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[Translated by OneNewLife]20161012 7 Mistakes New Linux Users Make.md
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OneNewLife translating.
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7 Mistakes New Linux Users Make
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===================
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Changing operating systems is a big step for anybody -- all the more so because many users are uncertain about exactly what an operating system is.
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However, switching from Windows to Linux is especially hard. The two operating systems have different assumptions and priorities, as well as different ways of doing things. As a result, it is easy for new Linux users to wind up confused because the expectations they have developed using Windows no longer apply.
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For instance, here, in no particular order, are seven mistakes that refugees from Windows can fall into when they start to use Linux:
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### 7\. Choosing the Wrong Linux Distribution
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Linux comes in several hundred different versions, or distributions as they are called. Many of these are specialized and intended for different versions or users. Choose the wrong one, and your first hands- on encounter with Linux can quickly become a nightmare.
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If you are switching with the help of a friend, make sure that their recommendation is suitable for you, not them. Dozens of articles are available to help you, but if you stay with the top twenty or so on the[Distrowatch][46] listings, you are unlikely to go wrong.
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Better yet, try a [Live DVD][45] of a distribution before installing it. A Live DVD runs the distribution from an external device, allowing you to test it without making any changes to your hard drive. In fact, unless you know how to make drives accessible under Linux, you won't even be able to see your hard drive.
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### 6\. Expecting Everything to Be the Same
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Because of limited experience, many Windows users do not understand that a new operating system means new programs and new ways of doing things. No, your Windows programs will not run on Linux unless you use [WINE][44] or have a virtual Windows machine. You can't run MS Office or PhotoShop either -- you'll have to learn LibreOffice and Krita instead. These days, the applications will probably have the same features as similar ones on Windows, but their features may have different names and may be available from different menus or toolbars.
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Even the assumptions are different. Windows users are especially likely to be taken aback by the idea that they more than one desktop environment to choose from -- at least seven main ones, and several dozen minor ones.
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### 5\. Puzzling About How to Install Software
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In Windows, new software is installed as a completely separate program. Often, it include all the libraries and other dependencies it requires.
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Two services called [Flatpak][43] and[Snap][42] are currently introducing a similar installation system on Linux, but they are largely for mobile and embedded devices. More often, Linux depends on a package management system in which programs install only the software that is absolutely necessary, relying on what is already installed to supply anything else that is needed.
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Package management is essentially the workstation and laptop equivalent of Google Play on a phone or tablet: it is quick, and requires no physical media for installation. However, it can also save 20-35% of hard drive space because dependencies are not duplicated.
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### 4\. Assuming Software Updates Will Be Done For You
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Linux users value control. It provides services, but by default they have to be run manually. For example, most distributions will let you know that updated software is available, but you will have to choose to install the updates.
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If you choose, you can even decide on each update separately. You may, for example, not want to run a new kernel because something in your installation requires keeping the existing one. Or perhaps you want to run all the security updates, but not the routine new releases. The choice is yours.
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### 3\. Ignoring Passwords
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Many Windows users ignore passwords because logging in is inconvenient. At least as many routinely run an administrative account for convenience.
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Neither practice is easy on Linux. Many distributions, especially those based on Ubuntu, use [sudo][41], to prevent running as root, and most others are installed so that root cannot be run with a graphical interface. However, if you do succeed in setting up either of these practices on Linux, be aware that you are nullifying most of Linux's security advantages (and that neither is recommended for Windows, either)
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Oh, and the option for automatic logins you might see on an install program? Those are intended for unusual circumstances like virtual machines that contain no private information.
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### 2\. Worrying About Defragmentation and Anti-Virus Software
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Linux does occasionally need defragmentation, but only when a partition is being recovered or is nearly full. And, of course, as solid state hard drives become increasingly popular, defragmentation is becoming a concern of the past, although solid state drives do require a regular running of [trim][40] on any operating system.
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Similarly, anti-virus software is a major concern only when your Linux installation is regularly passing on files to Windows machines. Very few Linux viruses or malware exist, and running a non-root account for everyday purposes, using strong passwords, and keeping a current backup should be enough to thwart them.
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### 1\. Imagining Yourself Locked in to Software
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Software costs on Windows, and most categories are monopolized by one company -- for example, MS Office for office suites, and Adobe for graphics and design. These conditions encourage users to stick with the same applications, no matter what their faults.
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On Linux, the story is different. Only a few high end programs cost, and almost every category of software has two or three alternatives, all available as downloads in ten minutes or less. If one alternative doesn't suit you, you can delete it and install another one with no greater effort. On Linux, you almost always have a choice.
