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命令行星期二 – 第七部分
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命令行星期二——第七部分
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==============================================================================================================
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Heya，geekos，我已经检查了我们的课程，今天我们在八章课程里的第七部分。这意味着下周二我们还有一次课程，但也是最后一次CLT课程。所以，今天，我们讨论一些关于**权限**的问题！
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嗨，极客们，我已经检查了我们的课程，今天我们在八章课程里的第七部分。这就是说下周二我们还有一次课程，但也是最后一次“命令行星期二”课程。所以，今天，我们讨论一些关于**权限**的问题！
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众所周知，一台机器可能会有多名用户共同使用。为了保证用户之间互不干扰，权限会被分配。我们已经讨论了文件权限的问题，所以让我们用一个简单的[点击](1)回顾一下
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众所周知，一台机器可能会有多名用户共同使用。为了保证用户之间互不干扰，就需要分配不同的权限。我们已经讨论了文件权限的问题，你可以轻轻[点此](1)回顾一下：
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### chmod ###
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**chmod**命令被用来修改目录或者文件的权限。为了使用它，首先你得输入chmod命令，之后你得输入规范的权限修改，然后你就可以把目录或者文件的权限修改成你想要的。这可以采用多种方式完成，但是Shotts先生关注八进制表示法
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**chmod**命令被用来修改目录或者文件的权限。为了修改权限，首先你得输入chmod命令，之后你得输入规范的权限修改，然后你就可以把目录或者文件的权限修改成你想要的。这可以采用多种方式完成，但是肖茨先生喜欢八进制表示法。
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把权限想象成一系列的位，每一个不为空的权限槽就是1,空的权限槽就是0。举个例子：
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把权限想象成一系列的位，每一个不为空的权限槽就是1，空的权限槽就是0。举个例子：
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rwx = 111
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rw- = 110
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etc.
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等等
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看一下二进制表示法：
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rwx = 111 —> in binary = 7
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rwx = 111 --> in binary = 7
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rw- = 110 —> in binary = 6
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rw- = 110 --> in binary = 6
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r-x = 101 —> in binary = 5
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r-x = 101 --> in binary = 5
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r– = 100 —> in binary = 4
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r– = 100 --> in binary = 4
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现在，如果你想把一个文件的权限改为：文件所有者和文件所有组拥有读，写，执行权限，但是其他用户没有该文件任何权限，我们可以这样做：
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@ -34,13 +34,13 @@ Heya，geekos，我已经检查了我们的课程，今天我们在八章课程
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### su 和 sudo ###
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有些时候普通用户想要成为超级用户，这样才能完成一些任务（通常是一些安装软件任务）。为了暂时的获取超级用户权限，我们可以使用**su**程序，输入：
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有些时候普通用户需要成为超级用户，这样才能完成一些任务（通常是一些安装软件任务）。为了暂时的获取超级用户权限，我们可以使用**su**程序，输入：
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su
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输入你的超级用户密码，你就成为超级用户了。但是，警告：别忘记退出超级用户模式，仅仅使用它一小段时间
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输入你的超级用户密码，你就成为超级用户了。但是，警告：别忘记用一会之后（不需要的话）就退出超级用户模式。
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也有一些选择可能更多的应用于openSUSE和Ubuntu，它叫做sudo，sudo只是在某些方面和su不同，它是分配给制定用户的特殊命令，不像su,你可以用你自己用户的密码执行sudo，而不需要超级用户密码，举个例子：
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在openSUSE和Ubuntu也其它的一些可选工具，它叫做sudo，sudo只是在某些方面和su不同，它是分配给制定用户的特殊命令，不像su，你可以用你自己用户的密码执行sudo，而不需要超级用户密码，举个例子：
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sudo zypper in goodiegoodie
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@ -50,17 +50,17 @@ Heya，geekos，我已经检查了我们的课程，今天我们在八章课程
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su
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[enter password]
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[输入密码]
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chown suse example_file
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同样地，我也可以改变组的所有权，但是是使用稍有不同的**chgrp**命令，很简单：
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同样地，我也可以改变组的所有权，使用稍有不同的**chgrp**命令，很简单：
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chgrp suse_group example_file
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### 下一次 ###
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正如我所阐述的，下一次我们会有各种各样的终点，在这之后，你会有自己的选择（和我一起徜徉在终端的黑暗之中，只有一个绿色的闪烁光标作为灯塔）。在那之前，geekos，记住
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正如我所阐述的，下一次我们就会结束这个系列。在此之后，相信你会做出自己的选择，和我一起徜徉在终端的黑暗之中，只有一个绿色的闪烁光标作为灯塔。在那之前，极客们，记住
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....享受更多的乐趣！
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@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/08/05/command-line-tuesdays-part-seven/
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作者：[Nenad Latinović][a]
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译者：[su-kaiyao](https://github.com/su-kaiyao)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
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Turin To Be The First Italian Open Source City
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================================================================================
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Turin’s local authorities have decided to switch to open source and entirely ditch all the Microsoft products, saving alot of money to the local government.
