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# Perl and the birth of the dynamic web
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>The fascinating story of Perl's role in the dynamic web spans newsgroups and mailing lists, computer science labs, and continents.
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>Image by : [Internet Archive Book Images][30], modified by Opensource.com. [CC BY-SA 4.0][29].
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The web's early history is generally remembered as a few seminal events: the day Tim Berners-Lee [announced][28] the WWW-project on Usenet, the document with which [CERN released the project's code][27] into the public domain, and of course [the first version of the NCSA Mosaic browser][26] in January 1993\. Although these individual moments were certainly crucial, the period is far richer and reveals that technological development is not a set of discrete events, but rather a range of interconnected stories.
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One such story is how exactly the web became _dynamic_, which is to say, how we got web servers to do more than serve static HTML documents. This is a story that spans [newsgroups][25] and mailing lists, computer science labs, and continents—its focus is not so much one person as one programming language: Perl.
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### CGI scripts and infoware
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In the mid- to late-1990s, Perl and the dynamic web were nearly synonymous. As a relatively easy-to-learn interpreted language with powerful text-processing features, Perl made it easy to write scripts to connect a website to a database, handle form data sent by users, and of course create those unmistakeable icons of the '90s web, hit counters and guestbooks.
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Such website features came in the form of CGI scripts, named for the Common Gateway Interface, [first implemented][24] by Rob McCool in the NCSA HTTPD server in November 1993\. CGI was designed to allow for drop-in functionality, and within a few years one could easily find archives of pre-cooked scripts written in Perl. An infamous case was [Matt's Scripts Archive][23], a popular source that unintentionally carried security flaws and inspired members of the Perl community to create a professional alternative called [Not Matt's Scripts][22].
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At the same time that amateur and professional programmers took up Perl to create dynamic websites and applications, Tim O'Reilly [coined the term "infoware"][21] to describe how the web and Perl were part of a sea of change in the computing industry. With innovations by Yahoo! and Amazon in mind, O'Reilly wrote: "Traditional software embeds small amounts of information in a lot of software; infoware embeds small amounts of software in a lot of information." Perl was the perfect small-but-powerful tool—the Swiss Army Chainsaw—that powered informational media from large web directories to early platforms for user-generated content.
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### Forks in the road
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Although Perl's relationship to CGI is well-documented, the links between the programming language and the rise of the dynamic web go deeper. In the brief period between the appearance of [the first website][20] (just before Christmas 1990) and McCool's work on CGI in 1993, much of what defined the web in the 1990s and beyond—from forms to bitmaps and tables—was up in the air. Although Berners-Lee was often deferred to in these early years, different people saw different potential uses for the web, and pushed it in various directions. On the one hand, this resulted in famous disputes, such as questions of [how closely HTML should follow SGML][19], or [whether to implement an image tag][18]. On the other hand, change was a slower process without any straightforward cause. The latter best describes how the dynamic web developed.
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In one sense, the first gateways can be traced to 1991 and 1992, when Berners-Lee and a handful of other computer scientists and hypertext enthusiasts [wrote servers][17] that connected to specific resources, such as particular CERN applications, general applications such as Oracle databases, and [wide area information servers (WAIS)][16]. (WAIS was the late 1980s precursor to the web developed by, among others, [Brewster Kahle][15], a digital librarian and founder of the [Internet Archive][14].) In this way, a gateway was a custom web server designed to do one thing: connect with another network, database, or application. Any dynamic feature meant running another daemon on a different port (read, for example, Berners-Lee's description of [how to add a search function][13] to a website). Berners-Lee intended the web to be a universal interface to diverse information systems, and encouraged a proliferation of single-purpose servers. He also [noted][12] that Perl was "a powerful (if otherwise incomprehensible) language with which to hack together" one.
