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Merge from LCTT.
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
||||
10款适合Linux用户使用的数据库！
|
||||
10款适合Linux用户使用的数据库管理工具！
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
从内容管理系统到简单的表格，数据库是每一个开发项目的一部分。这就是为什么开发者们如此强调使用正确类型的数据库工具。下面这些可能对您有所帮助！
|
||||
|
||||
@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1. [Autotabla][1] ####
|
||||
|
||||
Autotabla是一个对你的程序以CGI Web为界面的SQL表。只需要提供你架构的XML描述，你就可以创建/修改/删除记录。 HTML输出通过CSS完全自定义。通过Perl/DBI保证数据库的独立性。
|
||||
Autotabla是一个你的程序的SQL数据表的CGI管理界面。只需要提供你数据库架构的XML描述，你就可以创建/修改/删除数据库记录。 HTML输出可以通过CSS完全自定义。使用Perl/DBI模块而支持各种数据库。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2. [Cruddy!][2] ####
|
||||
|
||||
@ -14,15 +14,15 @@ Cruddy！是一个以CGI::CRUD为框架的应用程序，它为你的数据库
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3. [myPhile][3] ####
|
||||
|
||||
这是一个可定制通用前端的MySQL表。
|
||||
这是一个可定制的MySQL表的通用管理界面。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 4. [NG-Admin][4] ####
|
||||
|
||||
这是一个内容管理工具的数据库。
|
||||
这是一个数据库内容的管理工具。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 5. [phpMoAdmin][5] ####
|
||||
|
||||
这是一个PHP语言的MongoDB管理工具。
|
||||
这是一个PHP写的MongoDB管理工具。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 6. [phpMSAdmin][6] ####
|
||||
|
||||
@ -30,17 +30,17 @@ phpMSAdmin是用PHP编写的工具，它允许您通过Web浏览器管理一个
|
||||
|
||||
#### 7. [RockMongo][7] ####
|
||||
|
||||
RockMongo，一个MongoDB的管理工具，在PHP5中实现，最好是在PHP中使用，更多的，像phpMyAdmin。
|
||||
RockMongo，一个MongoDB的管理工具，在PHP5中实现，类似phpMyAdmin。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 8. [WizMySQLAdmin][8] ####
|
||||
|
||||
WizMySQLAdmin就像是最有名的phpMyAdmin的MySQL数据库管理器，但它非常易于安装和维护。它只由一个文件组成，并支持多种数据库和表的创建和处理。
|
||||
WizMySQLAdmin类似最有名的MySQL数据库管理器phpMyAdmin，但它非常易于安装和维护。它只由一个文件组成，并支持多种数据库和表的创建和处理。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=138307
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechuxiao19) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechuxiao19) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
|
||||
Linux script命令—— 终端里的记录器
|
||||
Linux script命令 —— 终端里的记录器
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
当你在终端或者控制台工作时，你可能想要记录在终端中所做的一切。这些记录可以用来当作史料，保存终端所发生的一切。比如说，你和一些Linux管理员们同时管理着相同的机器，或者你让某人远程登陆到了你的服务器上，你可能想要终端里发生的一切。要实现这个目标，你可以使用script命令。
|
||||
当你在终端或者控制台工作时，你可能想要记录在终端中所做的一切。这些记录可以用来当作史料，保存终端所发生的一切。比如说，你和一些Linux管理员们同时管理着相同的机器，或者你让某人远程登陆到了你的服务器上，你可能记录想要终端里发生的一切。要实现这个目标，你可以使用script命令。
|
||||
|
||||
### script是什么 ###
|
||||
|
||||
scirpt就是一个命令，可以把打字稿打印到终端。对于那些想要记录终端会话的硬拷贝的人来说，这很有用。该记录可以保存并在以后再打印出来。
|
||||
scirpt就是一个命令，可以制作一份记录输出到终端的记录。对于那些想要真实记录终端会话的人来说，这很有用。该记录可以保存并在以后再打印出来。
|
||||
|
||||
### 怎么用 ###
|
||||
|
||||
@ -21,23 +21,26 @@ scirpt就是一个命令，可以把打字稿打印到终端。对于那些想
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
