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published/20170126 How to join a technical community.md
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如何加入一个技术社区
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
> 参照以下几步可以让你很容易地融入社区
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*图片提供： opensource.com*
|
||||
|
||||
加入一个新的社区在很多情况下可能是一个艰巨的任务。当加入一个新的技术社区时，焦虑感可能特别强烈，尤其是一些社区对新成员的严厉甚至讥讽都是有名的。
|
||||
|
||||
虽然有可能陷入一个不公正的地方，但是我认为你会发现大多数技术社区是相当合理的，并且以下几个简单的步骤可以缓解从非成员到成员的过渡。
|
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|
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### 冷暖自知
|
||||
|
||||
在你开始实际加入社区前，首先你要确保该社区适合你，同时你也是合适该社区。
|
||||
|
||||
这听起来很简单，但每个社区都有不同的文化、态度、理念和公认的规范。如果你对某个话题还了解甚少，那么面向行业专业人士的社区可能就不是一个理想的起点。同样，如果你是一个资深专家，希望寻找深入并且极其复杂问题的答案，那么初学者的社区肯定也不太合适。无论哪种方式，两边的不匹配几乎肯定会导致双方的失望。同样，一些社区是非常正规并且面向商业的，而另一些社区将非常宽松和悠闲，也有许多社区的氛围处于二者之间。选择适合你自己的社区，或至少不是让你厌恶的社区，这将有助于确保你的长期参与，可以使你顺利的迈出这一步。
|
||||
|
||||
### 潜龙勿用
|
||||
|
||||
最初以只读模式围观参与社区是一个好方法。但这并不意味着你不应该立即创建一个帐户或加入，只是你可以通过围观社区得到一个空间感（无论是虚拟的或物理的）。潜伏一段时间有助于你适应社区的规则和文化，以此确定你是否认为这是一个很适合你的平台。
|
||||
|
||||
### 毛遂自荐
|
||||
|
||||
根据社区的不同，自我介绍的细节将有很大的不同。同样，确保这样做的方式容易被社区接受。
|
||||
|
||||
有些社区可能有一个专门的介绍板块，而在另一些社区，它可能是填写你的个人资料等有意义和相关的信息。如果社区是邮件列表或 IRC 频道，在你的首次发问中包含简要介绍可能更有意义。这可以让社区了解你是谁，为什么你想成为社区的一部分，并让他们知道一点关于你自己和你的技术水平的信息。
|
||||
|
||||
### 相敬如宾
|
||||
|
||||
虽然社区与社区的接受方式有很大的不同，但你应该永远保持尊重。避免争吵和人身攻击，并始终致力于建设。记住，你在互联网上发布的东西，它就会一直在那里，不尽不灭，并为大家所看到。
|
||||
|
||||
### 非礼勿言
|
||||
|
||||
#### 提问
|
||||
|
||||
记住，精心设计的问题可以更快地得到更好的答案，正如我在十月专栏 [The Queue][2] 中指出的那样。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 回答
|
||||
|
||||
一旦遇见了自己很了解的关于基础或非常容易回答的提问时，“尊重”的理念也同样适用，就像提问时一样。一个冗长的并充满优越感的技术上正确的答案，并不是向一个新的社区介绍自己的正确方式。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 闲话
|
||||
|
||||
即使在技术社区，也并不是所有的讨论都是关于某个问题或答案。在这种情况下，以尊重和周到的、不带有侮辱和人身攻击的方式，提出不同的意见或挑战他人的观点才是健康正确的做法。
|
||||
|
||||
### 不亦说乎
|
||||
|
||||
长期参加社区最重要的事情是在那里可以满足自己。参与一个充满活力的社区是一个学习、成长、挑战和提升自我的好机会。很多情况下，这并不容易，但它是值得的。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
作者简介：
|
||||
|
||||
Jeremy Garcia - Jeremy Garcia 是 LinuxQuestions.org 的创始人，同时也是一个热情和注重实际的开源拥护者。个人推特: @linuxquestions
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/17/1/how-join-technical-community
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jeremy Garcia][a]
|
||||
译者：[livc](https://github.com/livc)
|
||||
校对：[Bestony](https://github.com/Bestony), [wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://opensource.com/users/jeremy-garcia
|
||||
[1]:https://opensource.com/article/17/1/how-join-technical-community?rate=SfjMzwYInmhZiq6Yva3D87kngE-ocLOVraCD0wWbBss
|
||||
[2]:https://opensource.com/life/16/10/how-ask-technical-questions
|
||||
[3]:https://opensource.com/user/86816/feed
|
||||
[4]:https://opensource.com/article/17/1/how-join-technical-community#comments
|
||||
[5]:https://opensource.com/users/jeremy-garcia
|
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@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
|
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在 Ubuntu 上使用 SSL/TLS 搭建一个安全的 FTP 服务器
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
在本教程中，我们将介绍如何使用 Ubuntu 16.04 / 16.10 中的 SSL / TLS 保护 FTP 服务器（FTPS）。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想为基于 CentOS 的发行版安装一个安全的 FTP 服务器，你可以阅读 – [在 CentOS 上使用 SSL / TLS 保护 FTP 服务器][2]。
|
||||
|
||||
在遵循本指南中的各个步骤之后，我们将了解在 FTP 服务器中启用加密服务的基本原理，以确保安全的数据传输至关重要。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 要求
|
||||
|
||||
- 你必须已经[在 Ubuntu 上安装和配置好一个 FTP 服务器][1]
|
||||
|
||||
在我们进行下一步之前，确保本文中的所有命令都将以root身份或者 [sudo 特权账号][3]运行。
|
||||
|
||||
### 第一步：在 Ubuntu 上为 FTP 生成 SSL/TLS 证书
|
||||
|
||||
1、我们将首先在 `/etc/ssl/` 下创建一个子目录来存储 SSL/TLS 证书和密钥文件，如果它不存在的话这样做：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo mkdir /etc/ssl/private
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
2、 现在我们在一个单一文件中生成证书和密钥，运行下面的命令：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo openssl req -x509 -nodes -keyout /etc/ssl/private/vsftpd.pem -out /etc/ssl/private/vsftpd.pem -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
上面的命令将提示你回答以下问题，不要忘了输入合适于你情况的值：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:IN
|
||||
State or Province Name (full name) []:Lower Parel
|
||||
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:Mumbai
|
||||
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:TecMint.com
|
||||
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Linux and Open Source
|
||||
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:tecmint
|
||||
Email Address []:admin@tecmint.com
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 第二步：在 Ubuntu 上配置 vsftpd 来使用 SSL/TLS
|
||||
|
||||
3、在我们进行 vsftpd 配置之前，对于那些[已启用 UFW 防火墙][4]的用户，你们必须打开端口 `990` 和 `40000` - `50000`，来在 vsftpd 配置文件中分别启用 TLS 连接端口和被动端口的端口范围：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo ufw allow 990/tcp
|
||||
$ sudo ufw allow 40000:50000/tcp
|
||||
$ sudo ufw status
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
4、现在，打开 vsftpd 配置文件并定义 SSL 详细信息：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo vi /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
|
||||
或
|
||||
$ sudo nano /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
然后，添加或找到选项 `ssl_enable`，并将它的值设置为 `YES` 来激活使用 SSL ，同样，因为 TLS 比 SSL 更安全，我们将通过启用 `ssl_tlsv1` 选项限制 vsftpd 只使用 TLS：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
ssl_enable=YES
|
||||
ssl_tlsv1=YES
|
||||
ssl_sslv2=NO
|
||||
ssl_sslv3=NO
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
5、 接下来，使用 `＃` 字符注释掉下面的行，如下所示：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
#rsa_cert_file=/etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem
|
||||
#rsa_private_key_file=/etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
然后，添加以下行以定义 SSL 证书和密钥文件的位置（LCTT 译注：或径直修改也可）：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
rsa_cert_file=/etc/ssl/private/vsftpd.pem
|
||||
rsa_private_key_file=/etc/ssl/private/vsftpd.pem
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
6、现在，我们也可以阻止匿名用户使用 SSL 登录，并且迫使所有的非匿名登录使用安全的 SSL 链接来传输数据和在登录期间发送密码：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
allow_anon_ssl=NO
|
||||
force_local_data_ssl=YES
|
||||
force_local_logins_ssl=YES
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
7、此外，我们可以使用以下选项在 FTP 服务器中添加更多的安全功能 。对于选项 `require_ssl_reuse=YES`，它表示所有的 SSL 数据链接都需重用已经建立的 SSL 会话（需要证明客户端拥有 FTP 控制通道的主密钥），但是一些客户端不支持它，如果没有客户端问题，出于安全原因不应该关闭（默认开启）。（LCTT 译注：原文此处理解有误，译者修改。）
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
require_ssl_reuse=NO
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
此外，我们可以通过 `ssl_ciphers` 选项来设置 vsftpd 允许使用那些加密算法。 这将有助于挫败攻击者使用那些已经发现缺陷的加密算法的尝试：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
ssl_ciphers=HIGH
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
8、 然后，我们定义被动端口的端口范围（最小和最大端口）。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
pasv_min_port=40000
|
||||
pasv_max_port=50000
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
9、 要启用 SSL 调试，把 openSSL 连接诊断记录到 vsftpd 日志文件中，我们可以使用 `debug_ssl` 选项：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
debug_ssl=YES
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
最后，保存配置文件并且关闭它。然后重启 vsftpd 服务：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ systemctl restart vsftpd
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 第三步：在 Ubuntu 上使用 SSL / TLS 连接验证 FTP
|
||||
|
||||
10、 执行所有上述配置后，通过尝试[在命令行中使用 FTP] [5] 来测试 vsftpd 是否现在使用了 SSL / TLS 连接，如下所示。
|
||||
|
||||
从下面的输出来看，这里有一个错误的信息告诉我们 vsftpd 仅允许用户（非匿名用户）从支持加密服务的安全客户端登录。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ftp 192.168.56.10
|
||||
Connected to 192.168.56.10 (192.168.56.10).
|
||||
220 Welcome to TecMint.com FTP service.
|
||||
Name (192.168.56.10:root) : ravi
|
||||
530 Non-anonymous sessions must use encryption.
|
||||
Login failed.
|
||||
421 Service not available, remote server has closed connection
|
||||
ftp>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
该命令不支持加密服务从而导致了上述错误。因此，要安全连接到启用了加密服务的 FTP 服务器，我们需要一个默认支持 SSL/TLS 连接的 FTP 客户端，例如 FileZilla。
|
||||
|
||||
### 第四步：在客户端上安装FileZillaStep来安全地连接FTP
|
||||
|
||||
11、FileZilla 是一个强大的，广泛使用的跨平台 FTP 客户端，支持在 SSL/TLS 上的 FTP。为了在 Linux 客户端机器上安装 FileZilla，使用下面的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
--------- On Debian/Ubuntu ---------
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install filezilla
|
||||
--------- On CentOS/RHEL/Fedora ---------
|
||||
# yum install epel-release filezilla
|
||||
--------- On Fedora 22+ ---------
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install filezilla
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
12、 一旦安装完成，打开它然后点击File=>Sites Manager或者（按Ctrl+S）来获取下面的Site Manager。
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][6]
|
||||
|
||||
*Filezilla Site Manager*
|
||||
|
||||
13、 现在，定义主机/站点名字，添加 IP 地址，定义使用的协议，加密和登录类型，如下面的屏幕（使用适用于你方案的值）：
|
||||
|
||||
点击 New Site 按钮来配置一个新的站点/主机连接。
|
||||
|
||||
- Host: 192.168.56.10
|
||||
- Protocol: FTP – File Transfer Protocol
|
||||
- Encryption: Require explicit FTP over #推荐
|
||||
- Logon Type: Ask for password #推荐
|
||||
- User: 用户名
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][7]
|
||||
|
||||
*在 Filezilla 上配置新的 FTP 站点*
|
||||
|
||||
14、 然后从上面的界面单击连接以输入密码，然后验证用于 SSL / TLS 连接的证书，并再次单击确定以连接到 FTP 服务器：
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][8]
|
||||
|
||||
*验证 FTP 的 SSL 证书*
|
||||
|
||||
15、现在，你应该通过 TLS 连接成功地登录到了 FTP 服务器，检查连接状态部分，来获取有关下面接口的更多信息。
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][9]
|
||||
|
||||
*连接 Ubuntu 的 FTP 服务器*
|
||||
|
||||
16、 最后，让我们在文件夹中[从本地的机器传送文件到 FTP 服务器][10], 查看 FileZilla 界面的下端来查看有关文件传输的报告。
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][11]
|
||||
|
||||
*使用 Filezilla 安全的传输 FTP 文件*
|
||||
|
||||
就这样！ 始终记住，安装 FTP 服务器而不启用加密服务具有某些安全隐患。 正如我们在本教程中解释的，您可以在 Ubuntu 16.04 / 16.10 中配置 FTP 服务器使用 SSL / TLS 连接来实现安全性。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你在 FTP 服务器上设置 SSL/TLS 遇到任何问题，请使用以下评论表单来分享您对本教程/主题的问题或想法。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
作者简介：
|
||||
|
||||
Aaron Kili 是 Linux 和 F.O.S.S 爱好者，即将成为 Linux SysAdmin 和网络开发人员，目前是 TecMint 的内容创作者，他喜欢在电脑上工作，并坚信分享知识。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/secure-ftp-server-using-ssl-tls-on-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Aaron Kili][a]
|
||||
译者：[DockerChen](https://github.com/DockerChen)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-ftp-server-in-ubuntu/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/axel-commandline-download-accelerator-for-linux/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/sudoers-configurations-for-setting-sudo-in-linux/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/how-to-install-and-configure-ufw-firewall/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/sftp-command-examples/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Filezilla-Site-Manager.png
|
||||
[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Configure-New-FTP-Site-on-Filezilla.png
|
||||
[8]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Verify-FTP-SSL-Certificate-1.png
|
||||
[9]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Connected-Ubuntu-FTP-Server.png
|
||||
[10]:http://www.tecmint.com/sftp-command-examples/
|
||||
[11]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Transfer-Files-Securely-using-FTP.png
|
||||
[12]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/
|
||||
[13]:http://www.tecmint.com/10-useful-free-linux-ebooks-for-newbies-and-administrators/
|
||||
[14]:http://www.tecmint.com/free-linux-shell-scripting-books/
|
||||
@ -1,117 +1,123 @@
|
||||
Linux 中 7 个判断文件系统类型的方法（Ext2、Ext3 或者 Ext4）
|
||||
Linux 中 7 个判断文件系统类型的方法
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
文件系统是文件命名、存储、检索以及磁盘更新及分区的方式，也就是磁盘上组织文件的方式。
|
||||
文件通过文件系统在磁盘及分区上命名、存储、检索以及更新，文件系统是在磁盘上组织文件的方式。
|
||||
|
||||
文件系统分为两个部分：用户数据和元数据（文件名、创建时间、修改时间、大小以及目录层次结构中的位置等）。
|
||||
|
||||
在本指南中，我们将用 7 中方法来识别你的 Linux 文件系统类型，如Ext2、Ext3、Ext4、BtrFS、GlusterFS 等等。
|
||||
在本指南中，我们将用 7 种方法来识别你的 Linux 文件系统类型，如 Ext2、Ext3、Ext4、BtrFS、GlusterFS 等等。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1\. df 命令使用
|
||||
### 1、 使用 df 命令
|
||||
|
||||
df 命令报告文件系统磁盘空间利用率，包括特定磁盘分区的文件系统类型，像下面那样使用 `-T` 标志：
|
||||
`df` 命令报告文件系统磁盘空间利用率，要显示特定的磁盘分区的文件系统类型，像下面那样使用 `-T` 标志：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ df -Th
|
||||
或者
|
||||
$ df -Th | grep "^/dev"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][3]
|
||||
|
||||
df 命令 – 找出文件系统类型
|
||||
*df 命令 – 找出文件系统类型*
|
||||
|
||||
要更好理解 df 命令，阅读下面的文章：
|
||||
要更好理解 `df` 命令，阅读下面的文章：
|
||||
|
||||
1. [12 个有用的 “df” 命令检查 Linux 中的磁盘空间][1]
|
||||
2. [Pydf - 一个替代 “df” 的命令，用颜色显示磁盘使用率][2]
|
||||
1. [12 个有用的 df 命令来检查 Linux 中的磁盘空间][1]
|
||||
2. [Pydf - 一个替代 df 的命令，用颜色显示磁盘使用率][2]
|
||||
|
||||
### 2\. 使用 fsck 命令
|
||||
### 2、 使用 fsck 命令
|
||||
|
||||
fsck 用来检查以及可以[修复 Linux 文件系统][4]，它也可以输出[指定磁盘分区的文件系统类型][5]。
|
||||
`fsck` 用来检查以及[修复 Linux 文件系统][4]，它也可以输出[指定磁盘分区的文件系统类型][5]。
|
||||
|
||||
`-N 标志禁用检查文件系统错误，它只是显示会做什么（但是我们只需要文件系统类型）：
|
||||
`-N` 标志禁用检查文件系统错误，它只是显示会做什么（但是我们只需要文件系统类型）：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ fsck -N /dev/sda3
|
||||
$ fsck -N /dev/sdb1
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][6]
|
||||
|
||||
fsck – 打印 Linux 文件系统类型
|
||||
*fsck – 打印 Linux 文件系统类型*
|
||||
|
||||
### 3\. 使用 lsblk 命令
|
||||
### 3、 使用 lsblk 命令
|
||||
|
||||
lsblk 会显示块设备，当使用 `-f` 选项时，它也会打印分区的文件系统类型：
|
||||
`lsblk` 会显示块设备，当使用 `-f` 选项时，它也会打印分区的文件系统类型：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ lsblk -f
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][7]
|
||||
|
||||
lsblk – 显示 Linux 文件系统类型
|
||||
*lsblk – 显示 Linux 文件系统类型*
|
||||
|
||||
### 4\. 使用 mount 命令
|
||||
### 4、 使用 mount 命令
|
||||
|
||||
mount 命令用来[在 Linux 中挂载文件系统][8]，它也可以用来[挂载一个 ISO 镜像][9]，[挂载远程 Linux 文件系统][10]等等。
|
||||
`mount` 命令用来[在 Linux 中挂载文件系统][8]，它也可以用来[挂载一个 ISO 镜像][9]，[挂载远程 Linux 文件系统][10]等等。
|
||||
|
||||
当不带任何参数运行时，它会打印包含文件系统类型的[磁盘分区的信息][11]：
|
||||
当不带任何参数运行时，它会打印包含文件系统类型在内的[磁盘分区的信息][11]：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ mount | grep "^/dev"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][12]
|
||||
|
||||
Mount – 在 Linux 中显示文件系统类型
|
||||
*Mount – 在 Linux 中显示文件系统类型*
|
||||
|
||||
### 5\. 使用 blkid 命令
|
||||
### 5、 使用 blkid 命令
|
||||
|
||||
blkid 命令用来[找出或答应块设备属性][13]，只要将磁盘分区作为参数就行了：
|
||||
`blkid` 命令用来[找出或打印块设备属性][13]，只要将磁盘分区作为参数就行了：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ blkid /dev/sda3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][14]
|
||||
|
||||
blkid – 找出文件系统类型
|
||||
*blkid – 找出文件系统类型*
|
||||
|
||||
### 6\. 使用 file 命令
|
||||
### 6、 使用 file 命令
|
||||
|
||||
file 命令会识别文件类型，使用 `-s` 标志启用读取块设备或字符设备，`-L` 启用文件链接：
|
||||
`file` 命令会识别文件类型，使用 `-s` 标志启用读取块设备或字符设备，`-L` 启用符号链接跟随：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo file -sL /dev/sda3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][15]
|
||||
|
||||
file – 识别文件系统类型
|
||||
*file – 识别文件系统类型*
|
||||
|
||||
### 7\. 使用 fstab 文件
|
||||
### 7、 使用 fstab 文件
|
||||
|
||||
/etc/fstab 是一个静态文件系统信息（比如挂载点、文件系统类型、挂载选项等等）文件：
|
||||
`/etc/fstab` 是一个静态文件系统信息（比如挂载点、文件系统类型、挂载选项等等）文件：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ cat /etc/fstab
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][16]
|
||||
|
||||
Fstab – 显示 Linux 文件系统类型
|
||||
*fstab – 显示 Linux 文件系统类型*
|
||||
|
||||
就是这样了！在这篇指南中，我们用 7 中方法来识别你的 Linux 文件系统类型。你还知道这里没有提到的其他方法么？在评论中与我们分享。
|
||||
就是这样了！在这篇指南中，我们用 7 种方法来识别你的 Linux 文件系统类型。你还知道这里没有提到的其他方法么？在评论中与我们分享。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -125,7 +131,7 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/find-linux-filesystem-type/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Aaron Kili][a]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
|
||||
安卓编年史（16）：安卓 3.0 蜂巢—平板和设计复兴
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*蜂巢的应用列表少了很多应用。上图还展示了通知中心和新的快速设置。
|
||||
[Ron Amadeo 供图]*
|
||||
|
||||
默认的应用图标从 32 个减少到了 25 个，其中还有两个是第三方的游戏。因为蜂巢不是为手机设计的，而且谷歌希望默认应用都是为平板优化的，很多应用因此没有成为默认应用。被去掉的应用有亚马逊 MP3 商店、Car Home、Facebook、Google Goggles、信息、新闻与天气、电话、Twitter、谷歌语音，以及语音拨号。谷歌正在悄悄打造的音乐服务将于不久后面世，所以亚马逊 MP3 商店需要为它让路。Car Home、信息以及电话对一部不是手机的设备来说没有多大意义，Facebook 和 Twitter还没有平板版应用，Goggles、新闻与天气以及语音拨号几乎没什么人注意，就算移除了大多数人也不会想念它们的。
|
||||
|
||||
几乎每个应用图标都是全新设计的。就像是从 G1 切换到摩托罗拉 Droid，推动变化的最大动力可能是分辨率的提高。Nexus S 有一块 800×480 分辨率的显示屏，姜饼重新设计了图标等资源来适应它。而 Xoom 巨大的 1280×800 10 英寸显示屏意味着几乎所有设计都要重做。但是再说一次，这次是有真正的设计师在负责，所有东西看起来更有整体性了。蜂巢的应用列表从纵向滚动变为了横向分页式。这个变化对横屏设备有意义，而对手机来说，查找一个应用还是纵向滚动列表比较快。
|
||||
|
||||
第二张蜂巢截图展示的是新通知中心。姜饼中的灰色和黑色设计已经被抛弃了，现在是黑色面板带蓝色光晕。上面一块显示着日期时间、连接状态、电量和打开快速设置的按钮，下面是实际的通知。非持续性通知现在可以通过通知右侧的 “X” 来关闭。蜂巢是第一个支持通知内控制的版本。第一个（也是蜂巢发布时唯一一个）利用了此特性的应用是新的谷歌音乐，在它的通知上有上一曲、播放/暂停、下一曲按钮。这些控制可以在任何应用中访问到，这让控制音乐播放变成了一件轻而易举的事情。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*“添加到主屏幕”的缩小视图更易于组织布局。搜索界面将自动搜索建议和通用搜索分为两个面板显示。
|
||||
[Ron Amadeo 供图]*
|
||||
|
||||
点击主屏幕右上角的加号或长按背景空白处就会打开新的主屏幕设置界面。蜂巢会在屏幕上半部分显示所有主屏的缩小视图，下半部分的分页显示的是小部件和快捷方式。小部件或快捷方式可以从下半部分的抽屉中拖动到五个主屏幕中的任意一个上。姜饼只会显示一个文本列表，而蜂巢会显示小部件完整的略缩图预览。这让你更清楚一个小部件是什么样子的，而不是像原来的“日历”一样只是一个只有应用名称的描述。
|
||||
|
||||
摩托罗拉 Xoom 更大的屏幕让键盘的布局更加接近 PC 风格，退格、回车、shift 以及 tab 都在传统的位置上。键盘带有浅蓝色，并且键与键之间的空间更大了。谷歌还添加了一个专门的笑脸按钮。 :-)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*打开菜单的 Gmail 在蜂巢和姜饼上的效果。按钮布置在首屏更容易被发现。
|
||||
[Ron Amadeo 供图]*
|
||||
|
||||
Gmail 示范了蜂巢所有的用户界面概念。安卓 3.0 不再把所有控制都隐藏在菜单按钮之后。屏幕的顶部现在有一条带有图标的条带，叫做 Action Bar（操作栏），它将许多常用的控制选项提升到了主屏幕上，用户直接就能看到它们。Gmail 的操作栏显示着搜索、新邮件、刷新按钮，不常用的选项比如设置、帮助，以及反馈放在了“更多”按钮中。点击复选框或选中文本的时候时整个操作栏的图标会变成和操作相关的——举个例子，选择文本会出现复制、粘贴和全选按钮。
|
||||
|
||||
应用左上角显示的图标同时也作为称作“上一级”的导航按钮。“后退”的作用类似浏览器的后退按钮，导航到之前访问的页面，“上一级”则会导航至应用的上一层次。举例来说，如果你在安卓市场，点击“给开发者发邮件”，会打开 Gmail，“后退”会让你返回安卓市场，但是“上一级”会带你到 Gmail 的收件箱。“后退”可能会关闭当前应用，而“上一级”永远不会。应用可以控制“后退”按钮，它们往往重新定义为“上一级”的功能。事实上，这两个按钮之间几乎没什么不同。
|
||||
|
||||
蜂巢还引入了 “Fragments” API，允许开发者开发同时适用于平板和手机的应用。一个 “Fragments”（格子） 是一个用户界面的面板。在上图的 Gmail 中，左边的文件夹列表是一个格子，收件箱是另一个格子。手机每屏显示一个格子，而平板则可以并列显示两个。开发者可以自行定义单独每个格子的外观，安卓会根据当前的设备决定如何显示它们。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*计算器使用了常规的安卓按钮，但日历看起来像是被谁打翻了蓝墨水。
|
||||
[Ron Amadeo 供图]*
|
||||
|
||||
这是安卓历史上第一次计算器换上了非定制按钮，所以它看起来确实像是系统的一部分。更大的屏幕有了更多空间容纳按钮，足够将计算器基本功能容纳在一个屏幕上。日历极大地受益于额外的显示空间，有了更多的空间显示事件文本和控制选项。顶部的操作栏有切换视图的按钮，显示当前时间跨度，以及常规按钮。事件块变成了白色背景，日历标识只在左上角显示。在底部（或横屏模式的侧边）显示的是月历和显示的日历列表。
|
||||
|
||||
日历的比例同样可以调整。通过两指缩放手势，纵向的周和日视图能够在一屏内显示五到十九小时的事件。日历的背景由不均匀的蓝色斑点组成，看起来不是特别棒，在随后的版本里就被抛弃了。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*新相机界面，取景器显示的是“负片”效果。
|
||||
[Ron Amadeo 供图]*
|
||||
|
||||
巨大的10英寸 Xoom 平板有个摄像头，这意味着它同样有个相机应用。电子风格的重新设计终于甩掉了谷歌从安卓 1.6 以来使用的仿皮革外观。控制选项以环形排布在快门键周围，让人想起真正的相机上的圆形控制转盘。Cooliris 衍生的弹出对话气泡变成了带光晕的半透明黑色选框。蜂巢的截图显示的是新的“颜色效果”功能，它能给取景器实时加上滤镜效果。不像姜饼的相机应用，它不支持竖屏模式——它被限制在横屏状态。用 10 英寸的平板拍摄纵向照片没多大意义，但拍摄横向照片也没多大意义。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*时钟应用相比其它地方没受到多少关照。谷歌把它扔进一个小盒子里然后就收工了。
|
||||
[Ron Amadeo 供图]*
|
||||
|
||||
无数的功能已经成形了，现在是时候来重制一下时钟了。整个“桌面时钟”概念被踢出门外，取而代之的是在纯黑背景上显示的简单又巨大的时间数字。启动其它应用来查看天气的功能不见了，随之而去的还有显示你的壁纸的功能。在设计平板尺寸的界面时，有时候谷歌就没那么认真了，就像这里，就只是把时钟界面扔到了一个小小的，居中的对话框里。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*音乐应用终于得到了一直以来都需要的完全重新设计。
|
||||
[Ron Amadeo 供图]*
|
||||
|
||||
尽管音乐应用之前有得到一些小的加强，但这是自安卓 0.9 以来它第一次受到正视。重新设计的亮点是一个“不叫滚动封面”的 3D 滚动的专辑封面视图，称作“最新和最近”。导航由操作栏的下拉框解决，取代了安卓 2.1 引入的标签页导航。尽管“最新和最近”有个 3D 滚动专辑封面，但“专辑”使用的是专辑略缩图的平面方阵。另一个部分也有个完全不同的设计。“歌曲”使用了垂直滚动的文本列表，“播放列表”、“年代”和“艺术家”用的是堆砌专辑显示。
|
||||
|
||||
在几乎每个视图中，每个单独的项目有它自己单独的菜单，通常在每项的右下角有个小箭头。眼下这里只会显示“播放”和“添加到播放列表”，但这个版本的谷歌音乐是为未来搭建的。谷歌不久后就要发布音乐服务，这些独立菜单在像是在音乐商店里浏览该艺术家的其它内容，或是管理云存储和本地存储时将会是不可或缺的。
|
||||
|
||||
正如安卓 2.1 中的 Cooliris 风格的相册，谷歌音乐会将略缩图放大作为背景图片。底部的“正在播放”栏现在显示着专辑封面、播放控制，以及播放进度条。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*新谷歌地图的一些地方真的很棒，一些却是从安卓 1.5 来的。
|
||||
[Ron Amadeo 供图]*
|
||||
|
||||
谷歌地图也为大屏幕进行了重新设计。这个设计将会持续一段时间，它对所有的控制选项用了一个半透明的黑色操作栏。搜索再次成为主要功能，占据了操作栏显要位置，但这回可是真的搜索栏，你可以在里面输入关键字，不像以前那个搜索栏形状的按钮会打开完全不同的界面。谷歌最终还是放弃了给缩放控件留屏幕空间，仅仅依靠手势来控制地图显示。尽管 3D 建筑轮廓这个特性已经被移植到了旧版本的地图中，蜂巢依然是拥有这个特性的第一个版本。双指在地图上向下拖放会“倾斜”地图的视角，展示建筑的侧面。你可以随意旋转，建筑同样会跟着进行调整。
|
||||
|
||||
并不是所有部分都进行了重新设计。导航自姜饼以来就没动过，还有些界面的核心部分，比如路线，直接从安卓 1.6 的设计拿出来，放到一个小盒子里居中放置，仅此而已。
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron 是 Ars Technica 的评论编缉，专注于安卓系统和谷歌产品。他总是在追寻新鲜事物，还喜欢拆解事物看看它们到底是怎么运作的。[@RonAmadeo][t]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/10/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/17/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[Bestony](https://github.com/Bestony)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
|
||||
[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
|
||||
Linux 发行版简介系列：Debian
|
||||
============
|
||||
|
||||
大家好!!