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However, another sense of "gateway" suggested not a custom machine but a script, a low-threshold add-on that wouldn't require a different server. The first of this kind was arguably Jim Davis's [Gateway to the U Mich Geography server][11], released to the WWW-talk mailing list in November 1992\. Davis's script, written in Perl, was a kind of proto-Web API, pulling in data from another server based on formatted user queries. Highlighting how these two notions of gateway differed, Berners-Lee [responded][10] to Davis requesting that he and the author of the Michigan server "come to some arrangement," as it would make more sense "from the network point of view" to only have one server providing this information. Berners-Lee, as might be expected of the person who invented the web, preferred an orderly information resource. Such drop-in gateways and scripts that pulled data in from other servers meant a potential qualitative shift in what the web could be, extending but also subtly transforming Berners-Lee's original vision.
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### Going Wayback to the Perl HTTPD
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An important step between Davis's geography gateway and the standardization of such low-threshold web scripting through CGI was the [Perl HTTPD][9], a web server written entirely in Perl by grad student Marc Van Heyningen at Indiana University in Bloomington in early 1993\. Among [the design principles][8] Van Heyningen laid out was easy extensibility—beyond the fact that using Perl meant no compiling was necessary, the server included "a feature to restart the server when new features are added to the code with zero downtime," making it "trivial" to add new functionality.
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The Perl HTTPD stood in contrast to the idea that servers should have a single, dedicated purpose. Instead, it hinted at an incremental, permanently beta approach to software products that would eventually be considered common sense in web work. Van Heyningen [later wrote][7] that his reason for building a server from scratch was there was no easy way to create "virtual documents" (i.e., dynamically generated pages) with the CERN server, and joked that the easiest way to do this was to use "the language of the gods." Among the scripts he added early on was a web interface to Sun's man pages as well as a [a Finger Gateway][6] (an early protocol for sharing information about a computer system or user).
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Although the Indiana University server used by Van Heyningen was primarily used to connect to existing information resources, Van Heyningen and fellow students also saw the potential for personal publishing. One of its more popular pages from 1993-1994 [published][5] documents, photographs, and news stories around a famous Canadian court case for which national media had been gagged.
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The Perl HTTPD wasn't necessarily built to last. Today, Van Heyningen remembers it as a "hacked up prototype." Its original purpose was to demonstrate the web's usefulness to senior staff who had chosen Gopher to be the university's network interface. Van Heyningen's argument-in-code included an appeal to his professors' vanity in the form of [a web-based, searchable index of their publications][4]. In other words, a key innovation in server technology was created to win an argument, and in that sense the code did all that was asked of it.
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Despite the servers's temporary nature, the ideas that accompanied the Perl HTTPD would stick around. Van Heyningen began to receive requests for the code and shared it online, with a note that one would need to know some Perl (or someone who did) to port the server to other systems. Soon after, Austin-based programmer Tony Sanders created a portable version called [Plexus][3]. Sanders's web server was a fully fledged product that cemented the kind of easy extensibility that the Perl HTTPD suggested, while adding a number of new features such as image decoding. Plexus in turn [directly inspired][2]Rob McCool to create an "htbin" for scripts on the NCSA HTTPD server, and soon after that the implementation of the Common Gateway Interface.
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Alongside this historical legacy, the Perl HTTPD is also preserved in a more tangible form—thanks to the wonderful Internet Archive (the Wayback Machine), you can still [download the tarball][1] today.
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### Future histories
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For all the tech world's talk of disruption, technological change is in fact a contradictory process. Existing technologies are the basis for thinking about new ones. Archaic forms of programming inspire new ways of doing things today. Something as innovative as the web was very much an extension of older technologies—not least, Perl.
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To go beyond simple timelines of seminal events, perhaps web historians could take a cue from Perl. Part of the challenge is material. Much of what must be done involves wrangling structure from the messy data that's available, gluing together such diverse sources as mailing lists, archived websites, and piles of books and magazines. And part of the challenge is conceptual—to see that web history is much more than the release dates of new technologies, that it encompasses personal memory, human emotion, and social processes as much as it does protocols and Initial Public Offerings, and that it is not one history but many. Or as the Perl credo goes, "There's More Than One Way To Do It."