当你再次见到命令提示符，这意味着终端将记录打印到终端的任何东西。
|
||||
你会看到当前目录，有个名为typescript的文件。
|
||||
|
||||
你会看到当前目录，有个名为myscript的文件。（LCTT译注，此处原文有误。这里指定了记录文件名为myfile，而不是默认的 typescript。）
|
||||
|
||||
### 为什么我们要用script命令 ###
|
||||
|
||||
因为在之前已经提到过，script命令的主要功能是记录所有的东西。下面给出了两个使用该命令的环境。
|
||||
因为在之前已经提到过，script命令的主要功能是记录所有的东西。下面给出了两个使用该命令的场景。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 和同事共事时 ####
|
||||
|
||||
当和同事一起工作时，我们可以通过script来记录大家的活动。
|
||||
当和同事一起工作时，我们可以通过script来记录你的活动。
|
||||
|
||||
比如，我们会使用名为**collaborate**的打印文件，来完成打印：
|
||||
|
||||
$ script collaborate
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
然后，在完成一些任务后，试想一下你需要把你干的活发给另外一个工程师，那就把那文件发给他。所以当另外一个工程师需要复查所做的事情，他只要用文本编辑器打开这个文件就行了。
|
||||
如果他想要更新该文件，可以使用**-a**选项。
|
||||
然后，在完成一些任务后，假如你需要把你干的活发给另外一个工程师，那就把那文件发给他。所以当另外一个工程师需要复查所做的事情，他只要用文本编辑器打开这个文件就行了。
|
||||
|
||||
如果他想要更新该文件（以增加他的工作部分），可以使用**-a**选项。
|
||||
|
||||
$ script -a collaborate
|
||||
|
||||
@ -78,6 +81,6 @@ Script命令在你需要记录或者存档终端活动时可能很有用，记
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/script-command-recorder/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
42
published/20140604 Command line secrets.md
Normal file
42
published/20140604 Command line secrets.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
|
||||
命令行之秘
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
有很多使用命令行的理由。正如我们在[issue 3 of Linux Voice][1]中展示的那样，它是与你的计算机交互的最强大和简明的方法。但是，我们还是先来看一下命令行的一些隐晦的使用场景（或许有些人会觉得没有意义）。
|
||||
|
||||
### 浏览网页 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Firefox和Chromium都是很好的浏览器，但是你有没有发现它们有点太图形化了？没有？看一下下面的视频，我们使用elinks web浏览器显示了与黑客相关的新闻。界面可能没有其他浏览器好看，但是它的目标是显示绝大多数的web页面！
|
||||
|
||||
<iframe width="570" scrolling="no" height="418" src="http://shelr.tv/records/5368d80796608063a3000072/embed" style="border: 0; id="shelr_record_5368d80796608063a3000072"></iframe>
|
||||
|
||||
作为一个极客，当你只有SSH连接方式时，需要快速检查一下能否访问网页时，这将是一个很便利的方法。
|
||||
|
||||
### 在维基百科上查找想要的信息 ###
|
||||
|
||||
是的，上面我们已经提到了使用Web，但是web不是查看维基百科的唯一方式。David Leadbeater已经构建了一个将维基百科的内容放入DNS记录的DNS服务器。这能够让你使用像dig这样的命令行工具来抓取你想要的信息。
|
||||
|
||||
<iframe width="570" scrolling="no" height="418" src="http://shelr.tv/records/5368bfa896608063a300006d/embed" style="border: 0;" id="shelr_record_5368bfa896608063a300006d"></iframe>
|
||||
|
||||
### 看电影 ###
|
||||
|
||||
当你想要看《星球大战 4 ：新的希望》时，不再需要使用Netflix或者YouTube，只要在你的终端中直接telnet towel.blinkenlights.nl就行了。
|
||||
|
||||
<iframe width="570" scrolling="no" height="418" style="border: 0" src="http://shelr.tv/records/5368be5296608063a300006c/embed" id="shelr_record_5368be5296608063a300006c" border="0"></iframe>
|
||||
|
||||
### 玩游戏 ###
|
||||
|
||||
再Steam来之前Linux下就有许多游戏，并且很多都不需要图形界面，比如NetHack、Robots和Greed。下面是Moon Buggy 的一个演示：
|
||||
|
||||