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### Transition Time
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Probably no amount of advice can completely prepare Windows users for Linux. Even saying that new users should keep an open mind is only limited use, because expectations run so deep that many users are unaware that they even have them.
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The best that new Linux users can do is expect to make mental adjustments, and to take some time getting used to them. The transition will take some effort, but, in the long run, it should repay the effort of making the switch many times over.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.datamation.com/open-source/7-mistakes-new-linux-users-make.html
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作者：[Bruce Byfield][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: http://www.datamation.com/author/Bruce-Byfield-6030.html
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[1]:[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOfXyFkINXf_e9XNosTJZDw]
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[2]:[https://www.youtube.com/user/desainew]
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||||
[3]:[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEQXp_fcqwPcqrzNtWJ1w9w]
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||||
[4]:[http://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedompenguin.com%2Farticles%2Fopinion%2Fopen-source-design-thing%2F]
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[5]:[http://twitter.com/intent/tweet/?text=Is+Open+Source+Design+a+Thing%3F&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedompenguin.com%2Farticles%2Fopinion%2Fopen-source-design-thing%2F]
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[6]:[https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedompenguin.com%2Farticles%2Fopinion%2Fopen-source-design-thing%2F]
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||||
[7]:[https://atom.io/]
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||||
[8]:[http://froont.com/]
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[9]:[https://webflow.com/]
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||||
[10]:[https://gravit.io/]
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||||
[11]:[http://getbootstrap.com/]
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||||
[12]:[https://inkscape.org/en/]
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||||
[13]:[https://www.gimp.org/]
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[14]:[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software]
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[15]:[https://medium.com/dawn-capital/why-leverage-the-power-of-open-source-to-build-a-successful-software-business-8aba6f665bc4#.ggmn2ojxp]
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[16]:[https://github.com/majutsushi/tagbar]
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[17]:[http://ctags.sourceforge.net/]
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[18]:[https://github.com/majutsushi/tagbar/zipball/70fix]
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[19]:[https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tpope/vim-pathogen/master/autoload/pathogen.vim]
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[20]:[http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=2332]
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||||
[21]:[https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/vim-editor-plugins-for-software-developers-2-syntastic/]
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[22]:[https://www.howtoforge.com/images/vim-editor-plugins-for-software-developers/big/vimplugins-delimitmate-help.png]
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[23]:[https://github.com/Raimondi/delimitMate]
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||||
[24]:[https://www.howtoforge.com/images/vim-editor-plugins-for-software-developers/big/vimplugins-tagbar-visibility.png]
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[25]:[https://www.howtoforge.com/images/vim-editor-plugins-for-software-developers/big/vimplugins-tagbar-ex2.png]
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[26]:[https://www.howtoforge.com/images/vim-editor-plugins-for-software-developers/big/vimplugins-tagbar-example.png]
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[27]:[http://www.tldp.org/LDP/intro-linux/html/sect_06_02.html]
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[28]:[http://majutsushi.github.io/tagbar/]
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[29]:[http://vi.stackexchange.com/questions/388/what-is-the-difference-between-the-vim-plugin-managers]
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[30]:[https://www.howtoforge.com/images/vim-editor-plugins-for-software-developers/big/vimplugins-vimrc.png]