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The mission of this move is to get rid of proprietary software, make Turin one of the first Italian open source city and save six million euros. Six million euros!!! Yes, it is a very high amount, isn’t it?
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According to [republica.it][1] 8300 computers of the local administration will soon be powered by Ubuntu, shipped with Mozilla Firefox web browser and Open Office. No more Microsoft Office and Internet Explorer.
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Alot of money is gone to buy licenses, pay proprietary software, so why not choose a free solution and a better one? Do you guys know how much would it cost to Turin if they had to upgrade their Windows operating systems from one version to another?
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22 million euros! And would you like to know how much that price will go down if the local administration adopts Ubuntu? Ok, so if they switch to Ubuntu they will save 6 million euros, now you make the calculations.
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There are many other European cities that are seeing Linux as a better solution than Windows for their IT infrastructure. For example, the German city Munich kicked Microsoft out of the city and switched to open source. According to Munich, this move saved it more 10 million euros.
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What do you guys think about Turin making this move? Let us know in the comments.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.unixmen.com/turin-first-italian-open-source-city/
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作者：[oltjano terpollari][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/oltjano/
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[1]:http://torino.repubblica.it/cronaca/2014/08/03/news/il_comune_rinnova_i_pc_e_d_laddio_a_microsoft_risparmiamo_6_milioni-93067980/?ref=search
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@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
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alim0x translating
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The history of Android
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================================================================================
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Android 0.9 showing off a horizontal home screen—a feature that wouldn’t make it to later versions.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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While it's hard to separate emulator and OS functionality, Android 0.9 was the first version to show off horizontal support. Surprisingly, almost everything supported horizontal mode, and 0.9 even outperforms KitKat in some respects. In KitKat, the home screen and dialer are locked to portrait mode and cannot rotate. Here, though, horizontal support wasn't a problem for either app. (Anyone know how to upgrade a Nexus 5 from KitKat to 0.9?)
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This screenshot also shows off the new volume design used in 0.9. It dumped the old bell-style control that debuted in Milestone 3. It was a massive, screen-filling interface. Eventually, the redesign in Android 4.0 made it a bit smaller, but it remained an issue. (It's extremely annoying to not be able to see a video just because you want to bump up the volume.)
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The new notification panel, which ditched the application shortcut and added a top section.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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In just about every Android version, the notification panel gets tweaked, and 0.9 was no exception. The battery indicator was redrawn and changed to a darker shade of green, and the other status bar icons switched to black, white, and gray. The left area of the status bar was brilliantly repurposed to show the date when the panel was open.
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A new top section was added to the notification panel that would display the carrier name ("Android" in the case of the emulator) and a huge button labeled "Clear notifications," which allowed you to finally remove a notification without having to open it. The application button was canned and replaced with the time the notification arrived, and the "latest events" text was swapped out for a simpler "notifications." The empty parts of the panel were now gray instead of white, and the bottom gripper was redesigned. The pictures seem misaligned on the bottom, but that was because Milestone 5's notification panel had white space around the bottom of the panel. Android 0.9 goes all the way to the edge.
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The browsers of 0.9 and 0.5, showing the new, colorless menus.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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The browser now loaded an actual website for the home page instead of the locally stored faux-Google of Milestone 5. The WebKit version rose up to 525.10, but it didn't seem to render the modern Google.com search button correctly. All throughout Android 0.9, the menu art from Milestone 5 was trashed and redrawn as gray icons. The difference between these screens is pretty significant, as all the color has been sucked out.
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The "more" list-style menu grew a little taller, and it was now just a plain list with no icons. Android 0.9 gained yet another search method, this time in the browser menu. Along with the home screen widget, home screen menu button, and browser homepage, that made four search boxes. Google never hid what its prime business was, even in its OS.
