxy server for IMAP/POP3. Nginx is high performance web server with rich of features, simple configuration and low memory usage. Originally written by Igor Sysoev on 2002, and until now has been used by a big technology company including Netflix, Github, Cloudflare, WordPress.com etc.
|
||||
|
||||
In this tutorial we will "**install and configure nginx web server as reverse proxy for apache on freebsd 10.2**". Apache will run with php on port 8080, and then we need to configure nginx run on port 80 to receive a request from user/visitor. If user request for web page from the browser on port 80, then nginx will pass the request to apache webserver and PHP that running on port 8080.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Prerequisite ####
|
||||
|
||||
- FreeBSD 10.2.
|
||||
- Root privileges.
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 1 - Update the System ###
|
||||
|
||||
Log in to your freebsd server with ssh credential and update system with command below :
|
||||
|
||||
freebsd-update fetch
|
||||
freebsd-update install
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 2 - Install Apache ###
|
||||
|
||||
pache is open source HTTP server and the most widely used web server. Apache is not installed by default on freebsd, but we can install it from the ports or package on "/usr/ports/www/apache24" or install it from freebsd repository with pkg command. In this tutorial we will use pkg command to install from the freebsd repository :
|
||||
|
||||
pkg install apache24
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 3 - Install PHP ###
|
||||
|
||||
Once apache is installed, followed with installing php for handling a PHP file request by a user. We will install php with pkg command as below :
|
||||
|
||||
pkg install php56 mod_php56 php56-mysql php56-mysqli
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 4 - Configure Apache and PHP ###
|
||||
|
||||
Once all is installed, we will configure apache to run on port 8080, and php working with apache. To configure apache, we can edit the configuration file "httpd.conf", and for PHP we just need to copy the php configuration file php.ini on "/usr/local/etc/" directory.
|
||||
|
||||
Go to "/usr/local/etc/" directory and copy php.ini-production file to php.ini :
|
||||
|
||||
cd /usr/local/etc/
|
||||
cp php.ini-production php.ini
|
||||
|
||||
Next, configure apache by editing file "httpd.conf" on apache directory :
|
||||
|
||||
cd /usr/local/etc/apache24
|
||||
nano -c httpd.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Port configuration on line **52** :
|
||||
|
||||
Listen 8080
|
||||
|
||||
ServerName configuration on line **219** :
|
||||
|
||||
ServerName 127.0.0.1:8080
|
||||
|
||||
Add DirectoryIndex file that apache will serve it if a directory requested on line **277** :
|
||||
|
||||
DirectoryIndex index.php index.html
|
||||
|
||||
Configure apache to work with php by adding script below under line **287** :
|
||||
|
||||
<FilesMatch "\.php$">
|
||||
SetHandler application/x-httpd-php
|
||||
</FilesMatch>
|
||||
<FilesMatch "\.phps$">
|
||||
SetHandler application/x-httpd-php-source
|
||||
</FilesMatch>
|
||||
|
||||
Save and exit.
|
||||
|
||||
Now add apache to start at boot time with sysrc command :
|
||||
|
||||
sysrc apache24_enable=yes
|
||||
|
||||
And test apache configuration with command below :
|
||||
|
||||
apachectl configtest
|
||||
|
||||
If there is no error, start apache :
|
||||
|
||||
service apache24 start
|
||||
|
||||
If all is done, verify that php is running well with apache by creating phpinfo file on "/usr/local/www/apache24/data" directory :
|
||||
|
||||
cd /usr/local/www/apache24/data
|
||||
echo "<?php phpinfo(); ?>" > info.php
|
||||
|
||||
Now visit the freebsd server IP : 192.168.1.123:8080/info.php.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Apache is working with php on port 8080.