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/life/16/11/perl-and-birth-dynamic-web
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作者：[Michael Stevenson][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://opensource.com/users/mstevenson
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[1]:https://web.archive.org/web/20011126190051/http://www.cs.indiana.edu/perl-server/httpd.pl.tar.Z
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[2]:http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-talk.1993q4/0516.html
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[3]:https://web.archive.org/web/19990421192342/http://www.earth.com/server/doc/plexus.html
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[4]:https://web.archive.org/web/19990428030253/http://www.cs.indiana.edu:800/cstr/search
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[5]:https://web.archive.org/web/19970720205155/http://www.cs.indiana.edu/canada/karla.html
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[6]:https://web.archive.org/web/19990429014629/http://www.cs.indiana.edu:800/finger/gateway
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[7]:https://web.archive.org/web/19980122184328/http://www.cs.indiana.edu/perl-server/history.html
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[8]:https://web.archive.org/web/19970720025822/http://www.cs.indiana.edu/perl-server/intro.html
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[9]:https://web.archive.org/web/19970720025822/http://www.cs.indiana.edu/perl-server/code.html
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[10]:https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1992NovDec/0069.html
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[11]:https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1992NovDec/0060.html
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[12]:http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Provider/ShellScript.html
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[13]:http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-talk.1993q1/0109.html
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[14]:https://archive.org/index.php
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[15]:http://brewster.kahle.org/about/
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[16]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_information_server
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[17]:http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Daemon/Overview.html
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[18]:http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-talk.1993q1/0182.html
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[19]:http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-talk.1993q1/0096.html
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[20]:http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html
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[21]:https://web.archive.org/web/20000815230603/http://www.edventure.com/release1/1198.html
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[22]:http://nms-cgi.sourceforge.net/
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[23]:https://web.archive.org/web/19980709151514/http://scriptarchive.com/
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[24]:http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-talk.1993q4/0518.html
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[25]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup
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[26]:http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-talk.1993q1/0099.html
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[27]:https://tenyears-www.web.cern.ch/tenyears-www/
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[28]:https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/alt.hypertext/eCTkkOoWTAY/bJGhZyooXzkJ
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[29]:https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
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[30]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/internetarchivebookimages/14591826409/in/photolist-oeqVBX-xezHCD-otJDtG-whb6Qz-tohe9q-tCxH8y-xq4VfN-otJFfh-xEmn3b-tERUdv-oucUgd-wKDyLy-owgebW-xd6Wew-xGEvuT-toqHkP-oegBCj-xtDdzN-tF19ip-xGFbWP-xcQMJq-wxrrkN-tEYczi-tEYvCn-tohQuy-tEzFwN-xHikPT-oetG8V-toiGvh-wKEgAu-xut1qp-toh7PG-xezovR-oegRMa-wKN2eg-oegSRp-sJ29GF-oeqXLV-oeJTBY-ovLF3X-oeh2iJ-xcQBWs-oepQoy-ow4xoo-xknjyD-ovunVZ-togQaj-tEytff-xEkSLS-xtD8G1
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# Perl 与动态网站的诞生
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>在新闻组和邮件列表，计算机科学实验室，各大陆之间流传着一个关于 Perl 对于动态网站的作用的迷人故事。
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>图片来源 : [Internet Archive Book Images][30], 由 Opensource.com 修改. [CC BY-SA 4.0][29].