|
||||
|
||||
今天给大家带来点有意思的东西。我们准备给大家仔细讲讲 Linux 世界里的东西。
|
||||
|
||||
想必你们对 [Linux 是什么？][2]和[怎么在 Linux 下用 screenlets 工具来安装一些桌面小程序][1]这两篇文章也感兴趣。这篇文章就当是这一系列的文章的第一部分。来给大家讲讲 Debian 这个 Linux 发行版。作为 Linux 的第一个发行版，Debian 是在 1993 年 9 月才初步发行的。Debian 这个名字来自于 Debian 发行版的创造者 Ian Murdock 及其妻子 Debra。（LCTT 译注：Ian 已经去世）
|
||||
|
||||
Debian 是个庞大的开源软件包的集合体。Debian 支持安装非自由的软件包，但是其自由软件包的数量更大。根据 Debian 的官方数据统计，Debian 库里总共囊括了 37500 个自由软件包。这些软件都是由 Debian 官方免费提供的。目前全世界大概有一千多人在为打造一个更好的 Debian 发行版努力。
|
||||
|
||||
在写作本文时， Debian 最新的稳定发行版是 7.5 命名为 Wheezy 。给开发测试用的最新的测试发行版 8.0 也出来了，命令为 Jesse（LCTT 译注：翻译本文时，Debian 已经 8.7 了） 。Debian 发行版默认使用 Gnome 做为桌面环境。当然也不是只有 Gnome ，KDE 、Xfce 和 LXDE 这些桌面环境都是可选的。因为 Debian 的安装工具是可视化的图形界面，所以安装 Debian 这事很易容完成。
|
||||
|
||||
Debian 是一个稳健而且安全性高的操作系统。Debian 支持绝大部分的架构的硬件平台，所以你们不用担心它能不能在你的 PC 上运行。另外你是不是要问驱动怎么办？想知道从哪里可以找到能和你的 Debian 相匹配的驱动？这些问题都不需要太担心，Debian 社区已经把绝大部分的新老设备的驱动准备好了。这样一来你也不用再等设备生产商给你制作相应的设备驱动了。还有更棒的一点就是，这些驱动都是开源的，都是可以免费获取的。
|
||||
|
||||
Debian 是由社区来维护的。因为有了这个社区，你可以相信你在使用 Debian 过程种遇到的问题肯定是可以在社区里找到其它用户来给你提供解决办法的。Debian 软件库里有大把的软件供你选择，而且都是免费的。Debian 是一个非常稳定而功能强大的操作系统，另外它的用户界面也很易用。
|
||||
|
||||
我们一般所说的稳定，是指这个系统极少出现崩溃或者挂死现象，还能兼顾高效率。Debian 正是这种系统的代表。Debian 的升级也相当容易实现。Debian 团队已经把软件库里的众多软件件源码包编译好，所以我们可以轻松的找到想要的软件，并且安装到系统里。
|
||||
|
||||
不管怎么说，Debian 诞生到现在已经有 20 个年头了。能持续到现在，说明了 Debian 团队一直在为给用户提供一个最好的发行版而不懈努力着。Debian 可以通过购买 DVD 的方式进行安装，也可以直接在网上下载 ISO 镜像来进行安装。所以我们推荐你试一下 Debian。它可以给你提供非常多的东西。
|
||||
|
||||
Debian 是我们的“Linux 发行版简介系列”系列里的第一篇文章。我们会接下来会给你们介绍另外一个 Linux 发行版。保持关注哦，后面还有更多内容。到时候再见咯。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/what-is-debian-brief-introduction.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[sumit rohankar][a]
|
||||
译者：[zschong](https://github.com/zschong)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://plus.google.com/112160169713374382262
|
||||
[1]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/desktop-gadgets-in-linux-ubuntu.html
|
||||
[2]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/what-is-linux-brief-description.html?m=1
|
||||
@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Meditator-hkx 翻译中...
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Windows wins the desktop, but Linux takes the world
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
The city with the highest-profile Linux desktop projects is turning back to Windows, but the fate of Linux isn't tied to the PC anymore.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
>The fate of Munich's Linux project is only part of the story of open source software.
|
||||
>Image: Getty Images/iStockphoto
|
||||
|
||||
After a nearly decade-long project to move away from Windows onto Linux, Munich has all but decided on a dramatic u-turn. It's likely that, by 2021, the city council will start to replace PCs running LiMux (its custom version of Ubuntu) [with Windows 10][4].
|
||||
|
||||
Going back maybe 15 or 20 years, it was seriously debated as to when Linux would overtake Windows on the desktop. When Ubuntu was created in 2004, for example, it was with the [specific intention of replacing Windows][5] as the standard desktop operating system.
|
||||
|
||||
Spoiler: it didn't happen.
|
||||
|
||||
Linux on the desktop has about a two percent market share today and is viewed by many as complicated and obscure. Meanwhile, Windows sails on serenely, currently running on 90 percent of PCs in use. There will likely always be a few Linux desktops around in business -- particularly for developers or data scientists.
|
||||
|
||||
But it's never going to be mainstream.
|
||||
|
||||
There has been lots of interest in Munich's Linux project because it's one of the biggest around. Few large organizations have switched from Windows to Linux, although there are some others, like [the French Gendarmerie and the city of Turin][6]. But [Munich was the poster child][7]: losing it as a case study will undoubtedly be a blow to those still [championing Linux on the desktop][8].
|
||||
|
||||
But the reality is that most companies are happy to go with the dominant desktop OS, given all of the advantages around integration and familiarity that come with it.
|
||||
|
||||
It's not entirely clear how much of the problems that some staff have complained about are down to the LiMux software and how much the operating system is being blamed for unrelated issues. But whatever Munich finally decides to do, Linux's fate is not going to be decided on the desktop -- Linux lost the desktop war years ago.
|
||||
|
||||
That's probably OK because Linux won the smartphone war and is doing pretty well on the cloud and Internet of Things battlefields too.
|
||||
|
||||
There's a four-in-five chance that there's a Linux-powered smartphone in your pocket (Android is based on the Linux kernel) and plenty of IoT devices are Linux-powered too, even if you don't necessarily notice it.
|
||||
|
||||
Devices [like the Raspberry Pi,][9] running a vast array of different flavours of Linux, are creating an enthusiastic community of makers and giving startups a low-cost way to power new types of devices.
|
||||
|
||||
Much of the public cloud is running on Linux in one form or another, too; even Microsoft has warmed up to open-source software. Regardless of your views about one software platform or another, having a rich set of options for developers and users is good for choice and good for innovation.
|
||||
|
||||
The dominance of the desktop is not what it once was: it's now just one computing platform among many. Indeed, the software on the PC becomes less and less relevant as more apps become device- and OS-independent, residing in the cloud instead.
|
||||
|
||||
The twists and turns of the Munich saga and the adventures of Linux on the desktop are fascinating, but they don't tell the full story.
|
||||
|
||||
_Agree? Disagree? Join the debate by posting a comment below._
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.zdnet.com/article/windows-wins-the-desktop-but-linux-takes-the-world/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Steve Ranger ][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.zdnet.com/meet-the-team/uk/steve-ranger/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.techrepublic.com/resource-library/whitepapers/why-munich-made-the-switch-from-windows-to-linux-and-may-be-reversing-course/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/windows-wins-the-desktop-but-linux-takes-the-world/#comments-c2df091a-2ecf-4e55-84f6-fd3309cf917d
|
||||
[3]:http://www.techrepublic.com/resource-library/whitepapers/why-munich-made-the-switch-from-windows-to-linux-and-may-be-reversing-course/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/linux-champion-munich-takes-decisive-step-towards-returning-to-windows/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-mark-shuttleworth-became-the-first-african-in-space-and-launched-a-software-revolution/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.techrepublic.com/pictures/10-projects-ditching-microsoft-for-open-source-plus-one-switching-back/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-munich-rejected-steve-ballmer-and-kicked-microsoft-out-of-the-city/
|
||||
[8]:http://www.techrepublic.com/resource-library/whitepapers/why-munich-made-the-switch-from-windows-to-linux-and-may-be-reversing-course/
|
||||
[9]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/hands-on-raspberry-pi-7-inch-touch-display-and-case/
|
||||
[10]:http://intent.cbsi.com/redir?tag=medc-content-top-leaderboard&siteId=2&rsid=cnetzdnetglobalsite&pagetype=article&sl=en&sc=as&topicguid=&assetguid=c2df091a-2ecf-4e55-84f6-fd3309cf917d&assettype=content_article&ftag_cd=LGN-10-10aaa0h&devicetype=desktop&viewguid=5d31a1e5-4a88-4002-ac70-1c0ca3e33bb3&q=&ctype=docids;promo&cval=33159648;7214&ttag=&ursuid=&bhid=&destUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techrepublic.com%2Fresource-library%2Fwhitepapers%2Fgraphic-design-bootcamp%2F%3Fpromo%3D7214%26ftag%3DLGN-10-10aaa0h%26cval%3Dcontent-top-leaderboard
|
||||
[11]:http://intent.cbsi.com/redir?tag=medc-content-top-leaderboard&siteId=2&rsid=cnetzdnetglobalsite&pagetype=article&sl=en&sc=as&topicguid=&assetguid=c2df091a-2ecf-4e55-84f6-fd3309cf917d&assettype=content_article&ftag_cd=LGN-10-10aaa0h&devicetype=desktop&viewguid=5d31a1e5-4a88-4002-ac70-1c0ca3e33bb3&q=&ctype=docids;promo&cval=33159648;7214&ttag=&ursuid=&bhid=&destUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techrepublic.com%2Fresource-library%2Fwhitepapers%2Fgraphic-design-bootcamp%2F%3Fpromo%3D7214%26ftag%3DLGN-10-10aaa0h%26cval%3Dcontent-top-leaderboard
|
||||
[12]:http://www.zdnet.com/meet-the-team/uk/steve-ranger/
|
||||
[13]:http://www.zdnet.com/meet-the-team/uk/steve-ranger/
|
||||
[14]:http://www.zdnet.com/topic/enterprise-software/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
|
||||
Does your open source project need a president?
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
>Image by : opensource.com
|
||||
|
||||
Recently I was lucky enough to be invited to attend the [Linux Foundation Open Source Leadership Summit][4]. The event was stacked with many of the people I consider mentors, friends, and definitely leaders in the various open source and free software communities that I participate in.
|
||||
|
||||
I was able to observe the [CNCF][5] Technical Oversight Committee meeting while there, and was impressed at the way they worked toward consensus where possible. It reminded me of the [OpenStack Technical Committee][6] in its make-up of well-spoken technical individuals who care about their users and stand up for the technical excellence of their foundations' activities.
|
||||
|
||||
But it struck me (and several other attendees) that this consensus building has limitations. [Adam Jacob][7] noted that Linus Torvalds had given an interview on stage earlier in the day where he noted that most of his role was to listen closely for a time to differing opinions, but then stop them when it was clear there was no consensus, and select one that he felt was technically excellent, and move on. Linus, being the founder of Linux and the benevolent dictator of the project for its lifetime thus far, has earned this moral authority.
|
||||
|
||||
However, unlike Linux, many of the modern foundation-fostered projects lack an executive branch. The structure we see for governance is centered around ensuring that corporate sponsors have influence. Foundation members pay dues to get various levels of board seats or corporate access to events and data. And this is a good thing, as it keeps people like me paid to work in these communities.
|
||||
|
||||
However, I believe as technical contributors, we sometimes give this too much sway in the actual governance of the community and the projects. These foundation boards know that day to day decision making should be left to those working in the project, and as such allow committees like the [CNCF][8] TOC or the [OpenStack TC][9] full agency over the technical aspects of the member projects.
|
||||
|
||||
I believe these committees operate as a legislative branch. They evaluate conditions and regulate the projects accordingly, allocating budgets for infrastructure and passing edicts to avoid chaos. Since they're not as large as political legislative bodies like the US House of Representatives and Senate, they can usually operate on a consensus basis, and not drive everything to a contentious vote. By and large, these are as nimble as a legislative body can be.
|
||||
|
||||
However, I believe open source projects need an executive to be effective. At some point, we need a single person to listen to the facts, entertain theories, and then decide, and execute a plan. Some projects have natural single leaders like this. Most, however, do not.
|
||||
|
||||
I believe we as engineers aren't generally good at being like Linus. If you've spent any time in the corporate world you've had an executive disagree with you and run you right over. When we get the chance to distribute power evenly, we do it.
|
||||
|
||||
But I think that's a mistake. I think we should strive to have executives. Not just organizers like the [OpenStack PTL][10], but more like the [Debian Project Leader][11]. Empowered people with the responsibility to serve as a visionary and keep the project's decision making relevant and of high quality. This would also give the board somebody to interact with directly so that they do not have to try and convince the whole community to move in a particular direction to wield influence. In this way, I believe we'd end up with a system of checks and balances similar to the US Constitution.
|
||||
|
||||
So here is my suggestion for how a project executive structure could work, assuming there is already a strong technical committee and a well-defined voting electorate that I call the "active technical contributors."
|
||||
|
||||
1. The president is elected by [Condorcet][1] vote of the active technical contributors of a project for a term of 1 year.
|
||||
|
||||
2. The president will have veto power over any proposed change to the project's technical assets.
|
||||
|
||||
3. The technical committee may override the president's veto by a super majority vote.
|
||||
|
||||
4. The president will inform the technical contributors of their plans for the project every 6 months.
|
||||
|
||||
This system only works if the project contributors expect their project president to actively drive the vision of the project. Basically, the culture has to turn to this executive for final decision-making before it comes to a veto. The veto is for times when the community makes poor decisions. And this doesn't replace leaders of individual teams. Think of these like the governors of states in the US. They're running their sub-project inside the parameters set down by the technical committee and the president.
|
||||
|
||||
And in the case of foundations or communities with boards, I believe ultimately a board would serve as the judicial branch, checking the legality of changes made against the by-laws of the group. If there's no board of sorts, a judiciary could be appointed and confirmed, similar to the US Supreme Court or the [Debian CTTE][12]. This would also just be necessary to ensure that the technical arm of a project doesn't get the foundation into legal trouble of any kind, which is already what foundation boards tend to do.
|
||||
|
||||
I'd love to hear your thoughts on this on Twitter, please tweet me [@SpamapS][13] with the hashtag #OpenSourcePresident to get the discussion going.
|
||||
|
||||
_This article was originally published on [FewBar.com][2] as "Free and open source leaders—You need a president" and was republished with permission._
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
作者简介：
|
||||
|
||||
Clint Byrum - Clint Byrum is a Cloud Architect at IBM (Though his words here are his own, and not those of IBM). He is an active Open Source and Free Software contributor to Debian, Ubuntu, OpenStack, and various other projects spanning the past 20 years.
|
||||
|
||||
-------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/17/3/governance-needs-president
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[ Clint Byrum][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://opensource.com/users/spamaps
|
||||
[1]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condorcet_method
|
||||
[2]:http://fewbar.com/2017/02/open-source-governance-needs-presidents/
|
||||
[3]:https://opensource.com/article/17/3/governance-needs-president?rate=g5uFkFg_AqVo7JnKqPHoAxKccWzo1XXgn5wj5hILAIk
|
||||
[4]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/open-source-leadership-summit
|
||||
[5]:https://www.cncf.io/
|
||||
[6]:https://www.openstack.org/foundation/tech-committee/
|
||||
[7]:https://twitter.com/adamhjk
|
||||
[8]:https://www.cncf.io/
|
||||
[9]:https://www.openstack.org/foundation/tech-committee/
|
||||
[10]:https://docs.openstack.org/project-team-guide/ptl.html
|
||||
[11]:https://www.debian.org/devel/leader
|
||||
[12]:https://www.debian.org/devel/tech-ctte
|
||||
[13]:https://twitter.com/spamaps
|
||||
[14]:https://opensource.com/user/121156/feed
|
||||
[15]:https://opensource.com/users/spamaps
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
|
||||
The impact GitHub is having on your software career
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
>Image credits : From GitHub
|
||||
|
||||
Over the next 12 to 24 months (in other words, between 2018 and 2019), how people hire software developers will change radically.
|
||||
|
||||
I spent from 2004 to 2014 working at Red Hat, the world's largest open source software engineering company. On my very first day there, in July 2004, my boss Marty Messer said to me, "All the work you do here will be in the open. In the future, you won't have a CV—people will just Google you."
|
||||
|
||||
This was one of the unique characteristics of working at Red Hat at the time. We had the opportunity to create our own personal brands and reputation in the open. Communication with other software engineers through mailing lists and bug trackers, and source code commits to mercurial, subversion, and CVS (Concurrent Versions System) repositories were all open and indexed by Google.
|
||||
|
||||
Fast-forward to 2017, and here we are living in a world that is being eaten by open source software.
|
||||
|
||||
There are two factors that give you a real sense of the times:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Microsoft, long the poster child for closed-source proprietary software and a crusader against open source, has embraced open source software whole-heartedly. The company formed the .NET Foundation (which has Red Hat as a member) and joined the Linux Foundation. .NET is now developed in the open as an open source project.
|
||||
2. GitHub has become a singular social network that ties together issue tracking and distributed source control.
|
||||
|
||||
For software developers coming from a primarily closed source background, it's not really clear yet what just happened. To them, open source equals "working for free in your spare time."
|
||||
|
||||
For those of us who spent the past decade making a billion-dollar open source software company, however, there is nothing free or spare time about working in the open. Also, the benefits and consequences of working in the open are clear, your reputation is yours and is portable between companies. GitHub is a social network where your social capital, created by your commits and contribution to the global conversation in whatever technology you are working, is yours—not tied to the company you happen to be working at temporarily.
|
||||
|
||||
Smart people will take advantage of this environment. They'll contribute patches, issues, and comments upstream to the languages and frameworks that they use daily in their job, including TypeScript, .NET, and Redux. They'll also advocate for and creatively arrange for as much of their work as possible to be done in the open, even if it is just their contribution graph to private repositories.
|
||||
|
||||
GitHub is a great equalizer. You may not be able to get a job in Australia from India, but there is nothing stopping you from working with Australians on GitHub from India.
|
||||
|
||||
The way to get a job at Red Hat during the last decade was obvious. You just started collaborating with Red Hat engineers on a piece of technology that they were working on in the open, then when it was clear that you were making a valuable contribution and were a great person to work with, you would apply for a job. (Or they would hit you up.)
|
||||
|
||||
Now that same pathway is open for everyone, into just about any technology. As the world is eaten by open source, the same dynamic is now prevalent everywhere.
|
||||
|
||||
In [a recent interview][3], Linus Torvalds (49K followers, following 0 on GitHub), the inventor of Linux and git, put it like this, "You shoot off a lot of small patches until the point where the maintainers trust you, and at that point you become more than just a guy who sends patches, you become part of the network of trust."
|
||||
|
||||
Your reputation is your location in a network of trust. When you change companies, this is weakened and some of it is lost. If you live in a small town and have been there for a long time, then people all over town know you. However, if you move countries, then that goes. You end up somewhere where no one knows you—and worse, no one knows anyone who knows you.
|
||||
|
||||
You've lost your first- and second-, and probably even third-degree connections. Unless you've built a brand by speaking at conferences or some other big ticket event, the trust you built up by working with others and committing code to a corporate internal repository is gone. However, if that work has been on GitHub, it's not gone. It's visible. It's connected to a network of trust that is visible.
|
||||
|
||||
One of the first things that will happen is that the disadvantaged will start to take advantage of this. Students, new grads, immigrants—they'll use this to move to Australia.
|
||||
|
||||
This will change the landscape. Previously privileged developers will suddenly find their network disrupted. One of the principles of open source is meritocracy—the best idea wins, the most commits wins, the most passing tests wins, the best implementation wins, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
It's not perfect, nothing is, and it doesn't do away with or discount being a good person to work with. Companies fire some rockstar engineers who just don't play well with others, and that stuff does show up in GitHub, mostly in the interactions with other contributors.
|
||||
|
||||
GitHub is not simply a code repository and a list of raw commit numbers, as some people paint it in strawman arguments. It is a social network. I put it like this: It's not your code on GitHub that counts; it's what other people say on GitHub about your code that counts.
|
||||
|
||||
GitHub is your portable reputation, and over the next 12 to 24 months, as some developers develop that and others don't, it's going to be a stark differentiator. It's like having email versus not having email (and now everyone has email), or having a cell phone versus not having a cell phone (and now everyone has a cell phone). Eventually, a vast majority will be working in the open, and it will again be a level playing field differentiated on other factors.
|
||||
|
||||
But right now, the developer career space is being disrupted by GitHub.
|
||||
|
||||
_[This article][1] originally appeared on Medium.com. Reprinted with permission._
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
作者简介：
|
||||
|
||||
Josh Wulf - About me: I'm a Legendary Recruiter at Just Digital People; a Red Hat alumnus; a CoderDojo mentor; a founder of Magikcraft.io; the producer of The JDP Internship — The World's #1 Software Development Reality Show;
|
||||
|
||||
-----------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/17/3/impact-github-software-career
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Josh Wulf ][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://opensource.com/users/sitapati
|
||||
[1]:https://medium.com/@sitapati/the-impact-github-is-having-on-your-software-career-right-now-6ce536ec0b50#.dl79wpyww
|
||||
[2]:https://opensource.com/article/17/3/impact-github-software-career?rate=2gi7BrUHIADt4TWXO2noerSjzw18mLVZx56jwnExHqk
|
||||
[3]:http://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/02/15/think_different_shut_up_and_work_harder_says_linus_torvalds/
|
||||
[4]:https://opensource.com/user/118851/feed
|
||||
[5]:https://opensource.com/article/17/3/impact-github-software-career#comments
|
||||
[6]:https://opensource.com/users/sitapati
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
|
||||
Your visual how-to guide for SELinux policy enforcement
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
>Image by : opensource.com
|
||||
|
||||
We are celebrating the SELinux 10th year anversary this year. Hard to believe it. SELinux was first introduced in Fedora Core 3 and later in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4. For those who have never used SELinux, or would like an explanation...
|
||||
|
||||
More Linux resources
|
||||
|
||||
* [What is Linux?][1]
|
||||
* [What are Linux containers?][2]
|
||||
* [Managing devices in Linux][3]
|
||||
* [Download Now: Linux commands cheat sheet][4]
|
||||
* [Our latest Linux articles][5]
|
||||
|
||||
SElinux is a labeling system. Every process has a label. Every file/directory object in the operating system has a label. Even network ports, devices, and potentially hostnames have labels assigned to them. We write rules to control the access of a process label to an a object label like a file. We call this _policy_ . The kernel enforces the rules. Sometimes this enforcement is called Mandatory Access Control (MAC).
|
||||
|
||||
The owner of an object does not have discretion over the security attributes of a object. Standard Linux access control, owner/group + permission flags like rwx, is often called Discretionary Access Control (DAC). SELinux has no concept of UID or ownership of files. Everything is controlled by the labels. Meaning an SELinux system can be setup without an all powerful root process.
|
||||
|
||||
**Note:** _SELinux does not let you side step DAC Controls. SELinux is a parallel enforcement model. An application has to be allowed by BOTH SELinux and DAC to do certain activities. This can lead to confusion for administrators because the process gets Permission Denied. Administrators see Permission Denied means something is wrong with DAC, not SELinux labels._
|
||||
|
||||
### Type enforcement
|
||||
|
||||
Lets look a little further into the labels. The SELinux primary model or enforcement is called _type enforcement_ . Basically this means we define the label on a process based on its type, and the label on a file system object based on its type.
|
||||
|
||||
_Analogy_
|
||||
|
||||
Imagine a system where we define types on objects like cats and dogs. A cat and dog are process types.
|
||||
|
||||
_*all cartoons by [Máirín Duffy][6]_
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
We have a class of objects that they want to interact with which we call food. And I want to add types to the food, _cat_food_ and _dog_food_ .
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
As a policy writer, I would say that a dog has permission to eat _dog_chow_ food and a cat has permission to eat _cat_chow_ food. In SELinux we would write this rule in policy.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
allow cat cat_chow:food eat;
|
||||
|
||||
allow dog dog_chow:food eat;
|
||||
|
||||
With these rules the kernel would allow the cat process to eat food labeled _cat_chow _ and the dog to eat food labeled _dog_chow_ .
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
But in an SELinux system everything is denied by default. This means that if the dog process tried to eat the _cat_chow_ , the kernel would prevent it.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Likewise cats would not be allowed to touch dog food.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
_Real world_
|
||||
|
||||
We label Apache processes as _httpd_t_ and we label Apache content as _httpd_sys_content_t _ and _httpd_sys_content_rw_t_ . Imagine we have credit card data stored in a mySQL database which is labeled _msyqld_data_t_ . If an Apache process is hacked, the hacker could get control of the _httpd_t process_ and would be allowed to read _httpd_sys_content_t_ files and write to _httpd_sys_content_rw_t_ . But the hacker would not be allowed to read the credit card data ( _mysqld_data_t_ ) even if the process was running as root. In this case SELinux has mitigated the break in.
|
||||
|
||||
### MCS enforcement
|
||||
|
||||
_Analogy _
|
||||
|
||||
Above, we typed the dog process and cat process, but what happens if you have multiple dogs processes: Fido and Spot. You want to stop Fido from eating Spot's _dog_chow_ .
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
One solution would be to create lots of new types, like _Fido_dog_ and _Fido_dog_chow_ . But, this will quickly become unruly because all dogs have pretty much the same permissions.
|
||||
|
||||
To handle this we developed a new form of enforcement, which we call Multi Category Security (MCS). In MCS, we add another section of the label which we can apply to the dog process and to the dog_chow food. Now we label the dog process as _dog:random1 _ (Fido) and _dog:random2_ (Spot).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
We label the dog chow as _dog_chow:random1 (Fido)_ and _dog_chow:random2_ (Spot).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
MCS rules say that if the type enforcement rules are OK and the random MCS labels match exactly, then the access is allowed, if not it is denied.
|
||||
|
||||
Fido (dog:random1) trying to eat _cat_chow:food_ is denied by type enforcement.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Fido (dog:random1) is allowed to eat _dog_chow:random1._
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Fido (dog:random1) denied to eat spot's ( _dog_chow:random2_ ) food.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
_Real world_
|
||||
|
||||
In computer systems we often have lots of processes all with the same access, but we want them separated from each other. We sometimes call this a _multi-tenant environment_ . The best example of this is virtual machines. If I have a server running lots of virtual machines, and one of them gets hacked, I want to prevent it from attacking the other virtual machines and virtual machine images. But in a type enforcement system the KVM virtual machine is labeled _svirt_t_ and the image is labeled _svirt_image_t_ . We have rules that say _svirt_t_ can read/write/delete content labeled _svirt_image_t_ . With libvirt we implemented not only type enforcement separation, but also MCS separation. When libvirt is about to launch a virtual machine it picks out a random MCS label like _s0:c1,c2_ , it then assigns the _svirt_image_t:s0:c1,c2_ label to all of the content that the virtual machine is going to need to manage. Finally, it launches the virtual machine as _svirt_t:s0:c1,c2_ . Then, the SELinux kernel controls that _svirt_t:s0:c1,c2_ can not write to _svirt_image_t:s0:c3,c4_ , even if the virtual machine is controled by a hacker and takes it over. Even if it is running as root.
|
||||
|
||||
We use [similar separation][8] in OpenShift. Each gear (user/app process)runs with the same SELinux type (openshift_t). Policy defines the rules controlling the access of the gear type and a unique MCS label to make sure one gear can not interact with other gears.
|
||||
|
||||
Watch [this short video][9] on what would happen if an Openshift gear became root.
|
||||
|
||||
### MLS enforcement
|
||||
|
||||
Another form of SELinux enforcement, used much less frequently, is called Multi Level Security (MLS); it was developed back in the 60s and is used mainly in trusted operating systems like Trusted Solaris.
|
||||
|
||||
The main idea is to control processes based on the level of the data they will be using. A _secret _ process can not read _top secret_ data.
|
||||
|
||||
MLS is very similar to MCS, except it adds a concept of dominance to enforcement. Where MCS labels have to match exactly, one MLS label can dominate another MLS label and get access.
|
||||
|
||||
_Analogy_
|
||||
|
||||
Instead of talking about different dogs, we now look at different breeds. We might have a Greyhound and a Chihuahua.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
We might want to allow the Greyhound to eat any dog food, but a Chihuahua could choke if it tried to eat Greyhound dog food.
|
||||
|
||||
We want to label the Greyhound as _dog:Greyhound_ and his dog food as _dog_chow:Greyhound, _ and label the Chihuahua as _dog:Chihuahua_ and his food as _dog_chow:Chihuahua_ .
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
With the MLS policy, we would have the MLS Greyhound label dominate the Chihuahua label. This means _dog:Greyhound_ is allowed to eat _dog_chow:Greyhound _ and _dog_chow:Chihuahua_ .
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
But _dog:Chihuahua_ is not allowed to eat _dog_chow:Greyhound_ .
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Of course, _dog:Greyhound_ and _dog:Chihuahua_ are still prevented from eating _cat_chow:Siamese_ by type enforcement, even if the MLS type Greyhound dominates Siamese.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
_Real world_
|
||||
|
||||
I could have two Apache servers: one running as _httpd_t:TopSecret_ and another running as _httpd_t:Secret_ . If the Apache process _httpd_t:Secret_ were hacked, the hacker could read _httpd_sys_content_t:Secret_ but would be prevented from reading _httpd_sys_content_t:TopSecret_ .
|
||||
|
||||
However, if the Apache server running _httpd_t:TopSecret_ was hacked, it could read _httpd_sys_content_t:Secret data_ as well as _httpd_sys_content_t:TopSecret_ .
|
||||
|
||||
We use the MLS in military environments where a user might only be allowed to see _secret _ data, but another user on the same system could read _top secret_ data.