<iframe width="570" scrolling="no" height="418" style="border: 0" src="http://shelr.tv/records/5368ca4596608063a300006f/embed" id="shelr_record_5368ca4596608063a300006f" border="0"></iframe>
|
||||
|
||||
LCTT译注：大家注意到这篇文章中的视频了么？不是通常的FLA，也不是MP4、AVI。而是一个专门演示脚本“功夫”的一个网站提供的：http://shelr.tv/ ，欢迎大家也去演练下你的脚本功夫吧！
|
||||
LCTT译注：为了正常呈现，我专门临时打开了网站对IFRAME的限制。。。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/commandline-secrets/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[johnhoow](https://github.com/johnhoow ) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/issue-3-is-out/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.04中Dpkg的漏洞已被修复
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Canonical宣布存在于Ubuntu 14.04 LTS，Ubuntu 13.10，Ubuntu 12.10，Ubuntu 12.04 LTS以及Ubuntu 10.04 LTS操作系统中的dpkg漏洞已经被修复。**
|
||||
|
||||
Canonical公司刚刚放出dpkg包的一个更新，修复了这个用于所有Ubuntu版本的重要软件中的一个问题。
|
||||
|
||||
“我们发现这个问题出现在dpkg在解压源码包的时候，它会使dpkg不能正确地处理某些补丁。如果一位用户或一个自动化系统被欺骗而解压了特别修改过的源码包，远程攻击者就能修改目标解压路径之外的文件，导致拒绝服务攻击或潜在的获取系统权限的风险。”安全通知中这样写道。
|
||||
|
||||
想了解这个问题的更多细节描述，你可以查看Canonical的[安全通知][1]。Canonical建议用户尽快升级自己的系统。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你将各个发行版系统的libdpkg-perl包升级到最新版本即可修复这个漏洞。要安装这个更新，你只需运行更新管理器/软件更新器即可。
|
||||
|
||||
一般来说，一个普通的系统更新就可以完成所有必需的改动，用户不必重启PC或笔记本来应用这个补丁。这个更新同样可以在终端中实现，只需使用 apt-get dist-upgrade 命令。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Dpkg-Vulnerabilities-Closed-in-Ubuntu-14-04-446282.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/usn-2242-1/
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
|
||||
CNprober<travelwithheart@yeah.net, QQ619913541> 翻译完成
|
||||
|
||||
Bash Getopts - 让你的脚本支持命令行参数
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
@ -152,7 +150,7 @@ Bash Getopts - 让你的脚本支持命令行参数
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://tuxtweaks.com/2014/05/bash-getopts/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[daisy_love_daisy](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者： CNprober \<travelwithheart@yeah.net, QQ619913541\> 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
|
||||
如何使用命令行实时监控 Nginx 网站服务器
|
||||
ngxtop：在命令行实时监控 Nginx 的神器
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Nginx网站服务器在生产环境中[运行][1]的时候需要进行实时监控。实际上，诸如[Nagios][2], Zabbix, Munin 的网络监控软件是支持 Nginx 监控的。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你不需要以上软件提供的综合性报告或者长期数据统计功能，只是需要一种快速简便的办法去监控 Nginx 服务器的请求的话，我建议你采用一个叫 [ngxtop][3] 的命令行工具。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
你马上就会发现 ngxtop 从界面和名称都借鉴了著名的top命令。ngxtop 是通过分析 Nginx 或者其他的日志文件，使用类似 top 命令的界面实时展示出来的。你可以说你知道的其他高端监控工具，但是在简洁这方面 ngxtop 无疑是最好的。简单是不是就意味着不可替代。
|
||||
你马上就会发现 ngxtop 从界面和名称都借鉴了著名的top命令。ngxtop 是通过分析 Nginx 或者其他的日志文件，使用类似 top 命令的界面实时展示出来的。你可以说你知道的其他高端监控工具，但是在简洁这方面 ngxtop 无疑是最好的。简单就意味着不可替代。