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 5 - Install Nginx ###
|
||||
|
||||
Nginx high performance web server and reverse proxy with low memory consumption. In this step we will use nginx as reverse proxy for apache, so let's install it with pkg command :
|
||||
|
||||
pkg install nginx
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 6 - Configure Nginx ###
|
||||
|
||||
Once nginx is installed, we must configure it by replacing nginx file "**nginx.conf**" with new configuration below. Change the directory to "/usr/local/etc/nginx/" and backup default nginx.conf :
|
||||
|
||||
cd /usr/local/etc/nginx/
|
||||
mv nginx.conf nginx.conf.oroginal
|
||||
|
||||
Now create new nginx configuration file :
|
||||
|
||||
nano -c nginx.conf
|
||||
|
||||
and paste configuration below :
|
||||
|
||||
user www;
|
||||
worker_processes 1;
|
||||
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
|
||||
|
||||
events {
|
||||
worker_connections 1024;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
http {
|
||||
include mime.types;
|
||||
default_type application/octet-stream;
|
||||
|
||||
log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
|
||||
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
|
||||
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
|
||||
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log;
|
||||
|
||||
sendfile on;
|
||||
keepalive_timeout 65;
|
||||
|
||||
# Nginx cache configuration
|
||||
proxy_cache_path /var/nginx/cache levels=1:2 keys_zone=my-cache:8m max_size=1000m inactive=600m;
|
||||
proxy_temp_path /var/nginx/cache/tmp;
|
||||
proxy_cache_key "$scheme$host$request_uri";
|
||||
|
||||
gzip on;
|
||||
|
||||
server {
|
||||
#listen 80;
|
||||
server_name _;
|
||||
|
||||
location /nginx_status {
|
||||
|
||||
stub_status on;
|
||||
access_log off;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
|
||||
#
|
||||
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
|
||||
location = /50x.html {
|
||||
root /usr/local/www/nginx-dist;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
# proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:8080
|
||||
#
|
||||
location ~ \.php$ {
|
||||
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
|
||||
include /usr/local/etc/nginx/proxy.conf;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
include /usr/local/etc/nginx/vhost/*;
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
Save and exit.
|
||||
|
||||
Next, create new file called **proxy.conf** for reverse proxy configuration on nginx directory :
|
||||
|
||||
cd /usr/local/etc/nginx/
|
||||
nano -c proxy.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Paste configuration below :
|
||||
|
||||
proxy_buffering on;
|
||||
proxy_redirect off;
|
||||
proxy_set_header Host $host;
|
||||
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
|
||||
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
|
||||
client_max_body_size 10m;
|
||||
client_body_buffer_size 128k;
|
||||
proxy_connect_timeout 90;
|
||||
proxy_send_timeout 90;
|
||||
proxy_read_timeout 90;
|
||||
proxy_buffers 100 8k;
|
||||
add_header X-Cache $upstream_cache_status;
|
||||
|
||||
Save and exit.
|
||||
|
||||
And the last, create new directory for nginx cache on "/var/nginx/cache" :
|
||||
|
||||
mkdir -p /var/nginx/cache
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 7 - Configure Nginx VirtualHost ###
|
||||
|
||||
In this step we will create new virtualhost for domain "saitama.me", with document root on "/usr/local/www/saitama.me" and the log file on "/var/log/nginx" directory.
|
||||
|
||||
First thing we must do is creating new directory to store the virtualhost file, we here use new directory called "**vhost**". Let's create it :
|
||||
|
||||
cd /usr/local/etc/nginx/
|
||||
mkdir vhost
|
||||
|
||||
vhost directory has been created, now go to the directory and create new file virtualhost. I'me here will create new file "**saitama.conf**" :
|
||||
|
||||
cd vhost/
|
||||
nano -c saitama.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Paste virtualhost configuration below :
|
||||
|
||||
server {
|
||||
# Replace with your freebsd IP
|
||||
listen 192.168.1.123:80;
|
||||
|
||||
# Document Root
|
||||
root /usr/local/www/saitama.me;
|
||||
index index.php index.html index.htm;
|
||||
|
||||
# Domain
|
||||
server_name www.saitama.me saitama.me;
|
||||
|
||||
# Error and Access log file
|
||||
error_log /var/log/nginx/saitama-error.log;
|
||||
access_log /var/log/nginx/saitama-access.log main;
|
||||
|
||||
# Reverse Proxy Configuration
|
||||
location ~ \.php$ {
|
||||
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
|
||||
include /usr/local/etc/nginx/proxy.conf;
|
||||
|
||||
# Cache configuration
|
||||
proxy_cache my-cache;
|
||||
proxy_cache_valid 10s;
|
||||
proxy_no_cache $cookie_PHPSESSID;
|
||||
proxy_cache_bypass $cookie_PHPSESSID;
|
||||
proxy_cache_key "$scheme$host$request_uri";
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
# Disable Cache for the file type html, json
|
||||
location ~* .(?:manifest|appcache|html?|xml|json)$ {
|
||||
expires -1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
# Enable Cache the file 30 days
|
||||
location ~* .(jpg|png|gif|jpeg|css|mp3|wav|swf|mov|doc|pdf|xls|ppt|docx|pptx|xlsx)$ {
|
||||
proxy_cache_valid 200 120m;
|
||||
expires 30d;
|
||||
proxy_cache my-cache;
|
||||
access_log off;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
Save and exit.