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人们记得这样一些早期互联网历史中的一系列的萌芽事件：如 Tim Berners-Lee 在邮件组上 [述说][28] WWW-project 的那天，[CERN][27] 将项目代码及文档释出到公共域的时刻，以及 1993 年 1 月的[第一版 NCSA Mosaic 浏览器][26]。虽然这些独立的时刻是相当重要的，但是当时的技术的开发已经更为丰富而不再是由一组的孤立事件组成，更像是一系列有内在联系的故事。
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其中的一个故事描述的是网站是如何变成_动态的_，通俗说来就是我们如何使服务器比在提供静态 HTML 文档的状态下做更多的事。这是个流传在新闻组和邮件列表，计算机科学实验室，各大陆之间的故事，专注于一个人，一种编程语言：Perl。
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### CGI 脚本和信息套件（这里将 infoware 翻译成了信息套件件不确定是否合适）
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在上世纪 90 年代中后期，Perl 几乎和动态网站是同义词。Perl 是一种相对来说容易学习的解释型语言并且有强大的文本处理特性，使得它能够很容易的编写脚本来连接网站的数据库，处理由用户发送的格式化数据，同时生成这些上世纪 90 年代的网站图标，点击量和用户手册。
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类似的网站特性渐渐的变成了格式话的 CGI 脚本，全称为通用网关接口（Common Gateway Interface），[第一次实现][24]由 Rob McCool 于 1993 年 11 月在 NCSA HTTPD 上完成。CGI 被设计成允许功能话的访问接入，并且在短短几年之内任何人都可以很容易的找到一些由 Perl 写的预制脚本存档。有一个声名狼籍的案例就是 [Matt's Scripts Archive][23]，这是一种流行的包含安全缺陷的源使得 Perl 社区成员创建了一种被称为 [Not Matt‘s Scripts][22] 的更为专业的替换选项。
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在当时爱好者和职业程序员都采用 Perl 来制作动态网站和应用，Tim O’Reilly [创造了词汇“信息套件”][21] 来描述网站和 Perl 处于变化中的计算机工业的哪一部分。考虑到 Yahoo！ 和 Amazon 带来的创新，O‘Reilly 写道：“传统软件在大量的软件中仅仅包含了少量的信息;信息套件则在少量的软件中包含了大量的信息。” Perl 是一种像瑞士军刀一样的完美的小而强大的工具支撑了信息媒体从巨大的网站目录向早期的用户生成内容平台的转变。
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### 题外话
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尽管我们可以很溜的使用 Perl 来制作 CGI，但是编程语言和不断提升中的动态网站之间的关系变得更加的密切与深入。在[第一个网站][20]（在 1990 年的圣诞节前）出现到 1993 年 McCool 实现 CGI 的大多数时间里，对于上世纪 90 年代和更早以前的网站定义为格式化的位图和让人云里雾里的表格。尽管 Berners-Lee 也对这些早期的岁月产生了影响，但是不同的人看到的是网络不同的潜在作用，并将它推向各自不同的方向。一方面，这样的结果来自一些著名的辩论，例如 [HTML 应该和 SGML 保持多近的关系][19], [是否应该实现一个图像标签][18]。在另一方面，在没有直接因素影响的情况下改变是及其缓慢的。后者已经很好的描述了动态网站是如何被开发的。
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从某种意义上说，第一个网关的诞生可以追溯到 1991 至 1992 年之间，当时 Berners-Lee 和一些计算及科学家与超文本爱好者编写服务程序使得一些特定的资源能够连接到一起，例如 CERN 的内部应用程序，通用的应用程序如 Oracle 数据库，[广域信息查询系统（WAIS）][16]。（WAIS 是由互联网的先驱在上世纪 80 年代后期开发的，其中，[Brewster Kahle][15]，是一个数字化图书管理员和 [Internet Archive][14] 的创始人。）这样的话，网关就是一个被设计用来连接其它网络，数据库或者应用程序的客户网络服务器。任何的动态特性就是意味着在不同的端口上运行另外的守护进程（参考阅读，例如 Berners-Lee 对于在网站上 [如何添加一个搜索功能][13] 的描述）。Berners-Lee 期望万维网（将这里的web翻译成了万维网不知是否合适）可以成为不同信息系统之间的通用接口，并且鼓励单一目的服务的扩展。他也提到 Perl 是一种强大的（甚至是不可思议）可以将各种东西组合起来的语言。
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然而，另一种对“网关”的理解指出它不一定是一个客户端设备可能只是一个脚本，一个不需要额外服务器的低吞吐量的附加脚本。这种形式的首次出现是有争议性的 Jim Davis 的 [Gateway to the U Mich Geography server][11]，在 1992 年的 11 月被发布在了 WWW-talk 邮件列表中。Davis 的脚本是使用 Perl 编写的，是一种网络 API 的原型，基于用户格式化的查询从另外的服务器拉取数据。我们来说明一下这两种对于网关的理解的不同之处，Berners-Lee [回复了][10] Davis 的邮件期望他和 Michigan 服务器的作者“能够达成一些共识”，“从网络的角度来看的话”使用一台服务器（这里将one server翻译成了一台服务器不知是否合理，似乎也可能是一类服务器程序）来提供这样的信息可能会更有意义。Berners-Lee，可能是期待着网络（这里将web翻译成了网络可能有点不妥）的发明者可以提出一种有秩序的信息资源访问方式。这样的不断增加的从不同服务器上拉取数据的网关和脚本意味着一种潜在的网络的质的变化，这里扩展了当然也可能有点偏离了 Berners-Lee 的原始观点。