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
SELinux is a powerful labeling system, controlling access granted to individual processes by the kernel. The primary feature of this is type enforcement where rules define the access allowed to a process is allowed based on the labeled type of the process and the labeled type of the object. Two additional controls have been added to separate processes with the same type from each other called MCS, total separtion from each other, and MLS, allowing for process domination.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
作者简介：
|
||||
|
||||
Daniel J Walsh - Daniel Walsh has worked in the computer security field for almost 30 years. Dan joined Red Hat in August 2001.
|
||||
|
||||
-------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/business/13/11/selinux-policy-guide
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Daniel J Walsh ][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://opensource.com/users/rhatdan
|
||||
[1]:https://opensource.com/resources/what-is-linux?src=linux_resource_menu
|
||||
[2]:https://opensource.com/resources/what-are-linux-containers?src=linux_resource_menu
|
||||
[3]:https://opensource.com/article/16/11/managing-devices-linux?src=linux_resource_menu
|
||||
[4]:https://developers.redhat.com/promotions/linux-cheatsheet/?intcmp=7016000000127cYAAQ
|
||||
[5]:https://opensource.com/tags/linux?src=linux_resource_menu
|
||||
[6]:https://opensource.com/users/mairin
|
||||
[7]:https://opensource.com/business/13/11/selinux-policy-guide?rate=XNCbBUJpG2rjpCoRumnDzQw-VsLWBEh-9G2hdHyB31I
|
||||
[8]:http://people.fedoraproject.org/~dwalsh/SELinux/Presentations/openshift_selinux.ogv
|
||||
[9]:http://people.fedoraproject.org/~dwalsh/SELinux/Presentations/openshift_selinux.ogv
|
||||
[10]:https://opensource.com/user/16673/feed
|
||||
[11]:https://opensource.com/business/13/11/selinux-policy-guide#comments
|
||||
[12]:https://opensource.com/users/rhatdan
|
||||
@ -1,274 +0,0 @@
|
||||
### Introduction
|
||||
This section provides a quick guide to
|
||||
* Build Yocto image with meta-xilinx provided by Digilent
|
||||
|
||||
# Prepare build sources and configuration
|
||||
This section provides the basic steps to setup build system and configurations
|
||||
|
||||
#### Prerequisites
|
||||
* Internet access
|
||||
* required tools
|
||||
* git
|
||||
* repo
|
||||
* Vivado tools for JTAG boot
|
||||
* SD card for SD Boot + SD Card reader for programing the SD card.
|
||||
* Linux workstation - currently tested with 64bit Ubuntu 14.04.4
|
||||
|
||||
##### Install git
|
||||
Ubuntu:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install git-core
|
||||
|
||||
##### Install repo
|
||||
Repo is a tool that makes it easier to work with Git in the context of Android.
|
||||
We use it to simplify the process of preparing yocto layers.
|
||||
|
||||
$ mkdir ~/bin
|
||||
$ PATH=~/bin:$PATH
|
||||
$ curl https://storage.googleapis.com/git-repo-downloads/repo > ~/bin/repo
|
||||
$ chmod a+x ~/bin/repo
|
||||
|
||||
[repo command reference](https://source.android.com/source/using-repo.html)
|
||||
|
||||
#### Notes
|
||||
* Ensure Yocto build is not over NFS/CIFD
|
||||
* Only support jethro release at this point
|
||||
|
||||
#### Preparation
|
||||
Fetch/clone the required layer repos and assume the layer repos are store in
|
||||
"~/tmp/layers" folder.
|
||||
|
||||
$ export branch=jethro
|
||||
$ export layer_root=${HOME}/tmp/layers
|
||||
$ mkdir -p $layer_root
|
||||
$ cd $layer_root
|
||||
|
||||
Fetch required layers and hardware project with 'repo'
|
||||
|
||||
$ repo init -u https://github.com/Digilent/meta-manifest.git -b ${branch}
|
||||
$ repo sync
|
||||
|
||||
#### Initialize build directory
|
||||
This section provides the general step to create and config the build directory
|
||||
|
||||
Follow the commands to create a build directory "${HOME}/tmp/zybo-linux-bd-zynq7"
|
||||
|
||||
$ cd ${HOME}/tmp
|
||||
$ export target_machine="zybo-linux-bd-zynq7"
|
||||
$ . ${layer_root}/poky/oe-init-build-env ${target_machine}
|
||||
$ tree .
|
||||
.
|
||||
└── conf
|
||||
├── bblayers.conf
|
||||
├── local.conf
|
||||
└── templateconf.cfg
|
||||
oe-init-build-env generates some generic configuration files in the build/conf
|
||||
directory.
|
||||
* The "bblayer.conf" file defines layers that are include in the build
|
||||
* The "local.conf" file defines the configuration of the build.
|
||||
|
||||
##### Add required layers
|
||||
Add meta-oe and meta-xilinx layer to the BBLAYERS variable
|
||||
|
||||
$ cd ${HOME}/tmp/${target_machine}
|
||||
$ sed -i "/meta-yocto-bsp/a \ ${layer_root}/meta-openembedded/meta-oe \\\ " conf/bblayers.conf
|
||||
$ sed -i "/meta-yocto-bsp/a \ ${layer_root}/meta-xilinx \\\ " conf/bblayers.conf
|
||||
you can also use vim/nano/other editor to add the layer to conf/bblayers.conf
|
||||
|
||||
If you check the conf/bblayers.conf, you should see similar output to the follows:
|
||||
|
||||
LCONF_VERSION = "6"
|
||||
BBPATH = "${TOPDIR}"
|
||||
BBFILES ?= ""
|
||||
|
||||
BBLAYERS ?= " \
|
||||
${HOME}/tmp/layers/poky/meta \
|
||||
${HOME}/tmp/layers/poky/meta-yocto \
|
||||
${HOME}/tmp/layers/poky/meta-yocto-bsp \
|
||||
${HOME}/tmp/layers/meta-xilinx \
|
||||
${HOME}/tmp/layers/meta-openembedded/meta-oe \
|
||||
"
|
||||
BBLAYERS_NON_REMOVABLE ?= " \
|
||||
${HOME}/tmp/layers/poky/meta \
|
||||
${HOME}/tmp/layers/poky/meta-yocto \
|
||||
"
|
||||
Where the ${HOME} is the path to your home directory.
|
||||
|
||||
##### Customize the build configuration
|
||||
The variables you need to customize:
|
||||
* MACHINE
|
||||
|
||||
[MACHINE]:
|
||||
Defines the target build machine. In our case, it is zynq-hdmi_out-zynq7.
|
||||
Modify the conf/local.conf to correct MACHINE with the following commands.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sed -i "s/MACHINE ??= \"qemux86\"/MACHINE ?= \"${target_machine}\"/" conf/local.conf
|
||||
|
||||
or you can use text editor replacing the following
|
||||
|
||||
MACHINE ?= "qemux86"
|
||||
|
||||
with
|
||||
|
||||
MACHINE ?= "zybo-linux-bd-zynq7"
|
||||
|
||||
Optional variables you may want to customize:
|
||||
* DL_DIR
|
||||
* SSTATE_DIR
|
||||
* TMPDIR
|
||||
* PACKAGE_CLASSES
|
||||
|
||||
[DL_DIR]:
|
||||
Defines where the upstream source code tarballs are stored. This allows multiple
|
||||
builds without re-download the source code again.
|
||||
|
||||
[SSTATE_DIR]:
|
||||
Defines where to store the shared state files. It also allows multiple build
|
||||
share the same state files and speed up the build processes.
|
||||
|
||||
[TMPDIR]:
|
||||
Define where to store the build outputs. Not recommended to share with other
|
||||
builds.
|
||||
|
||||
[PACKAGE_CLASSES]
|
||||
Defines which packing formats to enable and used in the system.
|
||||
|
||||
[Useful link](http://www.yoctoproject.org/docs/2.0/ref-manual/ref-manual.html#speeding-up-the-build) to speed up the build.
|
||||
|
||||
##### Set up preferred kernel and u-boot
|
||||
Since there are multiple u-boot/kernel recipes can be use for zynq-linux-bd-zynq7
|
||||
machine. We will need to define the preferred provider by adding the following
|
||||
lines to conf/local.conf file
|
||||
|
||||
PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/bootloader = "u-boot-digilent"
|
||||
PREFERRED_PROVIDER_u-boot = "u-boot-digilent"
|
||||
PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/kernel = "linux-digilent"
|
||||
PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/boot-bin = "u-boot-digilent"
|
||||
|
||||
or
|
||||
|
||||
$ echo 'PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/bootloader = "u-boot-digilent"' >> conf/local.conf
|
||||
$ echo 'PREFERRED_PROVIDER_u-boot = "u-boot-digilent"' >> conf/local.conf
|
||||
$ echo 'PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/kernel = "linux-digilent"' >> conf/local.conf
|
||||
$ echo 'PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/boot-bin = "u-boot-digilent"' >> conf/local.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Note: currently supported kernel and u-boot recipe are as follows table:
|
||||
|
||||
recipe name| Description
|
||||
--- | ---
|
||||
linux-digilent | Stable kernel that has been tested - fixed commit id
|
||||
linux-digilent-dev | base on latest commit of [linux-digilent](https://github.com/Digilent/u-boot-digilent) master branch
|
||||
u-boot-digilent | Stable U-Boot that has been tested - fixed commit id
|
||||
u-boot-digilent-dev | base on latest commit of [u-boot-digilent](https://github.com/Digilent/u-boot-digilent) master branch
|
||||
|
||||
##### Including additional pacakges
|
||||
An example of adding mtd-utils to the image. Add the following line to
|
||||
conf/local.conf file
|
||||
|
||||
IMAGE_INSTALL_append = " mtd-utils"
|
||||
|
||||
Another example of adding kernel modules to the rootfs. Add the following line to
|
||||
conf/local.conf file
|
||||
|
||||
IMAGE_INSTALL_append = " kernel-modules"
|
||||
|
||||
##### Kernel configuration
|
||||
Enter kernel menuconfig for the preferred kernel.
|
||||
|
||||
$ bitbake virtual/kernel -c menuconfig
|
||||
|
||||
or specific kernel receipt
|
||||
|
||||
$ bitbake linux-digilent-dev -c menuconfig
|
||||
|
||||
### Build
|
||||
This section provides the basic yocto build
|
||||
|
||||
#### Yocto default images types
|
||||
Yocto poky distribution provides a set of reference image recipe to create
|
||||
your own distribution. You can find them under poky directory. In here, we
|
||||
only try to build **core-imiage-minimal** and **core-imiage-sato**
|
||||
|
||||
##### minimal image
|
||||
A image provides a console based Linux OS. Build core-image-minimal run:
|
||||
|
||||
$ bitbake core-image-minimal
|
||||
|
||||
Intall alsa-utils to test the audio on the zybo-linux-bd-zynq7 machine
|
||||
(still issues, please refer to the known issue section for detail) by adding
|
||||
"alsa-utils" to IMAGE_INSTALL_append variable in the conf/local.conf file
|
||||
|
||||
IMAGE_INSTALL_append = " mtd-utils alsa-utils"
|
||||
|
||||
##### sato image
|
||||
Image with Sato, a mobile environment and visual style for mobile devices.
|
||||
The image supports X11 with a Sato theme, Pimlico applications, and contains
|
||||
terminal, editor, and file manager. To build it run:
|
||||
|
||||
$ bitbake core-image-sato
|
||||
|
||||
You can also append xterm to the image by adding the "xterm" to
|
||||
IMAGE_INSTALL_append variable in conf/local.conf file. e.g.
|
||||
|
||||
IMAGE_INSTALL_append = " mtd-utils xterm"
|
||||
|
||||
#### build products
|
||||
if you did not specify your own TMPDIR in local.conf, the default TMPDIR is under the
|
||||
build directory, in this case, it should ${HOME}/tmp/${target_machine}/tmp. Image stores
|
||||
at {HOME}/tmp/${target_machine}/tmp/deploy/images/zybo-linux-bd-zynq7. You can find a
|
||||
list of build images in the directory.
|
||||
|
||||
${IMG_TYPE} refers to the build image, for example, core-image-minimal.
|
||||
${target_machine} refers to zybo-linux-bd-zynq7 in this example.
|
||||
|
||||
File | Description
|
||||
--- | ---
|
||||
boot.bin | Zynq Boot Image that only contents the U-Boot SPL
|
||||
download.bit | FPGA bitstream if applicable
|
||||
fit.itb | fitImage with kernel + dtb + rootfs
|
||||
sdroot-fitImage | fitImage with modified dtb which use use SD root (second partition of SD)
|
||||
uImage | U-Boot image format of kernel image
|
||||
linux.bin | Linux kernel in binary format
|
||||
modules-${target_machine}.tgz | Kernel modules
|
||||
sdimg | SD card image that can be used to program SD with dd (Linux/MAC) or Win32DiskImage(Windows)
|
||||
system.dtb | Device Tree Binary (DTB)
|
||||
uImage-its-${target_machine}.its | its that used to create the fitImage
|
||||
u-boot.bin | U-Boot binary file
|
||||
u-boot-dtb.bin | U-Boot binary file with DTB
|
||||
u-boot-dtb.img | U-Boot image format of u-boot-dtb.bin
|
||||
u-boot-spl.bin | SPL Preloader Binary
|
||||
${IMG_TYPE}-${target_machine}.cpio | Root filesystem in cpio archive format
|
||||
${IMG_TYPE}-${target_machine}.cpio.gz.uboot | Root filesystem in U-Boot image format with compression
|
||||
${IMG_TYPE}-${target_machine}.ext4 | Root filesystem as ext4 image
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Useful commands
|
||||
Show list of package available in the yocto recipes
|
||||
|
||||
$ bitbake -s
|
||||
or
|
||||
|
||||
$ bitbake-layers show-recipes
|
||||
|
||||
Removes all output files and shared state cache for a target. Becareful
|
||||
of using this command. This will force everything to be rebuild from scratch.
|
||||
|
||||
$ bitbake cleansstate
|
||||
|
||||
Removes all output files and shared state cache for a recipe
|
||||
|
||||
$ bitbake -c cleansstate <recipe name>
|
||||
|
||||
Build specific pkg, linux-digilent-dev as an example:
|
||||
|
||||
$ bitbake linux-digilent-dev
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
List out the task available for a recipe, linux-digilent-dev as an example:
|
||||
|
||||
$ bitbake -c listtasks linux-digilent-dev
|
||||
|
||||
Run specific task for a recipe, linux-digilent-dev as an example:
|
||||
|
||||
$ bitbake -c deploy linux-digilent-dev
|
||||
84
sources/tech/20170101 FTPS vs SFTP.md
Normal file
84
sources/tech/20170101 FTPS vs SFTP.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
|
||||
FTPS (FTP over SSL) vs SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol)
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][5]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**SSH File transfer protocol, SFTP** or **File Transfer protocol via Secure Socket Layer, **FTPS are the most common secure FTP communication technologies used to transfer computer files from one host to another host over a TCP networks. Both SFTP and FTPS offer a high level file transfer security protection with strong algorithms such as AES and Triple DES to encrypt any data transferred.
|
||||
|
||||
But the most notable differences between SFTP and FTPS is how connections are authenticated and managed.
|
||||
|
||||
FTPS is FTP utilising Secure Secure Layer (SSL) certificate for Security. The entire secure FTP connection is authenticated using an User ID, Password and SSL certificate. Once FTPS connection established, [FTP client software][6] will check destination [FTP server ][7]if the server’s certificate is trusted.
|
||||
|
||||
The SSL certificate will considered trusted if either the certificate was signed off by a known certificate authority (CA) or if the certificate was self-signed (by your partner) and you have a copy of their public certificate in your trusted key store. All username and password information for FTPS will be encrypted through secure FTP connection.
|
||||
|
||||
### Below are the FTPS pros and cons:
|
||||
|
||||
Pros:
|
||||
|
||||
* The communication can be read and understood by a human
|
||||
* Provides services for server-to-server file transfer
|
||||
* SSL/TLS has good authentication mechanisms (X.509 certificate features)
|
||||
* FTP and SSL support is built into many internet communications frameworks
|
||||
|
||||
Cons:
|
||||
|
||||
* Does not have a uniform directory listing format
|
||||
* Requires a secondary DATA channel, which makes it hard to use behind firewalls
|
||||
* Does not define a standard for file name character sets (encodings)
|
||||
* Not all FTP servers support SSL/TLS
|
||||
* Does not have a standard way to get and change file or directory attributes
|
||||
|
||||
SFTP or SSH File Transfer Protocol is another secure Secure File Transfer Protocol is designed as a SSH extension to provide file transfer capability, so it usually uses only the SSH port for both data and control. When your [FTP client][8] software connect to SFTP server, it will transmit public key to the server for authentication. If the keys match, along with any user/password supplied, then the authentication will succeed.
|
||||
|
||||
### Below are the SFTP Pros and Cons:
|
||||
|
||||
Pros:
|
||||
|
||||
* Has only one connection (no need for a DATA connection).
|
||||
* FTP connection is always secured
|
||||
* FTP directory listing is uniform and machine-readable
|
||||
* FTP protocol includes operations for permission and attribute manipulation, file locking, and more functionality.
|
||||
|
||||
Cons:
|
||||
|
||||
* The communication is binary and can not be logged “as is” for human reading
|
||||
SSH keys are harder to manage and validate.
|
||||
* The standards define certain things as optional or recommended, which leads to certain compatibility problems between different software titles from different vendors.
|
||||
* No server-to-server copy and recursive directory removal operations
|
||||
* No built-in SSH/SFTP support in VCL and .NET frameworks.
|
||||
|
||||
Overall most of FTP server software support both secure FTP technologies with strong authentication options.
|
||||
|
||||
But SFTP will be clear winner since it’s very firewall friendly. SFTP only needs a single port number (default of 22) to be opened through the firewall. This port will be used for all SFTP communications, including the initial authentication, any commands issued, as well as any data transferred.
|
||||
|
||||
FTPS will be more difficult to implement through a tightly secure firewall since FTPS uses multiple network port numbers. Every time a file transfer request (get, put) or directory listing request is made, another port number needs to be opened. Therefore it have to open a range of ports in your firewalls to allow for FTPS connections, which can be a security risk for your network.
|
||||
|
||||
FTP Server software that supports FTPS and SFTP:
|
||||
|
||||
1. [Cerberus FTP Server][2]
|
||||
2. [FileZilla – Most famous free FTPs and FTPS server software][3]
|
||||
3. [Serv-U FTP Server][4]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.techmixer.com/ftps-sftp/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Techmixer.com][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.techmixer.com/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.techmixer.com/ftps-sftp/#respond
|
||||
[2]:http://www.cerberusftp.com/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.techmixer.com/free-ftp-server-best-windows-ftp-server-download/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.serv-u.com/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.techmixer.com/pic/2015/07/ftps-sftp.png
|
||||
[6]:http://www.techmixer.com/free-ftp-file-transfer-protocol-softwares/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.techmixer.com/free-ftp-server-best-windows-ftp-server-download/
|
||||
[8]:http://www.techmixer.com/best-free-mac-ftp-client-connect-ftp-server/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
|
||||
# Fedora 24 Gnome & HP Pavilion + Nvidia setup review
|
||||
|
||||
Recently, you may have come across my [Chapeau][1] review. This experiment prompted me to widen my Fedora family testing, and so I decided to try setting up [Fedora 24 Gnome][2] on my [HP][3] machine, a six-year-old laptop with 4 GB of RAM and an aging Nvidia card. Yes, Fedora 25 has since been released and I had it [tested][4] with delight. But we can still enjoy this little article now can we?
|
||||
|
||||
This review should complement - and contrast - my usual crop of testing on the notorious but capable [Lenovo G50][5] machine, purchased in 2015, so we have old versus new, but also the inevitable lack of proper Linux support for the [Realtek][6] network card on the newer box. We will then also check how well Fedora handles the Nvidia stack, test if Nouveau is a valid alternative, and of course, pimp the system to the max, using some of the beauty tricks we have witnessed in the Chapeau review. Should be more than interesting.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Installation
|
||||
|
||||
Nothing special to report here. The system has a much simpler setup than the Lenovo laptop. The new machine comes with UEFI, Secure Boot, 1TB disk with a GPT setup partitioned sixteen different ways, with Windows 10 and some 6-7 Linux distros on it. In comparison, the BIOS-fueled Pavilion only dual boots. Prior to this review, it was running Linux Mint 17.3 [Rosa Xfce][7], but it used to have all sorts of Ubuntu children on it, and I had used it quite extensively for arguably funny [video processing][8] and all sorts of games. The home partition dates back to the early setup, and has remained such since, including a lot of legacy config and many desktop environments.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
I was able to boot from a USB drive, although I did use the Fedora tool to create the live media. I've never had any problems booting on this host, to the best of my memory, a far cry (not the [game][9], just an expression, hi hi) from the Lenovo experience. There, before a BIOS update, Fedora would [not even run][10], and a large number of distros used to [struggle][11] until very recently. All part of my great disappointment adventure with Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
Anyhow, this procedure went without any fuss. Fedora 24 took control of the bootloader, managing itself and the resident Windows 7 installation. If you're interested in more details on how to dual-boot, you might want to check these:
|
||||
|
||||
[Ubuntu & Windows 7][12] dual-boot guide
|
||||
|
||||
[Xubuntu & Windows 7][13] dual-boot guide - same same but different
|
||||
|
||||
[CentOS 7 & Windows 7][14] dual-boot guide - fairly similar to our Fedora attempt
|
||||
|
||||
[Ubuntu & Windows 8][15] dual-boot guide - this one covers a UEFI setup, too
|
||||
|
||||
### It's pimping time!
|
||||
|
||||
My Fedora [pimping guide][16] has it all. I setup RPM Fusion Free and Non-Free, then installed about 700 MB worth of media codecs, plugins and extra software, including Steam, Skype, GIMP, VLC, Gnome Tweak Tool, Chrome, several other helper utilities, and more.
|
||||
|
||||
On the aesthetics side, I grabbed both Faenza and Moka icons, and configured half a dozen Gnome [extensions][17], including the mandatory [Dash to Dock][18], which really helps transforms this desktop environment into a usable product.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
What is that green icon on the right side? 'Tis a spoiler of things to be, that is.
|
||||
|
||||
I also had no problems with my smartphones, [Ubuntu Phone][19] or the[iPhone][20]. Both setups worked fine, and this also brings the annoyance with the Apple device on Chapeau 24 into bad spotlight. Rhythmbox would not play from any external media, though. Fail.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
This is a teaser, implying wossname Nvidia thingie; well here we go.
|
||||
|
||||
### Nvidia setup
|
||||
|
||||
This is a tricky one. First, take a look at my generic [tutorial][21] on this topic. Then, take a look at my recent [Fedora 23][22] [experience][23] on this topic. Unlike Ubuntu, Red Hat distros do not quite like the whole pre-compiled setup. However, just to see whether things have changed in any way, I did use a helper tool called easyLife to setup the drivers. I've talked about this utility and Fedy in an OCS-Mag [article][24], and how you can use them to make your Fedora experience more colorful. Bottom line: good for lots of things, not for drivers, though.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Yes, this resulted in a broken system. I had to manually installed the drivers - luckily I had installed the kernel sources and headers, as well as other necessary build tools, gcc and make, beforehand, to prepare for this kind of scenario. Be warned, kids. In the end, the official way is the best.
|
||||
|
||||
### Nouveau vs Nvidia, which is faster?
|
||||
|
||||
I did something you would not really expect. I benchmarked the actual performance of the graphics stack with the Nouveau driver first and then the closed-source blob, using the Unigine Heaven tool. This gives clear results on how the two compare.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Remember, this is an ancient laptop, and it does not stack well against modern tools, so you will not be surprised to learn that Heaven reported a staggering 1 FPS for Nouveau, and it took me like 5 minutes before the system actually responded, and I was able to quit the benchmark.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Nvidia gave much better results. To begin with, I was able to use the system while testing, and Heaven responded to mouse clicks and key strokes, all the while reporting a very humble 5-6 FPS, which means it was roughly 500% more efficient than the Nouveau driver. That tells you all you need to know, ladies and gentlemen.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Also, Steam would not run at all with Nouveau, so there's that to consider, too. Funny how system requirements creep up over time. I used to play, I mean test [Call of Duty][25], a highly mediocre and arcade-like shooter on this box on the highest settings, but that feat feels like a completely different era.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Hardware compatibility
|
||||
|
||||
Things were quite all right overall. All of the Fn buttons worked fine, and so did the web camera. Power management also did its thing well, dimming the screen and whatnot, but we cannot really judge the battery life, as the cells are six years old now and quite broken. They only lend about 40 minutes of juice in the best case.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Bluetooth did not work at first, but this is because crucial packages are missing.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You can resolve the issue using dnf:
|
||||
|
||||
dnf install blueman bluez
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Suspend & resume
|
||||
|
||||
No issues, even with the Nvidia drivers. The whole sequence was quick and smooth, about 2-3 seconds each direction, into the land of sweet dreams and out of it. I do recall some problems with this in the past, but not any more. Happy sailing.
|
||||
|
||||
### Resource utilization
|
||||
|
||||
We can again compare Nouveau with Nvidia. But first, I had to sort out the swap partition setup manually, as Fedora refused to activate it. This is a big fail, and this happens consistently. Anyhow, the resource utilization with either one driver was almost identical. Both tolled a hefty 1.2 GB of RAM, and CPU ticked at about 2-3%, which is not really surprising, given the age of this machine. I did not see any big noise or heat difference the way we would witness it in the past, which is a testament to the improvements in the open-source driver, even though it fails on some of the advanced graphics logic required from it. But for normal use, non-gaming use, it behaves fairly well.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Problems
|
||||
|
||||
Well, I observed some interesting issues during my testing. SELinux complained about legitimate processes a few times, and this really annoys me. Now to troubleshoot this, all you need to do is expand the alert, check the details, and then vomit. Why would anyone let ordinary users ever see this. Why?