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From left to right: Android 0.9’s browser showing off the zoom controls, find-in-page interface, browser windows, and the settings.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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Android 0.9 brought tons of browser improvements. The zoom controls were thankfully reworked from the crazy vertical controls to simpler plus and minus buttons. Google made the common-sense decision of moving the controls from the center of the screen to the bottom. In these zoom controls, the Android struggle with consistency became apparent. These appeared to be the only round buttons in the OS.
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0.9's new "find in page" feature could highlight words in the page. But overall, the UI was still very rough—the text box was much taller than it should be, and the "done" button with a checkbox was a one-of-a-kind icon for this screen. "Done" was basically a "close" button, which means it should probably have been a right-aligned "X" button.
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The main OS didn't have a settings screen in this build, but the browser finally had its own settings screen. It featured desktop-style options for pop ups, javascript, privacy and cookies, saved passwords and form data. There was even Google Gears integration (remember [Google Gears?][1]).
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The dialer and in-progress call screen with the menu open.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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Dialer and Contacts in Android 0.9 were actually the same app—the two icons just opened different tabs. Attaching contacts to the dialer like this suggested the primary purpose of a smartphone contact was still for calls, not to text, e-mail, IM, or look up an address. Eventually Google would fully embrace alternative smartphone communications and split up contacts and dialer into separate apps.
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Most of the dialer weirdness in Milestone 5 was wiped out in Android 0.9. The "minimizing" tabs were replaced with a normal set of dark/light tabs. The speech bubble backspace button was changed to a normal backspace icon and integrated into the number display. The number buttons were changed to circles despite everything else in the OS being a rounded rectangle (at least the text was vertically aligned this time). The company also fixed the unbalanced "one," "star," and "pound" keys from Milestone 5.
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Tapping on the number display in Android 0.9 would start a call. This was important, as it was a big step in getting rid of the hardware "Call" and "End" keys on Android devices. The incoming call screen, on the other hand, went in the complete opposite direction and removed the on-screen “Answer" and “Decline" buttons present in Android 0.5. Google would spend the next few versions fumbling around between needing and not needing hardware call buttons on certain screens. With Android 2.0 and the Motorola Droid, though, call buttons were finally made optional.
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All of the options for the in-call screen were hidden under the menu button. Milestone 5 didn't support a proximity sensor, so it took the brute force route of disabling the touch screen during a call. 0.9 was developed for the G1, which had a proximity sensor. Finally, Google didn't have to kill the touch sensor during a call.
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The individual contacts screen and edit contacts screen for Android 0.9 and 0.5.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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Milestone 5 had confusing labels for some contact information, like e-mail only being labeled "primary" instead of something like “primary e-mail." Android 0.9 corrected this with horizontal headers for each section. There were now action icons for each contact type on the left side, too.
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The edit contact screen was now a much busier place. There were delete buttons for every field, per-contact ringtones, an on-screen "more info" button for adding fields, a checkbox to send calls directly to voicemail, and "Save and "discard changes" buttons at the bottom of the list. Functionally, it was a big improvement over the old version, but it still looked very messy.
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----------
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[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work.
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[@RonAmadeo][t]
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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||||
|
||||
via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/4/
|
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|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
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|
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[1]:http://www.tat.se/
|
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[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
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[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
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@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
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[su-kaiyao]翻译中
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|
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How to improve your productivity in terminal environment with Tmux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
The introduction of the mouse was a wonderful innovation in making computers more accessible to average people. But for programmers and sysadmins, moving our hands off the keyboard while working on a computer can be distracting.
|
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@ -143,4 +145,4 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/08/improve-productivity-terminal-environment-tmux.h
|
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[1]:http://tmux.sourceforge.net/
|
||||
[2]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/03/how-to-set-up-epel-repository-on-centos.html
|
||||
[3]:https://github.com/tmuxinator/tmuxinator
|
||||
[4]:https://github.com/jimeh/tmuxifier
|
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[4]:https://github.com/jimeh/tmuxifier
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@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
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‘Ifconfig’ Command Not Found In CentOS 7 Minimal Installation – A Quick Tip To Fix It
|
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================================================================================
|
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|
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|
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As we all know, “**ifconfig**” command is used to configure a network interfaces in GNU/Linux systems. It displays the details of a network interface card like IP address, MAC Address, and the status of a network interface card etc. But, this command is obsolete, and is not found in the minimal versions of RHEL 7 and its clones like CentOS 7, Oracle Linux 7, and Scientific Linux 7.
