diff --git a/sources/tech/20180309 How to check your network connections on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20180309 How to check your network connections on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 5834d0f8d2..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20180309 How to check your network connections on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,101 +0,0 @@ -translating by Flowsnow - -How to check your network connections on Linux -====== - -![](https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/03/network-connections-100751906-large.jpg) -The **ip** command has a lot to tell you about the configuration and state of your network connections, but what do all those words and numbers mean? Let’s take a deep dive in and see what all the displayed values are trying to tell you. - -When you use the **ip a** (or **ip addr** ) command to get information on all the network interfaces on your system, you're going to see something like this: -``` -$ ip a -1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000 - link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 - inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo - valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever - inet6 ::1/128 scope host - valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever -2: enp0s25: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000 - link/ether 00:1e:4f:c8:43:fc brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff - inet 192.168.0.24/24 brd 192.168.0.255 scope global dynamic enp0s25 - valid_lft 57295sec preferred_lft 57295sec - inet6 fe80::2c8e:1de0:a862:14fd/64 scope link - valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever - -``` - -The two interfaces on this system — the loopback (lo) and network (enp0s25) — are displayed along with a lot of stats. The "lo" interface is clearly the loopback. We can see the loopback IPv4 address (127.0.0.1) and the loopback IPv6 ( **::1** ) in the listing. The normal network interface is more interesting. - -### Why enp0s25 and not eth0 - -If you're wondering why it's called **enp0s25** on this system instead of the likely more familiar **eth0** , a little explanation is in order. - -The new naming scheme is referred to as the “Predictable Network Interface” naming. It’s been used on systemd-based Linux systems for some time. The interface name depends on the physical location of the hardware. The " **en** " simply means "ethernet" just like "eth" does for eth0. The " **p** " is the bus number of the ethernet card and the " **s** " is the slot number. So "enp0s25" tells us a lot about the hardware we're working with. - -The string of settings tell us that ... -``` -BROADCAST the interface supports broadcasting -MULTICAST the interface supports multicasting -UP the network interface is enabled -LOWER_UP the network cable is plugged in and device connected to network -mtu 1500 the maximum transfer unit (packet size) is 1,500 bytes - -``` - -The other values listed also tell us a lot about the interface, but we need to know what words like "brd" and "qlen" represent. So, here's a translation of the rest of the **ip a** shown above. -``` -mtu 1500 maximum transfer unit (packet size) -qdisc pfifo_fast used for packet queueing -state UP network interface is up -group default interface group -qlen 1000 transmission queue length -link/ether 00:1e:4f:c8:43:fc MAC(hardware) address of the interface -brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff broadcast address -inet 192.168.0.24/24 IPv4 address -brd 192.168.0.255 broadcast address -scope global valid everywhere -dynamic enp0s25 address is dynamically assigned -valid_lft 80866sec valid lifetime for IPv4 address -preferred_lft 80866sec preferred lifetime for IPv4 address -inet6 fe80::2c8e:1de0:a862:14fd/64 IPv6 address -scope link valid only on this device -valid_lft forever valid lifetime for IPv6 address -preferred_lft forever preferred lifetime for IPv6 address - -``` - -You might have noticed that some of the information that the ifconfig command provides is not included in the **ip a** output — such as the stats on transmitted packets. If you want to see a list of the number of packets transmitted and received along with collisions, you can use this ip command: -``` -$ ip -s link show enp0s25 -2: enp0s25: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000 - link/ether 00:1e:4f:c8:43:fc brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff - RX: bytes packets errors dropped overrun mcast - 224258568 418718 0 0 0 84376 - TX: bytes packets errors dropped carrier collsns - 6131373 78152 0 0 0 0 - -``` - -Another **ip** command provides information on a system's routing table. -``` -$ ip route show -default via 192.168.0.1 dev enp0s25 proto static metric 100 -169.254.0.0/16 dev enp0s25 scope link metric 1000 -192.168.0.0/24 dev enp0s25 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.0.24 metric 100 - -``` - -The **ip** command is extremely versatile. You can get a helpful cheat sheet on the **ip** command and its options from [Red Hat][1]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3262045/linux/checking-your-network-connections-on-linux.html - -作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ -[1]:https://access.redhat.com/sites/default/files/attachments/rh_ip_command_cheatsheet_1214_jcs_print.pdf diff --git a/translated/tech/20180309 How to check your network connections on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20180309 How to check your network connections on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1e6923b56f --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20180309 How to check your network connections on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +如何在Linux上检查您的网络连接 +====== + +![](https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/03/network-connections-100751906-large.jpg) + +**ip**命令有很多可以告诉你网络连接配置和状态的信息，但是所有这些词和数字意味着什么？ 让我们深入了解一下，看看所有显示的值都试图告诉你什么。 + +当您使用`ip a`（或`ip addr`）命令获取系统上所有网络接口的信息时，您将看到如下所示的内容： + +``` +$ ip a +1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000 + link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 + inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo + valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever + inet6 ::1/128 scope host + valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever +2: enp0s25: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000 + link/ether 00:1e:4f:c8:43:fc brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff + inet 192.168.0.24/24 brd 192.168.0.255 scope global dynamic enp0s25 + valid_lft 57295sec preferred_lft 57295sec + inet6 fe80::2c8e:1de0:a862:14fd/64 scope link + valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever +``` + +这个系统上的两个接口 - 环回（lo）和网络（enp0s25）——显示了很多统计数据。 “lo”接口显然是环回地址。 我们可以在列表中看到环回IPv4地址（127.0.0.1）和环回IPv6（ **::1**）。 正常的网络接口更有趣。 + +### 为什么是enp0s25而不是eth0 + +如果你想知道为什么它在这个系统上被称为**enp0s25**，而不是可能更熟悉的**eth0**，那我们可以稍微解释一下。 + +新的命名方案被称为“可预测的网络接口”。 它已经在基于systemd的Linux系统上使用了一段时间了。 接口名称取决于硬件的物理位置。 “**en**”仅仅就是“ethernet”的意思就像“eth”用于对于eth0，一样。 “**p**”是以太网卡的总线编号，“**s**”是插槽编号。 所以“enp0s25”告诉我们很多我们正在使用的硬件的信息。 + + 这个配置串告诉我们： +``` +BROADCAST 该接口支持广播 +MULTICAST 该接口支持多播 +UP 网络接口已启用 +LOWER_UP 网络电缆已插入，设备已连接至网络 +mtu 1500 最大传输单位（数据包大小）为1,500字节 +``` + +列出的其他值也告诉了我们很多关于接口的知识，但我们需要知道“brd”和“qlen”这些词代表什么意思。 所以，这里显示的是上面展示的**ip**信息的其余部分的翻译。 + +``` +mtu 最大传输单位（数据包大小）为1,500字节 +qdisc pfifo_fast 用于数据包排队 +state UP 网络接口已启用 +group default 接口组 +qlen 1000 传输队列长度 +link/ether 00:1e:4f:c8:43:fc 接口的MAC（硬件）地址 +brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff 广播地址 +inet 192.168.0.24/24 IPv4地址 +brd 192.168.0.255 广播地址 +scope global 全局有效 +dynamic enp0s25 地址是动态分配的 +valid_lft 80866sec IPv4地址的有效使用期限 +preferred_lft 80866sec IPv4地址的首选生存期 +inet6 fe80::2c8e:1de0:a862:14fd/64 IPv6地址 +scope link 仅在此设备上有效 +valid_lft forever IPv6地址的有效使用期限 +preferred_lft forever IPv6地址的首选生存期 +``` + +您可能已经注意到，ifconfig命令提供的一些信息未包含在**ip a** 命令的输出中 —— 例如传输数据包的统计信息。 如果您想查看发送和接收的数据包数量以及冲突数量的列表，可以使用以下ip命令： + +``` +$ ip -s link show enp0s25 +2: enp0s25: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000 + link/ether 00:1e:4f:c8:43:fc brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff + RX: bytes packets errors dropped overrun mcast + 224258568 418718 0 0 0 84376 + TX: bytes packets errors dropped carrier collsns + 6131373 78152 0 0 0 0 +``` + +另一个**ip**命令提供有关系统路由表的信息。 +``` +$ ip route show +default via 192.168.0.1 dev enp0s25 proto static metric 100 +169.254.0.0/16 dev enp0s25 scope link metric 1000 +192.168.0.0/24 dev enp0s25 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.0.24 metric 100 +``` + +**ip**命令是非常通用的。 您可以从**ip**命令及其来自[Red Hat][1]的选项获得有用的备忘单。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3262045/linux/checking-your-network-connections-on-linux.html + +作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] +译者：[Flowsnow](https://github.com/Flowsnow) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ +[1]:https://access.redhat.com/sites/default/files/attachments/rh_ip_command_cheatsheet_1214_jcs_print.pdf