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实例展示Ubuntu中apt-get和apt-cache命令的使用
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================================================================================
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apt-get和apt-cache是**Ubuntu Linux**中的命令行下的**包管理**工具。 apt-get的GUI版本是Synaptic包管理器，本篇中我们会讨论apt-get和apt-cache命令的不同。
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### 示例：1 列出所有可用包 ###
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linuxtechi@localhost:~$ apt-cache pkgnames
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account-plugin-yahoojp
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ceph-fuse
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dvd+rw-tools
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e3
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gnome-commander-data
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grub-gfxpayload-lists
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gweled
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.......................................
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### 示例：2 用关键字搜索包 ###
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这个命令在你不确定包名时很有用，只要在apt-cache（这里原文是apt-get，应为笔误）后面输入与包相关的关键字即可/
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linuxtechi@localhost:~$ apt-cache search "web server"
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apache2 - Apache HTTP Server
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apache2-bin - Apache HTTP Server (binary files and modules)
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apache2-data - Apache HTTP Server (common files)
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apache2-dbg - Apache debugging symbols
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apache2-dev - Apache HTTP Server (development headers)
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apache2-doc - Apache HTTP Server (on-site documentation)
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apache2-utils - Apache HTTP Server (utility programs for web servers)
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......................................................................
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**注意**： 如果你安装了“**apt-file**”包，我们就可以像下面那样用配置文件搜索包。
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linuxtechi@localhost:~$ apt-file search nagios.cfg
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ganglia-nagios-bridge: /usr/share/doc/ganglia-nagios-bridge/nagios.cfg
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nagios3-common: /etc/nagios3/nagios.cfg
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nagios3-common: /usr/share/doc/nagios3-common/examples/nagios.cfg.gz
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pnp4nagios-bin: /etc/pnp4nagios/nagios.cfg
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pnp4nagios-bin: /usr/share/doc/pnp4nagios/examples/nagios.cfg
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### 示例:3 显示特定包的基本信息 ###
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linuxtechi@localhost:~$ apt-cache show postfix
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Package: postfix
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Priority: optional
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Section: mail
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Installed-Size: 3524
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Maintainer: LaMont Jones <lamont@debian.org>
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Architecture: amd64
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Version: 2.11.1-1
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Replaces: mail-transport-agent
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Provides: default-mta, mail-transport-agent
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.....................................................
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### 示例：4 列出包的依赖 ###
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linuxtechi@localhost:~$ apt-cache depends postfix
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postfix
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Depends: libc6
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Depends: libdb5.3
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Depends: libsasl2-2
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Depends: libsqlite3-0
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Depends: libssl1.0.0
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|Depends: debconf
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Depends: <debconf-2.0>
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cdebconf
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debconf
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Depends: netbase
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Depends: adduser
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Depends: dpkg
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............................................
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### 示例：5 使用apt-cache显示缓存统计 ###
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linuxtechi@localhost:~$ apt-cache stats
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Total package names: 60877 (1,218 k)
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Total package structures: 102824 (5,758 k)
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Normal packages: 71285
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Pure virtual packages: 1102
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Single virtual packages: 9151
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Mixed virtual packages: 1827
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Missing: 19459
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Total distinct versions: 74913 (5,394 k)
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Total distinct descriptions: 93792 (2,251 k)
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Total dependencies: 573443 (16.1 M)
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Total ver/file relations: 78007 (1,872 k)
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Total Desc/File relations: 93792 (2,251 k)
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Total Provides mappings: 16583 (332 k)
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Total globbed strings: 171 (2,263 )
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Total dependency version space: 2,665 k
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Total slack space: 37.3 k
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Total space accounted for: 29.5 M
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### 示例：6 使用 “apt-get update” 更新仓库 ###
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使用命令“apt-get update”, 我们可以重新从源仓库中同步文件索引。包的索引从“/etc/apt/sources.list”中检索
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linuxtechi@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get update
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Ign http://extras.ubuntu.com utopic InRelease
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Hit http://extras.ubuntu.com utopic Release.gpg
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Hit http://extras.ubuntu.com utopic Release
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Hit http://extras.ubuntu.com utopic/main Sources
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Hit http://extras.ubuntu.com utopic/main amd64 Packages
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Hit http://extras.ubuntu.com utopic/main i386 Packages
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Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com utopic InRelease
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Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com utopic-updates InRelease
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Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com utopic-backports InRelease
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................................................................
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### 示例:7 使用apt-get安装包 ###
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linuxtechi@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get install icinga
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上面的命令会安装叫“icinga”的包。
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### 示例：8 升级所有已安装的包 ###
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linuxtechi@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get upgrade
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### 示例：9 更新特定的包 ###
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在apt-get命令中的“install”选项后面接上“-only-upgrade”用来更新一个特定的包，如下所示：
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linuxtechi@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get install filezilla --only-upgrade
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### 示例：10 使用apt-get卸载包 ###
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linuxtechi@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get remove skype
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上面的命令只会删除skype包，如果你想要删除它的配置文件，在apt-get命令中使用“purge”选项。如下所示：
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linuxtechi@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get purge skype
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我们可以结合使用上面的两个命令：
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linuxtechi@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get remove --purge skype
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### 示例：11 在当前的目录中下载包 ###
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linuxtechi@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get download icinga
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Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ utopic/universe icinga amd64 1.11.6-1build1 [1,474 B]
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Fetched 1,474 B in 1s (1,363 B/s)
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上面的目录会从你当前的目录下载icinga包。
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### 示例：12 清理本地包占用的磁盘空间 ###
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linuxtechi@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get clean
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上面的命令会清零apt-get在下载包时占用的磁盘空间。
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我们也可以使用“**autoclean**”选项来代替“**clean**“，两者之间主要的区别是autoclean清理不再使用且没用的下载。
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linuxtechi@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get autoclean
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Reading package lists... Done
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Building dependency tree
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Reading state information... Done
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### 示例：13 使用“autoremove”删除包 ###
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当在apt-get命令中使用“autoremove”时，它会删除为了满足依赖而安装且现在没用的包。
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linuxtechi@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get autoremove icinga
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### 示例：14 显示包的更新日志 ###
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linuxtechi@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get changelog apache2
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Get:1 Changelog for apache2 (http://changelogs.ubuntu.com/changelogs/pool/main/a/apache2/apache2_2.4.10-1ubuntu1/changelog) [195 kB]
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Fetched 195 kB in 3s (60.9 kB/s)
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上面的命令会下载apache2的更新日志，并在你屏幕上显示。
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### 示例15 使用 “check” 选项显示损坏的依赖 ###
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linuxtechi@localhost:~$ sudo apt-get check
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Reading package lists... Done
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Building dependency tree
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Reading state information... Done
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.linuxtechi.com/ubuntu-apt-get-apt-cache-commands-examples/
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作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a]
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译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/
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