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### 回到 Perl HTTPD
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在 Davis 的地理服务器上的网关向标准化的低吞吐量的通过 CGI 方式实现的脚本化的网关之间，Perl HTTPD 的出现是很重要的事件，在 1993 初由印地安纳大学的研究生 Marc Van Heyningen 在布卢明顿（Bloomington）完全使用 Perl 语言实现了一个网络服务器程序。从 Van Heyningen 给出的[设计原则][8]来看，基于使用 Perl 就不需要任何的编译过程这样一种事实，使得它能够成为一种极易扩展的服务器程序，这个服务器包含了一个特性，只要简单的重启一下就可以添加新特性到服务器程序中并且不会有任何的宕机时间，使得这个服务器程序可以频繁的加入新功能（这里似乎有点敏捷开发的样子，不太确定该如何描述更好）。
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Perl HTTPD 代表了那种服务器程序应该是单一，特定目的相对观点。相应的，这种模式似乎暗示了在网络发展中像这样持续不断提高测试软件产品可能会最终变成一种共识。Van Heyningen 在后来[提到过][7]他从头编写这样一个服务器程序的初衷是当时没有一种简便的方式使用 CERN 服务器程序来生成“虚拟文件”（例如，动态生成的页面），他打趣说使用 Perl 这样像天书一样的语言来写可能是最简单的方式了。在他编写的众多脚本的初期就是一个连接 Sun 用户手册的网络接口同时也是一个 [Finger Gateway][6]（一种用来共享计算机系统信息或者是用户信息的早期协议）。
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虽然 Van Heyningen 将印地安纳大学的服务器主要用来连接现存的信息资源，他和研究生们同时也看见了作为个出版形式的潜在可能。其中一件广为人知事件是在 1993-1994 年之间围绕着一个著名的加拿大案件而[公布][5]的一系列的文件，照片和新闻故事，与此同时所有的全国性媒体保持了沉默。
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Perl HTTPD 没有必要保持持久的活力。今天，Van Heyningen 回忆起这个程序的时候认为这个程序只是当时的一个原型产品。它的原始目的只是向那些已经选择了 Gopher 作为大需网络接口的高级职员们展示网络的另一种利用方式。Van Heyningen 用代码回应了他导师们自豪的[一种基于网络的索引搜索的原型][4]。就是说，在服务器程序技术方面关键创新是为了赢得争论的胜利而诞生的，在这个角度上来看代码做到了所有呼唤它所做的事。
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不管服务器程序是否是短暂的，伴随者 Perl HTTPD 一起出现的理念已经传播到了各个角落。Van Heyningen 开始收到代码请求并且将它分享到了网上，总之就是如果想要将服务器与其它系统相连接就需要了解一些 Perl。不久之后，居住在奥斯汀（Austin）的程序员 Tony Sanders 开发了一个被称为 [Plexus][3] 的轻便版本。Sander 的服务器程序是一款全功能的产品并且同样包含了 Perl HTTPD 所建议的以扩展性，当你需要的时候可以添加一些新的特性如图片解码等。Plexus [直接影响了][2] Rob McCool 给 NCSA HTTPD 服务器上的脚本开发的“htbin”，并且同样影响到了不久之后诞生的通用网关接口（CGI）。
|
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在这些历史遗产之外，感谢妙不可言的 Internet Archive（互联网时光机）使得 Perl HTTPD 在今天保留在一种我们依然可以获取的形式，你可以从[这里下载][1]。
|
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### 历史展望
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对于技术世界的颠覆来说，技术的改变总是在一个相互对立的过程中。现有的技术是思考新技术的基础与起点。过时的编程形式启迪了今天人们做事的新方式。网络世界的创新可能看起来更像是对于就技术的扩展，不仅仅是 Perl。
|
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在简单枯燥的萌芽事件时间轴之外，网络历史学者也许可以从 Perl 获取更多的线索。其中一部份的挑战在于材料的获取。更多需要作的事情包括从可获得的大量杂乱的数据中梳理出它的结构，将分散在邮件列表，归档网站，书本和杂志中的信息内容组合在一起。还有一部分的挑战是需要认识到互联网的历史不仅仅是新技术发布的日子，它同时包括了个人记忆，人类情感与社会进程等，并且这不仅仅是单一的历史线而是有许许多多条相似的历史线组合而成的。就如 Perl 的信条一样“殊途同归。（There's More Than One Way To Do It.）”
|
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|
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/life/16/11/perl-and-birth-dynamic-web
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Michael Stevenson][a]
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[wcnnbdk1](https://github.com/wcnnbdk1)
|
||||
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://opensource.com/users/mstevenson
|
||||
[1]:https://web.archive.org/web/20011126190051/http://www.cs.indiana.edu/perl-server/httpd.pl.tar.Z
|
||||
