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sources/tech/20191014 How to make a Halloween lantern with Inkscape.md
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (robsean)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (How to make a Halloween lantern with Inkscape)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/10/how-make-halloween-lantern-inkscape)
[#]: author: (Jess Weichler https://opensource.com/users/cyanide-cupcake)
How to make a Halloween lantern with Inkscape
======
Use open source tools to make a spooky and fun decoration for your
favorite Halloween haunt.
![Halloween - backlit bat flying][1]
The spooky season is almost here! This year, decorate your haunt with a unique Halloween lantern made with open source!
Typically, a portion of a lantern's structure is opaque to block the light from within. What makes a lantern a lantern are the parts that are missing: windows cut from the structure so that light can escape. While it's impractical for lighting, a lantern with windows in spooky shapes and lurking silhouettes can be atmospheric and a lot of fun to create.
This article demonstrates how to create your own lantern using [Inkscape][2]. If you don't have Inkscape, you can install it from your software repository on Linux or download it from the [Inkscape website][3] on MacOS and Windows.
### Supplies
* Template ([A4][4] or [Letter][5] size)
* Cardstock (black is traditional)
* Tracing paper (optional)
* Craft knife, ruler, and cutting mat (a craft cutting machine/laser cutter can be used instead)
* Craft glue
* LED tea-light "candle"
_Safety note:_ Only use battery-operated candles for this project.
### Understanding the template
To begin, download the correct template for your region (A4 or Letter) from the links above and open it in Inkscape.
* * *
* * *
* * *
**![Lantern template screen][6]**
The gray-and-white checkerboard background is see-through (in technical terms, it's an _alpha channel_.)
The black base forms the lantern. Right now, there are no windows for light to shine through; the lantern is a solid black base. You will use the **Union** and **Difference** options in Inkscape to design the windows digitally.
The dotted blue lines represent fold scorelines. The solid orange lines represent guides. Windows for light should not be placed outside the orange boxes.
To the left of the template are a few pre-made objects you can use in your design.
### To create a window or shape
1. Create an object that looks like the window style you want. Objects can be created using any of the shape tools in Inkscape's left toolbar. Alternately, you can download Creative Commons- or Public Domain-licensed clipart and import the PNG file into your project.
2. When you are happy with the shape of the object, turn it into a **Path** (rather than a **Shape**, which Inkscape sees as two different kinds of objects) by selecting **Object > Object to Path** in the top menu.
![Object to path menu][7]
3. Place the object on top of the base shape.
4. Select both the object and the black base by clicking one, pressing and holding the Shift key, then selecting the other.
5. Select **Object > Difference** from the top menu to remove the shape of the object from the base. This creates what will become a window in your lantern.
![Object > Difference menu][8]
### To add an object to a window
After making a window, you can add objects to it to create a scene.
**Tips:**
* All objects, including text, must be connected to the base of the lantern. If not, they will fall out after cutting and leave a blank space.
* Avoid small, intricate details. These are difficult to cut, even when using a machine like a laser cutter or a craft plotter.
1. Create or import an object.
2. Place the object inside the window so that it is touching at least two sides of the base.
3. With the object selected, choose **Object > Object to Path** from the top menu.
![Object to path menu][9]
4. Select the object and the black base by clicking on each one while holding the Shift key).
5. Select **Object > Union** to join the object and the base.
### Add text
Text can either be cut out from the base to create a window (as I did with the stars) or added to a window (which blocks the light from within the lantern). If you're creating a window, only follow steps 1 and 2 below, then use **Difference** to remove the text from the base layer.
1. Select the Text tool from the left sidebar to create text. Thick, bold fonts work best.
![Text tool][10]
2. Select your text, then choose **Path > Object to Path** from the top menu. This converts the text object to a path. Note that this step means you can no longer edit the text, so perform this step _only after_ you're sure you have the word or words you want.
3. After you have converted the text, you can press **F2** on your keyboard to activate the **Node Editor** tool to clearly show the nodes of the text when it is selected with this tool.
