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Important 10 Linux ps command Practical Examples
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================================================================================
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As an Operating System which inspired from Unix, Linux has a built-in tool to capture current processes on the system. This tool is available in command line interface.
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### What is PS Command ###
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From its manual page, PS gives a snapshots of the current process. It will “capture” the system condition at a single time. If you want to have a repetitive updates in a real time, we can use top command.
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PS support three (3) type of usage syntax style.
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1. UNIX style, which may be grouped and **must** be preceded by a dash
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2. BSD style, which may be grouped and **must not be** used with a dash
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3. GNU long options, which are preceded by two dash
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We can mix those style, but conflicts can appear. In this article, will use UNIX style. Here’s are some examples of PS command in a daily use.
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### 1. Run ps without any options ###
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This is a very basic **ps** usage. Just type ps on your console to see its result.
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By default, it will show us 4 columns of information.
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- PID is a Process ID of the running command (CMD)
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- TTY is a place where the running command runs
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- TIME tell about how much time is used by CPU while running the command
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- CMD is a command that run as current process
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This information is displayed in unsorted result.
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### 2. Show all current processes ###
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To do this, we can use **-a** options. As we can guess, **-a is stand for “all”**. While x will show all process even the current process is not associated with any TTY (terminal)
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$ ps -ax
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This result might be long result. To make it more easier to read, combine it with less command.
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$ ps -ax | less
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### 3. Filter processes by its user ###
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For some situation we may want to filter processes by user. To do this, we can use **-u** option. Let say we want to see what processes which run by user pungki. So the command will be like below
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$ ps -u pungki
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### 4. Filter processes by CPU or memory usage ###
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Another thing that you might want to see is filter the result by CPU or memory usage. With this, you can grab information about which processes that consume your resource. To do this, we can use **aux options**. Here’s an example of it :
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$ ps -aux | less
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Since the result can be in a long list, we can **pipe** less command into ps command.
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By default, the result will be in unsorted form. If we want to sort by particular column, we can add **--sort** option into ps command.
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Sort by the highest **CPU utilization** in ascending order
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$ ps -aux --sort -pcpu | less
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Sort by the highest **Memory utilization** in ascending order
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$ ps -aux --sort -pmem | less
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Or we can combine itu a single command and display only the top ten of the result :
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$ ps -aux --sort -pcpu,+pmem | head -n 10
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### 5. Filter processes by its name or process ID ###
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To to this, we can use **-C option** followed by the keyword. Let say, we want to show processes named getty. We can type :
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$ ps -C getty
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If we want to show more detail about the result, we can add -f option to show it on full format listing. The above command will looks like below :
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$ ps -f -C getty
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### 6. Filter processes by thread of process ###
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If we need to know the thread of a particular process, we can use **-L option** followed by its Process ID (PID). Here’s an example of **-L option** in action :
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$ ps -L 1213
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As we can see, the PID remain the same value, but the LWP which shows numbers of thread show different values.
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### 7. Show processes in hierarchy ###
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Sometime we want to see the processes in hierarchical form. To do this, we can use **-axjf** options.
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$ps -axjf
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Or, another command which we can use is pstree.
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$ pstree
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### 8. Show security information ###
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If we want to see who is currently logged on into your server, we can see it using the ps command. There are some options that we can use to fulfill our needs. Here’s some examples :
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$ ps -eo pid,user,args
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**Option -e** will show you all processes while **-o option** will control the output. **Pid**, **User and Args** will show you the **Process ID**, **the User who run the application** and **the running application**.
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The keyword / user-defined format that can be used with **-e option** are **args, cmd, comm, command, fname, ucmd, ucomm, lstart, bsdstart and start**.
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### 9. Show every process running as root (real & effecitve ID) in user format ###
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System admin may want to see what processes are being run by root and other information related to it. Using ps command, we can do by this simple command :
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$ ps -U root -u root u
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The **-U parameter** will select by **real user ID (RUID)**. It selects the processes whose real user name or ID is in the userlist list. The real User ID identifies the user who created the process.
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While the **-u paramater** will select by effective user ID (EUID)
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The last **u** paramater, will display the output in user-oriented format which contains **User, PID, %CPU, %MEM, VSZ, RSS, TTY, STAT, START, TIME and COMMAND** columns.
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Here’s the output of the above command.
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### 10. Use PS in a realtime process viewer ###
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ps will display a report of what happens in your system. The result will be a static report.
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Let say, we want to filter processes by CPU and Memory usage as on the point 4 above. And we want the report is updated every 1 second. We can do it by **combining ps command with watch command** on Linux.
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Here’s the command :
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$ watch -n 1 ‘ps -aux --sort -pmem, -pcpu’
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If you feel the report is too long, **we can limit it** by - let say - the top 20 processes. We can add **head** command to do it.
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$ watch -n 1 ‘ps -aux --sort -pmem, -pcpu | head 20’
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This live reporter **is not** like top or htop of course. **But the advantage of using ps** to make live report is that you can custom the field. You can choose which field you want to see.
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For example, **if you need only the pungki user shown**, then you can change the command to become like this :
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$ watch -n 1 ‘ps -aux -U pungki u --sort -pmem, -pcpu | head 20’
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### Conclusion ###
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You may use **ps** on your daily usage to monitor about what happens your Linux system. But actually, you can generate various types of report using **ps** command with the use of appropriate paramaters.
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**Another ps advantage** is that **ps** are installed by default in any kind of Linux. So you can just start to use it.