|
||||
|
||||
### How do I find IP and other details of a network interface In CentOS Minimal server? ###
|
||||
|
||||
CentOS 7 minimal systems, use the commands “**ip addr**” and “**ip link**” to find the details of a network interface card. To know the statistics use “**ip -s link**”.
|
||||
|
||||
To view the details of the network interface cards, enter the following commands:
|
||||
|
||||
ip addr
|
||||
|
||||
Sample output:
|
||||
|
||||
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN
|
||||
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
|
||||
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
|
||||
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
2: venet0: <BROADCAST,POINTOPOINT,NOARP,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN
|
||||
link/void
|
||||
inet 127.0.0.1/32 scope host venet0
|
||||
inet 192.168.1.101/32 brd 192.168.1.101 scope global venet0:0
|
||||
|
||||
To view the statistics of your network interfaces, enter the command:
|
||||
|
||||
ip link
|
||||
|
||||
Sample output:
|
||||
|
||||
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT
|
||||
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
|
||||
2: venet0: <BROADCAST,POINTOPOINT,NOARP,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT
|
||||
link/void
|
||||
|
||||
OR
|
||||
|
||||
ip -s link
|
||||
|
||||
Sample output:
|
||||
|
||||
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT
|
||||
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
|
||||
RX: bytes packets errors dropped overrun mcast
|
||||
0 0 0 0 0 0
|
||||
TX: bytes packets errors dropped carrier collsns
|
||||
0 0 0 0 0 0
|
||||
2: venet0: <BROADCAST,POINTOPOINT,NOARP,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT
|
||||
link/void
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||||
RX: bytes packets errors dropped overrun mcast
|
||||
8515667 6667 0 0 0 0
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||||
TX: bytes packets errors dropped carrier collsns
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||||
300403 4249 0 0 0 0
|
||||
|
||||
### How do I enable and use “ifconfig” Command in CentOS 7 minimal servers? ###
|
||||
|
||||
If you don’t know where to find the ifconfig command, follow the simple steps provided below. First let us find out which packages will provide ifconfig command. To do that , enter the following command:
|
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|
||||
yum provides ifconfig
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||||
|
||||
Sample Output:
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||||
|
||||
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
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||||
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
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||||
* base: centos.aol.in
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||||
* extras: centos.aol.in
|
||||
* updates: centos.aol.in
|
||||
net-tools-2.0-0.17.20131004git.el7.x86_64 : Basic networking tools
|
||||
Repo : @base
|
||||
Matched from:
|
||||
Filename : /usr/sbin/ifconfig
|
||||
|
||||
Or you can use the following command too.
|
||||
|
||||
yum whatprovides ifconfig
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||||
|
||||
Here, “provides” or “whatprovides” switches are used to find out which package provides some feature or file.
|
||||
|
||||
As you see in the above output, the **net-tools** package provides the ifconfig command. So, let us install net-tools package to use ifconfig command.
|
||||
|
||||
yum install net-tools
|
||||
|
||||
Now, you’ll be able to use the command **ifconfig** as usual.
|
||||
|
||||
ifconfig -a
|
||||
|
||||
Sample output:
|
||||
|
||||
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 16436
|
||||
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
|
||||
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
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||||
loop txqueuelen 0 (Local Loopback)
|
||||
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
|
||||
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
|
||||
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
|
||||
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
|
||||
|
||||
venet0: flags=211<UP,BROADCAST,POINTOPOINT,RUNNING,NOARP> mtu 1500
|
||||
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.255 broadcast 0.0.0.0 destination 127.0.0.1
|
||||
unspec 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00 txqueuelen 0 (UNSPEC)
|
||||
RX packets 7073 bytes 8549159 (8.1 MiB)
|
||||
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
|
||||
TX packets 4611 bytes 359201 (350.7 KiB)
|
||||
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
|
||||
|
||||
venet0:0: flags=211<UP,BROADCAST,POINTOPOINT,RUNNING,NOARP> mtu 1500
|
||||
inet 192.168.1.101 netmask 255.255.255.255 broadcast 192.168.1.101 destination 192.168.1.101
|
||||
unspec 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00 txqueuelen 0 (UNSPEC)
|
||||
|
||||
Enjoy!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/ifconfig-command-found-centos-7-minimal-installation-quick-tip-fix/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Senthilkumar][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/sk/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
|
||||
How to set up a USB network printer and scanner server on Debian
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Suppose you want to set up a Linux print server in your home/office network, but you only have USB printers available (as they are much cheaper than printers that have a built-in Ethernet jack or wireless ones). In addition, what if one of those devices is an AIO (All In One), and you also want to share its incorporated scanner over the network? In this article, I'll show you how to install and share a USB AIO (Epson CX3900 inkjet printer and scanner), a USB laser printer (Samsung ML-1640), and a PDF printer as the "cherry on top" - all in a GNU/Linux Debian 7.2 [Wheezy] server.