![Text selected with Node editor][11]
4. Ungroup the text.
5. Adjust each letter so that it slightly overlaps its neighboring letter or the base.
![Overlapping the text][12]
6. To connect all of the letters to one another and to the base, re-select all the text and the base, then select **Path > Union**.
![Connecting letters and base with Path > Union][13]
### Prepare for printing
The following instructions are for hand-cutting your lantern. If you're using a laser cutter or craft plotter, follow the techniques required by your hardware to prepare your files.
1. In the **Layer** panel, click the **Eye** icon beside the **Safety** layer to hide the safety lines. If you don't see the Layer panel, reveal it by selecting **Layer > Layers** from the top menu.
2. Select the black base. In the **Fill and Stroke** panel, set the fill to **X** (meaning _no fill_) and the **Stroke** to solid black (that's #000000ff to fans of hexes).
![Setting fill and stroke][14]
3. Print your pattern with **File > Print**.
4. Using a craft knife and ruler, carefully cut around each black line. Lightly score the dotted blue lines, then fold.
![Cutting out the lantern][15]
5. To finish off the windows, cut tracing paper to the size of each window and glue it to the inside of the lantern.
![Adding tracing paper][16]
6. Glue the lantern together at the tabs.
7. Turn on a battery-powered LED candle and place it inside your lantern.
![Completed lantern][17]
Now your lantern is complete and ready to light up your haunt. Happy Halloween!
How to make Halloween bottle labels with Inkscape, GIMP, and items around the house.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/10/how-make-halloween-lantern-inkscape
作者：[Jess Weichler][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/cyanide-cupcake
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/halloween_bag_bat_diy.jpg?itok=24M0lX25 (Halloween - backlit bat flying)
[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/1/inkscape-absolute-beginners
[3]: http://inkscape.org
[4]: https://www.dropbox.com/s/75qzjilg5ak2oj1/papercraft_lantern_A4_template.svg?dl=0
[5]: https://www.dropbox.com/s/8fswdge49jwx91n/papercraft_lantern_letter_template%20.svg?dl=0
[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lanterntemplate_screen.png (Lantern template screen)
[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lantern1.png (Object to path menu)
[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lantern2.png (Object > Difference menu)
[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lantern3.png (Object to path menu)
[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lantern4.png (Text tool)
[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lantern5.png (Text selected with Node editor)
[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lantern6.png (Overlapping the text)
[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lantern7.png (Connecting letters and base with Path > Union)
[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lantern8.png (Setting fill and stroke)
[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lantern9.jpg (Cutting out the lantern)
[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lantern10.jpg (Adding tracing paper)
[17]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lantern11.jpg (Completed lantern)

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (The Difference Between DNF and YUM, Why is Yum Replaced by DNF?)
[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/comparison-difference-between-dnf-vs-yum/)
[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/)
The Difference Between DNF and YUM, Why is Yum Replaced by DNF?
======
**[Yum Package Manager][1]** has been replaced by **[DNF Package Manager][2]** since many long-standing issues in Yum remain unresolved.
These problems include poor performance, excessive memory usage, slowdown for dependency resolution.
DNF uses “libsolv” for dependency resolution, developed and maintained by SUSE to improve performance.
It was written mostly in python, and it has its own way of coping with dependency resolution.
Its API is not fully documented, and its extension system only allows Python plugins.
Yum is a front-end tool for rpm that manages dependencies and repositories, and then uses RPM to install, download, and remove packages.
Why would they want to build a new tool instead of fixing existing problems?
Ales Kozamblak explained that the fixing was not technically feasible and that the yum team was not ready to accept the changes immediately.
Also, the big challenge is that there are 56K lines for yum, but only 29K lines for DNF.
So there is no way to fix it, except the fork.
However yum was working fine.
S.No | DNF (Dandified YUM) | YUM (Yellowdog Updater, Modified)
---|---|---
1 | DNF uses libsolv for dependency resolution, developed and maintained by SUSE. | YUM uses the public API for dependency resolution
2 | API is fully documented | API is not fully documented
3 | It is written in C, C++, Python | It is written only in Python
4 | DNF is currently used in Fedora, Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 (RHEL), CentOS 8, OEL 8 and Mageia 6/7. | YUM is currently used in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6/7 (RHEL), CentOS 6/7, OEL 6/7.
