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20180622 How to Check Disk Space on Linux from the Command line
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Translating...by SunWave
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How to Check Disk Space on Linux from the Command Line
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======
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Quick question: How much space do you have left on your drives? A little or a lot? Follow up question: Do you know how to find out? If you happen to use a GUI desktop (e.g., GNOME, KDE, Mate, Pantheon, etc.), the task is probably pretty simple. But what if you’re looking at a headless server, with no GUI? Do you need to install tools for the task? The answer is a resounding no. All the necessary bits are already in place to help you find out exactly how much space remains on your drives. In fact, you have two very easy-to-use options at the ready.
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In this article, I’ll demonstrate these tools. I’ll be using [Elementary OS][1], which also includes a GUI option, but we’re going to limit ourselves to the command line. The good news is these command-line tools are readily available for every Linux distribution. On my testing system, there are a number of attached drives (both internal and external). The commands used are agnostic to where a drive is plugged in; they only care that the drive is mounted and visible to the operating system.
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With that said, let’s take a look at the tools.
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### df
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The df command is the tool I first used to discover drive space on Linux, way back in the 1990s. It’s very simple in both usage and reporting. To this day, df is my go-to command for this task. This command has a few switches but, for basic reporting, you really only need one. That command is df -H. The -H switch is for human-readable format. The output of df -H will report how much space is used, available, percentage used, and the mount point of every disk attached to your system (Figure 1).
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![df output][3]
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Figure 1: The output of df -H on my Elementary OS system.
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[Used with permission][4]
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What if your list of drives is exceedingly long and you just want to view the space used on a single drive? With df, that is possible. Let’s take a look at how much space has been used up on our primary drive, located at /dev/sda1. To do that, issue the command:
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df -H /dev/sda1
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```
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The output will be limited to that one drive (Figure 2).
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![disk usage][6]
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Figure 2: How much space is on one particular drive?
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[Used with permission][4]
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You can also limit the reported fields shown in the df output. Available fields are:
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* source — the file system source
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* size — total number of blocks
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* used — spaced used on a drive
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* avail — space available on a drive
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* pcent — percent of used space, divided by total size
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* target — mount point of a drive
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Let’s display the output of all our drives, showing only the size, used, and avail (or availability) fields. The command for this would be:
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df -H --output=size,used,avail
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```
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The output of this command is quite easy to read (Figure 3).
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![output][8]
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Figure 3: Specifying what output to display for our drives.
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[Used with permission][4]
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The only caveat here is that we don’t know the source of the output, so we’d want to include source like so:
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```
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df -H --output=source,size,used,avail
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```
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Now the output makes more sense (Figure 4).
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![source][10]
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Figure 4: We now know the source of our disk usage.
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[Used with permission][4]
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### du
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Our next command is du. As you might expect, that stands for disk usage. The du command is quite different to the df command, in that it reports on directories and not drives. Because of this, you’ll want to know the names of directories to be checked. Let’s say I have a directory containing virtual machine files on my machine. That directory is /media/jack/HALEY/VIRTUALBOX. If I want to find out how much space is used by that particular directory, I’d issue the command:
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du -h /media/jack/HALEY/VIRTUALBOX
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```
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The output of the above command will display the size of every file in the directory (Figure 5).
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![du command][12]
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Figure 5: The output of the du command on a specific directory.
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[Used with permission][4]
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So far, this command isn’t all that helpful. What if we want to know the total usage of a particular directory? Fortunately, du can handle that task. On the same directory, the command would be:
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```
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du -sh /media/jack/HALEY/VIRTUALBOX/
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```
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Now we know how much total space the files are using up in that directory (Figure 6).
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![space used][14]
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Figure 6: My virtual machine files are using 559GB of space.
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[Used with permission][4]
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You can also use this command to see how much space is being used on all child directories of a parent, like so:
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```
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du -h /media/jack/HALEY
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```
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The output of this command (Figure 7) is a good way to find out what subdirectories are hogging up space on a drive.
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![directories][16]
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Figure 7: How much space are my subdirectories using?
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[Used with permission][4]
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The du command is also a great tool to use in order to see a list of directories that are using the most disk space on your system. The way to do this is by piping the output of du to two other commands: sort and head. The command to find out the top 10 directories eating space on a drive would look something like this:
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```
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du -a /media/jack | sort -n -r | head -n 10
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```
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The output would list out those directories, from largest to least offender (Figure 8).
