mirror of
https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject.git
synced 2025-01-25 23:11:02 +08:00
Merge pull request #3846 from GHLandy/master
[翻译完成] 20160218 Best Linux Desktop Environments for 2016
This commit is contained in:
Ezio
commit
2456ec13ec
@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
|
||||
GHLandy Translating
|
||||
|
||||
Best Linux Desktop Environments for 2016
|
||||
=============================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux creates a friendly environment for choices and options. For example, there are many Linux-based distributions out there that use different desktop environments for you to choose from. I have picked some of the best desktop environments that you will see in the Linux world.
|
||||
|
||||
## Plasma
|
||||
|
||||
I consider [KDE’s Plasma desktop](https://www.kde.org/workspaces/plasmadesktop/) to be the most advanced desktop environment (DE). It’s the most feature-rich and customizable desktop environment that I have ever seen; even Mac OS X and Windows don’t come near Plasma when it comes to complete control by the user.
|
||||
|
||||
I also love Plasma because of its awesome file manager, Dolphin. One reason I prefer Plasma over Gnome-based systems is the file manager. One of my biggest gripes with Gnome is that its file manager, Files, can’t handle basic tasks, such as batch-files renaming. That’s important for me because I take a lot of pictures, and Gnome makes it impossible for me to rename image files. On Dolphin, it’s a walk in the park.
|
||||
|
||||
Then, you can add more functionality to Plasma with plugins. Plasma comes with some incredible software including Krita, Kdenlive, Calligra Office Suite, digiKam, Kwrite, and many other applications being developed by the KDE community.
|
||||
|
||||
The only weakness of the Plasma desktop is its default email client, Kmail. It’s way too complicated to set up, and I also wish that setting up Kmail also configured the Address Book and Calendar.
|
||||
|
||||
Plasma is the default desktop environment of many major distributions including openSUSE.
|
||||
|
||||
## GNOME
|
||||
|
||||
[GNOME](https://www.gnome.org/) (GNU Network Object Model Environment) was founded by [Miguel de Icaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Icaza) and Federico Mena in 1997 because KDE used Qt toolkit, which was released under a proprietary license. Unlike KDE, where there were numerous customizations, GNOME focused on keeping things simple. GNOME became extremely popular due to its simplicity and ease of use. A factor that I think contributed heavily to Gnome’s popularity was the fact that Ubuntu, one of the most popular Linux distributions, picked it as their default desktop environment.
|
||||
|
||||
With changing times, GNOME needed a change. Therefore, with GNOME 3 the developers introduced the GNOME 3 Shell, which brought with it an entirely new design paradigm. That in turn led to some conflict with Canonical’s plans with Ubuntu, and they created their own shell for GNOME called Unity. Initially, GNOME 3 Shell was plagued by many issues -- most notably, the fact that extensions would stop working after updates. This major shift in design and the various problems then led to many forks of GNOME, such as the Cinnamon and Mate desktops.
|
||||
|
||||
That said, what makes GNOME desktop interesting is that they are targeting touch-based devices, so if you have new laptops that come with a touchscreen, Gnome is the best suited DE for them.
|
||||
|
||||
With version 3.18, GNOME has made some impressive improvements. The most interesting thing that they have done is Google Drive integration where users can mount their Google Drive as a remote file storage and work with files without having to use a web browser. I also love GNOME’s awesome integration of email client with calendar and address book. Despite all this awesomeness, however, the one thing that keeps me from using GNOME is its file manager, which can’t handle batch file renames. I will stick to Plasma until GNOME developers fix this problem.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Unity
|
||||
|
||||
[Unity](https://unity.ubuntu.com/) is technically not a desktop environment, it’s a graphical shell developed by Canonical for Ubuntu. Unity runs on top of GNOME desktop environment and uses most stock GNOME apps and tools. The Ubuntu team has forked a few GNOME components to better suit the needs of Unity users.
|
||||
|
||||
Unity plays a very important role in Ubuntu’s convergence story and with Unity 8, the company is bringing the desktop and mobile world together. Canonical has developed many intriguing technologies for Unity including HUD (Head-up Display). They also took a unique approach with lenses and scopes making it easy for users to find appropriate content.