5 | DNf supports various extensions | Yum supports only Python based extension
6 | The API is well documented so it's easy to create new features | It is very difficult to create new features because the API is not properly documented.
7 | The DNF uses less memory when synchronizing the metadata of the repositories. | The YUM uses excessive memory when synchronizing the metadata of the repositories.
8 | DNF uses a satisfiability algorithm to solve dependency resolution (It's using a dictionary approach to store and retrieve package and dependency information). | Yum dependency resolution gets sluggish due to public API.
9 | All performance is good in terms of memory usage and dependency resolution of repository metadata. | Over all performance is poor in terms of many factors.
10 | DNF Update: If a package contains irrelevant dependencies during a DNF update process, the package will not be updated. | YUM will update a package without verifying this.
11 | If the enabled repository does not respond, dnf will skip it and continue the transaction with the available repositories. | If a repository is not available, YUM will stop immediately.
12 | dnf update and dnf upgrade equals. | It's different in yum
13 | The dependencies on package installation are not updated | Yum offered an option for this behavior
14 | Clean Up Package Removal: When removing a package, dnf automatically removes any dependency packages not explicitly installed by the user. | Yum didn’t do this
15 | Repo Cache Update Schedule: By default, ten minutes after the system boots, updates to configured repositories are checked by dnf hourly. This action is controlled by the system timer unit named "/usr/lib/systemd/system/dnf-makecache.timer". | Yum do this too.
16 | Kernel packages are not protected by dnf. Unlike Yum, you can delete all kernel packages, including one that runs. | Yum will not allow you to remove the running kernel
17 | libsolv: for solving packages and reading repositories.
hawkey: hawkey, library providing simplified C and Python API to libsolv.
librepo: library providing C and Python (libcURL like) API for downloading linux repository metadata and packages.
libcomps: Libcomps is alternative for yum.comps library. It’s written in pure C as library and there’s bindings for python2 and python3 | Yum does not use separate libraries to perform this function.
18 | DNF contains 29k lines of code | Yum contains 56k lines of code
19 | DNF was developed by Ales Kozumplik | YUM was developed by Zdenek Pavlas, Jan Silhan and team members
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.2daygeek.com/comparison-difference-between-dnf-vs-yum/
作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/yum-command-examples-manage-packages-rhel-centos-systems/
[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-dnf-command-examples-manage-packages-fedora-centos-rhel-systems/

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Difference Between YUM and RPM Package Manager)
[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/comparison-difference-between-yum-vs-rpm/)
[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/)
Difference Between YUM and RPM Package Manager
======
Package managers play a key role in the Linux system.
It allows you to install, update, view, search and delete software packages to suit your needs.
Each of the distributions has their own set of package managers and use them based on your Linux distributions.
RPM is one of the oldest traditional package managers, designed to work on Red Hat-based systems such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), CentOS, Fedora and openSUSE (which is based on suse Enterprise Linux).
But when it comes to dependency resolution and package update (full system update/upgrade), there is an prominent limitation for RPM package manager.
If you want to know the **[difference between yum and dnf package manager][1]** go to the following article.
This means that yum can download and install all required dependencies automatically, but rpm will tell you to install a list of dependencies, and then you have to manually install them.
This is practically impossible and time consuming when you want to install a group of packages using the **[rpm command][2]**.
That’s where the **[YUM Package Manager][3]** comes in handy and solve both problems.
### What’s RPM?
RPM refers to RPM Package Manager (formerly known as Red Hat Package Manager) is a powerful, command-line package management tool developed for the Red Hat operating system.
It is now used as a core component in many Linux distributions such as Centos, Fedora, Oracle Linux, openSUSE and Mageia.
RPM Package Manager allows you to install, upgrade, delete, query and verify packages on RPM-based Linux systems.
RPM files comes with the `.rpm` extension. The RPM package consists of an archive file, that contains libraries and dependencies for a specific package, that do not conflict with other packages installed on your system.