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![top users][18]
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Figure 8: Our top ten directories using up space on a drive.
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[Used with permission][4]
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### Not as hard as you thought
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Finding out how much space is being used on your Linux-attached drives is quite simple. As long as your drives are mounted to the Linux system, both df and du will do an outstanding job of reporting the necessary information. With df you can quickly see an overview of how much space is used on a disk and with du you can discover how much space is being used by specific directories. These two tools in combination should be considered must-know for every Linux administrator.
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And, in case you missed it, I recently showed how to [determine your memory usage on Linux][19]. Together, these tips will go a long way toward helping you successfully manage your Linux servers.
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Learn more about Linux through the free ["Introduction to Linux"][20]course from The Linux Foundation and edX.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.linux.com/learn/intro-to-linux/2018/6how-check-disk-space-linux-command-line
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作者：[Jack Wallen][a]
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选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://www.linux.com/users/jlwallen
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[1]:https://elementary.io/
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[2]:/files/images/diskspace1jpg
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[3]:https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/diskspace_1.jpg?itok=aJa8AZAM (df output)
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[4]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/used-permission
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[5]:/files/images/diskspace2jpg
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[6]:https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/diskspace_2.jpg?itok=_PAq3kxC (disk usage)
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[7]:/files/images/diskspace3jpg
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[8]:https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/diskspace_3.jpg?itok=51m8I-Vu (output)
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[9]:/files/images/diskspace4jpg
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[10]:https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/diskspace_4.jpg?itok=SuwgueN3 (source)
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[11]:/files/images/diskspace5jpg
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[12]:https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/diskspace_5.jpg?itok=XfS4s7Zq (du command)
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[13]:/files/images/diskspace6jpg
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[14]:https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/diskspace_6.jpg?itok=r71qICyG (space used)
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[15]:/files/images/diskspace7jpg
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[16]:https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/diskspace_7.jpg?itok=PtDe4q5y (directories)
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[17]:/files/images/diskspace8jpg
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[18]:https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/diskspace_8.jpg?itok=v9E1SFcC (top users)
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[19]:https://www.linux.com/learn/5-commands-checking-memory-usage-linux
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[20]:https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux
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@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
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如何使用命令行检查 Linux 上的磁盘空间
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========
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>通过使用 `df` 命令和 `du` 命令查看 Linux 系统上挂载的驱动器的空间使用情况
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-----------------------------
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*** 快速提问： ***你的驱动器剩余多少剩余空间？一点点还是很多？接下来的提问是：你知道如何找出这些剩余空间吗？如果你使用的是 GUI 桌面（ 例如 GNOME，KDE，Mate，Pantheon 等 ），则任务可能非常简单。但是，当你要在一个没有 GUI 桌面的服务器上查询剩余空间，你该如何去做呢？你是否要为这个任务安装相应的软件工具？答案是绝对不是。在 Linux 中，具备查找驱动器上的剩余磁盘空间的所有工具。事实上，有两个非常容易使用的工具。
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在本文中，我将演示这些工具。我将使用 Elementary OS（ LCTT译注：Elementary OS 是基于 Ubuntu 精心打磨美化的桌面 Linux 发行版 ），它还包括一个 GUI 选项，但我们将限制自己仅使用命令行。好消息是这些命令行工具随时可用于每个 Linux 发行版。在我的测试系统中，连接了许多的驱动器（ 内部的和外部的 ）。使用的命令与连接驱动器的位置无关，仅仅与驱动器是否已经挂载好并且对操作系统可见。
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话虽如此，让我们来试试这些工具。
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### df