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Don't forget to see **ps documentation** by typing **man ps** on you Linux console to explore more options.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://linoxide.com/how-tos/linux-ps-command-examples/
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作者：[Pungki Arianto][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/pungki/
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10个重要的Linux ps命令实战
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================================================================================
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Linux作为Unix的衍生操作系统，Linux拥有内建用来查看当前进程的工具。这个工具能在命令行中使用。
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### PS 命令是什么 ###
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查看它的man手册可以看到，ps命令能够给出当前系统中进程的快照。它能捕获系统在某一事件的进程状态。如果你想实时更新这个状态，可以使用top命令。
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ps命令支持三种使用的语法格式
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1. UNIX 风格，一定要被分组并且必须有Dash引导使用(可以理解为必须在dash中使用，dash是一种shell)
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2. BSD 风格，一点要被分组但不一定要在dash中使用
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3. GNU 风格，能够在两种dash中使用
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我们能够混用这几种风格，但是可能会发生冲突。本文使用UNIX风格的ps命令。这里有在日常生活中使用较多的ps命令的例子。
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### 1. 不加参数执行ps命令 ###
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这是一个基本的 **ps** 使用。只要在控制台中执行这个命令并查看结果。
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结果默认会显示4列信息。
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- PID: 运行命令(CMD)的进程编号
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- TTY: 命令运行的位置
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- TIME: 说明运行这个命令所用的CPU时间
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- CMD: 作为当前进程运行的命令
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这些信息在显示时未排序。
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### 2. 显示所有当前进程 ###
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使用 **-a** 参数。**-a 代表 all**。同时加上x参数会显示没有控制终端的进程。
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$ ps -ax
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这个命令的结果或许会很长。为获得简练的信息，可以结合less命令和管道来使用。
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$ ps -ax | less
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### 3. 根据用户过滤进程 ###
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在需要查看特点用户的进程是情况下，我们可以使用 **-u** 参数。比如我们要查看用户'pungki'的进程，可以通过下面的命令
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$ ps -u pungki
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### 4. 通过cpu和内存使用来过滤进程 ###
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可以使用 **aux 参数**,来显示全面的信息:
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$ ps -aux | less
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当结果很长时，我们可以使用管道和less命令来筛选。
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默认的结果集是未排好序的。可以通过 **--sort**命令好排序。
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根据 **CPU 使用**来升序排序
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$ ps -aux --sort -pcpu | less
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根据 **内存使用** 来升序排序
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$ ps -aux --sort -pmem | less
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我们也可以通过管道显示前10个结果：
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$ ps -aux --sort -pcpu,+pmem | head -n 10
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### 5. 通过进程name和id过滤 ###
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使用 **-C 参数**，后面跟你要找的进程的name。比如想显示一个名为getty的进程的信息，就可以使用下面的命令：
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$ ps -C getty
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如果想要看到更多的细节，我们可以使用-f参数来查看格式化的信息列表：
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$ ps -f -C getty
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### 6. 根据线程来过滤进程 ###
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如果我们想知道特定进程的线程，可以使用**-L 参数**，后面加上特定的PID。
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$ ps -L 1213
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### 7. 分层显示进程 ###
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使用 **-axjf** 参数。
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$ps -axjf
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或者可以使用另一个命令。
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$ pstree
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### 8. 显示安全信息 ###
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如果想要查看现在有谁登入了你的server。可以使用ps命令加上相关参数:
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$ ps -eo pid,user,args
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**参数 -e** 显示所有进程信息 **-o 参数**控制输出。**Pid**,**User 和 Args**参数显示**PID,运行应用的用户**和**运行的应用**。
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能够与**-e 参数** 一起使用的关键字是**args, cmd, comm, command, fname, ucmd, ucomm, lstart, bsdstart and start**。
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### 9. 格式化输出root用户创建的进程 ###
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系统管理员想要查看由root用户运行的进程和这个进程的其他相关信息时，可以通过下面的命令:
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$ ps -U root -u root u
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**-U 参数**用来选择特定的用户ID(在userlist中存在的用户名或ID)。用户ID用来标识创建进程的用户。
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While the **-u paramater** will select by effective user ID (EUID)
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**-u** 参数用来筛选有效的用户ID。
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最后的**u**参数用来确定结果的输出格式，由**User, PID, %CPU, %MEM, VSZ, RSS, TTY, STAT, START, TIME and COMMAND**这几列组成。
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这里有上面的命令的输出结果
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### 10. 使用PS实时监控进程状态 ###
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ps 命令会显示你系统当前的进程状态，但是这个结果是静态的。
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当有一种情况，我们需要想上面第四点中提到的通过CPU和内存的使用率来过滤进程。并且我们希望结果能够每秒更新一次。为此，我们可以**将ps命令和watch命令结合起来**。
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$ watch -n 1 ‘ps -aux --sort -pmem, -pcpu’
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并且可以通过**head**命令还进行限制。
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$ watch -n 1 ‘ps -aux --sort -pmem, -pcpu | head 20’
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这里的动态查看不想top或者htop命令。**但是使用ps的好处是**你能够定义显示的字段。你能够选择你想查看的字段。
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举个例子，**如果你只先看名为'pungki'用户的信息**，你可以使用下面的命令：
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$ watch -n 1 ‘ps -aux -U pungki u --sort -pmem, -pcpu | head 20’
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### 结论 ###
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你可能会使用ps命令来监控你的Linux系统。但是事实上，你可以通过ps命令的参数来生成各种你需要的报表。
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ps命令的另一个优势是ps是系统默认安装的。因此你只要用就行了。
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可以通过 man ps来查看更多的参数。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://linoxide.com/how-tos/linux-ps-command-examples/
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作者：[Pungki Arianto][a]
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译者：[johnhoow](https://github.com/johnhoow)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/pungki/
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