|
||||
|
||||
Even though these printers are somewhat old (I bought the Epson AIO in 2007 and the laser printer in 2009), I believe that what I learned through the installation process can well be applied to newer models of the same brands and others: some drivers are available as precompiled .deb packages, while others can be installed directly from the repositories. After all, it's the underlying principles that matter.
|
||||
|
||||
### Prerequisites ###
|
||||
|
||||
To setup a network printer and scanner, we will be using [CUPS][1], which is an open-source printing system for Linux / UNIX / OSX.
|
||||
|
||||
# aptitude install cups cups-pdf
|
||||
|
||||
**Troubleshooting tip**: Depending on the state of your system (this issue can happen most likely after a failed manual install of a package or a misinstalled dependency), the front-end package management system may prompt you to uninstall a lot of packages in an attempt to resolve current dependencies before installing cups and cups-pdf. If this happens to be the case, you have two options:
|
||||
|
||||
1) Install the packages via another front-end package management system, such as apt-get. Note that this is not entirely advisable since it will not fix the current issue.
|
||||
|
||||
2) Run the following command: aptitude update && aptitude upgrade. This will fix the issue and upgrade the packages to their most recent version at the same time.
|
||||
|
||||
### Configuring CUPS ###
|
||||
|
||||
In order to be able to access the CUPS web interface, we need to do at least a minimum edit to the cupsd.conf file (server configuration file for CUPS). Before proceeding, however, let's make a backup copy of cupsd.conf:
|
||||
|
||||
# cp cupsd.conf cupsd.conf.bkp
|
||||
|
||||
and edit the original file (only the most relevant sections are shown):
|
||||
|
||||
- **Listen**: Listens to the specified address and port or domain socket path.
|
||||
- **Location /path**: Specifies access control for the named location.
|
||||
- **Order**: Specifies the order of HTTP access control (allow,deny or deny,allow). Order allow,deny means that the Allow rules have precedence over (are processed before) the Deny rules.
|
||||
- **DefaultAuthType** (also valid for **AuthType**): Specifies the default type of authentication to use. Basic refers to the fact that the /etc/passwd file is used to authenticate users in CUPS.
|
||||
- **DefaultEncryption**: Specifies the type of encryption to use for authenticated requests.
|
||||
- **WebInterface**: Specifies whether the web interface is enabled.
|
||||
|
||||
# Listen for connections from the local machine
|
||||
Listen 192.168.0.15:631
|
||||
|
||||
# Restrict access to the server
|
||||
<Location />
|
||||
Order allow,deny
|
||||
Allo 192.168.0.0/24
|
||||
</Location>
|
||||
|
||||
# Default authentication type, when authentication is required
|
||||
DefaultAuthType Basic
|
||||
DefaultEncryption IfRequested
|
||||
|
||||
# Web interface setting
|
||||
WebInterface Yes
|
||||
|
||||
# Restrict access to the admin pages
|
||||
<Location /admin>
|
||||
Order allow,deny
|
||||
Allow 192.168.0.0/24
|
||||
</Location>
|
||||
|
||||
Now let's restart CUPS to apply the changes:
|
||||
|
||||
# service cups restart
|
||||
|
||||
In order to allow another user (other than root) to modify printer settings, we must add him / her to the lp (grants access to printer hardware and enables the user to manage print jobs) and lpadmin (owns printing preferences) groups as follows. Disregard this step if this is not necessary or desired in your current network setup.