|
||||
|
||||
The upcoming release of Ubuntu, 16.04, is expected to ship with Unity 8 so users will get to experience all the work that developers have put into this open source software. One of the biggest criticisms with Unity was opt-out integration of Amazon ads and other services. With the upcoming release, though, Canonical is removing Amazon ads from Dash, making it a privacy-respecting OS by default.
|
||||
|
||||
## Cinnamon
|
||||
|
||||
[Cinnamon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_(software)) was initially developed by [Linux Mint](http://www.linuxmint.com/) -- the most popular distro on DistroWatch. Cinnamon is a fork of GNOME Shell, just like Unity. Later, however, it evolved into a desktop environment as Linux Mint developers forked many components of the GNOME desktop, including Files, to address the needs of their users.
|
||||
|
||||
Because Linux Mint was based on regular releases of Ubuntu, the developers continued to chase the moving target that was Ubuntu. As a result, despite great promises Cinnamon was full of bugs and problems. With the 17.x release, however, Linux Mint developers moved to LTS edition of Ubuntu that allowed them to focus on core components of Cinnamon without having to worry about the base. As a result of this move, Cinnamon has become incredibly stable and bug free. The developers have started adding more features to the desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
For those who prefer the good old Windows-like UI on top of the simplicity of GNOME, Cinnamon is the best desktop environment.
|
||||
|
||||
## MATE Desktop
|
||||
|
||||
The [MATE desktop](http://mate-desktop.com/) environment is also a fork of GNOME. However, unlike Cinnamon, it’s not a fork of GNOME 3; instead it’s a fork of GNOME 2 codebase, which is not unmaintained. A few developers didn’t like Gnome 3 and wanted to “continue” GNOME 2, so they took the codebase and created MATE. The MATE project forked many components of the GNOME project and created a few from scratch. To avoid any conflict with GNOME 3, they renamed all their packages: Nautilus become Caja, Gedit became Pluma, Evince became Atril, and so on.
|
||||
|
||||
Although MATE is a continuation of GNOME 2, that doesn’t mean they are using old and obsolete technologies; they are using newer technologies to offer a modern GNOME 2 experience.
|
||||
|
||||
What makes MATE an impressive desktop environment is that it’s extremely resource efficient. You can run it on older hardware or newer less powerful hardware, such as Raspberry Pi or Chromebook Flip. What’s makes it even more interesting is that using it on powerful systems frees most system resources for applications instead of the resources being consumed by the desktop environment itself.
|
||||
|
||||
## LXQt
|
||||
|
||||
[LXQt](http://lxqt.org/) is the successor of LXDE, one of the most lightweight desktop environments. It’s a merger of two open source projects LXDE and Razor-Qt. The first usable version of LXQt (v 0.9) was released in 2015. Initially, the developers used Qt4 but then all compatibility with it was dropped, and they moved to Qt5 and KDE Frameworks 5 for speedy development. I have tried LXQt on my Arch systems, and its a great lightweight desktop environment, but it has a long way to go before it becomes the rightful successor of LXDE.
|
||||
|
||||
## Xfce
|
||||
|
||||
[Xfce](http://www.xfce.org/) predates the KDE desktop environment. It is one of the oldest and lightest desktop environments around. The latest release of Xfce is 4.15, which was released in 2015 and uses modern technologies like GTK+ 3. Xfce is used by many special purpose distributions, such as Ubuntu Studio, because -- much like MATE -- it frees most system resources for applications. It’s also the default desktop environment of many notable Linux distributions including Manjaro Linux, PC/OS, Salix, and Mythbuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
## Budgie
|
||||
|
||||
[Budgie](https://solus-project.com/budgie/) is a new desktop environment being developed by the Solus Linux team. Solus is new Linux distribution that’s being developed from scratch, and Budgie is a core component of it. Budgie uses many GNOME components and offers a minimalistic UI. Because there’s not much information about the new desktop, I talked to the core developer of Solus, Ikey Doherty, and he explained, “We ship our own desktop, the Budgie Desktop. Unlike some other desktops, this is not a fork, rather it aims for full integration into the GNOME stack. It's written from scratch, and is specifically designed to cater for the experience Solus is offering. We work with upstream GNOME here as much as we can, contributing fixes, and advocate and support their work.”