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
SELinux is preventing totem-video-thu from write access on the directory gstreamer-1.0.
|
||||
|
||||
***** Plugin catchall_labels (83.8 confidence) suggests *****
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to allow totem-video-thu to have write access on the gstreamer-1.0 directory
|
||||
Then you need to change the label on gstreamer-1.0
|
||||
Do
|
||||
# semanage fcontext -a -t FILE_TYPE 'gstreamer-1.0'
|
||||
where FILE_TYPE is one of the following: cache_home_t, gstreamer_home_t, texlive_home_t, thumb_home_t, thumb_tmp_t, thumb_tmpfs_t, tmp_t, tmpfs_t, user_fonts_cache_t, user_home_dir_t, user_tmp_t.
|
||||
Then execute:
|
||||
restorecon -v 'gstreamer-1.0'
|
||||
|
||||
I want to execute something else, because hey, let us let developers be in charge of how things should be done. They know [best][26], right! This kind of garbage is what makes zombie apocalypses happen, when you miscode the safety lock on a lab confinement.
|
||||
|
||||
### Other observations
|
||||
|
||||
Exploring the system with gconf-editor and dconf-editor, I found tons of leftover settings from my old Gnome 2, Xfce and Cinnamon setups, and one of the weird things was that Nemo would create, or rather, restore, several desktop icons every time I had it launched, and it did not cooperate with the global settings I configured through the Tweak Tool. In the end, I had to resort to some command line witchcraft:
|
||||
|
||||
gsettings set org.nemo.desktop home-icon-visible false
|
||||
gsettings set org.nemo.desktop trash-icon-visible false
|
||||
gsettings set org.nemo.desktop computer-icon-visible false
|
||||
|
||||
### Gallery
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, some sweet screenshots:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
This was an interesting ordeal. It took me about four hours to finish the configuration and polish the system, the maniacal Fedora update that always runs in the deep hundreds and sometimes even thousands of packages, the graphics stack setup, and finally, all the gloss and trim needed to have a functional machine.
|
||||
|
||||
All in all, it works well. Fedora proved itself to be an adequate choice for the old HP machine, with decent performance and responsiveness, good hardware compatibility, fine aesthetics and functionality, once the extras are added, and only a small number of issues, some related to my laptop usage legacy. Not bad. Sure, the system could be faster, and Gnome isn't the best choice for olden hardware. But then, for something that was born in 2010, the HP laptop handles this desktop environment with grace, and it looks the part. Just proves that Red Hat makes a lot of sense once you release its essential oils and let the fragrance of extra software and codecs sweep you. It is your time to be enthused about this and commence your own testing.
|
||||
|
||||
Cheers.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
作者简介：
|
||||
|
||||
My name is Igor Ljubuncic. I'm more or less 38 of age, married with no known offspring. I am currently working as a Principal Engineer with a cloud technology company, a bold new frontier. Until roughly early 2015, I worked as the OS Architect with an engineering computing team in one of the largest IT companies in the world, developing new Linux-based solutions, optimizing the kernel and hacking the living daylights out of Linux. Before that, I was a tech lead of a team designing new, innovative solutions for high-performance computing environments. Some other fancy titles include Systems Expert and System Programmer and such. All of this used to be my hobby, but since 2008, it's a paying job. What can be more satisfying than that?
|
||||
|
||||
From 2004 until 2008, I used to earn my bread by working as a physicist in the medical imaging industry. My work expertise focused on problem solving and algorithm development. To this end, I used Matlab extensively, mainly for signal and image processing. Furthermore, I'm certified in several major engineering methodologies, including MEDIC Six Sigma Green Belt, Design of Experiment, and Statistical Engineering.
|
||||
|
||||
I also happen to write books, including high fantasy and technical work on Linux; mutually inclusive.
|
||||
|
||||
Please see my full list of open-source projects, publications and patents, just scroll down.
|
||||
|
||||
For a complete list of my awards, nominations and IT-related certifications, hop yonder and yonder please.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
-------------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/hp-pavilion-fedora-24.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Igor Ljubuncic][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/faq.html
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/chapeau-24.html
|
||||
[2]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/fedora-24-gnome.html
|
||||
[3]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/my-new-new-laptop.html
|
||||
[4]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/fedora-25-gnome.html
|
||||
[5]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/lenovo-g50-review.html
|
||||
[6]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/ubuntu-xerus-realtek-bug.html
|
||||
[7]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/linux-mint-rosa-xfce.html
|
||||
[8]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/frankenstein-media.html
|
||||
[9]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/games/far-cry-4-review.html
|
||||
[10]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/lenovo-g50-fedora.html
|
||||
[11]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/lenovo-g50-distros-second-round.html
|
||||
[12]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/dual-boot-windows-7-ubuntu.html
|
||||
[13]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/dual-boot-windows-7-xubuntu.html
|
||||
[14]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/dual-boot-windows-7-centos-7.html
|
||||
[15]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/dual-boot-windows-8-ubuntu.html
|
||||
[16]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/fedora-24-pimp.html
|
||||
[17]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/fedora-23-extensions.html
|
||||
[18]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/gnome-3-dash.html
|
||||
[19]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/ubuntu-phone-sep-2016.html
|
||||
[20]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/iphone-6-after-six-months.html
|
||||
[21]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/fedora-nvidia-guide.html
|
||||
[22]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/fedora-23-nvidia.html
|
||||
[23]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/fedora-23-nvidia-steam.html
|
||||
[24]:http://www.ocsmag.com/2015/06/22/you-can-leave-your-fedora-on/
|
||||
[25]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/games/cod-mw2.html
|
||||
[26]:http://www.ocsmag.com/2016/10/19/systemd-progress-through-complexity/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
|
||||
# OpenSUSE Leap 42.2 Gnome - Better but not really
|
||||
|
||||
Updated: February 6, 2017
|
||||
|
||||
It is time to give Leap a second chance. Let me be extra corny. Give leap a chance. Yes. Well, several weeks ago, I reviewed the Plasma edition of the latest [openSUSE][1] release, and while it was busy firing all cannon, like a typical Stormtrooper, most of the beams did not hit the target. It was a fairly mediocre distro, delivering everything but then stopping just short of the goodness mark.
|
||||
|
||||
I will now conduct a Gnome experiment. Load the distro with a fresh new desktop environment, and see how it behaves. We did something rather similar with CentOS recently, with some rather surprising results. Hint. Maybe we will get lucky. Let's do it.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Gnome it up
|
||||
|
||||
You can install new desktop environments by checking the Patterns tab in YaST > Software Management. Specifically, you can install Gnome, Xfce, LXQt, MATE, and others. A very simple procedure worth some 900 MB of disk data. No errors, no woes.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Pretty Gnome stuff
|
||||
|
||||
I spent a short period of time taming openSUSE. Having had a lot of experience with [Fedora 24][2] doing this exact same stuff, i.e. [pimping][3], the procedure was rather fast and simple. Get some Gnome [extensions][4] first. Keep on low fire for 20 minutes. Stir and serve in clay bowls.
|
||||
|
||||
For dessert, launch Gnome Tweak Tool and add the window buttons. Most importantly, install the abso-serious-lutely needed, life-saving [Dash to Dock][5] extension, because then you can finally work like a human being without that maddening lack of efficiency called Activities. Digest, toss in some fresh [icons][6], and Bob's our uncle. All in all, it took me exactly 42 minutes and 12 seconds to get this completed. Get it? 42.2 minutes. OMGZ!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Other customization and tweaks
|
||||
|
||||
I actually used Breeze window decorations in Gnome, and this seems to work very well. So much better than trying to customize Plasma. Behold and weep, for the looks were dire and pure!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Smartphone support
|
||||
|
||||
So much better than Plasma - both [iPhone][7] and [Ubuntu Phone][8] were correctly identified and mounted. This reminds me of all the discrepancies and inconsistencies in the behavior of the [KDE][9] and [Gnome][10] editions of CentOS 7.2\. So this definitely crosses the boundaries of specific platforms. It has everything to do with the desktop environment.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The one outstanding bug is, you need to purge icon cache sometimes, or you will end up with old icons in file
|
||||
managers. There will be a whole article on this coming soon.
|
||||
|
||||
### Multimedia
|
||||
|
||||
No luck. Same problems like the Plasma edition. Missing dependencies. Can't have H.264 codecs, meaning you cannot really watch 99% of all the things that you need. That's like saying, no Internet for a month.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Resource utilization
|
||||
|
||||
The Gnome edition is faster than the Plasma one, even with the Compositor turned off, and ignoring the KWin crashes and freezes. The CPU ticks at about 2-3%, and memory hovers around the 900MB mark. Middle of the road results, I say.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Battery usage
|
||||
|
||||
Worse than Plasma actually. Not sure why. But even with the brightness adjusted to about 50%, Leap Gnome gave my G50 only about 2.5 hours of electronic love. I did not explore as to where it all gets wasted, but it sure does.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Weird issues
|
||||
|
||||
There were also some glitches and errors. For instance, the desktop keeps on asking me for the Wireless password, maybe because Gnome does not handle KWallet very well or something. Also, KWin was left running after I logged out of a Plasma session, eating a good solid 100% CPU until I killed it. Such a disgrace.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Hardware support
|
||||
|
||||
Suspend & resume, alles gut. I did not experience network drops in the Gnome version yet. The webcam works, too. In general, hardware support seems quite decent. Bluetooth works, though. Yay! Maybe we should label this under networking? To wit.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Networking
|
||||
|
||||
Samba printing? You get that same, lame applet like in [Yakkety Yak][11], which all gets messed up visually. But then it says no print shares, check firewall. Ah whatever. It's no longer 1999\. Being able to print is not a privilege, it's a basic human right. People have staged revolutions over far less. And I cannot take a screenshot of this. That bad.
|
||||
|
||||
### The rest of it?
|
||||
|
||||
All in all, it was a standard Gnome desktop, with its slightly mentally challenged approach to computing and ergonomics, tamed through the rigorous use of extensions. It is a little friendlier than the Plasma version, and you get better overall results with most of the normal, everyday stuff. Then you get stumped by a silly lack of options that Plasma has in overwhelming abundance. But then you remember your desktop isn't freezing every minute or so, and that's a definite bonus.
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
OpenSUSE Leap 42.2 Gnome is a better product than its Plasma counterpart, and no mistake. It is more stable, it is faster, more elegant, more easily customizable, and most of the critical everyday functions actually work. For example, you can print to Samba, if you are inclined to fight the firewall, copy files to Samba without losing timestamps, use Bluetooth, use your Ubuntu Phone, and all this without the crippling effects of constant crashes. The entire stack is just more fully featured and better supported.
|
||||
|
||||
However, Leap is still only a reasonable release and nothing more. It struggles in many core areas that other distros do with more panache and elegance, and there are some big, glaring problems in the overall product that are a direct result of bad QA. At the very least, this lack of quality has been an almost consistent element with openSUSE these past few years. Now and then, you get a decent hatchling, but most of them are just average. That's probably the word that best defines openSUSE Leap. Average. You should try and see for yourself. You will most likely not be amazed. Such a shame, because for me, SUSE has a sweet spot, and yet, it stubbornly refuses to rekindle the love. 6/10\. Have a go, play with your emotions.
|
||||
|
||||
Cheers.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
作者简介：
|
||||
|
||||
My name is Igor Ljubuncic. I'm more or less 38 of age, married with no known offspring. I am currently working as a Principal Engineer with a cloud technology company, a bold new frontier. Until roughly early 2015, I worked as the OS Architect with an engineering computing team in one of the largest IT companies in the world, developing new Linux-based solutions, optimizing the kernel and hacking the living daylights out of Linux. Before that, I was a tech lead of a team designing new, innovative solutions for high-performance computing environments. Some other fancy titles include Systems Expert and System Programmer and such. All of this used to be my hobby, but since 2008, it's a paying job. What can be more satisfying than that?
|
||||
|
||||
From 2004 until 2008, I used to earn my bread by working as a physicist in the medical imaging industry. My work expertise focused on problem solving and algorithm development. To this end, I used Matlab extensively, mainly for signal and image processing. Furthermore, I'm certified in several major engineering methodologies, including MEDIC Six Sigma Green Belt, Design of Experiment, and Statistical Engineering.
|
||||
|
||||
I also happen to write books, including high fantasy and technical work on Linux; mutually inclusive.
|
||||
|
||||
Please see my full list of open-source projects, publications and patents, just scroll down.
|
||||
|
||||
For a complete list of my awards, nominations and IT-related certifications, hop yonder and yonder please.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
-------------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/opensuse-42-2-gnome.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Igor Ljubuncic][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/faq.html
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/opensuse-42-2.html
|
||||
[2]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/fedora-24-gnome.html
|
||||
[3]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/fedora-24-pimp.html
|
||||
[4]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/fedora-23-extensions.html
|
||||
[5]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/gnome-3-dash.html
|
||||
[6]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/fedora-24-pimp-more.html
|
||||
[7]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/iphone-6-after-six-months.html
|
||||
[8]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/ubuntu-phone-sep-2016.html
|
||||
[9]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/lenovo-g50-centos-kde.html
|
||||
[10]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/lenovo-g50-centos-gnome.html
|
||||
[11]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/ubuntu-yakkety-yak.html
|
||||
@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
|
||||
cycoe Translating
|
||||
|
||||
5 Linux Music Players You Should Consider Switching To
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
There are dozens of Linux music players out there, and this makes it difficult to find the best one for our usage. In the past we’ve reviewed some of these players, such as [Cantata][10], [Exaile][11], or even [the lesser known ones][12] like Clementine, Nightingale and Quod Libet.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In this article I will be covering more music players for Linux that in some aspects are even better than the ones we’ve already told you about.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1\. Qmmp
|
||||
|
||||
[Qmmp][13] isn’t the most feature-rich (or stable) Linux music player, but it’s my favorite one, and this is why I put it as number one. I know there are better players, but I somehow just love this one and use it most of the time. It does crash, and there are many files it can’t play, but nevertheless I still love it the most. Go figure!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Qmmp is a Winamp port for Linux. It’s (relatively) lightweight and has a decent feature set. Since I grew up with Winamp and loved its keyboard shortcuts, it was a nice surprise that they are present in the Linux version, too. As for formats, Qmmp plays most of the popular ones such as MPEG1 layer 2/3, Ogg Vorbis and Opus, Native FLAC/Ogg FLAC, Musepack, WavePack, tracker modules (mod, s3m, it, xm, etc.), ADTS AAC, CD Audio, WMA, Monkey’s Audio (and other formats provided by FFmpeg library), PCM WAVE (and other formats provided by libsndfile library), Midi, SID, and Chiptune formats (AY, GBS, GYM, HES, KSS, NSF, NSFE, SAP, SPC, VGM, VGZ, and VTX).
|
||||
|
||||
### 2\. Amarok
|
||||
|
||||
[Amarok][14] is the KDE music player, though you certainly can use it with any other desktop environment. It’s one of the oldest music players for Linux. This is probably one of the reasons why it’s a very popular player, though I personally don’t like it that much.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Amarok plays a huge array of music formats, but its main advantage is the abundance of plugins. The app comes with a lot of documentation, though it hasn’t been updated recently. Amarok is also famous for its integration with various web services such as Ampache, Jamendo Service, Last.fm, Librivox, MP3tunes, Magnatune, and OPML Podcast Directory.
|
||||
|
||||
### 3\. Rhythmbox
|
||||
|
||||
Now that I have mentioned Amarok and the KDE music player, now let’s move to [Rhythmbox][15], the default Gnome music player. Since it comes with Gnome, you can guess it’s a popular app. It’s not only a music player, but also a music management app. It supports MP3 and OGG, plus about a dozen other file formats, as well as Internet Radio, iPod integration, the playing of audio files, audio CD burning and playback, music sharing, and podcasts. All in all, it’s not a bad player, but this doesn’t mean you will like it the most. Try it and see if this is your player. If you don’t like it, just move on to the next option.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 4\. VLC
|
||||
|
||||
Though [VLC][16] is best known as a movie player, it’s great as a music player, too, simply because it has the largest collection of codecs. If you can’t play a file with it, it’s unlikely you will be able to open it with any other player. VLC is highly customizable, and there are a lot of extensions for it. It runs on Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Unix, iOS, Android, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
What I personally don’t like about VLC is that it’s quite heavy on resources. Also, for some of the files I’ve used it with, the playback quality was far from stellar. The app would often shut down without any obvious reason while playing a file most of the other players wouldn’t struggle with, but it’s quite possible it’s not so much the player, as the file itself. Even though VLC isn’t among the apps I frequently use, I still wholeheartedly recommend it.
|
||||
|
||||
### 5\. Cmus
|
||||
|
||||
If you fancy command line apps, then [Cmus][17] is your Linux music player. You can use it to play Ogg Vorbis, MP3, FLAC, Opus, Musepack, WavPack, WAV, AAC, MP4, audio CD, everything supported by ffmpeg (WMA, APE, MKA, TTA, SHN, etc.) and libmodplug. You can also use it for streaming from Shoutcast or Icecast. It’s not the most feature-rich music player, but it has all the basics and beyond. Its main advantage is that it’s very lightweight, and its memory requirements are really minimal.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
All these music players are great – in one aspect or another. I can’t say there is a best among them – this is largely a matter of personal taste and needs. Most of these apps either come installed by default in the distro or can be easily found in the package manager. Simply open Synaptic, Software Center, or whatever package manager your distro is using, search for them and install them from there. You can also use the command line, or simply double-click the install file you download from their site – the choice is yours.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/linux-music-players-to-check-out/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ada Ivanova][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/adaivanoff/
|
||||
[1]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/adaivanoff/
|
||||
[2]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/linux-music-players-to-check-out/#comments
|
||||
[3]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/category/linux-tips/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maketecheasier.com%2Flinux-music-players-to-check-out%2F
|
||||
[5]:http://twitter.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maketecheasier.com%2Flinux-music-players-to-check-out%2F&text=5+Linux+Music+Players+You+Should+Consider+Switching+To
|
||||
[6]:mailto:?subject=5%20Linux%20Music%20Players%20You%20Should%20Consider%20Switching%20To&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maketecheasier.com%2Flinux-music-players-to-check-out%2F
|
||||
[7]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/mastering-disk-utility-mac/
|
||||
[8]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/airy-youtube-video-downloader/
|
||||
[9]:https://support.google.com/adsense/troubleshooter/1631343
|
||||
[10]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/cantata-new-music-player-for-linux/
|
||||
[11]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/exaile-the-first-media-player-i-dont-hate/
|
||||
[12]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/the-lesser-known-music-players-for-linux/
|
||||
[13]:http://qmmp.ylsoftware.com/
|
||||
[14]:https://amarok.kde.org/
|
||||
[15]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Rhythmbox
|
||||
[16]:http://www.videolan.org/vlc/
|
||||
[17]:https://cmus.github.io/
|
||||
99
sources/tech/20170210 Fedora 25 Wayland vs Xorg.md
Normal file
99
sources/tech/20170210 Fedora 25 Wayland vs Xorg.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
|
||||
# Fedora 25: Wayland vs Xorg
|
||||
|
||||
Almost as good as Alien vs Predator only much better. Anyhow, as you probably know, I have recently tested [Fedora 25][1]. It was an okay experience. Overall, the distro behaved reasonably well. Not the fastest, but stable enough, usable enough, with some neat improvements here and there. Most importantly, apart from some performance and responsiveness loss, Wayland did not cause my system to melt. But that's just a beginning.
|
||||
|
||||
Wayland is in its infancy as a consumer technology, or at least that thing that people take for granted when they do desktop stuff. Therefore, I must continue testing. Never surrender. In the past few weeks of actively using Fedora 25, I did come across a few other issues and problems, some less worrying, some quite disturbing, some odd, some meaningless. Let us elaborate.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Note: Image taken from [Wikimedia][2] and modified, licensed under [CC BY-SA 3.0][3].
|
||||
|
||||
### Wayland does not support everything
|
||||
|
||||
Nope. 'Tis a fact. If you go about a Web, doing some reading, you will have learned that all sorts of things are not yet Wayland-ready. Still, we all know Fedora is the state-of-art bleeding-edge distro, and so it's a testbed for pain and discovery. Fair enough. For a while, things were quite all right, no fuss, no errors, but then, I suddenly needed to use GParted. I was in a hurry, troubleshooting a big issue, and now I had to sidetrack myself with pointless extra work. GParted would just not launch under Wayland. Exploring in a bit more detail, I learned that this partitioning software was not supported yet.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
And the thing is, I do not really know what other applications do not work under Wayland, and I am not really keen to discover that in a moment of true reckoning. Searching online, I wasn't able to find a quick, easy list that details the current incompatibilities. Maybe it's me, and I suck at searching, but something as trivial as "Wayland + compatibility" should be obvious.
|
||||
|
||||
What I did find is a [self-argument][4] telling us why Wayland is good, a list of [Gnome][5] applications currently supported under this new thingie, several nerdy pages on ArchWiki, a super-nerdy slit-my-wrists topic on [Nvidia][6]devtalk, and a few other ambiguous discussions.
|
||||
|
||||
### Performance, again
|
||||
|
||||
On the Fedora 25 box, I changed the login session from Gnome (Wayland) to Gnome Xorg, to see how this affects the system. I didpreviously mention the performance benchmarks and comparison to [Fedora 24][7] on the same laptop - [Lenovo G50][8], but this should give us even more accurate results.
|
||||
|
||||
Wayland (screenshot 1) gives us 1.4GB memory use without anything else running, and the CPU averages about 4-5%. Xorg (screenshot 2) tolls the same amount of RAM, and the processor eats 3-4% of its full power. Marginally less in sheer numbers. But then, the experience in the Xorg session is just so much better. It's milliseconds alright, but you can feel it. The legacy session seems to be ever so slightly sprightlier, faster, fresher. The lag is less noticeable. If you are sensitive as to how your desktop responds, you will not be happy with this penalty. Sure, this may only be a bit of sub-optimized beginner's luck, and Wayland may improve over time. But it's also something we cannot ignore.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Let's rant
|
||||
|
||||
I am not happy with this. Not massively angry, but I don't like that I actually need to login into the classic X session to be able to fully enjoy my desktop experience. Because X gives me 100%. Wayland does not. That means, at the end of the day, I will not be using Wayland. I like exploring technology, but I am not a zealot on some holy big-endian pilgrimage. I just want to use my desktop, and sometimes, I might even need things fast. Logging out and back in can be an annoying hassle in a moment of need. And the reason why we have this issue is because Wayland is not there to make life easier for Linux desktop users. Quite the opposite. Quote:
|
||||
|
||||
Wayland is intended as a simpler replacement for X, easier to develop and maintain. GNOME and KDE are expected to be ported to it.
|
||||
|
||||
And you see, that's part of the problem. Stuff should not be designed to be easier to developer or maintain. That can be a beneficial by-product provided all other customer requirements are met. But if they are not, then it does not matter how hard or simple it is for programmers to hammer code. That's their job. The whole purpose of technology is to support the end state - in this case, a seamless and smooth user experience.
|
||||
|
||||
Unfortunately, a large number of products today are being re-invented and re-developed for the sake of making it easier for software people and not for the users. To a large extent, Gnome 3, PulseAudio, [Systemd][9], and Wayland, they all serve no higher user experience purpose. They are quite intrusive in that sense, and they do not contribute to the stability and simplicity of the Linux desktop ecosystem.
|
||||
|
||||
This is one of primary reasons why Linux desktop is a relatively immature product - it is designed to self-support the people developing it, almost like a living organism. It's not there to be the slave to the whims and wishes of the user. And that's how great things are done. You satisfy the primary need, and only then worry about the details. Great user experience does not depend - and should never depend - on the choice of programming language, compiler or any nonsense like that. If it does, that whoever designed the product has not done the abstraction piece well enough, and we have a failed thing that needs to be removed from existence.
|
||||
|
||||
And so, from my perspective, I don't care if it takes 10 liters of blood to compile one version of X or whatever. I'm a user. All I care is that my desktop works as robustly as did it yesterday or 5 years ago. If that's not happening, I'm not interested in macros, classes, variables, declarations, structs, or any other geeky CS technobabble. That's irrelevant. And a product that advertises itself as being created to be convenient for the people developing it is a paradox. Don't develop it, then. Makes things even easier.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, the reality is, Wayland is largely ok - but it is still not as good as X, and as such it should not be offered as a production-ready item on any desktop. Once it can replace the old technology so seamlessly no one ever knows about it, only then will it have succeeded in what it needs to achieve, and then, it can be written in C or D or K language, and it can have anything the developers want. Until then, it's a parasite that eats on the resources and peoples' nerves.
|
||||
|
||||
Don't get me wrong. We need progress. We need change. But it has to serve an evolutionary purpose. Does X handle the user needs well today? Can it do graphics support for 3rd party blobs? Can it support HD and UHD and DPI and whatnot? Can you play the latest games on it? Yes? No? If not, then it needs to be fixed. Those are the evolutionary drivers. Not the difficulty of writing and compiling code. Software developers are the coal miners of the digital industry, and they need to work hard to make users happy. As a phrase 'easier to develop' should be outlawed, and people who like it need to be electrocuted by old radio batteries and then exiled to Mars in non-A/C spaceships. If you can't write smart code, it's your problem. The user should not suffer because developers think they're princesses.
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
Here we are. In general, Wayland is not bad. It's okay. But that's like saying you are earning 83% today compared to 100% yesterday only because someone decided to change the layout of your payslip. Not acceptable in that sense, even if Wayland works fairly well. It's the stuff that does not work that makes all the difference. Ignoring the whole rant side of it, Wayland introduced reduced usability, performance and app wise, and this is something Fedora will have to sort out fast.
|
||||
|
||||
Other distros will follow, and we will be seeing a recurring pattern. The same happened with Gnome 3\. The same happened with Systemd. Less than fully ready technologies are unleashed into the open, and then we spend a year or two fixing things that needed no fixing, and eventually, we will have the same functionality we already have, only created in a different programming language. Not interested. CS used to be all glamor in 1999, when Excel users were making USD50/hour. Today, programming is the undeserving oar galley, and people don't care for the sweat and blister under the deck.
|
||||
|
||||
Performance is probably less of an issue, because you can give up on 1-2% change, especially since it can randomly come from any which factor. You will know this if you've used Linux for more than a year or two. But not being able to launch programs is a big deal. At the very least, Fedora graciously offers the legacy platform, too. But then, it may be gone before Wayland reaches 100% maturity. Here we go again. So no, there's no disaster. My original Fedora 25 claim stands in this regard. What we have is annoyance. Unnecessary annoyance. Ah well. The story of Linux, part 9000.
|
||||
|
||||
And so, at the end of the day, with everything said and done, what we learned here is: KNEEL BEFORE XORG! OMG. That's so good, I will now fade into the background while the chuckles off your merriment carry off into the frosty night. So long.
|
||||
|
||||
Cheers.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
作者简介：
|
||||
|
||||
My name is Igor Ljubuncic. I'm more or less 38 of age, married with no known offspring. I am currently working as a Principal Engineer with a cloud technology company, a bold new frontier. Until roughly early 2015, I worked as the OS Architect with an engineering computing team in one of the largest IT companies in the world, developing new Linux-based solutions, optimizing the kernel and hacking the living daylights out of Linux. Before that, I was a tech lead of a team designing new, innovative solutions for high-performance computing environments. Some other fancy titles include Systems Expert and System Programmer and such. All of this used to be my hobby, but since 2008, it's a paying job. What can be more satisfying than that?
|
||||
|
||||
From 2004 until 2008, I used to earn my bread by working as a physicist in the medical imaging industry. My work expertise focused on problem solving and algorithm development. To this end, I used Matlab extensively, mainly for signal and image processing. Furthermore, I'm certified in several major engineering methodologies, including MEDIC Six Sigma Green Belt, Design of Experiment, and Statistical Engineering.
|
||||
|
||||
I also happen to write books, including high fantasy and technical work on Linux; mutually inclusive.
|
||||
|
||||
Please see my full list of open-source projects, publications and patents, just scroll down.
|
||||
|
||||
For a complete list of my awards, nominations and IT-related certifications, hop yonder and yonder please.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
-------------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/fedora-25-wayland-vs-xorg.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Igor Ljubuncic][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/faq.html
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/fedora-25-gnome.html
|
||||
[2]:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DragonCon-AlienVsPredator.jpg
|
||||
[3]:https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
|
||||
[4]:https://wayland.freedesktop.org/faq.html
|
||||
[5]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Initiatives/Wayland/Applications
|
||||
[6]:https://devtalk.nvidia.com/default/topic/925605/linux/nvidia-364-12-release-vulkan-glvnd-drm-kms-and-eglstreams/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/fedora-24-gnome.html
|
||||
[8]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/lenovo-g50-distros-second-round.html
|
||||
[9]:http://www.ocsmag.com/2016/10/19/systemd-progress-through-complexity/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
|
||||
# Docker swarm mode - Adding worker nodes tutorial
|
||||
|
||||
Let us expand on what we started with CentOS 7.2 several weeks ago. In this [guide][1], we learned how to initiate and start the native clustering and orchestration functionality built into Docker 1.12\. But we only had our manager node and no other workers. Today, we will expand this.
|
||||
|
||||
I will show you how to add non-symmetrical nodes into the swarm, i.e. a [Fedora 24][2] that will sit alongside our CentOS box, and they will both participate in the cluster, with all the associated fancy loadbalancing and whatnot. Of course, this will not be trivial, and we will encounter some snags, and so it ought to be quite interesting. After me.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Prerequisites
|
||||
|
||||
There are several things we need to do before we can successfully join additional nodes into the swarm. One, ideally, all nodes should be running the same version of Docker, and it should be at least 1.12 in order to support native orchestration. Like CentOS, Fedora does not have the latest built in its repo, so you will need to manually [add and install][3] the right software version, either manually or using the Docker repository, and then fix a few dependency conflicts. I have shown you how to do this with CentOS, and the exercise is identical.
|
||||
|
||||
Moreover, all your nodes will need to be able to communicate with one another. There will have to be routing and firewall rules in places so that the managers and workers can talk among them. Otherwise, you will not be able to join nodes into the swarm. The easiest way to work around problems is to temporarily flush firewall rules (iptables -F), but this may impair your security. Make sure you fully understand what you're doing, and that you create the right rules for your nodes and ports.
|
||||
|
||||
Error response from daemon: Timeout was reached before node was joined. The attempt to join the swarm will continue in the background. Use the "docker info" command to see the current swarm status of your node.
|
||||
|
||||
You need to have the same Docker images available on your hosts. In our previous tutorial, we created an Apache image, and you will need to do the same on your worker nodes, or distribute the created images. If you do not do that, you will encounter errors. If you need help setting up Docker, please read my [intro guide][4] and the [networking tutorial][5].
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
7vwdxioopmmfp3amlm0ulimcu \_ websky.11 my-apache2:latest
|
||||
localhost.localdomain Shutdown Rejected 7 minutes ago
|
||||
"No such image: my-apache2:lat&"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Let's get started
|
||||
|
||||
So we have our CentOS box up and running, and it's spawning containers successfully. You are able to connect to the services using host ports, and everything looks peachy. At the moment, your swarm only has the manager.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Join workers
|
||||
|
||||
To add new nodes, you will need to use the join command. But you first need to discover what token, IP address and port you must provide on the worker nodes for them to authenticate correctly against the swarm manager. Then execute (on Fedora).
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
[root@localhost ~]# docker swarm join-token worker
|
||||
To add a worker to this swarm, run the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
docker swarm join \
|
||||
--token SWMTKN-1-0xvojvlza90nrbihu6gfu3qm34ari7lwnza ... \
|
||||
192.168.2.100:2377
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
If you do not fix the firewall and routing rules, you will get timeout errors. If you've already joined the swarm, repeating the join command will create its own noise:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Error response from daemon: This node is already part of a swarm. Use "docker swarm leave" to leave this swarm and join another one.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
If ever in doubt, you can leave the swarm and then try again:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
[root@localhost ~]# docker swarm leave
|
||||
Node left the swarm.
|
||||
|
||||
docker swarm join --token
|
||||
SWMTKN-1-0xvojvlza90nrbihu6gfu3qnza4 ... 192.168.2.100:2377
|
||||
This node joined a swarm as a worker.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
On the worker node, you can use docker info to check the status:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Swarm: active
|
||||
NodeID: 2i27v3ce9qs2aq33nofaon20k
|
||||
Is Manager: false
|
||||
Node Address: 192.168.2.103
|
||||
|
||||
Likewise, on the manager:
|
||||
|
||||
Swarm: active
|
||||
NodeID: cneayene32jsb0t2inwfg5t5q
|
||||
Is Manager: true
|
||||
ClusterID: 8degfhtsi7xxucvi6dxvlx1n4
|
||||
Managers: 1
|
||||
Nodes: 3
|
||||
Orchestration:
|
||||
Task History Retention Limit: 5
|
||||
Raft:
|
||||
Snapshot Interval: 10000
|
||||
Heartbeat Tick: 1
|
||||
Election Tick: 3
|
||||
Dispatcher:
|
||||
Heartbeat Period: 5 seconds
|
||||
CA Configuration:
|
||||
Expiry Duration: 3 months
|
||||
Node Address: 192.168.2.100
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Create or scale services
|
||||
|
||||
Now, we need to see if and how Docker distributes the containers between the nodes. My testing shows a rather simplistic balancing algorithm under very light load. Once or twice, Docker did not try to re-distribute running services to new workers, even after I tried to scale and update them. Likewise, on one occasion, it created a new service entirely on the worker node. Maybe it was the best choice.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
New service created entirely on the worker node.
|
||||
|
||||
After a while, there was some re-distribution of containers for existing services between the two, but it took some time. New services worked fine. This is an early observation only, so I cannot say much more at this point. For now, this is a good starting point to begin exploring and tweaking.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Load balancing kicks in after a while.