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[31]:[http://www.vim.org/]
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[32]:[https://github.com/scrooloose/syntastic]
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[33]:[https://github.com/scrooloose/syntastic/blob/master/doc/syntastic.txt]
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[34]:[https://www.howtoforge.com/images/3337/big/syntastic-error-all-descr.png]
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[35]:[https://www.howtoforge.com/images/3337/big/syntastic-error-descr.png]
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[36]:[https://www.howtoforge.com/images/3337/big/syntastic-error-highlight.png]
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[37]:[https://github.com/scrooloose/syntastic]
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[38]:[http://www.vim.org/]
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[39]:[https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/vim-editor-plugins-for-software-developers/]
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[40]:[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trim_%28computing%29]
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[41]:[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudo]
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[42]:[http://snapcraft.io/]
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[43]:[http://flatpak.org/]
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[44]:[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_%28software%29]
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[45]:[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD]
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[46]:[http://distrowatch.com/]
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7 个 Linux 新手容易犯的错误
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===================
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换操作系统对每个人来说都是一件大事——尤其是因为许多用户根本不清楚操作系统是什么。
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然而，从 Windows 切换到 Linux 特别地困难。这两个操作系统有着不同的假设和优先级，以及不同的处理方式。结果导致 Linux 新手容易混淆，因为他们在 Windows 上面开发的期望不再适用。
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例如，这里有 7 个 Windows 难民开始使用 Linux 的时候会犯的错误（没有先后顺序）：
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### 7\. 选择错误的 Linux 发行版
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Linux 有几百个不同的版本，或者说分支。其中许多是专门针对不同的版本或用户的。选择了错误的版本，你与 Linux 的第一次亲密体验将很快变成一个噩梦。
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如果你是在朋友的帮助下切换的话，确认他们的建议是适合你的，而不是他们。大量的文章都是有助于你的，只要你只关注 [Distrowatch][46] 前 20 名左右的文章，你不太可能会搞错的。
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更好的做法是，在你安装某个发行版之前先试试它的 [Live DVD][45]。Live DVD 是在外设上运行那个发行版的，这样可以允许你在不对硬盘做任何改动的情况下对其进行测试。事实上，除非你知道怎么让驱动器在 Linux 下可访问，否则你是不会看到你的硬盘的。
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### 6\. 期待什么都是一样的
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由于经验有限，许多 Windows 用户不知道新的操作系统意味着新的程序和新的处理方式。事实是你的 Windows 程序是无法在 Linux 上运行的，除非你用 [WINE][44] 或者 Windows 虚拟机。而且你还不能用 MS Office 或者 PhotoShop ——你必须要学会使用 LibreOffice 和 Krita。最近，这些应用可能会有和 Windows 上的应用类似的功能，但它们的功能可能具有不同的名称，并且可以从不同的菜单或工具栏获得。
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就连假设都不一样。Windows 用户会特别容易因为他们有多个桌面环境可以选择而大吃一惊——至少有一个主要的和很多次要的。
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### 5\. 安装软件的时候不知所措
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在 Windows 上，新软件是作为一个完全独立的程序来安装的。通常它囊括了其它所需的依赖库。
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有两种叫做 [Flatpak][43] 和 [Snap][42] 的服务目前正在 Linux 上引进类似的安装系统，但是它们对于移动设备和嵌入式设备来说太大了。更多情况下，Linux 依赖于包管理系统，它会根据已安装的包来判断软件的依赖包是否是必需的，从而提供其它所需的依赖包。
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包管理本质上是笔记本上的工作站，相当于手机或平板电脑上的 Google Play：它速度很快，并且不需要物理介质来进行安装。不仅如此，它还可以节省 20%-35% 的硬盘空间，因为依赖包不会重复安装。
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### 4\. 假想软件会自动更新好
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Linux 用户认为控制权很重要。Linux 提供更新服务，不过默认需要用户手动运行。例如，大多数发行版会让你知道有可用的软件更新，但是你需要选择安装这些更新。
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如果你选择更新的话，你甚至可以单独决定每一个更新。例如，你可能不想更新到新的内核，因为你安装了一些东西需要使用当前的内核。又或者你想要运行所有的安全性更新，但不是常规的新版本。一切都由你来选择。
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### 3\. 忘记密码
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许多 Windows 用户因为登录不方便而忘记密码。又或者为了方便起见，经常运行一个管理账户。
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在 Linux 上这两种做法都不容易。许多发行版使用 [sudo][41] 来避免登录 root，特别是那些基于 Ubuntu 的发行版，而其它发行版大多数是安装为禁止在图形界面使用 root。但是，如果你在 Linux 上成功设置了这些实践，请注意你的大部分 Linux 安全性优势都会无效（在 Windows 上也不推荐这样做）。
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对了，你是不是在安装程序上看到一个自动登录的选项？那是在不常用的情景下使用的，例如不包含私人信息的虚拟机。
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### 2\. 担心没有碎片整理和杀毒软件
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Linux 偶尔需要进行碎片整理，不过只有在恢复分区或者分区差不多满了的时候。并且由于固态硬盘越来越火，碎片整理正在变成过去时，尽管固态硬盘确实需要在任何操作系统上正常运行 [trim][40].