There are many front-end tools available on Linux to install the RPM package that make the installation process more efficiently compared to the RPM tool, especially for handling dependencies.
If you want to know more about the front-end package manager of Linux distributions, go to the link below.
* **[List of Front-ent Command-line Package Manager for Linux][4]**
If you would like GUI package manager for Linux, go to the link below.
* **[List of GUI Package Manager for Linux][5]**
### What’s YUM?
Yum is a free and open-source command-line package-management application for Linux operating systems that uses the RPM Package Manager.
Yum is a front-end tool for rpm that automatically solves dependencies for packages.
It installs RPM software packages from distribution official repositories and other third-party repositories.
Yum allows you to install, update, search and remove packages from your system.
If you want to keep your system up-to-date, you can enable automatic updates via yum-cron.
Also, it allows you to exclude a package or packages from the yum update if you need to.
Yum is installed by default and you do not need to install it.
S.No | RPM | YUM
---|---|---
1 | Red Hat introduced RPM in 1997. | Yellowdog UPdater (YUP) was developed in 1999-2001 and YUM replaced the original YUP utility in 2003.
2 | RPM stands for RPM Package manager (formally known as Red Hat package manager) | YUM stands for Yellowdog Updater Modified.
3 | The RPM File Naming Convention is as follows.
httpd-2.4.6-92.el7.x86_64.rpm
httpd - Name of the actual package
2.4.6 - Version of package release
92 - Subversion of package release
el7 - Red Hat Version
x86_64 - Hardware architecture
rpm - File extension | It uses the rpm database in the backend.
4 | It doesn't resolve dependencies, you must install them manually. | It automatically resolves dependencies and install them simultaneously (any package will be installed with its dependencies).
5 | This allows you to install multiple versions of the package at once | This does not allow and shows that the package is already installed.
6 | When installing a package using the RPM command you must provide the exact location of the ".rpm" package. | You can install any package available in the repository, but you only need to know the package name.
7 | RPM is not dependent on YUM | It is a frontend tool that uses the RPM package manager on the backend to manage packages.
8 | It is difficult to manage RPM in terms of package installation | YUM is the easiest way to manage RPM packages.
9 | RPM doesn't allow you to upgrade the entire system to the latest available version | YUM allows you to upgrade your system to the latest available version (minor version upgrade, for example, 7.0 to 7.x)
10 | RPM doesn't allow you to automatically update/upgrade packages installed on your system | YUM allows you to automatically update/upgrade the updates available on your system.
11 | It doesn't use the online repository to perform any actions. | It relies entirely on the online repository to do all the work.
12 | RPM is a package format and it is a low-level package manager that does basic things. | This is a top-level front-end package manager that can do everything you need.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.2daygeek.com/comparison-difference-between-yum-vs-rpm/
作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/comparison-difference-between-dnf-vs-yum/
[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-rpm-command-examples-manage-packages-fedora-centos-rhel-systems/
[3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-yum-command-examples-manage-packages-rhel-centos-systems/
[4]: https://www.2daygeek.com/list-of-command-line-package-manager-for-linux/
[5]: https://www.2daygeek.com/list-of-graphical-frontend-tool-for-linux-package-manager/

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (robsean)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (How to make a Halloween lantern with Inkscape)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/10/how-make-halloween-lantern-inkscape)
[#]: author: (Jess Weichler https://opensource.com/users/cyanide-cupcake)
如何使用 Inkscape 制作万圣节灯笼
======
使用开源软件为你最喜欢的万圣节灯笼制作一个有趣和怪异的装饰品。
![万圣节 - 背光飞行的蝙蝠][1]
闹鬼的季节快到了！今年，使用开源软件装饰一个独一无二的万圣节灯笼！
灯笼的一部分结构体是不透明的，以阻挡内部的光线。灯笼之所以成为灯笼，是因为其去掉了一些东西 ：从结构体上切下的窗户，这样光线就可以射出。虽然照明不实用，但是一个有着怪异形状窗户和隐藏暗色轮廓的灯笼却可以令人兴奋，并创造出很多乐趣。
这篇演示如何使用 [Inkscape][2] 创建你自己的灯笼。如果还没有 Inkscape ，在 Linux 上，你可以从软件包存储库中安装它，在 MacOS 和 Windows 上，你可以从[Inkscape 网站][3] 上下载它.