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`df` 命令是我第一次用于在 Linux 上查询驱动器空间的工具，时间可以追溯到20世纪90年代。它的使用和报告结果非常简单。直到今天，`df` 还是我执行此任务的首选命令。此命令有几个选项开关，对于基本的报告，你实际上只需要一个选项。该命令是 `df -H` 。`-H` 选项开关用于将df的报告结果以人类可读的格式进行显示。`df -H` 的输出包括：已经使用了的空间量，可用空间，空间使用的百分比，以及每个磁盘连接到系统的挂载点（ 图 1 ）。
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图 1：Elementary OS 系统上 `df -H` 命令的输出结果
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如果你的驱动器列表非常长并且你只想查看单个驱动器上使用的空间，该怎么办？有了 `df`，就可以做到。我们来看一下位于 `/dev/sda1` 的主驱动器已经使用了多少空间。为此，执行如下命令：
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df -H /dev/sda1
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```
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输出将限于该驱动器（ 图 2 ）。
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图 2：一个单独驱动器空间情况
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你还可以限制 `df` 命令结果报告中显示指定的字段。可用的字段包括：
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- source — 文件系统的来源（ LCTT译注：通常为一个设备，如 `/dev/sda1` ）
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- size — 块总数
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- used — 驱动器已使用的空间
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- avail — 可以使用的剩余空间
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- pcent — 驱动器已经使用的空间占驱动器总空间的百分比
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- target —驱动器的挂载点
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让我们显示所有驱动器的输出，仅显示 `size` ，`used` ，`avail` 字段。对此的命令是：
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```
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df -H --output=size,used,avail
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```
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该命令的输出非常简单（ 图 3 ）。
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图 3：显示我们驱动器的指定输出
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这里唯一需要注意的是我们不知道输出的来源，因此，我们要把来源加入命令中：
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```
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df -H --output=source,size,used,avail
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```
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现在输出的信息更加全面有意义（ 图 4 ）。
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图 4：我们现在知道了磁盘使用情况的来源
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### du
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我们的下一个命令是 `du` 。 正如您所料，这代表磁盘使用情况（ disk usage ）。 `du` 命令与 `df` 命令完全不同，因为它报告目录而不是驱动器的空间使用情况。 因此，您需要知道要检查的目录的名称。 假设我的计算机上有一个包含虚拟机文件的目录。 那个目录是 `/media/jack/HALEY/VIRTUALBOX` 。 如果我想知道该特定目录使用了多少空间，我将运行如下命令：
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du -h /media/jack/HALEY/VIRTUALBOX
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```
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上面命令的输出将显示目录中每个文件占用的空间（ 图 5 ）。
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图 5 在特定目录上运行 `du` 命令的输出
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到目前为止，这个命令并没有那么有用。如果我们想知道特定目录的总使用量怎么办？幸运的是，`du` 可以处理这项任务。对于同一目录，命令将是：
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```
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du -sh /media/jack/HALEY/VIRTUALBOX/
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```
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现在我们知道了上述目录使用存储空间的总和（ 图 6 ）。
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图 6：我的虚拟机文件使用存储空间的总和是 559GB
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您还可以使用此命令查看父项的所有子目录使用了多少空间，如下所示：
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du -h /media/jack/HALEY
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```
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此命令的输出见（ 图 7 ），是一个用于查看各子目录占用的驱动器空间的好方法。
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图 7：子目录的存储空间使用情况
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`du` 命令也是一个很好的工具，用于查看使用系统磁盘空间最多的目录列表。执行此任务的方法是将 `du` 命令的输出通过管道传递给另外两个命令：`sort` 和 `head` 。下面的命令用于找出驱动器上占用存储空间最大的前10各目录：
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```
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du -a /media/jack | sort -n -r |head -n 10
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```
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输出将以从大到小的顺序列出这些目录( 图 8 )。
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图 8：使用驱动器空间最多的 10 个目录
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### 没有你想像的那么难
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查看 Linux 系统上挂载的驱动器的空间使用情况非常简单。只要你将你的驱动器挂载在 Linux 系统上，使用 `df` 命令或 `du` 命令在报告必要信息方面都会非常出色。使用 `df` 命令，您可以快速查看磁盘上总的空间使用量，使用 `du` 命令，可以查看特定目录的空间使用情况。对于每一个 Linux 系统的管理员来说，这两个命令的结合使用是必须掌握的。
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而且，如果你不需要使用 `du` 或 `df` 命令查看驱动器空间的使用情况，我最近介绍了查看 Linux 上内存使用情况的方法。总之，这些技巧将大力帮助你成功管理 Linux 服务器。
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通过 Linux Foundation 和 edX 免费提供的 “ Linux 简介 ” 课程，了解更多有关 Linux 的信息。
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--------
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via: https://www.linux.com/learn/intro-to-linux/2018/6how-check-disk-space-linux-command-line
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作者：Jack Wallen 选题：lujun9972 译者：SunWave 校对：校对者ID
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本文由 LCTT 原创编译，Linux中国 荣誉推出
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