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同样地，只有当你安装的 Linux 经常传递文件给 Windows 机器的时候，杀毒软件才是一个主要问题。很少有 Linux 病毒或恶意软件存在，并且日常使用非 root 用户、使用强密码、经常备份当前文件就已经足够阻止病毒了。
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### 1\. 认为自己没有软件可用
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Windows 上的软件是收费的，大多数类别由一家公司独占——例如，办公套装 MS Office 以及图形和设计的 Adobe。这些条件鼓励用户坚持使用相同的应用程序，尽管它们错漏百出。
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在 Linux 上，故事情节不一样了。只有少数高端程序是收费的，而且几乎每一类软件都有两三个替代品，所有这些可用的软件都可以在 10 分钟或者更短的时间内下载好。如果一个替代品不合你口味，你可以删掉它然后毫不费力就可以再装一个其它的。在 Linux 上，你几乎总会有选择。
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### 过渡期
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可能没有很多建议可以让 Windows 用户对 Linux 有充足的准备。即使说新用户应该保持开放的心态也是没什么用的，因为他们的期望总是太高，以至于许多用户都没有意识到自己有如此高的期望。
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Linux 新手可以做的最好的事情就是调整心态，并且花一点时间来适应它们。过渡期会需要一些功夫，不过，从长远来看，你的多次尝试终会得到回报。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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编译自: http://www.datamation.com/open-source/7-mistakes-new-linux-users-make.html
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作者：[Bruce Byfield][a]
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[OneNewLife](https://github.com/OneNewLife)
|
||||
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: http://www.datamation.com/author/Bruce-Byfield-6030.html
|
||||
[1]:[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOfXyFkINXf_e9XNosTJZDw]
|
||||
[2]:[https://www.youtube.com/user/desainew]
|
||||
[3]:[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEQXp_fcqwPcqrzNtWJ1w9w]
|
||||
[4]:[http://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedompenguin.com%2Farticles%2Fopinion%2Fopen-source-design-thing%2F]
|
||||
[5]:[http://twitter.com/intent/tweet/?text=Is+Open+Source+Design+a+Thing%3F&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedompenguin.com%2Farticles%2Fopinion%2Fopen-source-design-thing%2F]
|
||||
[6]:[https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedompenguin.com%2Farticles%2Fopinion%2Fopen-source-design-thing%2F]
|
||||
[7]:[https://atom.io/]
|
||||
[8]:[http://froont.com/]
|
||||
[9]:[https://webflow.com/]
|
||||
[10]:[https://gravit.io/]
|
||||
[11]:[http://getbootstrap.com/]
|
||||
[12]:[https://inkscape.org/en/]
|
||||
[13]:[https://www.gimp.org/]
|
||||
[14]:[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software]
|
||||
[15]:[https://medium.com/dawn-capital/why-leverage-the-power-of-open-source-to-build-a-successful-software-business-8aba6f665bc4#.ggmn2ojxp]
|
||||
[16]:[https://github.com/majutsushi/tagbar]
|
||||
[17]:[http://ctags.sourceforge.net/]
|
||||
[18]:[https://github.com/majutsushi/tagbar/zipball/70fix]
|
||||
[19]:[https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tpope/vim-pathogen/master/autoload/pathogen.vim]
|
||||
[20]:[http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=2332]
|
||||
[21]:[https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/vim-editor-plugins-for-software-developers-2-syntastic/]
|
||||
[22]:[https://www.howtoforge.com/images/vim-editor-plugins-for-software-developers/big/vimplugins-delimitmate-help.png]
|
||||
[23]:[https://github.com/Raimondi/delimitMate]
|
||||
[24]:[https://www.howtoforge.com/images/vim-editor-plugins-for-software-developers/big/vimplugins-tagbar-visibility.png]
|
||||
[25]:[https://www.howtoforge.com/images/vim-editor-plugins-for-software-developers/big/vimplugins-tagbar-ex2.png]
|
||||
[26]:[https://www.howtoforge.com/images/vim-editor-plugins-for-software-developers/big/vimplugins-tagbar-example.png]
|
||||
[27]:[http://www.tldp.org/LDP/intro-linux/html/sect_06_02.html]
|
||||
[28]:[http://majutsushi.github.io/tagbar/]
|
||||
[29]:[http://vi.stackexchange.com/questions/388/what-is-the-difference-between-the-vim-plugin-managers]
|
||||
[30]:[https://www.howtoforge.com/images/vim-editor-plugins-for-software-developers/big/vimplugins-vimrc.png]
|
||||
[31]:[http://www.vim.org/]
|
||||
[32]:[https://github.com/scrooloose/syntastic]
|
||||
[33]:[https://github.com/scrooloose/syntastic/blob/master/doc/syntastic.txt]
|
||||
[34]:[https://www.howtoforge.com/images/3337/big/syntastic-error-all-descr.png]
|
||||
[35]:[https://www.howtoforge.com/images/3337/big/syntastic-error-descr.png]
|
||||
[36]:[https://www.howtoforge.com/images/3337/big/syntastic-error-highlight.png]
|
||||
[37]:[https://github.com/scrooloose/syntastic]
|
||||
[38]:[http://www.vim.org/]
|
||||
[39]:[https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/vim-editor-plugins-for-software-developers/]
|
||||
[40]:[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trim_%28computing%29]
|
||||
[41]:[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudo]
|
||||
[42]:[http://snapcraft.io/]
|
||||
[43]:[http://flatpak.org/]
|
||||
[44]:[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_%28software%29]
|
||||
[45]:[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD]
|
||||
[46]:[http://distrowatch.com/]
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user