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
Docker is a neat little beast, and it will only continue to grow bigger, more complex, more powerful, and of course, more elegant. It is only a matter of time before it gets eaten by a big, juicy enterprise. When it comes to its native orchestration, the swarm mode works quite well, but it takes more than just a few containers to fully tap into the power of its algorithms and scalability.
|
||||
|
||||
My tutorial shows how to add a Fedora node to a cluster run by a CentOS box, and the two worked fine side by side. There are some questions around the loadbalancing, but this is something I will explore in future articles. All in all, I hope this was a worthwhile lesson. We've tackled some prerequisites and common problems that you might encounter when trying to setup a swarm, we fired up a bunch of containers, and we even briefly touched on how to scale and distribute the services. And remember, 'tis is just a beginning.
|
||||
|
||||
Cheers.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
作者简介：
|
||||
|
||||
My name is Igor Ljubuncic. I'm more or less 38 of age, married with no known offspring. I am currently working as a Principal Engineer with a cloud technology company, a bold new frontier. Until roughly early 2015, I worked as the OS Architect with an engineering computing team in one of the largest IT companies in the world, developing new Linux-based solutions, optimizing the kernel and hacking the living daylights out of Linux. Before that, I was a tech lead of a team designing new, innovative solutions for high-performance computing environments. Some other fancy titles include Systems Expert and System Programmer and such. All of this used to be my hobby, but since 2008, it's a paying job. What can be more satisfying than that?
|
||||
|
||||
From 2004 until 2008, I used to earn my bread by working as a physicist in the medical imaging industry. My work expertise focused on problem solving and algorithm development. To this end, I used Matlab extensively, mainly for signal and image processing. Furthermore, I'm certified in several major engineering methodologies, including MEDIC Six Sigma Green Belt, Design of Experiment, and Statistical Engineering.
|
||||
|
||||
I also happen to write books, including high fantasy and technical work on Linux; mutually inclusive.
|
||||
|
||||
Please see my full list of open-source projects, publications and patents, just scroll down.
|
||||
|
||||
For a complete list of my awards, nominations and IT-related certifications, hop yonder and yonder please.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
-------------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/docker-swarm-adding-worker-nodes.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Igor Ljubuncic][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/faq.html
|
||||
[1]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/docker-swarm-intro.html
|
||||
[2]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/fedora-24-gnome.html
|
||||
[3]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/docker-centos-upgrade-latest.html
|
||||
[4]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/docker-guide.html
|
||||
[5]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/docker-networking.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
|
||||
# Recover from a badly corrupt Linux EFI installation
|
||||
|
||||
In the past decade or so, Linux distributions would occasionally fail before, during and after the installation, but I was always able to somehow recover the system and continue working normally. Well, [Solus][1]broke my laptop. Literally.
|
||||
|
||||
GRUB rescue. No luck. Reinstall. No luck still! Ubuntu refused to install, complaining about the target device not being this or that. Wow. Something like this has never happened to me before. Effectively my test machine had become a useless brick. Should we despair? No, absolutely not. Let me show you how you can fix it.
|
||||
|
||||
### Problem in more detail
|
||||
|
||||
It all started with Solus trying to install its own bootloader - goofiboot. No idea what, who or why, but it failed to complete successfully, and I was left with a system that would not boot. After BIOS, I would get a GRUB rescue shell.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
I tried manually working in the rescue shell, using this and that command, very similar to what I have outlined in my extensive [GRUB2 tutorial][2]. This did not really work. My next attempt was to recover from a live CD, again following my own advice, as I have outlined in my [GRUB2 & EFI tutorial][3]. I set up a new entry, and made sure to mark it active with the efibootmgr utility. Just as we did in the guide, and this has served us well before. Alas, this recovery method did not work, either.
|
||||
|
||||
I tried to perform a complete Ubuntu installation, into the same partition used by Solus, expecting the installer to sort out some of the fine details. But Ubuntu was not able to finish the install. It complained about: failed to install into /target. This was a first. What now?
|
||||
|
||||
### Manually clean up EFI partition
|
||||
|
||||
Obviously, something is very wrong with our EFI partition. Just to briefly recap, if you are using UEFI, then you must have a separate FAT32-formatted partition. This partition is used to store EFI boot images. For instance, when you install Fedora, the Fedora boot image will be copied into the EFI subdirectory. Every operating system is stored into a folder of its own, e.g. /boot/efi/EFI/<os version>/.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
On my [G50][4] machine, there were multiple entries, from a variety of my distro tests, including: centos, debian, fedora, mx-15, suse, ubuntu, zorin, and many others. There was also a goofiboot folder. However, the efibootmgr was not showing a goofiboot entry in its menu. There was obviously something wrong with the whole thing.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo efibootmgr -d /dev/sda
|
||||
BootCurrent: 0001
|
||||
Timeout: 0 seconds
|
||||
BootOrder: 0001,0005,2003,0000,2001,2002
|
||||
Boot0000* Lenovo Recovery System
|
||||
Boot0001* ubuntu
|
||||
Boot0003* EFI Network 0 for IPv4 (68-F7-28-4D-D1-A1)
|
||||
Boot0004* EFI Network 0 for IPv6 (68-F7-28-4D-D1-A1)
|
||||
Boot0005* Windows Boot Manager
|
||||
Boot0006* fedora
|
||||
Boot0007* suse
|
||||
Boot0008* debian
|
||||
Boot0009* mx-15
|
||||
Boot2001* EFI USB Device
|
||||
Boot2002* EFI DVD/CDROM
|
||||
Boot2003* EFI Network
|
||||
...
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
P.S. The output above was generated running the command in a LIVE session!
|
||||
|
||||
I decided to clean up all the non-default and non-Microsoft entries and start fresh. Obviously, something was corrupt, and preventing new distros from setting up their own bootloader. So I deleted all the folders in the /boot/efi/EFI partition except Boot and Windows. And then, I also updated the boot manager by removing all the extras.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
efibootmgr -b <hex> -B <hex>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Lastly, I reinstalled Ubuntu and closely monitored the progress with the GRUB installation and setup. This time, things completed fine. There were some errors with several invalid entries, as can be expected, but the whole sequenced completed just fine.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### More reading
|
||||
|
||||
If you don't fancy this manual fix, you may want to read:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
[Boot-Info][5] page, with automated tools to help you recover your system
|
||||
|
||||
[Boot-repair-cd][6] automatic repair tool download page
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
If you ever encounter a situation where your system is badly botched due to an EFI partition clobbering, then you may want to follow the advice in this guide. Delete all non-default entries. Make sure you do not touch anything Microsoft, if you're multi-booting with Windows. Then update the boot menu accordingly so the baddies are removed. Rerun the installation setup for your desired distro, or try to fix with a less stringent method as explained before.
|
||||
|
||||
I hope this little article saves you some bacon. I was quite annoyed by what Solus did to my system. This is not something that should happen, and the recovery ought to be simpler. However, while things may seem dreadful, the fix is not difficult. You just need to delete the corrupt files and start again. Your data should not be affected, and you will be able to promptly boot into a running system and continue working. There you go.
|
||||
|
||||
Cheers.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
作者简介：
|
||||
|
||||
My name is Igor Ljubuncic. I'm more or less 38 of age, married with no known offspring. I am currently working as a Principal Engineer with a cloud technology company, a bold new frontier. Until roughly early 2015, I worked as the OS Architect with an engineering computing team in one of the largest IT companies in the world, developing new Linux-based solutions, optimizing the kernel and hacking the living daylights out of Linux. Before that, I was a tech lead of a team designing new, innovative solutions for high-performance computing environments. Some other fancy titles include Systems Expert and System Programmer and such. All of this used to be my hobby, but since 2008, it's a paying job. What can be more satisfying than that?
|
||||
|
||||
From 2004 until 2008, I used to earn my bread by working as a physicist in the medical imaging industry. My work expertise focused on problem solving and algorithm development. To this end, I used Matlab extensively, mainly for signal and image processing. Furthermore, I'm certified in several major engineering methodologies, including MEDIC Six Sigma Green Belt, Design of Experiment, and Statistical Engineering.
|
||||
|
||||
I also happen to write books, including high fantasy and technical work on Linux; mutually inclusive.
|
||||
|
||||
Please see my full list of open-source projects, publications and patents, just scroll down.
|
||||
|
||||
For a complete list of my awards, nominations and IT-related certifications, hop yonder and yonder please.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
-------------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/grub2-efi-corrupt-part-recovery.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Igor Ljubuncic][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/faq.html
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/solus-1-2-review.html
|
||||
[2]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/grub-2.html
|
||||
[3]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/grub2-efi-recovery.html
|
||||
[4]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/lenovo-g50-distros-second-round.html
|
||||
[5]:https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Boot-Info
|
||||
[6]:https://sourceforge.net/projects/boot-repair-cd/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
|
||||
# Microsoft Office Online gets better - on Linux, too
|
||||
|
||||
One of the core things that will make or break your Linux experience is the lack of the Microsoft Office suite, well, for Linux. If you are forced to use Office products to make a living, and this applies to a very large number of people, you might not be able to afford open-source alternatives. Get the paradox?
|
||||
|
||||
Indeed, LibreOffice a [great][1] free program, but what if your client, customer or boss demands Word and Excel files? Can you, indeed, [afford any mistakes][2] or errors or glitches in converting these files from ODT or whatnot into DOCX and such, and vice versa? This is a very tricky set of questions. Unfortunately, for most people, technically, this means Linux is out of limits. Well, not quite.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Enter Microsoft Office Online, Enter Linux
|
||||
|
||||
For a number of years, Microsoft has had its cloud office offering. No news there. What makes this cool and relevant is, it's available through any modern browser interface, and this means Linux, too! I have also tested this [solution][3] a while back, and it worked great. I was able to use the product just fine, save files in their native format, or even export my documents in the ODF format, which is really nice.
|
||||
|
||||
I decided to revisit this suite and see how it's evolved in the past few years, and see whether it still likes Linux. My scapegoat for this experience was a [Fedora 25][4] instance, and I had the Microsoft Office Online running open in several tabs. I did this in parallel to testing [SoftMaker Office 2016][5]. Sounds like a lot of fun, and it was.
|
||||
|
||||
### First impressions
|
||||
|
||||
I have to say, I was pleased. The Office does not require any special plugins. No Silverlight or Flash or anything like that. Pure HTML and Javascript, and lots of it. Still, the interface is fairly responsive. The only thing I did not like was the gray background in Word documents, which can be exhausting after a while. Other than that, the suite was working fine, there were no delays, lags or weird, unexpected errors. But let us proceed slowly then, shall we.
|
||||
|
||||
The suite does require that you log in with an online account or a phone number - it does not have to be a Live or Hotmail email. Any one will do. If you also have a Microsoft [phone][6], then you can use the same account, and you will be able to sync your data. The account grants you 5 GB of OneDrive storage for free, as well. This is quite neat. Not stellar or super exciting, but rather decent.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You have access to a whole range of programs, including the mandatory trio - Word, Excel and Powerpoint, but then, the rest of the stuff is also available, including some new fancy stuff. Documents are auto-saved, but you can also download copies and convert to other formats, like PDF and ODF.
|
||||
|
||||
For me, this is excellent. And let me share a short personal story. I write my [fantasy][7] books using LibreOffice. But then, when I need to send them to a publisher for editing or proofreading, I need to convert them to DOCX. Alas, this requires Microsoft Office. With my [Linux problem solving book][8], I had to use Word from the start, because there was a lot of collaboration work required with my editor, which mandated the use of the proprietary solution. There are no emotions here. Only cold monetary and business considerations. Mistakes are not acceptable.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Having access to Office Online can give a lot of people the leeway they need for occasional, recreational use of Word and Excel and alike without having to buy the whole, expensive suite. If you are a daytime LibreOffice fan, you can be a nighttime party animal at the Microsoft Office Heartbreakers Club without a guilty conscience. When someone ships you a Word or Powerpoint file, you can upload and manipulate them online, then export as needed. Likewise, you can create your work online, send it to people with strict requirements, then grab yourself a copy in ODF, and work with LibreOffice if needed. The flexibility is quite useful, but that should not be your main driver. Still, for Linux people, this gives them a lot of freedom they do not normally have. Because even if they do want to use Microsoft Office, it simply isn't available as a native install.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Features, options, tools
|
||||
|
||||
I started hammering out a document - with all the fine trimming of a true jousting rouncer. I wrote some text, applied a style or three, hyperlinked some text, embedded an image, added a footnote, and then commented on my writing and even replied to myself in the best fashion of a poly-personality geek.
|
||||
|
||||
Apart from the gray background - and we will learn how to work around this in a nice yet nerdy way skunkworks style, because there isn't an option to tweak the background color in the browser interface - things were looking fine.
|
||||
|
||||
You even have Skype integrated into the suite, so you can chat and collaborate. Or rather collaborate and listen. Hue hue. Quite neat. The right-click button lets you select a few quick actions, including links, comments and translations. The last piece still needs a lot of work, because it did not quite give me what I expected. The translations are wonky.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You can also add images - including embedded Bing search, which will also, by default, filter images based on their licensing and re-distribution rights. This is neat, especially if you need to create a document and must avoid any copyright claims and such.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### More on comments, tracking
|
||||
|
||||
Quite useful. For realz. The online nature of this product also means changes and edits to the documents will be tracked by default, so you also have a basic level of versioning available. However, session edits are lost once you close the document.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The one error that will visibly come up - if you try to edit the document in Word or Excel on Linux, you will get prompted that you're being naughty, because this is not a supported action, for obvious reasons.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Excel and friends
|
||||
|
||||
The practical workflows extends beyond Word. I also tried Excel, and it did as advertised, including having some neat and useful templates and such. Worked just fine, and there's no lag updating cells and formulas. You get most of the functionality you need and expect.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### OneDrive
|
||||
|
||||
This is where you can create and organize folders and files, move documents about, and share them with your friends (if you have any) and colleagues. 5 GB for free, upgradeable for a fee, of course. Worked fine, overall. It does take a few moments to refresh and display contents. Open documents will not be deleted, so this may look like a bug, but it makes perfect sense from the computational perspective.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Help
|
||||
|
||||
If you get confused - or feel like being dominatrixed by AI, you can ask the cloud collective intelligence of the Redmond Borg ship for assistance. This is quite useful, if not as straightforward or laser-sharp as it can be. But the effort is benevolent.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Problems
|
||||
|
||||
During my three-hour adventure, I only encountered two glitches. One, during a document edit, the browser had a warning (yellow triangle) about an insecure element loaded and used in an otherwise secure HTTPS session. Two, I hit a snag of failing to create a new Excel document. A one-time issue, and it hasn't happened since.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
Microsoft Office Online is a great product, and better than it was when I tested it some two years ago. It's fairly snappy, it looks nice, it behaves well, the errors are far and few in between, and it offers genuine Microsoft Office compatibility even to Linux users, which can be of significant personal and business importance to some. I won't say this is the best thing that happened to humanity since VHS was invented, but it's a nice addition, and it bridges a big gap that Linux folks have faced since day one. Quite handy, and the ODF support is another neat touch.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, to make things even spicier, if you like this whole cloud concept thingie, you might also be interested in [Open365][9], a LibreOffice-based office productivity platform, with an added bonus of a mail client and image processing software, plus 20 GB free storage. Best of all, you can have both of these running in your browser, in parallel. All it takes is another tab or two.
|
||||
|
||||
Back to Microsoft, if you a Linuxperson, you may actually require Microsoft office products now and then. The easier way to enjoy them - or at the very least, use them when needed without having to commit to a full operating system stack - is through the online office suite. Free, elegant, and largely transparent. Worth checking out, provided you can put the ideological game aside. There you go. Enjoy thy clouden. Or something.
|
||||
|
||||
Cheers.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
作者简介：
|
||||
|
||||
My name is Igor Ljubuncic. I'm more or less 38 of age, married with no known offspring. I am currently working as a Principal Engineer with a cloud technology company, a bold new frontier. Until roughly early 2015, I worked as the OS Architect with an engineering computing team in one of the largest IT companies in the world, developing new Linux-based solutions, optimizing the kernel and hacking the living daylights out of Linux. Before that, I was a tech lead of a team designing new, innovative solutions for high-performance computing environments. Some other fancy titles include Systems Expert and System Programmer and such. All of this used to be my hobby, but since 2008, it's a paying job. What can be more satisfying than that?
|
||||
|
||||
From 2004 until 2008, I used to earn my bread by working as a physicist in the medical imaging industry. My work expertise focused on problem solving and algorithm development. To this end, I used Matlab extensively, mainly for signal and image processing. Furthermore, I'm certified in several major engineering methodologies, including MEDIC Six Sigma Green Belt, Design of Experiment, and Statistical Engineering.
|
||||
|
||||
I also happen to write books, including high fantasy and technical work on Linux; mutually inclusive.
|
||||
|
||||
Please see my full list of open-source projects, publications and patents, just scroll down.
|
||||
|
||||
For a complete list of my awards, nominations and IT-related certifications, hop yonder and yonder please.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
-------------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/office-online-linux-better.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Igor Ljubuncic][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/faq.html
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.ocsmag.com/2015/02/16/libreoffice-4-4-review-finally-it-rocks/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.ocsmag.com/2014/03/14/libreoffice-vs-microsoft-office-part-deux/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/office-online-linux.html
|
||||
[4]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/fedora-25-gnome.html
|
||||
[5]:http://www.ocsmag.com/2017/01/18/softmaker-office-2016-your-alternative-to-libreoffice/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/microsoft-lumia-640.html
|
||||
[7]:http://www.thelostwordsbooks.com/
|
||||
[8]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/linux-problem-solving-book.html
|
||||
[9]:http://www.ocsmag.com/2016/08/17/open365/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
|
||||
# How to work around video and subtitle embed errors
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
This is going to be a slightly weird tutorial. The background story is as follows. Recently, I created a bunch of [sweet][1] [parody][2] [clips][3] of the [Risitas y las paelleras][4] sketch, famous for its insane laughter by the protagonist, Risitas. As always, I had them uploaded to Youtube, but from the moment I decided on what subtitles to use to the moment when the videos finally became available online, there was a long and twisty journey.
|
||||
|
||||
In this guide, I would like to present several typical issues that you may encounter when creating your own media, mostly with subtitles and the subsequent upload to media sharing portals, specifically Youtube, and how you can work around those. After me.
|
||||
|
||||
### The background story
|
||||
|
||||
My software of choice for video editing is Kdenlive, which I started using when I created the most silly [Frankenstein][5] clip, and it's been my loyal companion ever since. Normally, I render files to WebM container, with VP8 video codec and Vorbis audio codec, because that's what Google likes. Indeed, I had no issues with the roughly 40 different clips I uploaded in the last seven odd years.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
However, after I completed my Risitas & Linux project, I was in a bit of a predicament. The video file and the subtitle file were still two separate entities, and I needed somehow to put them together. My original article for subtitles work mentions Avidemux and Handbrake, and both these are valid options.
|
||||
|
||||
However, I was not too happy with the output generated by either one of these, and for a variety of reasons, something was ever so slightly off. Avidemux did not handle the video codecs well, whereas Handbrake omitted a couple of lines of subtitle text from the final product, and the font was ugly. Solvable, but not the topic for today.
|
||||
|
||||
Therefore, I decided to use VideoLAN (VLC) to embed subtitles onto the video. There are several ways to do this. You can use the Media > Convert/Save option, but this one does not have everything we need. Instead, you should use Media > Stream, which comes with a more fully fledged wizard, and it also offers an editable summary of the transcoding options, which we DO need - see my [tutorial][6] on subtitles for this please.
|
||||
|
||||
### Errors!
|
||||
|
||||
The process of embedding subtitles is not trivial. You will most likely encounter several problems along the way. This guide should help you work around these so you can focus on your work and not waste time debugging weird software errors. Anyhow, here's a small but probable collection of issues you will face while working with subtitles in VLC. Trial & error, but also nerdy design.
|
||||
|
||||
### No playable streams
|
||||
|
||||
You have probably chosen weird output settings. You might want to double check you have selected the right video and audio codecs. Also, remember that some media players may not have all the codecs. Also, make sure you test on the system you want these clips to play.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Subtitles overlaid twice
|
||||
|
||||
This can happen if you check the box that reads Use a subtitle file in the first step of the streaming media wizard. Just select the file you need and click Stream. Leave the box unchecked.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### No subtitle output is generated
|
||||
|
||||
This can happen for two main reasons. One, you have selected the wrong encapsulation format. Do make sure the subtitles are marked correctly on the profile page when you edit it before proceeding. If the format does not support subtitles, it might not work.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Two, you may have left the subtitle codec render enabled in the final output. You do not need this. You only need to overlay the subtitles onto the video clip. Please check the generated stream output string and delete an option that reads scodec=<something> before you click the Stream button.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Missing codecs + workaround
|
||||
|
||||
This is a common [bug][7] due to how experimental codecs are implemented, and you will most likely see it if you choose the following profile: Video - H.264 + AAC (MP4). The file will be rendered, and if you selected subtitles, they will be overlaid, too, but without any audio. However, we can fix this with a hack.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
One possible hack is to start VLC from command line with the --sout-ffmpeg-strict=-2 option (might work). The other and more sureway workaround is to take the audio-less video but with the subtitles overlayed and re-render it through Kdenlive with the original project video render without subtitles as an audio source. Sounds complicated, so in detail:
|
||||
|
||||
* Move existing clips (containing audio) from video to audio. Delete the rest.
|
||||
* Alternatively, use rendered WebM file as your audio source.
|
||||
* Add new clip - the one we created with embedded subtitles AND no audio.
|
||||
* Place the clip as new video.
|
||||
* Render as WebM again.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Using other types of audio codecs will most likely work (e.g. MP3), and you will have a complete project with video, audio and subtitles. If you're happy that nothing is missing, you can now upload to Youtube. But then ...
|
||||
|
||||
### Youtube video manager & unknown format
|
||||
|
||||
If you're trying to upload a non-WebM clip (say MP4), you might get an unspecified error that your clip does not meet the media format requirements. I was not sure why VLC generated a non-Youtube-compliant file. However, again, the fix is easy. Use Kdenlive to recreate the video, and this should result in a file that has all the right meta fields and whatnot that Youtube likes. Back to my original story and the 40-odd clips created through Kdenlive this way.
|
||||
|
||||
P.S. If your clip has valid audio, then just re-run it through Kdenlive. If it does not, do the video/audio trick from before. Mute clips as necessary. In the end, this is just like overlay, except you're using the video source from one clip and audio from another for the final render. Job done.
|
||||
|
||||
### More reading
|
||||
|
||||
I do not wish to repeat myself or spam unnecessarily with links. I have loads of clips on VLC in the Software & Security section, so you might want to consult those. The earlier mentioned article on VLC & Subtitles has links to about half a dozen related tutorials, covering additional topics like streaming, logging, video rotation, remote file access, and more. I'm sure you can work the search engine like pros.
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
I hope you find this guide helpful. It covers a lot, and I tried to make it linear and simple and address as many pitfalls entrepreneuring streamers and subtitle lovers may face when working with VLC. It's all about containers and codecs, but also the fact there are virtually no standards in the media world, and when you go from one format to another, sometimes you may encounter corner cases.
|
||||
|
||||
If you do hit an error or three, the tips and tricks here should help you solve at least some of them, including unplayable streams, missing or duplicate subtitles, missing codecs and the wicked Kdenlive workaround, Youtube upload errors, hidden VLC command line options, and a few other extras. Quite a lot for a single piece of text, right. Luckily, all good stuff. Take care, children of the Internet. And if you have any other requests as to what next my future VLC articles should cover, do feel liberated enough to send an email.
|
||||
|
||||
Cheers.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
作者简介：
|
||||
|
||||
My name is Igor Ljubuncic. I'm more or less 38 of age, married with no known offspring. I am currently working as a Principal Engineer with a cloud technology company, a bold new frontier. Until roughly early 2015, I worked as the OS Architect with an engineering computing team in one of the largest IT companies in the world, developing new Linux-based solutions, optimizing the kernel and hacking the living daylights out of Linux. Before that, I was a tech lead of a team designing new, innovative solutions for high-performance computing environments. Some other fancy titles include Systems Expert and System Programmer and such. All of this used to be my hobby, but since 2008, it's a paying job. What can be more satisfying than that?
|
||||
|
||||
From 2004 until 2008, I used to earn my bread by working as a physicist in the medical imaging industry. My work expertise focused on problem solving and algorithm development. To this end, I used Matlab extensively, mainly for signal and image processing. Furthermore, I'm certified in several major engineering methodologies, including MEDIC Six Sigma Green Belt, Design of Experiment, and Statistical Engineering.
|
||||
|
||||
I also happen to write books, including high fantasy and technical work on Linux; mutually inclusive.
|
||||
|
||||
Please see my full list of open-source projects, publications and patents, just scroll down.
|
||||
|
||||
For a complete list of my awards, nominations and IT-related certifications, hop yonder and yonder please.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
-------------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/vlc-subtitles-errors.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Igor Ljubuncic][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/faq.html
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MpDdGOKZ3dg
|
||||
[2]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KHG6fXEba0A
|
||||
[3]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TXw5lRi97YY
|
||||
[4]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDphUib5iG4
|
||||
[5]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/frankenstein-media.html
|
||||
[6]:http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/vlc-subtitles.html
|
||||
[7]:https://trac.videolan.org/vlc/ticket/6184
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
|
||||
翻译中 [ChrisLeeGit](https://github.com/chrisleegit)
|
||||
|
||||
Assign Read/Write Access to a User on Specific Directory in Linux
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
@ -130,7 +132,7 @@ Aaron Kili is a Linux and F.O.S.S enthusiast, an upcoming Linux SysAdmin, web de
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/give-read-write-access-to-directory-in-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Aaron Kili][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
译者：[ChrisLeeGit](https://github.com/chrisleegit)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
|
||||
How to Reset MySQL or MariaDB Root Password in Linux
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
If you are setting up a MySQL or MariaDB database server for the first time, chances are you will be running mysql_secure_installation soon afterwards to implement basic security settings.
|
||||
|
||||
One of these settings is the password for the database root account – which you must keep private and use only when strictly required. If you forget the password or need to reset it (for example, when a database administrator changes roles – or is laid off!).
|
||||
|
||||
**Suggested Read:** [Change MySQL or MariaDB Root Password][1]
|
||||
|
||||
This article will come in handy. We will explain how to reset or recover forgottent MySQL or MariaDB root password in Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
Although we will use a MariaDB server in this article, the instructions should work for MySQL as well.
|
||||
|
||||
### Recover MySQL or MariaDB root Password
|
||||
|
||||
To begin, stop the database service and check the service status, we should see the environment variable we set previously:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
------------- SystemD -------------
|
||||
# systemctl stop mariadb
|
||||
------------- SysVinit -------------
|
||||
# /etc/init.d/mysqld stop
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Next, start the service with `--skip-grant-tables`:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
------------- SystemD -------------
|
||||
# systemctl set-environment MYSQLD_OPTS="--skip-grant-tables"
|
||||
# systemctl start mariadb
|
||||
# systemctl status mariadb
|
||||
------------- SysVinit -------------
|
||||
# mysqld_safe --skip-grant-tables &
|
||||
```
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][2]
|
||||
|
||||
Start MySQL/MariaDB with Skip Tables
|
||||
|
||||
This will allow you to connect to the database server as root without a password (you may need to switch to a different terminal to do so):
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# mysql -u root
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
From then on, follow the steps outlined below.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
MariaDB [(none)]> USE mysql;
|
||||
MariaDB [(none)]> UPDATE user SET password=PASSWORD('YourNewPasswordHere') WHERE User='root' AND Host = 'localhost';
|
||||
MariaDB [(none)]> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, stop the service, unset the environment variable and start the service once again:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
------------- SystemD -------------
|
||||
# systemctl stop mariadb
|
||||
# systemctl unset-environment MYSQLD_OPTS
|
||||
# systemctl start mariadb
|
||||
------------- SysVinit -------------
|
||||
# /etc/init.d/mysql stop
|
||||
# /etc/init.d/mysql start
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This will cause the previous changes to take effect, allowing you to connect to the database server using the new password.
|
||||
|
||||
##### Summary
|
||||
|
||||
In this article we have discussed how to reset the MariaDB / MySQL root password. As always, feel free to use the comment form below to drop us a note if you have any questions or feedback. We look forward to hearing from you!
|
||||
|
||||
SHARE[+][3][0][4][6][5][12][6][
|
||||
|
||||
][7]</article>
|
||||
|
||||
### If You Appreciate
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
作者简介：
|
||||
|
||||
Gabriel Cánepa is a GNU/Linux sysadmin and web developer from Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Argentina. He works for a worldwide leading consumer product company and takes great pleasure in using FOSS tools to increase productivity in all areas of his daily work.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/reset-mysql-or-mariadb-root-password/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/gacanepa/
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/change-mysql-mariadb-root-password/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Start-MySQL-with-Skip-Tables.png
|
||||
[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/reset-mysql-or-mariadb-root-password/#
|
||||
[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/reset-mysql-or-mariadb-root-password/#
|
||||
[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/reset-mysql-or-mariadb-root-password/#
|
||||
[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/reset-mysql-or-mariadb-root-password/#
|
||||
[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/reset-mysql-or-mariadb-root-password/#comments
|
||||
[8]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/gacanepa/
|
||||
[9]:http://www.tecmint.com/10-useful-free-linux-ebooks-for-newbies-and-administrators/
|
||||
[10]:http://www.tecmint.com/free-linux-shell-scripting-books/
|
||||
82
sources/tech/20170309 8 reasons to use LXDE.md
Normal file
82
sources/tech/20170309 8 reasons to use LXDE.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
|
||||
8 reasons to use LXDE
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
### Learn reasons to consider using the lightweight LXDE desktop environment as your Linux desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
>Image by : opensource.com
|
||||
|
||||
Late last year, an upgrade to Fedora 25 brought issues with the new version of [KDE][7] Plasma that were so bad it was difficult to get any work done. I decided to try other Linux desktop environments for two reasons. First, I needed to get my work done. Second, having used KDE exclusively for many years, I thought it was time to try some different desktops.
|
||||
|
||||
The first alternate desktop I tried for several weeks was [Cinnamon][8], which I wrote about in January. This time I have been using LXDE (Lightweight X11 Desktop Environment) for about six weeks, and I have found many things about it that I like. Here is my list of eight reasons to use LXDE.
