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[#]: subject: (Run Python applications in virtual environments)
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[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/7/python-pipx)
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[#]: author: (Sumantro Mukherjee https://opensource.com/users/sumantro)
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (geekpi)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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Run Python applications in virtual environments
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======
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Avoid versioning conflicts and improve security by running Python
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applications in isolation with pipx.
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![Digital creative of a browser on the internet][1]
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If you use Python, you probably install a lot of Python applications. Some are tools you just want to try out. Others are tried and true applications you use every day, so you install them on every computer you use. In either situation, it can be useful to run your Python applications in virtual environments to keep them and their dependencies separate from one another to avoid versioning conflicts and to keep them from the rest of your system to improve security.
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This is where [pipx][2] comes into the picture.
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Most Python apps can be installed using [pip][3], which just installs the Python package. Pipx, however, creates and manages a virtual environment for your Python applications and helps you run them.
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### Installing pipx
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Pipx is primarily an RPM package, and you can install it on any Fedora, RHEL, or CentOS machine with:
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```
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`$ sudo dnf install pipx`
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```
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### Using pipx
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I'll demonstrate how to use pipx with the Cowsay package and the [Concentration][4] tool.
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#### Installing packages
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After pipx is installed, you can install Python packages with:
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```
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`$ pipx install <python_package>`
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```
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To install the Cowsay package:
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```
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$ pipx install cowsay ✔ │ 20:13:41
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installed package cowsay 4.0, Python 3.9.5
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These apps are now globally available
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- cowsay
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done! ✨ 🌟 ✨
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```
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Now you can run Cowsay anywhere in your system to talk to you through your terminal!
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```
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$ cowsay "I <3 OSDC"
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_________
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| I <3 OSDC |
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=========
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\
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\
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^__^
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(oo)\\_______
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(__)\ )\/\
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||----w |
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|| ||
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```
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![Cowsay][5]
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(Sumantro Mukherjee, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6])
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#### Installing with special permissions
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Not all applications are as simple as Cowsay. For instance, the Concentration application interacts with many other components on your system, so it requires special permissions. Install it with:
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```
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$ pipx install concentration ✔ │ 10s │ │ 20:26:12
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installed package concentration 1.1.5, Python 3.9.5
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These apps are now globally available
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- concentration
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done! ✨ 🌟 ✨
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```
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Concentration is designed to help you focus by blocking specific websites listed in a "distractors" file. To do that, it needs to run with sudo or root privileges. You can do this with [OpenDoas][7], a version of the `doas` command that runs any command with specific user privileges. To use `doas` to run Concentration with sudo privileges:
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```
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$ doas concentration improve ✔ │ │ 20:26:54
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doas (sumantrom) password:
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Concentration is now improved :D!
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```
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As you can see, the isolated application was able to change something in the system.
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#### Listing installed apps
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The `pipx list` command displays all apps installed with pipx and their executable paths:
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```
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$ pipx list
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venvs are in /home/sumantrom/.local/pipx/venvs
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apps are exposed on your $PATH at /home/sumantrom/.local/bin
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package concentration 1.1.5, Python 3.9.5
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- concentration
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package cowsay 4.0, Python 3.9.5
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- cowsay
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```
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#### Uninstalling apps
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It's important to know how to uninstall things when you're finished with them. Pipx has a very simple uninstall command:
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```
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`$ pipx uninstall <package name>`
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```
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Or you can remove every package:
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```
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$ pipx uninstall-all
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pipx uninstall-all 2 ✘ │ 20:13:35
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uninstalled cowsay! ✨ 🌟 ✨
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uninstalled concentration! ✨ 🌟 ✨
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```
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### Try pipx
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Pipx is a package manager for popular Python applications. It has access to everything on [PyPi][8], but it can also install applications from a local directory containing a valid Python package, a Python wheel, or a network location.