|
||||
|
||||
Next, create new log directory for nginx and virtualhost on "/var/log/" :
|
||||
|
||||
mkdir -p /var/log/nginx/
|
||||
|
||||
If all is done, let's create a directory for document root for saitama.me :
|
||||
|
||||
cd /usr/local/www/
|
||||
mkdir saitama.me
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 8 - Testing ###
|
||||
|
||||
This step is just test our nginx configuration and test the nginx virtualhost.
|
||||
|
||||
Test nginx configuration with command below :
|
||||
|
||||
nginx -t
|
||||
|
||||
If there is no problem, add nginx to boot time with sysrc command, and then start it and restart apache:
|
||||
|
||||
sysrc nginx_enable=yes
|
||||
service nginx start
|
||||
service apache24 restart
|
||||
|
||||
All is done, now verify the the php is working by adding new file phpinfo on saitama.me directory :
|
||||
|
||||
cd /usr/local/www/saitama.me
|
||||
echo "<?php phpinfo(); ?>" > info.php
|
||||
|
||||
Visit the domain : **www.saitama.me/info.php**.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Nginx as reverse proxy for apache is working, and php is working too.
|
||||
|
||||
And this is another results :
|
||||
|
||||
Test .html file with no-cache.
|
||||
|
||||
curl -I www.saitama.me
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Test .css file with 30day cache.
|
||||
|
||||
curl -I www.saitama.me/test.css
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Test .php file with cache :
|
||||
|
||||
curl -I www.saitama.me/info.php
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
All is done.
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
Nginx is most popular HTTP server and reverse proxy. Has a rich of features with high performance and low memory/RAM usage. Nginx use too for caching, we can cache a static file on the web to make the web fast load, and cache for php file if a user request for it. Nginx is easy to configure and use, use for HTTP server or act as reverse proxy for apache.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/install-nginx-reverse-proxy-apache-freebsd-10-2/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Arul][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/arulm/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
|
||||
Linux FAQs with Answers--How to remove trailing whitespaces in a file on Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Question: I have a text file in which I need to remove all trailing whitespsaces (e.g., spaces and tabs) in each line for formatting purpose. Is there a quick and easy Linux command line tool I can use for this?
|
||||
|
||||
When you are writing code for your program, you must understand that there are standard coding styles to follow. For example, "trailing whitespaces" are typically considered evil because when they get into a code repository for revision control, they can cause a lot of problems and confusion (e.g., "false diffs"). Many IDEs and text editors are capable of highlighting and automatically trimming trailing whitepsaces at the end of each line.
|
||||
|
||||
Here are a few ways to **remove trailing whitespaces in Linux command-line environment**.
|
||||
|
||||
### Method One ###
|
||||
|
||||
A simple command line approach to remove unwanted whitespaces is via sed.
|
||||
|
||||
The following command deletes all spaces and tabs at the end of each line in input.java.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sed -i 's/[[:space:]]*$//' input.java
|
||||
|
||||
If there are multiple files that need trailing whitespaces removed, you can use a combination of find and sed. For example, the following command deletes trailing whitespaces in all *.java files recursively found in the current directory as well as all its sub-directories.
|
||||
|
||||
$ find . -name "*.java" -type f -print0 | xargs -0 sed -i 's/[[:space:]]*$//'
|
||||
|
||||
### Method Two ###
|
||||
|
||||
Vim text editor is able to highlight and trim whitespaces in a file as well.
|
||||
|
||||
To highlight all trailing whitespaces in a file, open the file with Vim editor and enable text highlighting by typing the following in Vim command line mode.
|
||||
|
||||
:set hlsearch
|
||||
|
||||
Then search for trailing whitespaces by typing:
|
||||
|
||||
/\s\+$
|
||||
|
||||
This will show all trailing spaces and tabs found throughout the file.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Then to clean up all trailing whitespaces in a file with Vim, type the following Vim command.
|
||||
|
||||
:%s/\s\+$//
|
||||
|
||||
This command means substituting all whitespace characters found at the end of the line (\s\+$) with no character.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/remove-trailing-whitespaces-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Dan Nanni][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/author/nanni
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user