|
||||
|
||||
# adduser xmodulo lp
|
||||
# adduser xmodulo lpadmin
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Configuring a Network Printer via CUPS Web Interface ###
|
||||
|
||||
1. Launch a web browser and open the CUPS interface, available at http://<Server IP>:Port, which in our case means http://192.168.0.15:631:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2. Go to the **Administration** tab and click on *Add printer*:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3. Choose your printer; in this case, **EPSON Stylus CX3900 @ debian (Inkjet Inkjet Printer)**, and click on **Continue**:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4. It's time to name the printer and indicate whether we want to share it from the current workstation or not:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
5. Install the driver - Select the brand and click on **Continue**.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
6. If the printer is not supported natively by CUPS (not listed in the next page), we will have to download the driver from the manufacturer's web site (e.g., [http://download.ebz.epson.net/dsc/search/01/search/?OSC=LX][2]) and return to this screen later.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
7. Note that this precompiled .deb file must be sent somehow to the printer server (for example, via sftp or scp) from the machine that we used to download it (of course this could have been easier if we had a direct link to the file instead of the download button):
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
8. Once we have placed the .deb file in our server, we will install it:
|
||||
|
||||
# dpkg -i epson-inkjet-printer-escpr_1.4.1-1lsb3.2_i386.deb
|
||||
|
||||
**Troubleshooting tip**: If the lsb package (a standard core system that third-party applications written for Linux can depend upon) is not installed, the driver installation will not succeed:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
We will install lsb and then attempt to install the printer driver again:
|
||||
|
||||
# aptitude install lsb
|
||||
# dpkg -i epson-inkjet-printer-escpr_1.4.1-1lsb3.2_i386.deb
|
||||
|
||||
9. Now we can return to step #5 and install the printer:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Configuring a Network Scanner ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now we will proceed to configure the printer server to share a scanner as well. First, install [xsane][3] which is a frontend for [SANE][4]: Scanner Access Now Easy.
|
||||
|
||||
# aptitude install xsane
|
||||
|
||||
Next, let's enable the saned service by editing the /etc/default/saned file:
|
||||
|
||||
# Set to yes to start saned
|
||||
RUN=yes
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, we will check whether saned is already running (most likely not - then we'll start the service and check again):
|
||||
|
||||
# ps -ef | grep saned | grep -v grep
|
||||
# service saned start
|
||||
|
||||
### Configuring a Second Network Printer ###
|
||||
|
||||
With CUPS, you can configure multiple network printers. Let's configure an additional printer via CUPS: Samsung ML-1640, which is a USB laser printer.
|
||||
|
||||
The splix package contains the drivers for monochrome (ML-15xx, ML-16xx, ML-17xx, ML-2xxx) and color (CLP-5xx, CLP-6xx) Samsung printers. In addition, the detailed information about the package (available via aptitude show splix) indicates that some rebranded Samsungs like the Xerox Phaser 6100 work with this driver.
|
||||
|
||||
# aptitude install splix
|
||||
|
||||
Then we will install the printer itself using the CUPS web interface, as explained earlier:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Installing the PDF Printer ###
|
||||
|
||||
Next, let's configure PDF printer on the printer server, so that you can convert documents into PDF format from client computers.
|
||||
|
||||
Since we already installed the cups-pdf package, the PDF printer was installed automatically, which can be verified through the web interface:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
When the PDF printer is selected, documents will be written to a configurable directory (by default to ~/PDF), or can be further manipulated by a post-processing command.