|
||||
|
||||
More Linux resources
|
||||
|
||||
* [What is Linux?][1]
|
||||
* [What are Linux containers?][2]
|
||||
* [Managing devices in Linux][3]
|
||||
* [Download Now: Linux commands cheat sheet][4]
|
||||
* [Our latest Linux articles][5]
|
||||
|
||||
**1\. LXDE supports multiple panels. **As with KDE and Cinnamon, LXDE sports panels that contain the system menu, application launchers, and a taskbar that displays buttons for the running applications. The first time I logged in to LXDE the panel configuration looked surprisingly familiar. LXDE appears to have picked up the KDE configuration for my favored top and bottom panels, including system tray settings. The application launchers on the top panel appear to have been from the Cinnamon configuration. The contents of the panels make it easy to launch and manage programs. By default, there is only one panel at the bottom of the desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The LXDE desktop with the Openbox Configuration Manager open. This desktop has not been modified, so it uses the default color and icon schemes.
|
||||
|
||||
**2\. The Openbox configuration manager provides a single, simple tool for managing the look and feel of the desktop.** It provides options for themes, window decorations, window behavior with multiple monitors, moving and resizing windows, mouse control, multiple desktops, and more. Although that seems like a lot, it is far less complex than configuring the KDE desktop, yet Openbox provides a surprisingly great amount of control.
|
||||
|
||||
**3\. LXDE has a powerful menu tool.** There is an interesting option that you can access on the Advanced tab of the Desktop Preferences menu. The long name for this option is, “Show menus provided by window managers when desktop is clicked.” When this checkbox is selected, the Openbox desktop menu is displayed instead of the standard LXDE desktop menu, when you right-click the desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
The Openbox desktop menu contains nearly every menu selection you would ever want, with all easily accessible from the desktop. It includes all of the application menus, system administration, and preferences. It even has a menu containing a list of all the terminal emulator applications installed so that sysadmins can easily launch their favorite.
|
||||
|
||||
**4\. By design, the LXDE desktop is clean and simple.** It has nothing to get in the way of getting your work done. Although you can add some clutter to the desktop in the form of files, directory folders, and links to applications, there are no widgets that can be added to the desktop. I do like some widgets on my KDE and Cinnamon desktops, but they are easy to cover and then I need to move or minimize windows, or just use the “Show desktop” button to clear off the entire desktop. LXDE does have a “Iconify all windows” button, but I seldom need to use it unless I want to look at my wallpaper.
|
||||
|
||||
**5\. LXDE comes with a strong file manager.** The default file manager for LXDE is PCManFM, so that became my file manager for the duration of my time with LXDE. PCManFM is very flexible and can be configured to make it work well for most people and situations. It seems to be somewhat less configurable than Krusader, which is usually my go-to file manager, but I really like the sidebar on PCManFM that Krusader does not have.
|
||||
|
||||
PCManFM allows multiple tabs, which can be opened with a right-click on any item in the sidebar or by a left-click on the new tab icon in the icon bar. The Places pane at the left of the PCManFM window shows the applications menu, and you can launch applications from PCManFM. The upper part of the Places pane also shows a devices icon, which can be used to view your physical storage devices, a list of removable devices along with buttons to allow you to mount or unmount them, and the Home, Desktop, and trashcan folders to make them easy to access. The bottom part of the Places panel contains shortcuts to some default directories, Documents, Music, Pictures, Videos, and Downloads. You can also drag additional directories to the shortcut part of the Places pane. The Places pane can be swapped for a regular directory tree.
|
||||
|
||||
**6\. The title bar of ****a new window flashes**** if it is opened behind existing windows.** This is a nice way to make locating new windows in with a large number of existing ones.
|
||||
|
||||
**7\. Most modern desktop environments allow for multiple desktops and LXDE is no exception to that.** I like to use one desktop for my development, testing, and writing activities, and another for mundane tasks like email and web browsing. LXDE provides two desktops by default, but you can configure just one or more. Right-click on the Desktop Pager to configure it.
|
||||
|
||||
Through some disruptive but not destructive testing, I was able to determine that the maximum number of desktops allowed is 100\. I also discovered that when I reduced the number of desktops to fewer than the three I actually had in use, the windows on the defunct desktops are moved to desktop 1\. What fun I have had with this!
|
||||
|
||||
**8\. The Xfce power manager is a powerful little application that allows you to configure how power management works.** It provides a tab for General configuration as well as tabs for System, Display, and Devices. The Devices tab displays a table of attached devices on my system, such as battery-powered mice, keyboards, and even my UPS. It displays information about each, including the vendor and serial number, if available, and the state of the battery charge. As I write this, my UPS is 100% charged and my Logitech mouse is 75% charged. The Xfce power manager also displays an icon in the system tray so you can get a quick read on your devices' battery status from there.
|
||||
|
||||
There are more things to like about the LXDE desktop, but these are the ones that either grabbed my attention or are so important to my way of working in a modern GUI interface that they are indispensable to me.
|
||||
|
||||
One quirk I noticed with LXDE is that I never did figure out what the “Reconfigure” option does on the desktop (Openbox) menu. I clicked on that several times and never noticed any activity of any kind to indicate that that selection actually did anything.
|
||||
|
||||
I have found LXDE to be an easy-to-use, yet powerful, desktop. I have enjoyed my weeks using it for this article. LXDE has enabled me to work effectively mostly by allowing me access to the applications and files that I want, while remaining unobtrusive the rest of the time. I also never encountered anything that prevented me from doing my work. Well, except perhaps for the time I spent exploring this fine desktop. I can highly recommend the LXDE desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
I am now using GNOME 3 and the GNOME Shell and will report on that in my next installment.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
作者简介：
|
||||
|
||||
David Both - David Both is a Linux and Open Source advocate who resides in Raleigh, North Carolina. He has been in the IT industry for over forty years and taught OS/2 for IBM where he worked for over 20 years. While at IBM, he wrote the first training course for the original IBM PC in 1981. He has taught RHCE classes for Red Hat and has worked at MCI Worldcom, Cisco, and the State of North Carolina. He has been working with Linux and Open Source Software for almost 20 years.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/17/3/8-reasons-use-lxde
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[David Both ][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://opensource.com/users/dboth
|
||||
[1]:https://opensource.com/resources/what-is-linux?src=linux_resource_menu
|
||||
[2]:https://opensource.com/resources/what-are-linux-containers?src=linux_resource_menu
|
||||
[3]:https://opensource.com/article/16/11/managing-devices-linux?src=linux_resource_menu
|
||||
[4]:https://developers.redhat.com/promotions/linux-cheatsheet/?intcmp=7016000000127cYAAQ
|
||||
[5]:https://opensource.com/tags/linux?src=linux_resource_menu
|
||||
[6]:https://opensource.com/article/17/3/8-reasons-use-lxde?rate=QigvkBy_9zLvktdsL-QaIWedjIqjtlwwJIVFQDQzsSY
|
||||
[7]:https://opensource.com/life/15/4/9-reasons-to-use-kde
|
||||
[8]:https://opensource.com/article/17/1/cinnamon-desktop-environment
|
||||
[9]:https://opensource.com/user/14106/feed
|
||||
[10]:https://opensource.com/article/17/3/8-reasons-use-lxde#comments
|
||||
[11]:https://opensource.com/users/dboth
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
|
||||
How to Change Root Password of MySQL or MariaDB in Linux
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If you’re [installing MySQL or MariaDB in Linux][1] for the first time, chances are you will be executing mysql_secure_installation script to secure your MySQL installation with basic settings.
|
||||
|
||||
One of these settings is, database root password – which you must keep secret and use only when it is required. If you need to change it (for example, when a database administrator changes roles – or is laid off!).
|
||||
|
||||
**Suggested Read:** [Recover MySQL or MariaDB Root Password in Linux][2]
|
||||
|
||||
This article will come in handy. We will explain how to change a root password of MySQL or MariaDB database server in Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
Although we will use a MariaDB server in this article, the instructions should work for MySQL as well.
|
||||
|
||||
### Change MySQL or MariaDB Root Password
|
||||
|
||||
You know the root password and want to reset it, in this case, let’s make sure MariaDB is running:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
------------- CentOS/RHEL 7 and Fedora 22+ -------------
|
||||
# systemctl is-active mariadb
|
||||
------------- CentOS/RHEL 6 and Fedora -------------
|
||||
# /etc/init.d/mysqld status
|
||||
```
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][3]
|
||||
|
||||
Check MySQL Status
|
||||
|
||||
If the above command does not return the word `active` as output or its stopped, you will need to start the database service before proceeding:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
------------- CentOS/RHEL 7 and Fedora 22+ -------------
|
||||
# systemctl start mariadb
|
||||
------------- CentOS/RHEL 6 and Fedora -------------
|
||||
# /etc/init.d/mysqld start
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Next, we will login to the database server as root:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# mysql -u root -p
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
For compatibility across versions, we will use the following statement to update the user table in the mysql database. Note that you need to replace `YourPasswordHere` with the new password you have chosen for root.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
MariaDB [(none)]> USE mysql;
|
||||
MariaDB [(none)]> UPDATE user SET password=PASSWORD('YourPasswordHere') WHERE User='root' AND Host = 'localhost';
|
||||
MariaDB [(none)]> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To validate, exit your current MariaDB session by typing.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
MariaDB [(none)]> exit;
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
and then press Enter. You should now be able to connect to the server using the new password.
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][4]
|
||||
|
||||
Change MySQL/MariaDB Root Password
|
||||
|
||||
##### Summary
|
||||
|
||||
In this article we have explained how to change the MariaDB / MySQL root password – whether you know the current one or not.
|
||||
|
||||
As always, feel free to drop us a note if you have any questions or feedback using our comment form below. We look forward to hearing from you!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
作者简介：
|
||||
|
||||
Gabriel Cánepa is a GNU/Linux sysadmin and web developer from Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Argentina. He works for a worldwide leading consumer product company and takes great pleasure in using FOSS tools to increase productivity in all areas of his daily work.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/change-mysql-mariadb-root-password/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/gacanepa/
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-mariadb-in-centos-7/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/reset-mysql-or-mariadb-root-password/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Check-MySQL-Status.png
|
||||
[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Change-MySQL-Root-Password.png
|
||||
[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/gacanepa/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/10-useful-free-linux-ebooks-for-newbies-and-administrators/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/free-linux-shell-scripting-books/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
|
||||
Restrict SSH User Access to Certain Directory Using Chrooted Jail
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
There are several reasons to [restrict a SSH user session][1] to a particular directory, especially on web servers, but the obvious one is a system security. In order to lock SSH users in a certain directory, we can use chroot mechanism.
|
||||
|
||||
change root (chroot) in Unix-like systems such as Linux, is a means of separating specific user operations from the rest of the Linux system; changes the apparent root directory for the current running user process and its child process with new root directory called a chrooted jail.
|
||||
|
||||
In this tutorial, we’ll show you how to restrict a SSH user access to a given directory in Linux. Note that we’ll run the all the commands as root, use the [sudo command][2] if you are logged into server as a normal user.
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 1: Create SSH Chroot Jail
|
||||
|
||||
1. Start by creating the chroot jail using the mkdir command below:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# mkdir -p /home/test
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
2. Next, identify required files, according to the sshd_config man page, the `ChrootDirectory` option specifies the pathname of the directory to chroot to after authentication. The directory must contain the necessary files and directories to support a user’s session.
|
||||
|
||||
For an interactive session, this requires at least a shell, commonly `sh`, and basic `/dev` nodes such as null, zero, stdin, stdout, stderr, and tty devices:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# ls -l /dev/{null,zero,stdin,stdout,stderr,random,tty}
|
||||
```
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][3]
|
||||
|
||||
Listing Required Files
|
||||
|
||||
3. Now, create the `/dev` files as follows using the mknod command. In the command below, the `-m` flag is used to specify the file permissions bits, `c` means character file and the two numbers are major and minor numbers that the files point to.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# mkdir -p /home/test/dev/
|
||||
# cd /home/test/dev/
|
||||
# mknod -m 666 null c 1 3
|
||||
# mknod -m 666 tty c 5 0
|
||||
# mknod -m 666 zero c 1 5
|
||||
# mknod -m 666 random c 1 8
|
||||
```
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][4]
|
||||
|
||||
Create /dev and Required Files
|
||||
|
||||
4. Afterwards, set the appropriate permission on the chroot jail. Note that the chroot jail and its subdirectories and subfiles must be owned by root user, and not writable by any normal user or group:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# chown root:root /home/test
|
||||
# chmod 0755 /home/test
|
||||
# ls -ld /home/test
|
||||
```
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][5]
|
||||
|
||||
Set Permissions on Directory
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 2: Setup Interactive Shell for SSH Chroot Jail
|
||||
|
||||
5. First, create the `bin` directory and then copy the `/bin/bash` files into the `bin` directory as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# mkdir -p /home/test/bin
|
||||
# cp -v /bin/bash /home/test/bin/
|
||||
```
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][6]
|
||||
|
||||
Copy Files to bin Directory
|
||||
|
||||
6. Now, identify bash required shared `libs`, as below and copy them into the `lib` directory:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# ldd /bin/bash
|
||||
# mkdir -p /home/test/lib64
|
||||
# cp -v /lib64/{libtinfo.so.5,libdl.so.2,libc.so.6,ld-linux-x86-64.so.2} /home/test/lib64/
|
||||
```
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][7]
|
||||
|
||||
Copy Shared Library Files
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 3: Create and Configure SSH User
|
||||
|
||||
7. Now, create the SSH user with the [useradd command][8] and set a secure password for the user:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# useradd tecmint
|
||||
# passwd tecmint
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
8. Create the chroot jail general configurations directory, `/home/test/etc` and copy the updated account files (/etc/passwd and /etc/group) into this directory as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# mkdir /home/test/etc
|
||||
# cp -vf /etc/{passwd,group} /home/test/etc/
|
||||
```
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][9]
|
||||
|
||||
Copy Password Files
|
||||
|
||||
Note: Each time you add more SSH users to the system, you will need to copy the updated account files into the `/home/test/etc` directory.
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 4: Configure SSH to Use Chroot Jail
|
||||
|
||||
9. Now, open the `sshd_config` file.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
and add/modify the lines below in the file.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
#define username to apply chroot jail to
|
||||
Match User tecmint
|
||||
#specify chroot jail
|
||||
ChrootDirectory /home/test
|
||||
```
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][10]
|
||||
|
||||
Configure SSH Chroot Jail
|
||||
|
||||
Save the file and exit, and restart the SSHD services:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# systemctl restart sshd
|
||||
OR
|
||||
# service sshd restart
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 5: Testing SSH with Chroot Jail
|
||||
|
||||
10. At this point, test if the chroot jail setup is working as expected:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# ssh tecmint@192.168.0.10
|
||||
-bash-4.1$ ls
|
||||
-bash-4.1$ date
|
||||
-bash-4.1$ uname
|
||||
```
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][11]
|
||||
|
||||
Testing SSH User Chroot Jail
|
||||
|
||||
From the screenshot above, we can see that the SSH user is locked in the chrooted jail, and can’t run any external commands (ls, date, uname etc).
|
||||
|
||||
The user can only execute bash and its builtin commands such as(pwd, history, echo etc) as seen below:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# ssh tecmint@192.168.0.10
|
||||
-bash-4.1$ pwd
|
||||
-bash-4.1$ echo "Tecmint - Fastest Growing Linux Site"
|
||||
-bash-4.1$ history
|
||||
```
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][12]
|
||||
|
||||
SSH Built-in Commands
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 6\. Create SSH User’s Home Directory and Add Linux Commands
|
||||
|
||||
11. From the previous step, we can notice that the user is locked in the root directory, we can create a home directory for the the SSH user like so (do this for all future users):
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# mkdir -p /home/test/home/tecmint
|
||||
# chown -R tecmint:tecmint /home/test/home/tecmint
|
||||
# chmod -R 0700 /home/test/home/tecmint
|
||||
```
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][13]
|
||||
|
||||
Create SSH User Home Directory
|
||||
|
||||
12. Next, install a few user commands such as ls, date, mkdir in the `bin` directory:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# cp -v /bin/ls /home/test/bin/
|
||||
# cp -v /bin/date /home/test/bin/
|
||||
# cp -v /bin/mkdir /home/test/bin/
|
||||
```
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][14]
|
||||
|
||||
Add Commands to SSH User
|
||||
|
||||
13. Next, check the shared libraries for the commands above and move them into the chrooted jail libraries directory:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# ldd /bin/ls
|
||||
# cp -v /lib64/{libselinux.so.1,libcap.so.2,libacl.so.1,libc.so.6,libpcre.so.1,libdl.so.2,ld-linux-x86-64.so.2,libattr.so.1,libpthread.so.0} /home/test/lib64/
|
||||
```
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][15]
|
||||
|
||||
Copy Shared Libraries
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 7\. Testing SFTP with Chroot Jail
|
||||
|
||||
14. Do a final test using sftp; check if the commands you have just installed are working.
|
||||
|
||||
Add the line below in the `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` file:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
#Enable sftp to chrooted jail
|
||||
ForceCommand internal-sftp
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Save the file and exit. Then restart the SSHD services:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# systemctl restart sshd
|
||||
OR
|
||||
# service sshd restart
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
15. Now, test using SSH, you’ll get the following error:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# ssh tecmint@192.168.0.10
|
||||
```
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][16]
|
||||
|
||||
Test SSH Chroot Jail
|
||||
|
||||
Try using SFTP as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# sftp tecmint@192.168.0.10
|
||||
```
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][17]
|
||||
|
||||
Testing sFTP SSH User
|
||||
|
||||
**Suggested Read:** [Restrict SFTP Users to Home Directories Using chroot Jail][18]
|
||||
|
||||
That’s it for now!. In this article, we showed you how to restrict a SSH user in a given directory (chrooted jail) in Linux. Use the comment section below to offer us your thoughts about this guide.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
作者简介：
|
||||
|
||||
Aaron Kili is a Linux and F.O.S.S enthusiast, an upcoming Linux SysAdmin, web developer, and currently a content creator for TecMint who loves working with computers and strongly believes in sharing knowledge.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/restrict-ssh-user-to-directory-using-chrooted-jail/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Aaron Kili][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/restrict-sftp-user-home-directories-using-chroot/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/sudoers-configurations-for-setting-sudo-in-linux/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Listing-Required-Files.png
|
||||
[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Create-Required-Files.png
|
||||
[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Set-Permission-on-Directory.png
|
||||
[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Copy-Bin-Files.png
|
||||
[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Copy-Shared-Library-Files.png
|
||||
[8]:http://www.tecmint.com/add-users-in-linux/
|
||||
[9]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Copy-Password-Files.png
|
||||
[10]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Configure-SSH-Chroot-Jail.png
|
||||
[11]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Testing-SSH-User-Chroot-Jail.png
|
||||
[12]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/SSH-Builtin-Commands.png
|
||||
[13]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Create-SSH-User-Home-Directory.png
|
||||
[14]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Add-Commands-to-SSH-User.png
|
||||
[15]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Copy-Shared-Libraries.png
|
||||
[16]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Test-SSH-Chroot-Jail.png
|
||||
[17]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Testing-sFTP-SSH-User.png
|
||||
[18]:http://www.tecmint.com/restrict-sftp-user-home-directories-using-chroot/
|
||||
[19]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/
|
||||
[20]:http://www.tecmint.com/10-useful-free-linux-ebooks-for-newbies-and-administrators/
|
||||
[21]:http://www.tecmint.com/free-linux-shell-scripting-books/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
|
||||
6 Best PDF Page Cropping Tools For Linux
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Portable Document Format (PDF) is a well known and possibly the most used file format today, specifically for presenting and sharing documents reliably, independent of software, hardware, or more so, operating system.
|
||||
|
||||
It has become the De Facto Standard for electronic documents, especially on the Internet. Because of this reason, and increased electronic information sharing, many people today get useful information in PDF documents.
|
||||
|
||||
**Suggested Read:** [8 Best PDF Document Viewers for Linux][1]
|
||||
|
||||
In this article, we will list the six best PDF page cropping tools for Linux systems.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1\. Master PDF Editor
|
||||
|
||||
[Master PDF Editor][2] is an easy-to-use and convenient, yet powerful multi-functional PDF Editor for work with PDF documents.
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][3]
|
||||
|
||||
Master PDF Editor
|
||||
|
||||
It enables you to easily view, create and modify PDF files. It can also merge several files into one and [split source document into multiple ones][4].
|
||||
|
||||
Addionally, Master PDF Editor helps you to comment, sign, encrypt PDF files plus lots more.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Features of Master PDF Editor
|
||||
|
||||
1. It is cross platform; works on Linux, Windows and MacOS
|
||||
2. Enables creation of PDF documents
|
||||
3. Allows modification of text and objects
|
||||
4. Supports comments in PDF documents
|
||||
5. Supports creation and filling of PDF forms
|
||||
6. Also supports optical text recognition
|
||||
7. Supports several pages operations
|
||||
8. Supports bookmarks and digital signatures
|
||||
9. Ships in with a virtual PDF printer
|
||||
|
||||
### 2\. PDF Quench
|
||||
|
||||
[PDF Quench][5] is a graphical Python application for cropping pages in PDF files.
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][6]
|
||||
|
||||
PDF Quench Editor
|
||||
|
||||
It enables users to crop pages with correct rotation, defines PDF crop box to the same position as meda box, this helps to deal with the issue of cropping the 2nd time.
|
||||
|
||||
### 3\. PDF Shuffler
|
||||
|
||||
[PDF-Shuffler][7] is a small, simple and free python-gtk application, it’s a graphical wrapper for python-pyPdf.
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][8]
|
||||
|
||||
PDF Shuffler Editor
|
||||
|
||||
With PDF-Shuffler, you can merge or split PDF documents and rotate, crop and rearrange their pages using an interactive and intuitive graphical user interface.
|
||||
|
||||
### 4\. Krop
|
||||
|
||||
[Krop][9] is a simple, free graphical user interface (GUI) application used to crop PDF file pages. It is written in Python and works only on Linux systems.
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][10]
|
||||
|
||||
Krop PDF Editor
|
||||
|
||||
It depends on PyQT, python-poppler-qt4 and pyPdf or PyPDF2 to offer its full functionality. One of its other main feature is it automatically splits pages into multiple subpages to fit the limited screen size of devices such as eReaders.
|
||||
|
||||
### 5\. Briss
|
||||
|
||||
[Briss][11] a simple, free cross-platform program for cropping PDF files, it works on Linux, Windows, Mac OSX.
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][12]
|
||||
|
||||
Briss PDF Editor
|
||||
|
||||
Its remarkable feature is a straightforward graphical user interface, which allows you to define exactly the crop-region by fitting a rectangle on the visually overlaid pages, and other useful attributes.
|
||||
|
||||
### 6\. PDFCrop
|
||||
|
||||
[PDFCrop][13] is a PDF page cropping application for Linux systems written in Perl. It requires ghostscript (for finding the borders of the PDF’s bounding box) and PDFedit (for cropping and resizing the pages) applications to be installed on the system.
|
||||
|
||||
It enables you to crop the white margins of PDF pages, and rescales them to fit a standard size sheet of paper; the resultant page is more readable and eye-catching after printing.
|
||||
|
||||
It is predominantly useful to academics, enabling them to print downloaded journal articles in an appealing manner. PDFCrop is also used by those who receive PDF documents structured for letter size paper, however need to print the pages on A4 paper (or vice versa).
|
||||
|
||||
That’s all! in this article, we listed the 6 best PDF page cropping tools with the key features for Linux systems. Is there any tool we have not mentioned here, share it with us in the comments.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
作者简介：
|
||||
|
||||
Aaron Kili is a Linux and F.O.S.S enthusiast, an upcoming Linux SysAdmin, web developer, and currently a content creator for TecMint who loves working with computers and strongly believes in sharing knowledge.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/best-pdf-page-cropping-tools-for-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Aaron Kili][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-pdf-viewers-and-readers-tools/
|
||||
[2]:https://code-industry.net/masterpdfeditor/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Master-PDF-Editor.png
|
||||
[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/split-large-tar-into-multiple-files-of-certain-size/
|
||||
[5]:https://github.com/linuxerwang/pdf-quench
|
||||
[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/PDF-Quench.png
|
||||
[7]:https://github.com/jeromerobert/pdfshuffler
|
||||
[8]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/PDF-Shuffler.png
|
||||
[9]:http://arminstraub.com/software/krop
|
||||
[10]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Krop-PDF-Editor.png
|
||||
[11]:http://briss.sourceforge.net/
|
||||
[12]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Briss-PDF-Editor.png
|
||||
[13]:http://pdfcrop.sourceforge.net/
|
||||
[14]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/
|
||||
[15]:http://www.tecmint.com/10-useful-free-linux-ebooks-for-newbies-and-administrators/
|
||||
[16]:http://www.tecmint.com/free-linux-shell-scripting-books/
|
||||
@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
|
||||
# What is OpenSUSE? An introduction
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Last time we introduced Debian, one of the first giants. Now we gonna introduce SUSE. Yup we will see some good things about SUSE Linux or most commonly known as OpenSUSE. So here we begin. OpenSUSE is based on rpm package management. It is one of the most widely used Linux distro. OpenSUSE is also used as base of SUSE Enterprise Linux products. The operating system is sponsored by Novell which later acquired by Attachmate group.
|
||||
|
||||
It is a very simple but highly customizable and efficient Linux distro. It is made for daily use plus servers and industry work too. While you can get OpenSUSE free of cost as it is completely opensource, but you can get lots of amazing features packed in it. An iso of OpenSUSE contains loads of useful softwares packed in it plus it offers multiple DE while installing later too.
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][3]
|
||||
> OpenSUSE 13.1 running with KDE
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][4]
|
||||
|
||||
> OpenSUSE 13.1 running with Gnome
|
||||
|
||||
AS you can see i am using OpenSUSE with both KDE and Gnome in it. So it's your choice. OpenSUSE offers Gnome, KDE, Xfce, LXDE, Openbox, IceWM, blackbox, etc. You can install other DE manually later too. Apart from that OpenSUSE gives you power. Yup it is very powerful and robust OS. It is secure and it is stable. OpenSUSE is well known for it's KDE desktop. OpenSUSE will install KDE by default if you didn't select any other option from DE choices. OpenSUSE have fully integrated and supported desktop environments. OpenSUSE includes huge amount of softwares in their repository plus in third party repositories too. It includes Mozilla Firefox as default web browser. You can easily work with your documents using Libreoffice. You have Amarok music player for your music need, got Kaffeine for watching videos. Most of all you got YaST. With YaST you got control over your system as you can perform various admin task from here. You can install multiple DE from YaST, you can add new devices and set them up, etc etc.
|
||||
|
||||
OpenSUSE also provide an interesting service called Tumbleweed. In this service you can get all the latest stable updates released by developers. By this option you can be assured to get a healthy and stable PC.
|
||||
|
||||
Overall, OpenSUSE is very interesting, stable (also bleeding edge) and powerful OS. we will surely suggest you to give it a try, as we also use it in our daily life. So here we conclude the second segment of "Introduction with Linux World" series. Stay tuned to us as we will be bringing more interesting stuffs from Linux world right onto your PC.
|
||||
|
||||
We are trying you to introduce you with most of distros.
|
||||
|
||||
Have fun with Linux, Ciao.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/what-is-opensuse-introduction.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[sumit rohankar ][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://plus.google.com/112160169713374382262
|
||||
[1]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/linux-guide-for-beginners-part-1.html
|
||||
[2]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/linux-guide-for-beginners-part-2.html
|
||||
[3]:http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KtuHu6WYnOk/U3OEQ8ghxII/AAAAAAAAARU/fllY-Qqg47c/s1600/06.png
|
||||
[4]:http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hwPaooOBwyk/U3OFwrgFldI/AAAAAAAAARk/dDJuvx0ltf4/s1600/08.png
|
||||
@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
|
||||
# What is Fedora? An introduction
|
||||
|
||||
We are here to continue this Distro Intro. series forward. So we will be meeting with another distribution today. Well this distro is rather widely used and famous among Linux users. We will be introduced with another giant today named Fedora.
|
||||
|
||||
So the question is what is Fedora?
|
||||
|
||||
Fedora is an Linux distro or an operating system. Fedora is sponsored by Red Hat, one of the giant in Linux industry. Fedora is a worldwide community effort to to introduce people to the world of open-source. In Fedora project people all around world works to make it better day by day. The Fedora project was established in 2003 and owned by Red Hat.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Fedora OS contains wide range of software prebundled or available in repository for easy access and installation. Fedora by default uses Gnome desktop environment but it also provide option to install fedora with KDE, Xfce, LXDE, Cinnamon, MATE, Sugar desktop. Fedora uses RPM package management and software can be easily found in Fedora. We can easily download and install packages using yum package manager or Gnome software which is graphical package manager. There are third party repositories too for providing software in Fedora, of which RPM Fusion is one of the most famous repositories. Fedora also provide a service named Copr which let's the users to create their own repository.
|
||||
|
||||
Fedora is rather very stable distro but along with the stable part, Fedora is indeed popular for it's bleeding edge nature. Fedora is known for bringing new technologies, experimenting new innovations. Fedora also provide strong security. It provides various security modules to customize and give a strong security to your PC. Fedora also works on upstream communities of Linux due to which the innovations are not only limited to Fedora but available for all the Linux distro. Fedora is kinda distro which bring new things first and then it's spread all among the other distros. Fedora is completely free and open community, you have full permission to redistribute Fedora iso to your friends or any person who is interested in using Fedora. More on it Fedora works openly and transparently, therefore encouraging and inviting people all around the world to work with Fedora project if interested.