|
||||
|
||||
## Pantheon
|
||||
|
||||
[Pantheon](https://elementary.io/) needs no introduction, it’s the desktop environment powering the lovely Linux distribution elementary OS. Similar to Budgie, Pantheon is not a fork of GNOME as many may assume. elementary OS team comes from design background so they pay very close attention to minute details, as a result Pantheon is extremely polished desktop environment. At the moment, it may lack many feature found in DEs like Plasma, but the developers are taking their time in order to stick to the design principle.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
As I went through this story, I realized the awesomeness of open source and Linux. There is something for everyone. As Jon “maddog” Hall said during the latest SCaLE 14, “Yes, there are 300 Linux distributions. I can try them and stick to the one that I like!”
|
||||
|
||||
So, enjoy this diversity and use the one that floats your boat!
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/881107-best-linux-desktop-environments-for-2016
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Swapnil Bhartiya][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/61003
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
|
||||
2016：如何选择 Linux 桌面环境
|
||||
=============================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 创建了一个相对友好的环境，为我们提供了选择的可能。比方说，现代大多数的 Linux 发行版都提供不同桌面环境给我们来选择。在本文中，我将挑选一些你可能会在 Linux 中见到的相对较好的桌面环境来介绍。
|
||||
|
||||
## Plasma
|
||||
|
||||
我认为，[KDE’s Plasma desktop](https://www.kde.org/workspaces/plasmadesktop/) 是最高级的桌面环境 (LCTT 译注：译者认为，没有什么是最好的，只有最合适的，毕竟每个人的喜好都不可能完全相同)。它是我见过功能最完善和定制性最高的桌面环境；在用户完全自主控制方面，即使是 Mac OS X 和 Windows 也无法与之比拟。
|
||||
|
||||
我爱 Plasma，因为它自带了一个非常好的文件管理器——Dolphin。而相对应 Gnome 环境，我更喜欢 Plasma 的原因就在于文件管理器。使用 Gnome 最大的痛苦就是，它的文件管理器——Files——使我无法完成一些基本任务，比如说，批量文件重命名操作。而这个操作对我来说相当重要，因为我喜欢拍摄，但 Gnome 却让我无法批量重命名这些图像文件。而使用 Dolphin 的话，这个操作就像在公园散步一样简单。
|
||||
|
||||
而且，你可以通过插件来增强 Plasma 的功能。Plasma 有大量的基础软件，如 Krita、Kdenlive、Calligra 办公套件、digiKam、Kwrite 以及由 KDE 社区开发维护的大量应用。
|
||||
|
||||
Plasma 桌面环境唯一的缺陷就是它默认的邮件客户端——Kmail。它的设置比较困难，我希望 Kmail 设置可以配置地址簿和日历。
|
||||
|
||||
包括 openSUSE 在内的多数主流发行版多使用 Plasma 作为默认桌面。
|
||||
|
||||
## GNOME
|
||||
|
||||