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If you install a lot of Python apps, try pipx.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/21/7/python-pipx
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作者：[Sumantro Mukherjee][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/sumantro
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/browser_web_internet_website.png?itok=g5B_Bw62 (Digital creative of a browser on the internet)
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[2]: https://pypi.org/project/pipx/
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[3]: https://pypi.org/project/pip/
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[4]: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/python-concentration
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[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/cowsay.png (Cowsay)
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[6]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
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[7]: https://github.com/Duncaen/OpenDoas
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[8]: https://pypi.org/
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@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
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[#]: subject: (Run Python applications in virtual environments)
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[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/7/python-pipx)
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[#]: author: (Sumantro Mukherjee https://opensource.com/users/sumantro)
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (geekpi)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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在虚拟环境中运行 Python 应用
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======
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通过使用 pipx 隔离运行 Python 应用来避免版本冲突并提高安全性。
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![Digital creative of a browser on the internet][1]
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如果你使用 Python，你可能会安装很多 Python 应用。有些是你只想尝试的工具。还有一些是你每天都在使用的久经考验的应用，所以你把它们安装在你使用的每一台计算机上。这两种情况下，在虚拟环境中运行你的 Python 应用是非常有用的，这可以使它们以及它们的依赖关系相互分离，以避免版本冲突，并使它们与你系统的其它部分隔离，以提高安全性。
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这就是 [pipx][2] 出场的地方。
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大多数 Python 应用可以使用 [pip][3] 进行安装，它只安装 Python 包。然而，Pipx 为你的 Python 应用创建并管理一个虚拟环境，并帮助你运行它们。
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### 安装 pipx
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Pipx 主要是一个 RPM 包，你可以在任何 Fedora、RHEL 或 CentOS 机器上安装它：
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```
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`$ sudo dnf install pipx`
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```
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### 使用 pipx
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我将通过 Cowsay 以及 [Concentration][4] 工具演示如何使用 pipx。
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#### 安装软件包
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安装完 pipx 后，你可以用以下方法安装 Python 包：
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```
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`$ pipx install <python_package>`
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```
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要安装 Cowsay 包：
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```
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$ pipx install cowsay ✔ │ 20:13:41
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installed package cowsay 4.0, Python 3.9.5
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These apps are now globally available
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- cowsay
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done! ✨ 🌟 ✨
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```
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现在你可以在系统的任何地方运行 Cowsay，通过终端与你对话！
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```
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$ cowsay "I <3 OSDC"
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_________
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=========
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\
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\
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^__^
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(oo)\\_______
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(__)\ )\/\
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||----w |
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```
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![Cowsay][5]
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（Sumantro Mukherjee, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]）
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#### 以特殊权限进行安装
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不是所有的应用都像 Cowsay 一样简单。例如，Concentration 会与你系统中的许多其他组件交互，所以它需要特殊的权限。用以下方式安装它：
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```
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$ pipx install concentration ✔ │ 10s │ │ 20:26:12
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installed package concentration 1.1.5, Python 3.9.5
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These apps are now globally available
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- concentration
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done! ✨ 🌟 ✨
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```
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Concentration 通过阻止 “distractors” 文件中列出的特定网站来帮助你集中注意力。要做到这点，它需要以 sudo 或 root 权限运行。你可以用 [OpenDoas][7] 来做到这点，这是 `doas` 命令的一个版本，可以用特定的用户权限运行任何命令。要使用 `doas` 以 sudo 权限来运行 Concentration：
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```
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$ doas concentration improve ✔ │ │ 20:26:54
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doas (sumantrom) password:
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Concentration is now improved :D!
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```
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如你所见，这个独立的应用能够改变系统中的一些东西。
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#### 列出已安装的应用
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`pipx list` 命令显示所有用 pipx 安装的应用和它们的可执行路径：
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```
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$ pipx list
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venvs are in /home/sumantrom/.local/pipx/venvs
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apps are exposed on your $PATH at /home/sumantrom/.local/bin
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package concentration 1.1.5, Python 3.9.5
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- concentration
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package cowsay 4.0, Python 3.9.5
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- cowsay
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```
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#### 卸载应用
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当你使用完毕后，知道如何卸载它们是很重要的。Pipx 有一个非常简单的卸载命令：
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```
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`$ pipx uninstall <package name>`
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```
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或者你可以删除每个软件包：
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```
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$ pipx uninstall-all
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pipx uninstall-all 2 ✘ │ 20:13:35
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uninstalled cowsay! ✨ 🌟 ✨
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uninstalled concentration! ✨ 🌟 ✨
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```
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### 尝试 pipx
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Pipx 是一个流行的 Python 应用的包管理器。它可以访问 [PyPi][8] 上的所有东西，但它也可以从包含有效 Python 包的本地目录、Python wheel 或网络位置安装应用。
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如果你安装了大量的 Python 应用，可以试试 pipx。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/21/7/python-pipx
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作者：[Sumantro Mukherjee][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
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||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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||||
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||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/sumantro
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/browser_web_internet_website.png?itok=g5B_Bw62 (Digital creative of a browser on the internet)
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[2]: https://pypi.org/project/pipx/
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[3]: https://pypi.org/project/pip/
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[4]: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/python-concentration
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[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/cowsay.png (Cowsay)
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[6]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
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[7]: https://github.com/Duncaen/OpenDoas
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[8]: https://pypi.org/
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