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][5]
|
||||
|
||||
> Fedora 20 running on Xfce desktop environment.
|
||||
|
||||
Fedora is also a good in support section. By asking your problems on Fedora community you will be assure to get it answered because the it will answered by community who uses Fedora. Many experts and Beginners also present in this community to make your stay better at Fedora. Fedora doesn't provide Long term support as it upgrades to new version every six months. They provide new features in every new upgrade which makes them a bleeding edge distro. But it's not a big worry as you can easily upgrade your system using FedUp. There are also branches of Fedora called Fedora spins which are created by communities and groups interested in Fedora, these spins are flavors of various categories like Education, Gaming, Music, etc. which are made specifically for respected category.
|
||||
|
||||
So overall Fedora is open-source, completely free of cost, redistributable, stable, secure, robust and bleeding edge operating system, which is easy to use in day to day life. Fedora brings you into the world of innovation and free things plus the strong sponsor Red Hat makes it even more better. If you are thinking to use Linux then Fedora is one of the best choice to try. So here we conclude third Segment of "Introduction with Linux Distro" series. We will be back with another Linux distro in next segment, so stay tuned and subscribe us to keep updated. Till then, Ciao.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/Introduction-to-fedora.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[sumit rohankar ][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://plus.google.com/112160169713374382262
|
||||
[1]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/make-bootable-usb-drive-in-ubuntu.html
|
||||
[2]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/how-to-convert-deb-to-rpm.html
|
||||
[3]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/how-to-install-opensuse-131.html
|
||||
[4]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/install-deb-files.html
|
||||
[5]:http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EnaboEcRH6E/U3OAe2bFZ7I/AAAAAAAAAQ0/6iH-DigFGBM/s1600/03.png
|
||||
[6]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/linux-guide-for-beginners-part-1.html
|
||||
[7]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/what-is-debian-brief-introduction.html
|
||||
[8]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/what-is-opensuse-introduction.html
|
||||
[9]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/linux-guide-for-beginners-part-2.html
|
||||
[10]:http://www.techphylum.com/
|
||||
@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
|
||||
# Elementary OS-A brief introduction
|
||||
|
||||
So today we gonna introduce you guys to Elementary OS. This is a lightweight distro which is based on Ubuntu. this is an ideal distro for using on Netbooks and old PC. Apart from Xubuntu, Lubuntu, Linux Mint Mate edition and other lightweight distros, Elementary OS have it's own unique feature i.e. The Pantheon desktop environment. The latest version of Elementary OS is 0.2 Luna which you can easily download from there official site. So let's take a look at Elementary OS.
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][8]
|
||||
> Elementary OS login screen
|
||||
|
||||
The first thing we see after installing Elementary OS is this beautiful greeter i.e. login screen. after filling up username and password, we will be granted to enter authorised area :P as you can see there's also an option of guest session by which you can let anyone enter but won't be able to touch your private data.
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][9]
|
||||
>The main screen i.e. Desktop
|
||||
|
||||
Now here is the main screen of Elementary OS. It seems like a basic and less crowded desktop but it have it's own beauty. The dock below is beautifully designed with auto hide function. If you have created multiple accounts then no worries you can easily switch between multiple accounts as you can seen in top right corner of above screensnap.
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][15]
|
||||
|
||||
It have integrated power button, account switch button, Empathy IM client button, a network button, a launcher button and a sound control button in which music control is embedded on the top bar. These buttons are very helpful and easy for quick actions.
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][10]
|
||||
> Apps launcher of elementary OS
|
||||
|
||||
On the top left corner, there's a button to fire up the application launcher. The app launcher is simple yet elegant and beautiful. As you can see by default there are not many apps installed in it. But no worries you can install new apps very easily.
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][11]
|
||||
> Software center in Elementary OS
|
||||
|
||||
There is a software center in Elementary OS. Due to this software center you can easily find your favourite apps and install them very easily and quickly. There's no need of hassling over internet for searching an app. As it is based on Ubuntu, lot's of softwares are available in software center for installing.
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][12]
|
||||
>Shotwell in Elementary OS.
|
||||
|
||||
By default Elementary OS includes Shotwell photo manager which is a very amazingand easy to use. you can easily import your pics in shotwell and view them in organised manner too. Elementary OS also includes Empathy IM client by default which is a multi-IM client and very useful for managing multiple accounts at same time. It also includes Geary Mail, a good email client. A music player and a Movie player too.
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][13]
|
||||
> Midori Web Browser in Elementary OS
|
||||
|
||||
Elementary OS includes a lightweight web browser, Midori. It is a good browser with multi-tab and download support. It supports HTML5 and CSS3, it cando all the task that a heavy browser can do. It is an example of good speed and beautiful design.
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][14]
|
||||
>Settings menu
|
||||
|
||||
The settings menu is very simplified and organised, so that user can easily tweak what he wants. Well designed looks and easy user interface makes Elementary OS a good choice for beginners. It's not only about the looks and lightweight thing, Elementary OS is stable and secure at the same time. It provides a good support as it's based on Ubuntu people can easily find answers on ubuntu community too. So all in all Elementary OS is recommended to use on Low specs as well as high specs PC.
|
||||
|
||||
Oh!!! i forgot to tell you guys that, i am posting this topic using Elementary OS and Midori Browser. So with this we conclude the fourth Segment of "introduction to Linux distro" series. we will be back with a new Linux distro next time so stay tuned with us. Till then, ciao.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/elementary-os-brief-introduction.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[sumit rohankar ][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://plus.google.com/112160169713374382262
|
||||
[1]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/wine-intro.html
|
||||
[2]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/how-to-install-desktop-environments.html
|
||||
[3]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/best-desktop-environments-part-2.html
|
||||
[4]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/acetoneiso-in-linux.html
|
||||
[5]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/Introduction-to-fedora.html
|
||||
[6]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/what-is-opensuse-introduction.html
|
||||
[7]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/what-is-debian-brief-introduction.html
|
||||
[8]:http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-K-lAdpgtseA/U4h9KOrOVsI/AAAAAAAAAVo/9ZRB8TgTkXI/s1600/08.png
|
||||
[9]:http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SU4OPMzFhp4/U4h9DqSSRHI/AAAAAAAAAVE/R4xE42c73Lk/s1600/03.png
|
||||
[10]:http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-5v9ujXuGk84/U4h9Blpe_qI/AAAAAAAAAUw/eosR6KfTNO4/s1600/01.png
|
||||
[11]:http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tQUW8TRnc54/U4h9EVIIdEI/AAAAAAAAAVI/zbbfZtht4qI/s1600/04.png
|
||||
[12]:http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IsHgpYBgkAM/U4h9GZzqEmI/AAAAAAAAAVU/29kMAhksnFk/s1600/07.png
|
||||
[13]:http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EVgzaK9mEUM/U4h9GgJoRFI/AAAAAAAAAVY/p-6ZcRx2FqQ/s1600/05.png
|
||||
[14]:http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kHtqnbLR_-o/U4h9HYEvmGI/AAAAAAAAAVg/MHmarvOp3xw/s1600/06.png
|
||||
[15]:http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-R-gFrmV_Tp8/U4h9DrbIPfI/AAAAAAAAAVA/I2VrKIwQtYs/s1600/02.png
|
||||
@ -1,101 +0,0 @@
|
||||
# Linux Mint-An Introduction
|
||||
|
||||
So today, we are here to continue our "**Introduction with Linux Distro**" series. On our fifth segment we have Linux Mint. So what is Linux Mint? It is an operating system based on Ubuntu and Debian.
|
||||
|
||||
Linux mint is probably one of the most famous Linux distro out there. It is a good choice for beginners as it includes easy to use tools with a great GUI (graphical user interface). Even though it is good for beginners, it doesn't mean that it don't provide advanced use. Ofcource it gives a stable and secure atmosphere. It is beautifully designed and softwares are deeply integrated. The latest version of Linux Mint is 17 codenamed **Qiana** which is based on Ubuntu 14.04 Trusty Tahr. It is a long term support version. After you done installing the OS, the first boot will bring you to welcome screen from where you can find various thing to help you understand whats going on your PC.
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][11]
|
||||
|
||||
Linux mint use Cinnamon or Mate DE by default. We are using cinnamon edition of Linux mint 17\. The desktop environment is deeply integrated in the OS. It is beautifully designed plus it gives an elegant look to your PC.
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][9]
|
||||
>Linux Mint 17 running on cinnamon DE
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][10]
|
||||
> Cinnamon DE in Linux mint 17 |
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][12]
|
||||
|
||||
The update manager of Linux Mint do it's job very smoothly. It checks the updates of every single component of your pc including third party apps installed using software center. It provides all the updates in one place for easier installation with less hassle.
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][13]
|
||||
|
||||
The software center of Linux mint is well categorized and designed. It is very easy to find your favorite apps and install them. The categories and navigation will make it easier to use. It also gives good graphical user interface for newbies to understand quicker.
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][14]
|
||||
|
||||
The file manager of Linux Mint is nicely designed and it gives root access to your files and folders. One of the most essential part in every operating system.
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][15]
|
||||
|
||||
At the bottom, there's a toolbar with different things embedded in it. It is customizable so you can have your own taste in it. By default it includes a menu launcher button, some apps shortcuts, a notification panel, user accounts panel, sound panel, date and time panel, network panel, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][16]
|
||||
|
||||
The setting menu is well categorized and designed too. It gives easier navigation to the field you wanna go. From settings menu you can do almost all the changes in your operating system.
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][17]
|
||||
|
||||
Each flavor of Linux mint comes in two editions, one is with all the media codecs and one without media codecs. We suggest you to choose media codecs included edition. It saves the hassle of installing codecs later on. And for the entertainment purpose there are some apps like Banshee, Brasero, VLC media player, etc. which gives you music and video playback on the go.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][18]
|
||||
|
||||
Overall Linux mint is a versatile, stable and secure OS. It is very easy to use, but ofcource you will need to find out your way with some homework at some places. as per our suggestion Linux Mint is highly recommended for newbies as well as experts too. The mate flavor of Linux Mint can run on netbooks and oldies too. However Cinnamon flavour need 3D acceleration.
|
||||
|
||||
For more information about this distro and for downloading please visit their **[Official site][19]**
|
||||
|
||||
So with this we conclude our fifth segment. We will be back with more interesting things from Linux world so stay tuned and updated by subscribing us.
|
||||
|
||||
Till then, KEEP VISITING!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.techphylum.com/2014/06/linux-mint-introduction.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[sumit rohankar][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://plus.google.com/112160169713374382262
|
||||
[1]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/06/monitor-internet-speed-ubuntu.html
|
||||
[2]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/06/mars-ridiculous-shooter-open-source-game.html
|
||||
[3]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/06/bootable-usb-drive-cmd.html
|
||||
[4]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/06/bleachbit-junk-cleaner-for-ubuntu-and.html
|
||||
[5]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/elementary-os-brief-introduction.html
|
||||
[6]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/Introduction-to-fedora.html
|
||||
[7]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/what-is-opensuse-introduction.html
|
||||
[8]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/what-is-debian-brief-introduction.html
|
||||
[9]:http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vl5ErJ-CwcM/U5hCWdGSGAI/AAAAAAAAAaQ/-5EaKbaTlaY/s1600/Toolwiz20146-11-16-46-40.png
|
||||
[10]:http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pWgcchwcSVc/U5hCaJyu_lI/AAAAAAAAAak/clzx1v8AYNE/s1600/Toolwiz20146-11-16-59-20.png
|
||||
[11]:http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tgtLUjXSlwU/U5hCTSJ2FII/AAAAAAAAAaE/nfNOr9dgC1I/s1600/Toolwiz20146-11-16-29-47.png
|
||||
[12]:http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xZd1slVytuU/U5hCWKwY2SI/AAAAAAAAAaM/1jnAW__1njk/s1600/Toolwiz20146-11-16-56-44.png
|
||||
[13]:http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nn6uv3lZTj8/U5hCXhHgj-I/AAAAAAAAAac/jdzguETuTRo/s1600/Toolwiz20146-11-16-57-36.png
|
||||
[14]:http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TvFxC8YSwz0/U5hCbrIfUyI/AAAAAAAAAas/pOwQ9-qZR0g/s1600/Toolwiz20146-11-17-1-2.png
|
||||
[15]:http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JmTOA8pJ47s/U5hCcj8QHuI/AAAAAAAAAa0/QOy8DUSkZBo/s1600/Toolwiz20146-11-17-1-51.png
|
||||
[16]:http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-H5CfcaYs6Vg/U5hChGNHbNI/AAAAAAAAAbE/ZLM2NEPhZ18/s1600/Toolwiz20146-11-17-3-23.png
|
||||
[17]:http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8M1PP9GgvHY/U5hCiiI7i4I/AAAAAAAAAbM/ZAdxWWGLqIw/s1600/Toolwiz20146-11-17-5-2.png
|
||||
[18]:http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3kUkWnh2tAM/U5hCj4nOUFI/AAAAAAAAAbU/9d394JW0iZw/s1600/Toolwiz20146-11-17-6-47.png
|
||||
[19]:http://linuxmint.com/
|
||||
@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
|
||||
如何加入一个技术社区
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
### 参照以下几步可以让你很容易地融入社区
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
图片提供： opensource.com
|
||||
|
||||
加入一个新的社区在很多情况下可能是一个艰巨的任务。当加入一个新的技术社区时，焦虑感可能特别强烈，尤其是一些社区对新成员的严厉甚至讥讽。
|
||||
|
||||
虽然有可能陷入一个不公正的地方，但是我认为你会发现大多数技术社区是相当合理的，并且以下几个简单的步骤可以缓解从非成员到成员的过渡。
|
||||
|
||||
### 相互适合
|
||||
|
||||
该过程开始于实际加入社区前。第一步是确保社区适合你，同时你也是社区的一个补充。
|
||||
|
||||
这听起来很简单，但每个社区都有不同的文化、态度、理念和公认的规范。如果你是某话题的新成员，面向行业专业人士的社区不是一个理想的起点。同样，如果你是一个寻找深入并且极其复杂问题的答案的专家，一个初学者的社区肯定也不太合适。无论哪种方式，两边的不匹配几乎肯定会导致双方的失望。同样，一些社区将是非常正规并且面向商业的，而另一些社区将非常宽松和悠闲，同时许多社区氛围在二者之间。选择适合你的社区，或至少不是你厌恶的社区，这将有助于确保你的长期参与。
|
||||
|
||||
### 浏览社区
|
||||
|
||||
最初以浏览和只读模式参与社区是一个好方法。这并不意味着你不应该立即创建一个帐户或加入，只是你需要通过浏览社区得到一个空间（虚拟的或物理的）感觉。潜伏一段时间会帮助你适应社区的规则和文化，以此确定你是否认为这是一个很适合你的平台。
|
||||
|
||||
### 介绍自己
|
||||
|
||||
根据社区的不同，自我介绍的细节将有很大的不同。同样，确保这样做的方式容易被社区接受。
|
||||
|
||||
有些社区可能有一个专门的介绍板块，而在另一些社区，它可能意味着填写你的个人资料等有意义和相关的信息。如果社区是邮件列表或 IRC 频道，你的初始疑问中包含简要介绍可能更有意义。这将让社区了解你是谁，为什么你想成为社区的一部分，并让他们知道一点关于你自己和你的技术水平的信息。
|
||||
|
||||
### 保持尊重
|
||||
|
||||
虽然社区间的接受方式有很大的不同，但你应该永远保持尊重。避免争吵和人身攻击，并始终努力建设社区。记住，你在互联网上发布的东西，它将永远存在，并为大家所看到。
|
||||
|
||||
### 问题
|
||||
|
||||
#### 提问
|
||||
|
||||
记住，精心设计的问题可以更快地得到更好的答案，正如我在十月专栏[The Queue][2]中指出的。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 回答
|
||||
|
||||
一旦遇见了自己很了解的关于基础或非常容易回答的提问时，“尊重”的理念也同样适用，就像提问时一样。一个技术上的冗长并充满优越感的正确答案，并不是向一个新的社区介绍自己的正确方式。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 其他讨论
|
||||
|
||||
即使在技术社区，并不是所有的讨论都是关于某个问题或答案。在这种情况下，以尊重和周到的、不带有侮辱和人身攻击的方式，提出不同的意见、挑战他人的观点是健康正确的做法。
|
||||
|
||||
### 享受自己
|
||||
|
||||
长期参加社区最重要的事情是在那里享受自己。参与一个充满活力的社区是一个学习，成长，挑战和提升自我的好机会。很多情况下，这并不容易，但它是值得的。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
作者简介：
|
||||
|
||||
Jeremy Garcia - Jeremy Garcia 是 LinuxQuestions.org 的创始人，同时也是一个热情和注重实际的开源拥护者。个人推特: @linuxquestions
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/17/1/how-join-technical-community
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jeremy Garcia][a]
|
||||
译者：[livc](https://github.com/livc)
|
||||
校对：[Bestony](https://github.com/Bestony)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://opensource.com/users/jeremy-garcia
|
||||
[1]:https://opensource.com/article/17/1/how-join-technical-community?rate=SfjMzwYInmhZiq6Yva3D87kngE-ocLOVraCD0wWbBss
|
||||
[2]:https://opensource.com/life/16/10/how-ask-technical-questions
|
||||
[3]:https://opensource.com/user/86816/feed
|
||||
[4]:https://opensource.com/article/17/1/how-join-technical-community#comments
|
||||
[5]:https://opensource.com/users/jeremy-garcia
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
|
||||
Windows赢了桌面，而Linux赢得整个世界
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
拥有最高级的 Linux 桌面系统项目的城市正转回 Windows 阵营，但 Linux 的命运已经不再与 PC 休戚相关。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> 慕尼黑的 Linux 项目只是开源软件故事中的一小部分
|
||||
> 图片: Getty Images/iStockphoto
|
||||
|
||||
在实施从 Windows 系统迁移到 Linux 系统这一项目接近十年之久， 慕尼黑却突然走上了一条戏剧性的转弯。据说是到 2021 年，地方议会就会开始用 [Windows 10][4] 替换运行 LiMux (Ubuntu 的一种自定义版本)的 PC 机。
|
||||
|
||||
若是回到 15 或者 20 年前，人们可能会争论什么时候 Linux 将会在桌面上取代 Windows。例如，当 Ubuntu 于 2004 年问世时，它是带着 [终结 Windows 的抱负][5] 而被设计为标准的桌面操作系统的。
|
||||
|
||||
剧透：这一切并没有发生。
|
||||
|
||||
桌面上的 Linux 在今天占有约为 2% 的市场，很多人都认为它复杂晦涩。与此同时，Windows 则稳航无虞，在 PC 市场笑傲群雄，天下十之有九。但商业中总还有些许 Linux 桌面的身影，它仍被需要——尤其是对开发者和数据科学家而言。
|
||||
|
||||
但遗憾的是，它永远也不会成为历史的主流。
|
||||
|
||||
慕尼黑的 Linux 项目因其规模之大，引起了许多人的兴趣。几乎没有哪家大型组织会做出从 Windows 到 Linux 的迁移，一些个别的案例像 [法国宪兵队和都灵市][6] 曾有类似之举。然而，[慕尼黑作为模范][7]：在这一事件上的失败将会大大打击那些仍在 [试图用 Linux 将 Windows 取而代之的信徒们][8]。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
但现实就是如此，绝大多数公司乐于去使用主流的桌面操作系统，因为它具有完整性、用户友好这种天然的优势。
|
||||
|
||||
工作人员所抱怨的问题中，有多少是归咎于 Limux 软件以及多少是操作系统无端被责备的，已经不可计数。但重要的是，无论慕尼黑最后何去何从，Linux 的命运都已经脱离了桌面——是的，Linux 在多年前就已经输掉了桌面战争。
|
||||
|
||||
但这对 Linux 来说无伤大雅，因为它赢得了智能手机之战，并且在云端和物联网之战上也是捷报连连。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
你的口袋里，七八成装的是一个 Linux 驱动的智能手机（Android 基于 Linux 内核）。你的身边，更是有成千上万 Linux 驱动的设备，虽然这些也许你甚至都没注意到。
|
||||
|
||||
[像 Raspberry Pi][9] 这样运行大量不同类型 Linux 的设备，正在创建一个充满热情和活力的开发者社区，并且提供给初创公司一种低成本的驱动新设备的方法。
|
||||
|
||||
大部分公有云也是以这样或那样的形式在 Linux 上运行的；即便是微软，也已经敞开大门，拥抱开源软件。无论你站在哪一个软件平台的立场，不可否认地，开发者和用户拥有更多丰富的可选项是一件好事，对决策来说，抑或是对创新来说，都是如此。
|
||||
|
||||
桌面的主导地位早已不再是当年模样了：它现在只是许多计算平台中的一个。事实上，PC 的软件也已经变得越来越不相关，因为更多的应用程序都在与设备和操作系统解耦，驻留在云中。
|
||||
|
||||
虽然慕尼黑传奇的曲折变换与 Linux 在桌面上的冒险耐人寻味，但它们却并未给你呈现出一个完整的故事。
|
||||
|
||||
_同意? 还是不同意? 在下面添加你的评论来加入讨论吧！_
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.zdnet.com/article/windows-wins-the-desktop-but-linux-takes-the-world/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Steve Ranger ][a]
|
||||
译者：[Meditator-hkx](https://github.com/Meditator-hkx)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.zdnet.com/meet-the-team/uk/steve-ranger/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.techrepublic.com/resource-library/whitepapers/why-munich-made-the-switch-from-windows-to-linux-and-may-be-reversing-course/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/windows-wins-the-desktop-but-linux-takes-the-world/#comments-c2df091a-2ecf-4e55-84f6-fd3309cf917d
|
||||
[3]:http://www.techrepublic.com/resource-library/whitepapers/why-munich-made-the-switch-from-windows-to-linux-and-may-be-reversing-course/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/linux-champion-munich-takes-decisive-step-towards-returning-to-windows/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-mark-shuttleworth-became-the-first-african-in-space-and-launched-a-software-revolution/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.techrepublic.com/pictures/10-projects-ditching-microsoft-for-open-source-plus-one-switching-back/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-munich-rejected-steve-ballmer-and-kicked-microsoft-out-of-the-city/
|
||||
[8]:http://www.techrepublic.com/resource-library/whitepapers/why-munich-made-the-switch-from-windows-to-linux-and-may-be-reversing-course/
|
||||
[9]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/hands-on-raspberry-pi-7-inch-touch-display-and-case/
|
||||
[10]:http://intent.cbsi.com/redir?tag=medc-content-top-leaderboard&siteId=2&rsid=cnetzdnetglobalsite&pagetype=article&sl=en&sc=as&topicguid=&assetguid=c2df091a-2ecf-4e55-84f6-fd3309cf917d&assettype=content_article&ftag_cd=LGN-10-10aaa0h&devicetype=desktop&viewguid=5d31a1e5-4a88-4002-ac70-1c0ca3e33bb3&q=&ctype=docids;promo&cval=33159648;7214&ttag=&ursuid=&bhid=&destUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techrepublic.com%2Fresource-library%2Fwhitepapers%2Fgraphic-design-bootcamp%2F%3Fpromo%3D7214%26ftag%3DLGN-10-10aaa0h%26cval%3Dcontent-top-leaderboard
|
||||
[11]:http://intent.cbsi.com/redir?tag=medc-content-top-leaderboard&siteId=2&rsid=cnetzdnetglobalsite&pagetype=article&sl=en&sc=as&topicguid=&assetguid=c2df091a-2ecf-4e55-84f6-fd3309cf917d&assettype=content_article&ftag_cd=LGN-10-10aaa0h&devicetype=desktop&viewguid=5d31a1e5-4a88-4002-ac70-1c0ca3e33bb3&q=&ctype=docids;promo&cval=33159648;7214&ttag=&ursuid=&bhid=&destUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techrepublic.com%2Fresource-library%2Fwhitepapers%2Fgraphic-design-bootcamp%2F%3Fpromo%3D7214%26ftag%3DLGN-10-10aaa0h%26cval%3Dcontent-top-leaderboard
|
||||
[12]:http://www.zdnet.com/meet-the-team/uk/steve-ranger/
|
||||
[13]:http://www.zdnet.com/meet-the-team/uk/steve-ranger/
|
||||
[14]:http://www.zdnet.com/topic/enterprise-software/
|
||||
@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