### 使用材料
* 模板 ([A4][4] 或 [Letter][5] 大小)
* 卡片纸 (黑色是传统色)
* 描图纸 (可选)
* 裁纸刀，尺子, 切割垫板 (可使用工艺切割机/激光切割机代替)
* 工艺胶
* LED 茶灯"蜡烛"
_安全注意事项:_ 这个项目只使用电池操作的蜡烛。
### 理解模板
首先，从什么的链接下载你所在区域 (A4 或 Letter) 的合适的模板，然后在 Inkscape 中打开它。
* * *
* * *
* * *
**![灯笼模板荧光屏][6]**
灰白色的棋盘格背景是透明的(从技术角度来说，它是 _alpha 通道_。)
黑色基板构成了灯笼。现在，没有窗口可以让光线穿过；灯笼有一个非镂空的黑色基板。你将在 Inkscape 中使用 **并集** 和 **差集** 选项来数字化的设计窗户。
蓝色虚线表示折线。橙色实线表示参考线。采光窗户不应该放在橙色盒子的外面。
模板的左侧是你可以在你设计中使用的一些预先制作好的对象。
### 来创建一个窗户或形状
1. 创建一个看起来像你想要的窗口样式的对象。可以使用 Inkscape 左侧工具栏中的一些形状工具来创建对象。此外，你可以下载 Creative Commons- 或 Public Domain-licensed 剪贴画，并导入 PNG 文件到你的项目中。
2. 当你对对象满意时，在顶部菜单中选择 **路径 > 对象转化成路径** 将其转换为一个 **路径** (而不是一个 **形状** ，Inkscape 视其为两个不同的目标)。
![对象到路径菜单][7]
3. 在基板形状的上面放置目标。
4. 选择目标和黑色基板。通过先单击一个，并按住 Shift 按键，再选择另一个来完成。
5. 从顶部菜单选择 **路径 > 差集** 来从基板的对象中移除形状。这将创建灯笼中的一个窗户。
![路径 > 差集 菜单][8]
### 添加一个对象到一个窗户中
在制作一个窗户后，你可以添加对象到其中来创建一个景色绘画。
**提示:**
* 所有的对象，包括文本，必须连接到灯笼的基板，否则，在切割后会掉落下来，并留下一片空白区。
* 避免小而复杂的细微之处。即使使用激光切割机或工艺切割机等机器，也很难切割这些细微之处。
1. 创建或导入一个对象。
2. 放置对象到窗口内，以便它至少接触基板的两侧。
3. 选择对象后，从顶部菜单选择 **连接 > 对象转化成路径** 。
![对象到路径 菜单][9]
4. 选择对象和黑色基板，通过在按住 Shift 按键的同时单击每一个来完成。
5. 选择 **路径 > 并集** 来使对象和基板合二为一。
### 添加文本
文本可以从创建一个窗户的基板上剪下来(就像我对星星所做的那样)，或者也可以添加到一个窗户上(它在独挡来自灯笼内部的光线)。如果你正在创建一个窗户，只需要执行下面的步骤1和步骤2，然后使用 **差集** 来从基板层移除文本。
1. 从左侧边栏中选择文本工具来创建文本。粗体字体效果最好。
![文本工具][10]
2. 选择你的文本，然后从顶部菜单选择 **路径 > 对象转化成路径** 。这将转换文本对象为一个路径。注意，这个步骤意味着你将不能再编辑该文本，所以，_只有当_ 你确定你拥有想要的单词后，执行这个步骤。
3. 在你转换文本后，你可以按键盘上的 **F2** 来激活 **节点编辑器** 工具，当选择使用这个工具时，可以清楚地显示文本的节点。
![选中的文本使用节点编辑器][11]
4. 取消文本分组。
5. 调整每个字母，以便使其与相邻字母或基板稍微重叠。
![重叠文本][12]
6. 为将所有的字母彼此连接并连接到基板，重新选择所有文本和基板，然后选择 **路径 > 并集**。
![使用 路径 > 并集 连接字母和基板][13]
### 准备打印
下面是手工切割灯笼的说明。如果使用激光切割机或工艺切割机，遵循硬件所需要的技巧来准备好你的文件。
1. 在 **图层** 面板中，单击 **安全** 图层旁边的**眼睛** 图标来隐藏安全线。如果你看不到图层面板，通过顶部菜单选择 **图层 > 图层** 来显示它。
2. 选择黑色基板。在 **填充和笔划** 面板中，设置填充为 **X** (意味着 _不填充_)，设置 **笔划** 为纯黑色(对于巫法的粉丝来说是 #000000ff )。
![设置填充和笔划][14]
3. 使用 **文件 > 打印** 来打印你的图案样本。
4. 使用一把工艺刀和直尺，小心地绕着每一条黑线切割。在蓝色虚线上轻划，然后折叠。
![裁剪灯笼][15]
5. 为完成窗户的制作，剪切摹图纸到每个窗户的大小，然后粘贴它到灯笼的内侧。
![添加摹图纸][16]
6. 在折条处把灯笼的粘在一起。
7. 接通电池供电的 LED 蜡烛，并放置它到你灯笼中。
![完成灯笼][17]
现在你的灯笼已经完成并准备好照亮你的诡异的装饰品。万圣节快乐！
如何使用 Inkscape，GIMP 制作万圣节瓶子标签和家用物品。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/10/how-make-halloween-lantern-inkscape
作者：[Jess Weichler][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/cyanide-cupcake