[GNOME](https://www.gnome.org/) (GNU Network Object Model Environment，GNU 网络对象模型环境) 由 [Miguel de Icaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Icaza) 和 Federico Mena 在 1997 年的时候创立，这是因为 KDE 使用来 Qt 工具包，而这个工具包是使用专业许可证 (proprietary license) 发布的。和 KDE 不一样的是，GNOME 提供了大量的定制，它专注于让事情变得简单。因为 自身的简单性和易用性，GNOME 变得相当流行。而我认为 GNOME 之所以流行的原因在于，Ubuntu——使用 GNOME 作为默认桌面的主流 Linux 发行版之一——对其有着巨大的推动作用。
|
||||
|
||||
随着时代变化，GNOME 也需要作出相应的改变了。因此，开发者通过 GNOME 3 推出了 GNOME 3 Shell，从而引出它全新的设计规范。但这同时与 Canonical 的 Ubuntu 计划存在者一些冲突，所以 Canonical 为 GNOME 开发来叫做 Unity 的特有 Shell。最初，GNOME 3 Shell 因很多争议 (issues) 而困扰不已——最明显的是，升级之后会导致很多扩展无法正常工作。由于设计上的重大改版以及各种问题的出现，GNOME 便产生来很多分支，比如 Cinnamon 和 Mate 桌面。
|
||||
|
||||
也就是说，使得 GNOME 有趣的是，它针对触摸设备做了优化，所以，如果你有一台触屏笔记本电脑的话，GNOME 则是最合适你这台电脑的桌面环境。
|
||||
|
||||
在 3.18 版本中，GNOME 已经作出了一些令人印象深刻的改动。其中他们所做的最有趣的是集成了 Google Drive，用户可以把他们的 Google Drive 挂载为远程存储设备，这样就不必在使用浏览器来查看里边的文件来。我也很喜欢 GNOME 里边自带的那个优秀的邮件客户端，它带有日历和地址簿功能。尽管有这么多些优秀的特性，但它的文件管理器使我不再使用 GNOME ，因为我无法处理批量文件重命名。我会坚持使用 Plasma，一直到 GNOME 的开发者修复了这个小缺陷。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Unity
|
||||
|
||||
从技术上来说，[Unity](https://unity.ubuntu.com/) 并不是一个桌面环境，它只是 Canonical 为 Ubuntu 开发的一个图形化 Shell。Unity 运行于 GNOME 桌面之上，并使用很多 GNOME 的应用和工具。Ubuntu 团队分支了一些 GNOME 组件，以便更好的满足 Unity 用户的需求。
|
||||
|
||||
Unity 在 Ubuntu 故事集和 Unity 8 中扮演者重要角色，Canonical 公司正在努力将电脑桌面和移动世界结合到一起。Canonical 同时还为 Unity 开发了许多的有趣技术，比如 HUD (Head-up Display，平视显示)。他们还有一种独特的技术来然用户在镜片上的某范围找到特定内容。
|
||||
|
||||
即将发行的 Ubuntu 16.04，将会搭载 Unity 8，那时候用户就可以完全体验开发者为该开源软件添加的所有特性了。其中最大的争议就是，Unity 不再集成 Amazon Ads 和其他服务。即将发行的版本，虽然 Canonical 从 Dash 移除了 Amazon ads，但却默认保证了系统的隐私性。
|
||||
|
||||
## Cinnamon
|
||||
|
||||
最初，[Cinnamon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_(software)) 由 [Linux Mint](http://www.linuxmint.com/) 开发 —— DistroWatch.com 上统计出来最流行的发行版。就像 Unity，Cinnamon 是 GNOME Shell 的一个分支。但最后进化为一个独立的桌面环境，这是因为 Linux Mint 的开发者分支了 GNOME 桌面中很多的组件到 Cinnamon，包括 Files ——以满足自身用户的需求。
|
||||
|
||||
由于 Linux Mint 基于普通版本的 Ubuntu，开发者仍需要去完成 Ubuntu 尚未完成的目标。结果，尽管前途光明，但 Cinnamon 却充满了 Bugs 和问题。随着 17.x 本版的发布，Linux Mint 开始移动到 Ubuntu 的 LTS 版本上，从而他们可以专注于开发 Cinnamon 的核心组件，而不必再去担心代码库。移动到 LTS 的好处是，Cinnamon 变得非常稳定并且基本没有 Bugs 出现。现在，开发者已经开始向桌面环境中添加更多的新特性来。
|
||||
|
||||
对于那些更喜欢在 GNOME 基础上有一个很好的类 Windows 用户界面的用户来说，Cinnamon 是他们最好的桌面环境。
|
||||
|
||||
## MATE Desktop
|
||||
|
||||