|
||||
安卓编年史
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
蜂巢的应用列表少了很多应用。上图还展示了通知中心和新的快速设置。
|
||||
Ron Amadeo 供图
|
||||
|
||||
默认的应用图标从32个减少到了25个，其中还有两个是第三方的游戏。因为蜂巢不是为手机设计的，而且谷歌希望默认应用都是为平板优化的，很多应用因此没有成为默认应用。被去掉的应用有亚马逊 MP3 商店，Car Home，Facebook，Google Goggles，信息，新闻与天气，电话，Twitter，谷歌语音，以及语音拨号。谷歌正在悄悄打造的音乐服务将于不久后面世，所以亚马逊 MP3 商店需要为它让路。Car Home，信息以及电话对一部不是手机的设备来说没有多大意义，Facebook 和 Twitter还没有平板版应用，Goggles，新闻与天气以及语音拨号几乎没什么人注意，就算移除了大多数人也不会想念它们的。
|
||||
|
||||
几乎每个应用图标都是全新设计的。就像是从 G1 切换到摩托罗拉 Droid，变化的最大动力是分辨率的提高。Nexus S 有一块800×480分辨率的显示屏，姜饼重新设计了图标等资源来适应它。Xoom 巨大的1280×800 10英寸显示屏意味着几乎所有设计都要重做。但是再说一次，这次是有真正的设计师在负责，所有东西看起来更有整体性了。蜂巢的应用列表从纵向滚动变为了横向分页式。这个变化对横屏设备有意义，而对手机来说，查找一个应用还是纵向滚动列表比较快。
|
||||
|
||||
第二张蜂巢截图展示的是新通知中心。姜饼中的灰色和黑色设计已经被抛弃了，现在是黑色面板带蓝色光晕。上面一块显示着日期时间，连接状态，电量和打开快速设置的按钮，下面是实际的通知。非持续性通知现在可以通过通知右侧的“X”来关闭。蜂巢是第一个支持通知内控制的版本。第一个（也是蜂巢发布时唯一一个）利用了此特性的应用是新的谷歌音乐，在它的通知上有上一曲，播放/暂停，下一曲按钮。这些控制可以在任何应用中访问到，这让控制音乐播放变成了一件轻而易举的事情。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
“添加到主屏幕”的缩小视图更易于组织布局。搜索界面将自动搜索建议和通用搜索分为两个面板显示。
|
||||
Ron Amadeo 供图
|
||||
|
||||
点击主屏幕右上角的加号或长按背景空白处就会打开新的主屏幕设置界面。蜂巢会在屏幕上半部分显示所有主屏的缩小视图，下半部分分页显示的是小部件和快捷方式。小部件或快捷方式可以从下半部分的抽屉中拖动到五个主屏幕中的任意一个上。姜饼只会显示一个文本列表，而蜂巢会显示小部件完整的略缩图预览。这让你更清楚一个小部件是什么样子的，而不是像原来的“日历”一样只是一个只有应用名称的描述。
|
||||
|
||||
摩托罗拉 Xoom 更大的屏幕让键盘的布局更加接近 PC 风格，退格，回车，shift 以及 tab 都在传统的位置上。键盘带有浅蓝色，并且键与键之间的空间更大了。谷歌还添加了一个专门的笑脸按钮。 :-)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
打开菜单的 Gmail 在蜂巢和姜饼上的效果。按钮布置在首屏更容易被发现。
|
||||
Ron Amadeo 供图
|
||||
|
||||
Gmail 示范了蜂巢所有的用户界面概念。安卓 3.0不再把所有控制都隐藏在菜单按钮之后。屏幕的顶部现在有一条带有图标的条带，叫做 Action Bar（操作栏），它将许多常用的控制选项提升到了主屏幕上，用户直接就能看到它们。Gmail 的操作栏显示着搜索，新邮件，刷新按钮，不常用的选项比如设置，帮助，以及反馈放在了“更多”按钮中。点击复选框或选中文本的时候时整个操作栏的图标会变成和操作相关的——举个例子，选择文本会出现复制，粘贴和全选按钮。
|
||||
|
||||
应用左上角显示的图标同时也作为称作“上一级”的导航按钮。“后退”的作用类似浏览器的后退按钮，导航到之前访问的页面，“上一级”则会导航至应用的上一层次。举例来说，如果你在安卓市场，点击“给开发者发邮件”，会打开 Gmail，“后退”会让你返回安卓市场，但是“上一级”会带你到 Gmail 的收件箱。“后退”可能会关闭当前应用，而“上一级”永远不会。应用可以控制“后退”按钮，它们往往重新定义它为“上一级”的功能。事实上，这两个按钮之间几乎没什么不同。
|
||||
|
||||
蜂巢还引入了 “Fragments” API，允许开发者开发同时适用于平板和手机的应用。一个 “Fragments”（格子） 是一个用户界面的面板。在上图的 Gmail 中，左边的文件夹列表是一个格子，收件箱是另一个格子。手机每屏显示一个格子，而平板则可以并列显示两个。开发者可以自行定义单独每个格子的外观，安卓会根据当前的设备决定如何显示它们。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
计算器使用了常规的安卓按钮，但日历看起来像是被谁打翻了蓝墨水。
|
||||
Ron Amadeo 供图
|
||||
|
||||
这是安卓历史上第一次计算器换上了没有特别定制的按钮，所以它看起来确实是系统的一部分。更大的屏幕有了更多空间容纳按钮，足够将计算器基本功能容纳在一个屏幕上。日历极大地受益于额外的显示空间，有了更多的空间显示事件文本和控制选项。顶部的操作栏有切换视图的按钮，显示当前时间跨度，以及常规按钮。事件块变成了白色背景，日历标识只在左上角显示。在底部（或横屏模式的侧边）显示的是月历和显示的日历列表。
|
||||
|
||||
日历的比例同样可以调整。通过两指缩放手势，纵向的周和日视图能够在一屏内显示五到十九小时的事件。日历的背景由不均匀的蓝色斑点组成，看起来不是特别棒，在随后的版本里就被抛弃了。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
新相机界面，取景器显示的是“负片”效果。
|
||||
Ron Amadeo 供图
|
||||
|
||||
巨大的10英寸 Xoom 平板有个摄像头，这意味着它同样有个相机应用。电子风格的重新设计终于甩掉了谷歌从安卓 1.6 以来使用的仿皮革外观。控制选项以环形排布在快门键周围，让人想起真正的相机上的圆形控制转盘。Cooliris 衍生的弹出对话气泡变成了带光晕的半透明黑色选框。蜂巢的截图显示的是新的“颜色效果”功能，它能给取景器实时加上滤镜效果。不像姜饼的相机应用，它不支持竖屏模式——它被限制在横屏状态。用10英寸的平板拍摄纵向照片没多大意义，但拍摄横向照片也没多大意义。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
时钟应用相比其它地方没受到多少关照。谷歌把它扔进一个小盒子里然后就收工了。
|
||||
Ron Amadeo 供图
|
||||
|
||||
无数功能已经成形了，现在是时候来重制一下时钟了。整个“桌面时钟”概念被踢出门外，取而代之的是在纯黑背景上显示的简单又巨大的时间数字。打开其它应用查看天气的功能不见了，随之而去的还有显示你的壁纸的功能。当要设计平板尺寸的界面时，有时候谷歌就放弃了，就像这里，就只是把时钟界面扔到了一个小小的，居中的对话框里。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
音乐应用终于得到了一直以来都需要的完全重新设计。
|
||||
Ron Amadeo 供图
|
||||
|
||||
尽管音乐应用之前有得到一些小的加强，但这是自安卓 0.9 以来它第一次受到正视。重新设计的亮点是一个“不叫滚动封面的 3D 专辑封面视图”，称作“最新和最近”。导航由操作栏的下拉框解决，取代了安卓 2.1 引入的标签页导航。尽管“最新和最近”有个 3D 滚动专辑封面，“专辑”使用的是专辑略缩图的平面方阵。另一个部分也有个完全不同的设计。“歌曲”使用了垂直滚动的文本列表，“播放列表”，“年代”和“艺术家”用的是堆砌专辑显示。
|
||||
|
||||
在几乎每个视图中，每个单独的项目有它自己单独的菜单，通常在每项的右下角有个小箭头。眼下这里只会显示“播放”和“添加到播放列表”，但这个版本的谷歌音乐是为未来搭建的。谷歌不久后就要发布音乐服务，这些独立菜单在像是在音乐商店里浏览该艺术家的其它内容，或是管理云存储和本地存储时将会是不可或缺的。
|
||||
|
||||
正如安卓 2.1 中的 Cooliris 风格的相册，谷歌音乐会将略缩图放大作为背景图片。底部的“正在播放”栏现在显示着专辑封面，播放控制，以及播放进度条。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
新谷歌地图的一些地方真的很棒，一些却是从安卓 1.5 来的。
|
||||
Ron Amadeo 供图
|
||||
|
||||
谷歌地图也为大屏幕进行了重新设计。这个设计将会持续一段时间，它对所有的控制选项用了一个半透明的黑色操作栏。搜索再次成为主要功能，占据了操作栏显要位置，但这回可是真的搜索栏，你可以在里面输入关键字，不像以前那个搜索栏形状的按钮会打开完全不同的界面。谷歌最终还是放弃了给缩放控件留屏幕空间，仅仅依靠手势来控制地图显示。尽管 3D 建筑轮廓这个特性已经被移植到了旧版本的地图中，蜂巢依然是拥有这个特性的第一个版本。双指在地图上向下拖放会“倾斜”地图的视角，展示建筑的侧面。你可以随意旋转，建筑同样会跟着进行调整。
|
||||
|
||||
并不是所有部分都进行了重新设计。导航自姜饼以来就没动过，还有些界面的核心部分，比如路线，直接从安卓 1.6 的设计拿出来，放到一个小盒子里居中放置，仅此而已。
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron是Ars Technica的评论编缉，专注于安卓系统和谷歌产品。他总是在追寻新鲜事物，还喜欢拆解事物看看它们到底是怎么运作的。
|
||||
|
||||
[@RonAmadeo][t]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/17/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[Bestony](https://github.com/Bestony)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
|
||||
[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
|
||||
你应该考虑尝试的5款 Linux 音乐播放器
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
目前 Linux 有几十个音乐播放器，这使得想要找到一个最好的来使用变成很困难。之前我们已经回顾了其中的一些播放器，如 [Cantata][10] ， [Exaile][11] ，甚至是不那么出名的 Clementine，Nightingale，和 Quod Libet。
|
||||
|
||||
在本篇文章中我将涵盖更多的，在某些方面甚至比之前我们向你介绍的那些更好的 Linux 音乐播放器。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1\. Qmmp
|
||||
[Qmmp][13] 并不是特性最丰富的（或最稳定的） Linux 音乐播放器，但却是我最喜欢的一款，这也是为什么我把它放在第一个。我知道有许多更优秀的播放器，但我却就喜欢这款并且最常使用它。它确实会崩溃，并且也有许多它不能播放的文件，但不管怎样我依然最爱它。上图！
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Qmmp 是 Linux 上是 Winamp 的前端。它（相对地）轻量并且具有一个像样的特性集。因为 Winamp 伴随着我的成长并且我很喜欢它的键盘快捷键，当它推出 Linux 版本时对我来说是个惊喜。对于音频格式，Qmmp 能够播放大部分流行的格式，如 MPEG1 layer 2/3、Ogg Vorbis 和 Opus、原生的 FLAC/Ogg FLAC、Musepack、WavePack、音轨模块（mod、s3m、it、xm 等等）、ADTS AAC、CD 音频、WMA、Monkey’s Audio（以及 FFmpeg 库提供的其他格式）、Midi、SID 和 Chiptune 格式（AY、GBS、GYM、HES、KSS、NSF、NSFE、SAP、SPC、VGM、VGZ 和 VTX）。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2\. Amarok
|
||||
|
||||
[Amarok][14] 是 KDE 的音乐播放器，当然你也可以把它用在其他的桌面环境。它是 Linux 上最古老的音乐播放器之一。这也许是为什么它是如此流行的播放器的一个原因，虽然我个人并不是非常喜欢它。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Amarok 能播放大量的音频格式，但它的主要优势是丰富的插件。这个软件附带大量文档，虽然它最近没有更新。Amarok 也由于与多样的网页服务，如 Ampache、Jamendo Service、Last.fm、Librivox、MP3tunes、Magnatune 以及 OPML 播客目录的整合而闻名。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3\. Rhythmbox
|
||||
|
||||
既然我刚刚提到了 Amarok 和 KDE 音乐播放器，那接下来让我们转向 Gnome 的默认音乐播放器， [Rhythmbox][15] 。因为它与 Gnome 一起，你能猜到它是一款流行的软件。它不仅是一款音乐播放器，同时也是一款音乐管理软件。它支持 MP3 和 OGG，以及十几种其他的文件格式，也包括网络收音机、iPod 服务整合、音频文件播放、音频 CD 刻录和回放、音乐分享以及播客。总而言之，它是款不赖的播放器，但这不意味着你将最喜欢它。如果你安装了它，你可以尝试看看。如果你不喜欢它，尽管看看下个选择。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 4\. VLC
|
||||
|
||||
虽然 [VLC][16] 是作为视频播放器最为出名，但单从它支持最多的解码器这一点来看，它也同样是一款非常棒的音乐播放器。如果连它都无法播放的一个文件，你也不太可能能用其他播放器打开。VLC 具有高度定制性，并且拥有很多扩展。它能够在 Windows，Linux，Mac OS X，Unix，iOS，Android 等等平台运行。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我个人不喜欢 VLC 的一点是它占用太多资源。并且我曾用它打开过一些文件，但回放质量离一流水准还差的很远。这个软件在播放一些其他播放器不难应付的文件时，经常会无故关闭。但很可能与播放器没多大关系，可能是文件本身的问题。尽管 VLC 不属于我常用的程序，我仍然由衷的推荐它。
|
||||
|
||||
### 5\. Cmus
|
||||
|
||||
如果你钟爱命令行程序，那么 [Cmus][17] 会是你的菜。你能用它来播放 Ogg Vorbis、MP3、FLAC、Opus、Musepack、WavPack、WAV、AAC、MP4、音频 CD 以及 ffmpeg 支持的所有格式（WMA、APE、MKA、TTA、SHN 等等）和 libmodplug。你也可以用它来播放 Shoutcast 或者 Icecast 的音频流。他不是特性最丰富的音乐播放器，但它拥有所有的基础及进阶功能。它的主要优势是非常轻量，并且它的内存需求真的很小。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
所有的这些音乐播放器在某一方面或另一方面都很棒。我没办法说出哪一款是最好的，这更多取决于个人喜好和需要。所有这些播放器要么是作为发行版的默认选项安装，或者是能在包管理器中被轻松找到。只要打开 新立德包管理器、软件中心或其他任意你的发行版的包管理器，然后搜索并安装它们。你也能使用命令行，或只要双击你从其网站上下载的安装文件。使用何种方法取决于你。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/linux-music-players-to-check-out/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ada Ivanova][a]
|
||||
译者：[cycoe](https://github.com/cycoe)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/adaivanoff/
|
||||
[1]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/adaivanoff/
|
||||
[2]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/linux-music-players-to-check-out/#comments
|
||||
[3]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/category/linux-tips/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maketecheasier.com%2Flinux-music-players-to-check-out%2F
|
||||
[5]:http://twitter.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maketecheasier.com%2Flinux-music-players-to-check-out%2F&text=5+Linux+Music+Players+You+Should+Consider+Switching+To
|
||||
[6]:mailto:?subject=5%20Linux%20Music%20Players%20You%20Should%20Consider%20Switching%20To&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maketecheasier.com%2Flinux-music-players-to-check-out%2F
|
||||
[7]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/mastering-disk-utility-mac/
|
||||
[8]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/airy-youtube-video-downloader/
|
||||
[9]:https://support.google.com/adsense/troubleshooter/1631343
|
||||
[10]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/cantata-new-music-player-for-linux/
|
||||
[11]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/exaile-the-first-media-player-i-dont-hate/
|
||||
[12]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/the-lesser-known-music-players-for-linux/
|
||||
[13]:http://qmmp.ylsoftware.com/
|
||||
[14]:https://amarok.kde.org/
|
||||
[15]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Rhythmbox
|
||||
[16]:http://www.videolan.org/vlc/
|
||||
[17]:https://cmus.github.io/
|
||||
@ -1,244 +0,0 @@
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在Ubuntu上使用SSL/TLS搭建一个安全的FTP服务器
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
立即下载你的免费电子书 - [10本免费的Linux管理员电子书][13] | [4本免费的shell脚本电子书][14]
|
||||
|
||||
在本教程中，我们将介绍如何使用Ubuntu 16.04 / 16.10中的SSL / TLS保护FTP服务器（VSFTPD代表“非常安全的FTP守护进程”）。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想为基于CentOS的发行版安装一个安全的FTP服务器，你可以阅读 – [在CentOS上使用SSL / TLS保护FTP服务器][2]
|
||||
|
||||
在遵循本指南中的各个步骤之后，我们将了解在FTP服务器中启用加密服务的基本原理，以确保安全的数据传输至关重要。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
####要求
|
||||
|
||||
1. 你必须 [在Ubuntu上安装和配置一个FTP服务器][1]
|
||||
|
||||
在我们进行下一步之前，确保本文中的所有命令都将以root身份运行或者
|
||||
Before we move further, make sure that all commands in this article will be run as root or [sudo特权账号][3].
|
||||
|
||||
### 第一步：在Ubuntu上为FTP生成SSL/TLS证书
|
||||
1.我们将首先在/etc/ssl/下创建一个子目录，来存储SSL/TLS证书和密钥文件，如果它不存在：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo mkdir /etc/ssl/private
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
2. 现在我们在这个单一的文件中生成证书和密钥，通过运行下面的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo openssl req -x509 -nodes -keyout /etc/ssl/private/vsftpd.pem -out /etc/ssl/private/vsftpd.pem -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
上面的命令将提示你回答以下问题，不要忘了输入合适于脚本的值。
|
||||
```
|
||||
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:IN
|
||||
State or Province Name (full name) []:Lower Parel
|
||||
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:Mumbai
|
||||
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:TecMint.com
|
||||
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Linux and Open Source
|
||||
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:tecmint
|
||||
Email Address []:admin@tecmint.com
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 第二步：在Ubuntu上配置VSFTPD来使用SSL/TLS
|
||||
|
||||
3.在我们进行VSFTPD配置之前，对于[UFW防火墙已启用][4]的用户，你们必须打开端口990和40000-50000，来允许在VSFTD配置文件中分别设置TLS连接和被动端口的端口范围：
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo ufw allow 990/tcp
|
||||
$ sudo ufw allow 40000:50000/tcp
|
||||
$ sudo ufw status
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
4. 现在，打开VSFTPD配置文件并定义SSL详细信息：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo vi /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
|
||||
OR
|
||||
$ sudo nano /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
然后，添加或定位选项`ssl_enable`并将它的值设置为YES来激活SSL的使用，同样，因为TLS比SSL更安全，我们将通过启用`ssl_tlsv1`选项限制VSFTPD使用TLS：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
ssl_enable=YES
|
||||
ssl_tlsv1=YES
|
||||
ssl_sslv2=NO
|
||||
ssl_sslv3=NO
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
5. 接下来，使用`＃`字符注释掉下面的行，如下所示：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
#rsa_cert_file=/etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem
|
||||
#rsa_private_key_file=/etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
然后，添加以下行以定义SSL证书和密钥文件的位置：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
rsa_cert_file=/etc/ssl/private/vsftpd.pem
|
||||
rsa_private_key_file=/etc/ssl/private/vsftpd.pem
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
6.现在，我们也可以阻止匿名的用户使用SSL登陆，并且迫使所有的非匿名登陆使用一个安全的SSL链接来传输数据，而且在登陆的期间发送密码：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
allow_anon_ssl=NO
|
||||
force_local_data_ssl=YES
|
||||
force_local_logins_ssl=YES
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
7.此外，我们可以使用以下选项在FTP服务器中添加更多的安全功能 。使用选项`require_ssl_reuse=YES`，所用的SSL数据链接都需要展示SSL会话重用；证明他们知道和控制信道相同的主秘密。所以，我们应该禁用它。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
require_ssl_reuse=NO
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
此外，我们可以设置VSFTPD允许使用`ssl_ciphers`选项进行加密SSL连接的SSL密码。 这将有助于挫败攻击者的任何努力尝试强制得到一个特定的密码，来发现的漏洞：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
ssl_ciphers=HIGH
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
8. 然后，我们定义被动端口的端口范围（最小和最大端口）。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
pasv_min_port=40000
|
||||
pasv_max_port=50000
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
9. 要启用SSL调试，意味着openSSL连接诊断记录到VSFTPD日志文件，我们可以使用`debug_ssl`选项：
|
||||
```
|
||||
debug_ssl=YES
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
最后，保存文件并且关闭它。然后重启VSFTPD服务：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ systemctl restart vsftpd
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 第三步：在Ubuntu上使用SSL / TLS连接验证FTP
|
||||
|
||||
10. 执行所有上述配置后，通过尝试[使用命令行中的FTP] [5]测试VSFTPD是否现在使用SSL / TLS连接，如下所示。
|
||||
|
||||
从下面的输出来看，这里有一个错误的信息告诉我们VSFTPD仅允许用户（非匿名用户）从支持加密服务的安全客户端登陆。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ftp 192.168.56.10
|
||||
Connected to 192.168.56.10 (192.168.56.10).
|
||||
220 Welcome to TecMint.com FTP service.
|
||||
Name (192.168.56.10:root) : ravi
|
||||
530 Non-anonymous sessions must use encryption.
|
||||
Login failed.
|
||||
421 Service not available, remote server has closed connection
|
||||
ftp>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这个命令行不支持加密服务从而导致了上述错误。因此，要安全连接到启用了加密服务的FTP服务器，我们需要一个默认支持SSL/TLS连接的FTP客户端，例如FileZilla。
|
||||
|
||||
### 第四步：在客户端上安装FileZillaStep来安全地连接FTP
|
||||
|
||||
FileZilla是一个强大的，广泛使用的跨平台FTP客户端，支持在SSL/TLS上的FTP。为了在Linux客户端机器上安装FileZilla，使用下面的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
--------- On Debian/Ubuntu ---------
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install filezilla
|
||||
--------- On CentOS/RHEL/Fedora ---------
|
||||
# yum install epel-release filezilla
|
||||
--------- On Fedora 22+ ---------
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install filezilla
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
12. 一旦安装完成，打开它然后点击File=>Sites Manager或者（按Ctrl+S）来获取下面的Site Manager。
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][6]
|
||||
|
||||
Filezilla Site Manager
|
||||
|
||||
13. 现在，定义主机/站点名字，添加IP地址，定义使用的协议，加密和登陆类型，如下面的屏幕（使用适用于你方案的值）：
|
||||
|
||||
点击New Site按钮来配置一个新的站点/主机连接。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Host: 192.168.56.10
|
||||
Protocol: FTP – File Transfer Protocol
|
||||
Encryption: Require explicit FTP over #recommended
|
||||
Logon Type: Ask for password #recommended
|
||||
User: username
|
||||
```
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][7]
|
||||
|
||||
在Filezilla上配置新的FTP站点
|
||||
|
||||
14. 然后从上面的界面单击连接以输入密码，然后验证用于SSL / TLS连接的证书，并再次单击确定以连接到FTP服务器：
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][8]
|
||||
|
||||
验证FTP的SSL证书
|
||||
|
||||
15.现在，你应该通过TLS连接成功地登陆到FTP服务器，检查连接状态部分，来获取有关下面接口的更多信息。
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][9]
|
||||
|
||||
连接Ubuntu的FTP服务器
|
||||
|
||||
16. 最后，让我们[从本地的机器传送文件到FTP服务器][10]在文件夹中, 查看FileZilla接口的下端来查看有关文件传输的报告。
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][11]
|
||||
|
||||
使用Filezilla安全的传输FTP文件
|
||||
|
||||
就这样！ 始终记住，安装FTP服务器而不启用加密服务具有某些安全隐患。 正如我们在本教程中解释的，您可以配置FTP服务器使用SSL / TLS连接来实现Ubuntu 16.04 / 16.10中的安全性。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你在FTP服务器上设置SSL/TLS遇到任何问题，请使用以下注释表单来分享您对本教程/主题的问题或想法。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
作者简介：
|
||||
|
||||
Aaron Kili是Linux和F.O.S.S爱好者，即将推出的Linux SysAdmin网络开发人员，目前是TecMint的内容创作者，他喜欢与电脑合作，并坚信分享知识。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/secure-ftp-server-using-ssl-tls-on-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Aaron Kili][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/DockerChen)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-ftp-server-in-ubuntu/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/axel-commandline-download-accelerator-for-linux/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/sudoers-configurations-for-setting-sudo-in-linux/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/how-to-install-and-configure-ufw-firewall/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/sftp-command-examples/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Filezilla-Site-Manager.png
|
||||
[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Configure-New-FTP-Site-on-Filezilla.png
|
||||
[8]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Verify-FTP-SSL-Certificate-1.png
|
||||
[9]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Connected-Ubuntu-FTP-Server.png
|
||||
[10]:http://www.tecmint.com/sftp-command-examples/
|
||||
[11]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Transfer-Files-Securely-using-FTP.png
|
||||
[12]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/
|
||||
[13]:http://www.tecmint.com/10-useful-free-linux-ebooks-for-newbies-and-administrators/
|
||||
[14]:http://www.tecmint.com/free-linux-shell-scripting-books/
|
||||
@ -2,43 +2,44 @@
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
>图像来源： opensource.com
|
||||
|
||||
*图像来源： opensource.com*
|
||||
|
||||
恭喜！你已经准备发布你的软件包的最新版本了。现在，你需要保证你的发行说明整洁有序。当然，你可以写上“bug 修复以及性能改进”然后就算完成，但这并不能给你的用户传达任何信息。
|
||||
|
||||
发行说明同时用于支持和营销。它可以告诉你的的用户为什么这个发布版本对他们很重要，并可以向潜在用户展示你的软件。所以，你会希望它的内容简洁、易懂，最重要的是：确切。写发行说明的方式不止一种，所以本文只是一般提议，并不是一个命令。
|
||||
发行说明同时用于支持和营销。它可以告诉你的的用户，为什么这个发布版本对他们很重要，并可以向潜在用户展示你的软件。所以，你会希望它的内容简洁、易懂，最重要的是：目的明确。写发行说明的方式不止一种，所以本文只是一般提议，并不是一个强制要求。
|
||||
|
||||
人们在发行说明中写上一大段饱含愚蠢的叙事内容。如果你想这么写，那请自便——不过要记住，笑话通常是上下文相关的，你觉得很滑稽的内容，可能在你的读者眼里会变得索然无味。而且，你不能忘了写那些重要信息。
|
||||
现在一个流行的趋势，是将发行说明写成包含一堆愚蠢事的叙事文。如果你想这么写，那请自便 —— 不过要记住，笑话通常是上下文相关的，你觉得很滑稽的内容，可能在你的读者眼里会变得索然无味。而且，不要忘了将那些重要信息写进来。
|
||||
|
||||
### 入门
|
||||
|
||||
你能从本文里学到的最简单的经验，可能是这一条：你的发行说明要写给读它的人看。对于面向用户的软件，发行说明中要注重面向用户的行为，而不是软件的内部实现。举个例子：写“点击‘取消’按钮会把你的电脑点着”，而不要写“在 cancelThatThing 函数中，thermalEventTrigger 的默认值被设为 True”。
|
||||
你能从本文里学到的最主要的经验，可能就是这一条：你的发行说明要写给读它的人看。对于面向用户的软件，发行说明中要注重面向用户的行为，而不是软件的内部实现。举个例子：写“点击‘取消’按钮会把你的电脑点着”，而不要写“在 cancelThatThing 函数中，thermalEventTrigger 的默认值被设为 True”。
|
||||
|
||||
尝试将每一条说明限制在一到两句话。发行说明的重点在于突出强调重要部分，而不是给出详尽的解释。如果你有一个公开的问题追踪页面，你可以在说明中包含问题链接（或者问题编号），这样关注此问题的读者可以通过链接来查看问题的详细内容。
|
||||
尝试将每一条说明限制在一到两句话。重点在于突出强调重要部分，而不是给出详尽的解释。如果你有一个公开的问题追踪页面，你可以在说明中包含问题链接（或者问题编号），这样关注此问题的读者可以通过链接来查看问题的详细内容。
|
||||
|
||||
你并不需要严格按照这种方法来写发行说明，但我比较喜欢下面的格式。开头写上版本号，以及发布日期。对于主要版本，你可能要再写几句话，来突出本次发布的主题。比如，“本次发布的重点在于添加了邮件客户端，因为这是所有软件的最终结束状态。”
|
||||
|
||||
### 兼容性更改
|
||||
|
||||
如果新版本中包含兼容性更改或默认行为，你最好将它们着重写出。你的用户、以及提供用户支持的人会感谢你的。在发行说明中描述出现更改的地方，如何实施更改，以及用户不执行更改会导致的后果。对于某些次要版本，你可能没有做出任何会导致不兼容的更改，那你可以省略此部分。
|
||||
如果新版本中包含兼容性或默认行为的变更，你最好将它们着重写出。你的用户、以及提供用户支持的人会感谢你的。在发行说明中描述会遇到行为变更的场景，如何处理变更，以及如果用户对变更不采取行动会导致的后果。对于某些次要版本，你可能没有任何会导致不兼容的变更，那你可以省略此部分。
|
||||
|
||||
### 功能及改进
|
||||
"
|
||||
现在，你该炫耀你的软件包含的那些酷的、新奇的东西了，但是要记得站在用户的角度来写。比如，“该软件现在支持自动检测午餐照片，并将其发布到 Instagram 上。”
|
||||
现在，你该炫耀你的软件包含的那些酷的、新奇的东西了，但是要记得站在用户的角度来写。比如，“该软件现在支持自动发现午餐照片，并将其发布到 Instagram 上。”
|
||||
|
||||
### 已解决的问题
|
||||
|
||||
没有软件是完美的，所以在这部分中你需要告诉读者们你的团队为了使这个项目更好一点而做的所有努力工作。因为那些不好的行为已经被解决了，所以应该用过去式来写这一部分。如果某个 bug 的定位很明确，那应该在这部分中写上相关信息。其它的一些项目可能也会包含这一节中所述的 bug.
|
||||
没有软件是完美的，所以在这部分中你需要告诉读者，你的团队为了使这个项目更好一点而做的所有努力工作。因为那些不好的行为已经被解决了，所以应该用过去式来写这一部分。如果某个 bug 的产生原因很明确，写上相关信息。一些项目还在文档此节中包含修复的 bug。
|
||||
|
||||
### 已知问题
|
||||
|
||||
因为没有软件是完美的，所以永远会存在未解决的 bug. 在这一节中，你需要列出这些已知的问题。你不需要解决所有的问题；专注于影响功能的错误，如果这些是在上个版本发布后发现的，你可能需要优先解决。这一部分的文字用将来时完成。当你把这些问题解决，你只需要改变动词的时态，然后把它们移到上个部分即可。
|
||||
因为没有软件是完美的，所以永远会存在未解决的 bug。在这一节中，你需要列出这些已知的问题。你不需要列出所有的问题；主要是影响功能的错误，尤其是那些在上个版本发布后发现的 bug。这一部分的文字用将来时态写出。当你把这些问题解决，你只需要改变动词的时态，然后把它们移到上个部分即可。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
作者简介：
|
||||
|
||||
Ben Cotten - Ben Cotten 是一个受过专业训练的气象学家，但他现在是一位高性能计算工程师。Ben 是一位循环计算领域的布道者。它是一个 Fedora 用户及贡献者，与他人一同创办了一个本地开源会议组，是开源计划的成员，还是软件自由保护的支持者。你可以在 Twitter 上找到他（@FunnelFiasco）。
|
||||
Ben Cotten - Ben Cotten 是一个受过专业训练的气象学家，但他现在是一位高性能计算工程师。Ben 是一位[循环计算][5]领域的布道者。他是 Fedora 的用户及贡献者，与他人一同创办了一个本地开源会议组，是开源计划的成员，还是软件自由保护的支持者。你可以在 Twitter 上找到他（@FunnelFiasco）。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/17/3/how-to-improve-release-notes
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ben Cotton][a]
|
||||
译者：[StdioA](https://github.com/StdioA)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -61,3 +62,4 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/17/3/how-to-improve-release-notes
|
||||
[2]:https://opensource.com/user/30131/feed
|
||||
[3]:https://opensource.com/article/17/3/how-to-improve-release-notes#comments
|
||||
[4]:https://opensource.com/users/bcotton
|
||||
[5]:https://cyclecomputing.com/
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
|
||||
###Debian 是什么？一个关于 Debian 的简介
|
||||
|
||||
大家好!!
|
||||
|
||||
今天给大家带来点有意思的东西。我们准备给大家仔细讲讲 Linux 世界里的东西。
|
||||
|
||||
想必你们对[Linux 是什么？一个关于 Linux 的简介][2]和[怎么在 Linux 下用 screenlets 工具来安装一些桌面小程序][1]这两篇文章也感趣。这篇文章就当是这一系列的文章的第一部分。来给大家讲讲 Debian 这个 Linux 发行版。作为 Linux 的第一个发行版，Debian 是在1993年才初步发行的。Debian 这个名字是由 Debian 发行版的创作者给起的，这俩人是夫妻，男的叫 Ian Murdock 女的叫 Debra。
|
||||
|
||||
Debian 是个庞大的开源软件包的集合体。说 Debian 是开源软件包的集合，其实它也支持一些非自由软件包，不过相对来说 Debian 软件包集合里大部分是开源的。根据 Debian 的官方数据统计，Debian 库里总共囊括了37500个自由软件包。这些软件都是由 Debian 官方免费提供的。目前全世界大概有一千多人在为打造一个更好的 Debian 发行版努力。
|
||||
|
||||
目前为止 Debian 最新的稳定发行版是 7.5 命名为 Wheezy 。给开发测试用的最新的测试发行版 8.0 也出来了，命令为 Jesse 。Debian 发行版默认使用 Gnome 做为桌面环境。当然也不是只有 Gnome ，KDE 、Xfce 和 LXDE 这些桌面环境都是可选的。因为 Debian 的安装工具是可视化的图形界面，所以安装 Debian 这事很易容完成。
|
||||
|
||||
Debian 是一个稳健而且安全性高的操作系统。Debian 支持决大部分的架构的硬件平台，所以你们不用担心它能不能在你的PC上运行。另外你是不是要问驱动怎么办？想知道从哪里可以找到能跟你的 Debian 想匹配的驱动。这些问题都不需要太担心，Debian 社区已经把决大部分的现有新老设备的驱动准备好了。这样一来你也不用再等设备生产商给你制作相应的设备驱动了。还有更牛逼的一点就是，这些驱动都是开源的，都是可以免费获取的。
|
||||
|
||||
Debian 是由一个社区来维护的，就管它叫 Debian社区吧。因为有了这个社区，你可以相信你在使用 Debian 过程种遇到的问题肯定是可以在社区里找到其它用户来给你提供解决办法的。Debian 软件库里有大把的软件供你选择，而且都是免费的。Debian 是一个功能强大的操作系统。它具备稳定、高效、安全的特性，另外它的用户界面是一个友好的图形界面，所以它易用性也很强。
|
||||
|
||||
我们一般所说的稳定，是指这个系统极少出现崩溃或者挂死现象，还能兼顾高效率。Debian 正是这种系统的代表。Debian 的升级也相当容易实现。Debian 团队已经把软件库里的众多软件件源码包编译好，所以我们可以轻松的找到我们想要的软件，并且安装到咱们的系统里。
|
||||
|
||||
不管怎么说，Debian 诞生到现在已经有20个年头了。能持续到现在，说明了 Debian 团队一直在为给用户提供一最好的发行版而不懈努力着。Debian 可以通过购买DVD的方式进行安装，也可以直接在网上下载ISO镜像来进行安装。所以我们推荐你试一下 Debian。它可以给你提供非常多的东西。
|
||||
|
||||
Debian 是我们“介绍 Linux 世界”系列里的第一个内容。我们会接下来会给你们介绍另外一个 Linux 发行版。保持关注哦，后面还有更多内容在我们“Linux 世界”栏目。到时候再见咯。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/what-is-debian-brief-introduction.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[sumit rohankar ][a]
|
||||
译者：[zschong](https://github.com/zschong)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://plus.google.com/112160169713374382262
|
||||
[1]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/desktop-gadgets-in-linux-ubuntu.html
|
||||
[2]:http://www.techphylum.com/2014/05/what-is-linux-brief-description.html?m=1
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user