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/halloween_bag_bat_diy.jpg?itok=24M0lX25 (Halloween - backlit bat flying)
[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/1/inkscape-absolute-beginners
[3]: http://inkscape.org
[4]: https://www.dropbox.com/s/75qzjilg5ak2oj1/papercraft_lantern_A4_template.svg?dl=0
[5]: https://www.dropbox.com/s/8fswdge49jwx91n/papercraft_lantern_letter_template%20.svg?dl=0
[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lanterntemplate_screen.png (Lantern template screen)
[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lantern1.png (Object to path menu)
[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lantern2.png (Object > Difference menu)
[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lantern3.png (Object to path menu)
[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lantern4.png (Text tool)
[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lantern5.png (Text selected with Node editor)
[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lantern6.png (Overlapping the text)
[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lantern7.png (Connecting letters and base with Path > Union)
[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lantern8.png (Setting fill and stroke)
[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lantern9.jpg (Cutting out the lantern)
[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lantern10.jpg (Adding tracing paper)
[17]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lantern11.jpg (Completed lantern)

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (wxy)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Difference Between YUM and RPM Package Manager)
[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/comparison-difference-between-yum-vs-rpm/)
[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/)
YUM 和 RPM 包管理器的不同之处
======
软件包管理器在 Linux 系统中扮演着重要的角色。它允许你安装、更新、查看、搜索和删除软件包，以满足你的需求。
每个发行版都有自己的一套包管理器，依据你的 Linux 发行版来分别使用它们。
RPM 是最古老的传统软件包管理器之一，它是为基于 Red Hat 的系统设计的，如 Red Hat Enterprise Linux（RHEL）、CentOS、Fedora 和 openSUSE（它基于 suse Enterprise Linux）等系统。但在依赖解析和包更新（全系统更新/升级）方面，RPM 包管理器有一个突出的限制。
> 如果你想知道 [YUM 和 DNF 包管理器的区别][1]请参考该文章。
这意味着 yum 可以自动下载并安装所有需要的依赖项，但 rpm 会告诉你安装一个依赖项列表，然后你必须手动安装。