[2]:http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-talk.1993q4/0516.html
|
||||
[3]:https://web.archive.org/web/19990421192342/http://www.earth.com/server/doc/plexus.html
|
||||
[4]:https://web.archive.org/web/19990428030253/http://www.cs.indiana.edu:800/cstr/search
|
||||
[5]:https://web.archive.org/web/19970720205155/http://www.cs.indiana.edu/canada/karla.html
|
||||
[6]:https://web.archive.org/web/19990429014629/http://www.cs.indiana.edu:800/finger/gateway
|
||||
[7]:https://web.archive.org/web/19980122184328/http://www.cs.indiana.edu/perl-server/history.html
|
||||
[8]:https://web.archive.org/web/19970720025822/http://www.cs.indiana.edu/perl-server/intro.html
|
||||
[9]:https://web.archive.org/web/19970720025822/http://www.cs.indiana.edu/perl-server/code.html
|
||||
[10]:https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1992NovDec/0069.html
|
||||
[11]:https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1992NovDec/0060.html
|
||||
[12]:http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Provider/ShellScript.html
|
||||
[13]:http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-talk.1993q1/0109.html
|
||||
[14]:https://archive.org/index.php
|
||||
[15]:http://brewster.kahle.org/about/
|
||||
[16]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_information_server
|
||||
[17]:http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Daemon/Overview.html
|
||||
[18]:http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-talk.1993q1/0182.html
|
||||
[19]:http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-talk.1993q1/0096.html
|
||||
[20]:http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html
|
||||
[21]:https://web.archive.org/web/20000815230603/http://www.edventure.com/release1/1198.html
|
||||
[22]:http://nms-cgi.sourceforge.net/
|
||||
[23]:https://web.archive.org/web/19980709151514/http://scriptarchive.com/
|
||||
[24]:http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-talk.1993q4/0518.html
|
||||
[25]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup
|
||||
[26]:http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-talk.1993q1/0099.html
|
||||
[27]:https://tenyears-www.web.cern.ch/tenyears-www/
|
||||
[28]:https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/alt.hypertext/eCTkkOoWTAY/bJGhZyooXzkJ
|
||||
[29]:https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||||
[30]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/internetarchivebookimages/14591826409/in/photolist-oeqVBX-xezHCD-otJDtG-whb6Qz-tohe9q-tCxH8y-xq4VfN-otJFfh-xEmn3b-tERUdv-oucUgd-wKDyLy-owgebW-xd6Wew-xGEvuT-toqHkP-oegBCj-xtDdzN-tF19ip-xGFbWP-xcQMJq-wxrrkN-tEYczi-tEYvCn-tohQuy-tEzFwN-xHikPT-oetG8V-toiGvh-wKEgAu-xut1qp-toh7PG-xezovR-oegRMa-wKN2eg-oegSRp-sJ29GF-oeqXLV-oeJTBY-ovLF3X-oeh2iJ-xcQBWs-oepQoy-ow4xoo-xknjyD-ovunVZ-togQaj-tEytff-xEkSLS-xtD8G1
|
||||
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