|
||||
|
||||
In the next article, we'll configure a desktop client to access these printers and scanner over the network.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/08/usb-network-printer-and-scanner-server-debian.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.gabrielcanepa.com.ar/
|
||||
[1]:https://www.cups.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://download.ebz.epson.net/dsc/search/01/search/?OSC=LX
|
||||
[3]:http://www.xsane.org/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.sane-project.org/
|
||||
@ -1,17 +1,18 @@
|
||||
最新的英特尔Linux图形驱动程序现在可在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS上使用
|
||||
最新的英特尔Linux图形驱动程序可以在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS上使用了
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
英特尔使驱动安装变得简单
|
||||
|
||||
**新版本的英特尔[Linux图形安装程序][1]可下载。**
|
||||
|
||||
这个开源的工具为获取最新的（在Ubuntu上已支持的因特尔设备的）图形和视频驱动提供了简易的途径。
|
||||
这个开源工具提供了简单途径在Ubuntu中获取最新因特尔设备支持的图形和视频驱动。
|
||||
|
||||
在**版本1.0.6**中首次使其[六月底][2]发布的2014Q2图形堆栈可在Ubuntu 14.04中使用。
|
||||
|
||||
它也带来了更好的Bay Trail性能，节能优化，并且改善了对英特尔Broadwell芯片的支持。
|
||||
|
||||
对Linux用户来说，想要向Intel所说的那样“保持当前最新的改进,优化,和修复”，最好的方法就是运行最新可用的堆栈。
|
||||
对Linux用户来说，想要向Intel所说的那样“保持当前最新的改进、优化和修复”，最好的方法就是运行最新可用的堆栈。
|
||||
|
||||
### 下载 ###
|
||||
|
||||
@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/08/intel-graphics-installer-linux-updated-1
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
|
||||
译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -36,4 +37,4 @@ via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/08/intel-graphics-installer-linux-updated-1
|
||||
[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/intel-graphics-stack-2014-q2-update
|
||||
[3]:https://download.01.org/gfx/ubuntu/14.04/main/pool/main/i/intel-linux-graphics-installer/intel-linux-graphics-installer_1.0.6-0intel1_i386.deb
|
||||
[4]:https://download.01.org/gfx/ubuntu/14.04/main/pool/main/i/intel-linux-graphics-installer/intel-linux-graphics-installer_1.0.6-0intel1_amd64.deb
|
||||
[5]:https://01.org/linuxgraphics/downloads/2014/intelr-graphics-installer-1.0.6-linux
|
||||
[5]:https://01.org/linuxgraphics/downloads/2014/intelr-graphics-installer-1.0.6-linux
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
|
||||
安卓编年史
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
安卓0.9显示着横屏的主屏幕——后续一些版本无法实现的一个特性。
|
||||
Ron Amadeo供图
|
||||
|
||||
尽管从功能上很难将模拟器和操作系统区分开，但安卓0.9是第一个支持横屏显示的版本。更让人惊讶的是，几乎所有东西都支持横屏模式，在某些方面安卓0.9甚至做的比KitKat更好。在Kiakat中，主屏幕和拨号被锁定为竖向并且无法旋转。但在安卓0.9这里，对任何一个应用横向显示都不是问题。（有谁知道怎么把Nexus 5从Kitkat升级到安卓0.9吗？）
|
||||
|
||||
截图同样显示了安卓0.9中的新的音量显示设计。它抛弃了在Milestone 3中初次登场的旧铃铛式控制界面。那是一个巨大的，充满屏幕的界面。实际上，安卓4.0的重新设计中让它变得更小了，但它仍然是个问题。（你想增加音量却因此没法看到视频了这种情况特别烦人。）
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
新通知面板，抛弃了应用快捷方式并添加了顶部部分。
|
||||
Ron Amadeo供图
|
||||
|
||||
几乎每个安卓版本中的通知面板都有一定的调整，安卓0.9也不例外。电池电量图标进行了重绘，变成了黑底绿色图标，其它的状态栏图标变为黑色，白色以及灰色。状态栏左侧部分明智地选择在通知面板打开的时候显示日期。
|
||||
|
||||