当你想用 [rpm 命令][2] 安装一组包时，这实际上是不可能的，而且很费时间。
这时，[YUM 包管理器][3] 就派上了用场，解决了这两个问题。
### 什么是 RPM？
RPM 指的是 RPM Package Manager（原名 Red Hat Package Manager），是一个功能强大的命令行包管理工具，是为 Red Hat 操作系统开发的。
它现在被用作许多 Linux 发行版的核心组件，如 Centos、Fedora、Oracle Linux、openSUSE 和 Mageia 等。
RPM 软件包管理器允许你在基于 RPM 的 Linux 系统上安装、升级、删除、查询和验证软件包。
RPM 文件的扩展名为 `.rpm`。RPM 包由一个存档文件组成，其中包含了一个特定包的库和依赖关系，这些库和依赖关系与系统上安装的其他包不冲突。
在 Linux 上有很多前端工具可以用来安装 RPM 包，与 RPM 工具相比，这些工具可以使安装过程更加高效，尤其是在处理依赖关系方面。
如果你想了解更多关于 Linux 发行版的前端包管理器的信息，请到下面的链接。
* [Linux 命令行包管理器列表][4]
如果你想了解 Linux 的 GUI 包管理器，请到下面的链接。
* [Linux GUI 包管理器列表][5]
### 什么是 YUM？
Yum 是一个 Linux 操作系统上的自由开源的命令行包管理程序，它使用 RPM 包管理器。Yum 是一个 RPM 的前端工具，可以自动解决软件包的依赖关系。它可以从发行版官方仓库和其他第三方仓库中安装 RPM 软件包。
Yum 允许你在系统中安装、更新、搜索和删除软件包。如果你想让你的系统保持更新，你可以通过 yum-cron 启用自动更新。
此外，如果你需要的话，它还允许你在 `yum update` 中排除一个或多个软件包。
Yum 是默认安装的，你不需要安装它。
编号 | RPM | YUM
--- | --- | ---
1 | 红帽在 1997 年引入了 RPM | Yellowdog UPdater（YUP）开发于 1999-2001 年，YUM 于 2003 年取代了原来的 YUP 工具
2 | RPM 代表 RPM Package manager（原名 Red Hat package manager） | YUM 代表 Yellowdog Updater Modified
3 | RPM 文件的命名规则如下，`httpd-2.4.6-92.el7.x86_64.rpm`：`httpd` - 实际的包名；`2.4.6` - 包发布版本号；`92` - 包发布子版本号；`el7` - Red Hat 版本；`x86_64` - 硬件架构；`rpm` - 文件扩展名 | 后台使用 rpm 数据库
4 | 不解析依赖关系，你必须手动安装依赖 | 可以自动解析依赖关系并同时安装它们（任何包都会和它的依赖关系一起安装）
5 | 允许你同时安装多个版本的软件包 | 不允许，并显示该软件包已经安装
6 | 当使用 RPM 命令安装一个软件包时，你必须提供 `.rpm` 软件包的确切位置 | 你可以安装仓库中的任何软件包，而你只需要知道软件包的名称就可以了
7 | RPM 不依赖于 YUM | 它是一个前端工具，在后台使用 RPM 包管理器来管理包
8 | RPM 在安装包的管理方面比较难 | YUM 是最简单的管理 RPM 包的方法
9 | RPM 不能让你将整个系统升级到最新的版本 | YUM 可以让你将系统升级到最新的版本（例如 7.0 到 7.x 的小版本升级）
10 | RPM 不能让你自动更新/升级安装在系统上的软件包 | YUM 可以让你自动更新/升级系统上的更新
11 | 不使用在线仓库来执行任何操作 | 完全依赖在线仓库来完成所有的工作
12 | RPM 是一种包格式，它也是一个底层的包管理器，只做基本的事情 | 这是一个上层的包管理器前端，它可以完成你所需要的一切工作
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.2daygeek.com/comparison-difference-between-yum-vs-rpm/
作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/comparison-difference-between-dnf-vs-yum/
[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-rpm-command-examples-manage-packages-fedora-centos-rhel-systems/
[3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-yum-command-examples-manage-packages-rhel-centos-systems/
[4]: https://www.2daygeek.com/list-of-command-line-package-manager-for-linux/
[5]: https://www.2daygeek.com/list-of-graphical-frontend-tool-for-linux-package-manager/