[MATE desktop](http://mate-desktop.com/) 同样是 GNOME 的一个分支，然而，它并不像 Cinnamon 那样由 GNOME 3 分支，而是现在已经没有人维护的 GNOME 2 代码库的一个分支。MATE desktop 中的一些开发者并不喜欢 GNOME 3 并且想要“继续坚持” GNOME 2，所以他们使用这个代码库来创建来 MATE。为避免和 GNOME 3 的冲突，他们重命名了全部的包：Nautilus 改为 Caja、Gedit 改为 Pluma 以及 Evince 改为 Atril 等。
|
||||
|
||||
尽管 MATE 延续了 GNOME 2，但这并不意味着他们使用过时的技术；相反，他们使用了更新的技术来提供一个现代的 GNOME 2 体验。
|
||||
|
||||
拥有相当高的资源效率才是 MATE 最令人印象深刻之处。你可将它运行在老旧硬件或者很少更新的强大硬件上，如树梅派 (Raspberry Pi) 或者 Chromebook Flip。使得它更有趣的是，把它运行在一些强大的硬件上，可以节省大多数的资源给其他应用，而桌面环境本身只占用很少的资源。
|
||||
|
||||
## LXQt
|
||||
|
||||
[LXQt](http://lxqt.org/) 继承了 LXDE ——最轻量级的桌面环境之一。它融合了 LXDE 和 Razor-Qt 两个开源项目。LXQt 的首个可用本版 V 0.9 发布于 2015 年。最初，开发者使用了 Qt4 但向下兼容，之后为了加快开发速度，他们移动到 Qt5 和 KDE 框架上。我也在自己的 Arch 系统上尝试使用了 LXQt，它的确是一个非常好的轻量级桌面环境。但在完全继承 LXDE 之前，LXQt 仍有一段很长的路需要走。
|
||||
|
||||
## Xfce
|
||||
|
||||
[Xfce](http://www.xfce.org/) 早于 KDE 桌面环境，它是最古老和最轻量级的桌面环境。Xfce 的最新版本是 4.15，发布于 2015 年，使用了诸如 GTK + 3 的大量的现代科技。很多发行版都使用了 Xfce 环境以满足特定需求，比如 Ubuntu Studio ——与 MATE 类似——尽量节省系统资源给其他的应用。并且，许多的著名的 Linux 发行版——包括 Manjaro Linux、PC/OS、Salix 和 Mythbuntu ——都把它作为默认桌面环境。
|
||||
|
||||
## Budgie
|
||||
|
||||
[Budgie](https://solus-project.com/budgie/) 是一个新型的桌面环境，由 Solus Linux 团队开发和维护。Solus 是一个从零开始构建的新型发行版，而 Budgie 则是它的一个核心组件。Budgie 使用了大量的 GNOME 组件，从而提供一个华丽的用户界面 (UI)。由于没有该桌面环境的更多信息，我特地联系了 Solus 的核心开发者—— Ikey Doherty。他解释说：“我们搭载了自己的桌面环境—— Budgie。与其他桌面环境不同的是，Budgie 并不是其他桌面的一个分支，它的目标是侧底融入到 GNOME 协议栈之中。它完全从零开始编写，并特意的设计来迎合 Solus 提供的体验。我们会尽可能的和 GNOME 的上游团队协同工作，修复 Bugs，并提倡和支持他们的工作”。
|
||||
|
||||
## Pantheon
|
||||
|
||||
我想，[Pantheon](https://elementary.io/) 不需要特别介绍了吧，那个优美的 elementary OS 就使用它作为桌面。类似于 Budgie，很多人都认为 Pantheon 也不是 GNOME 的一个分支。elementary OS 团队大多拥有良好的设计背景，所以他们会近距离关注每一个细节，这使得 Pantheon 成为一个非常优美的桌面环境。在某个瞬间，它可能缺少像 Plasma 等桌面中的某些特性，但开发者实际上是尽其所能的去坚持设计原则。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## 结论
|
||||
|
||||
当我写完本文后，我突然意识到来开源和 Linux 的重大好处。总有一个发行版本适合你。就像 Jon “maddog” Hall 在最近的 SCaLE 14 上说的那样：“是的，现在有 300 多个 Linux 发行版。我可以一个一个去尝试，然后坚持使用我最喜欢的那一个”。
|
||||
|
||||
所以，尽情享受 Linux 的多样性吧，最后使用最合你意的那一个。
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/881107-best-linux-desktop-environments-for-2016
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Swapnil Bhartiya][a]
|
||||
译者：[GHLandy](https://github.com/GHLandy)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/61003
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user