通知面板加入了一个新的顶部部分，它能够显示运营商名称（在模拟器里显示“安卓”），以及一个巨大的写着“清除通知”的按钮，它能够让你不用打开应用而彻底清除通知。应用程序图标被取消了，替换为通知到达的时间，“最新事件”文字被更换为简单的“通知”。面板的空白部分现在是灰色的而不是之前的白色，底部的滑动条也进行了重新设计。上面两张图片的底部看起来并没有对齐，但这是因为Milestone 5的通知面板在面板底部有一圈空白。安卓0.9的通知面板是完全直达底部边缘的。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
安卓0.9和0.5的浏览器，展现出新的无色彩菜单。
|
||||
Ron Amadeo供图
|
||||
|
||||
浏览器主页现在是加载一个真正的网站，而不是像Milestone 5中那样的本地存储的假Google页面。Webkit的版本升至525.10，但是看起来它似乎没法正确渲染更现代的Google.com搜索按钮。纵观安卓0.9，Milestone 5中的菜单设计已经被抛弃，取而代之的是重新设计的灰色图标。这些截图的区别十分的明显，因为所有的颜色都被去除了。
|
||||
|
||||
“更趋向于”列表式的菜单变得更高了一点，并且只是一个没有图标的列表而已。安卓0.9已经获得了其它搜索方式，这次是在浏览器菜单里。和主屏幕小部件，主屏幕菜单按钮，以及浏览器主页，它们共同组成了四个搜索框。谷歌从未隐藏它的主要业务是什么，就连在它的操作系统中也是这样。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
从左到右：安卓0.9的浏览器缩放控件，页面内搜索界面，浏览器窗口，以及设置。
|
||||
Ron Amadeo供图
|
||||
|
||||
安卓0.9带来了许多浏览器改进。谢天谢地缩放控件又能正常使用了，而且从疯狂的垂直控制变成了简单的加减按钮。谷歌做了个符合常识的决定，将缩放控制从屏幕中间移到了屏幕底部。在这些缩放控件中，安卓在一致性方面的努力显而易见。这些看起来是系统中唯一的圆形按钮。
|
||||
|
||||
安卓0.9中的新特性“页面内查找”会高亮显示页面内的关键词。但总的来说，UI还是十分粗糙的——文本框比它应有的高度高了许多，“完成”按钮带的勾选框对这个页面来说只是一种图标而已。“完成”基本上是个“关闭”按钮，这意味着它也许应该是个右对齐的“X”按钮。
|
||||
|
||||
这个版本的系统没有设置界面，但是浏览器最终还是有了自己的设置界面。它会有个桌面式选项的弹窗，Javascript，隐私和cookie，保存的密码以及表单数据。甚至还有Google Gears整合（还记得Google Gears吗？）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
拨号盘以及打开菜单的正在通话界面。
|
||||
Ron Amadeo供图
|
||||
|
||||
拨号和联系人在安卓0.9中实际上是同一个应用——两个图标只是打开不同的标签而已。将联系人像这样附到拨号盘表明了智能手机联系人的第一目的还是通话，不是短信，电子邮件，即时通讯或查找地址。最终谷歌还是会完全接受非传统的智能手机沟通，将联系人和拨号分为两个独立的应用程序。
|
||||
|
||||
Milestone 5中大多数拨号盘的缺陷在安卓0.9中得到了修复。“最小化”标签被一组正常的亮/暗标签替代。对话气泡式的退格键被替换为正常的退格图标并集成到了拨号数字显示界面。数字键变成了圆形，尽管这个系统的其它东西是圆角矩形的（至少这次文本是垂直对齐的）。谷歌还修复了Milestone 5中“一”键，“星”键和“井”键不平衡的问题。
|
||||
|
||||
在安卓0.9中点击显示的号码会开始一个通话。这是十分重要的，因为这是摆脱安卓设备硬件实体“拨号”和“结束”键的一大步。另一方面，来电界面却走的是完全相反的道路，去除了在安卓0.5中显示于屏幕之上的“接听”和“拒绝”按键。谷歌会花上接下来几个版本的时间去摸索在特定的显示之下是否需要硬件实体拨号键。但是直到安卓2.0和摩托罗拉Droid面世，实体拨号按钮才最终变成了可选选项。
|
||||
|
||||
来电界面的所有选项隐藏在目录按钮之后。Milestone 5不支持距离传感器，所以它采取了简单粗暴的路线，在通话过程中禁用触摸屏。安卓0.9为G1开发，它有个距离传感器。最终谷歌没有在通话的时候禁用触摸传感器。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
安卓0.9和0.5中独立的联系人界面和联系人编缉界面。
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Ron Amadeo供图
|
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|
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Milestone 5的一些联系人信息有令人困惑的标签，像电子邮件只被打上“主要的”标签而不是“主电子邮箱”标签。安卓0.9用各部分的水平标题纠正了这个错误。而且现在左侧的每个联系人类型都有了手形图标（Action icons）。
|
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|
||||
编缉联系人界面如今是个更加繁忙的地方。每个输入框都有删除按钮，特定联系人铃声，一个显示在屏幕上的“更多信息”按钮用来添加输入框，一个是否将通话直接发送到语音信箱的复选框，以及在列表底部的“保存”和“放弃修改”按钮。从功能上来说，相对于旧版本这是个巨大的进步，但它看起来仍然很混乱。
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron是Ars Technica的评论编缉，专注于安卓系统和谷歌产品。他总是在追寻新鲜事物，还喜欢拆解事物看看它们到底是怎么运作的。
|
||||
|
||||
[@RonAmadeo][t]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/4/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
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[1]:http://www.tat.se/
|
||||
[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
|
||||
[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user