|
||||
|
||||
本指南中，我将介绍如何使用 ngxtop 实时监控 Nginx 网站服务器。
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux 上安装 ngxtop ###
|
||||
|
||||
首先在 Linux 系统中安装依赖库[pip][4]。
|
||||
首先在 Linux 系统中安装依赖库[pip][4]（LCTT译注：ngxtop是用python编写的）。
|
||||
|
||||
然后使用如下命令安装 ngxtop。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ Nginx网站服务器在生产环境中[运行][1]的时候需要进行实时监
|
||||
|
||||
这里是一些通用选项。
|
||||
|
||||
- **-l <file>**: 日志文件的完整路径 (Nginx 或 Apache2)
|
||||
- **-l <file>**: 指定日志文件的完整路径 (Nginx 或 Apache2)
|
||||
- **-f <format>**: 日志格式
|
||||
- **--no-follow**: 处理当前日志文件的快照，而不是实时处理日志文件
|
||||
- **--no-follow**: 处理当前已经写入的日志文件，而不是实时处理新添加到日志文件的日志
|
||||
- **-t <seconds>**: 更新频率
|
||||
- **-n <number>**: 命令显示行数
|
||||
- **-o <var>**: 排序规则(默认 行数)
|
||||
- **-n <number>**: 显示行号
|
||||
- **-o <var>**: 排序规则(默认是访问计数)
|
||||
- **-a <exp> ..., --a <exp> ...**: 添加表达式(一般是聚合表达式如： sum, avg, min, max 等)到输出中。
|
||||
- **-v**: 输出详细信息
|
||||
- **-i <filter-expression>**: 只处理符合规则的记录
|
||||
@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ ngxtop 默认会从其配置文件 (/etc/nginx/nginx.conf) 中查找 Nginx 日
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/monitor-nginx-web-server-command-line-real-time.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[shipsw](https://github.com/shipsw) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[shipsw](https://github.com/shipsw) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
如何从Linux命令行截屏
|
||||
如何从Linux命令行截屏
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Linux上有着许多不同口味儿的截屏工具，包括桌面环境专用的截屏程序（如： KSnapshot for KDE，gnome-screenshot for GNOM，Screenshooter for Xfce），或者是通用的截屏程序（如 Shutter）。而Scort（"SCReen shOT"的缩写）是最独一无二的截屏工具之一，它是一个**命令行截屏工具**。虽然它的界面十分简约，但Scrotas在功能上和其它专用的基于GUI的屏幕捕获工具一样强大。举个例子，Scrot支持延时截屏，截屏调整品质/大小，命令行传递等功能。如果你是那些命令行迷中的一个，Scrot应该是你加入兵器库中的又一实用工具。在这个教程中，我将会描述**如何在命令行中用Scrot截屏**。
|
||||
Linux上有着许多不同口味儿的截屏工具，包括桌面环境专用的截屏程序（如： KDE里面的KSnapshot，GNOME里面的gnome-screenshot，Xfce的Screenshooter），或者是通用的截屏程序（如 Shutter）。而Scort（"SCReen shOT"的缩写）是最独一无二的截屏工具之一，它是一个**命令行截屏工具**。虽然它的界面十分简约，但Scrot在功能上和其它专用的基于GUI的屏幕捕获工具一样强大。举个例子，Scrot支持延时截屏，截屏调整品质/大小，命令行传递等功能。如果你是那些热衷命令行的爱好者之一，Scrot应该是你加入兵器库中的又一实用工具。在这个教程中，我将会描述**如何在命令行中用Scrot截屏**。
|
||||
|
||||
### 在Linux中安装Scrot ###
|
||||
|
||||
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Linux上有着许多不同口味儿的截屏工具，包括桌面环境专用的
|
||||
|
||||
### 用Scrot截屏 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在这个教程的剩余部分，我会描述如何通过几种不同方法用Scrot截屏。
|
||||
在这个教程的下面的部分，我会描述如何通过几种不同方法用Scrot截屏。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1. 截下整个桌面 ####
|
||||
|
||||
@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ Scrot允许你在桌面选择一个特定的窗口或定义一个矩形区域来
|
||||
|
||||
$ scrot -s
|
||||
|
||||
运行这个命令后，继续用你的鼠标单击任意窗口或画出一个矩形，它能够触发对选定窗口/区域的屏幕截取。
|
||||
运行这个命令后，继续用你的鼠标单击任意窗口或画出一个矩形，它能够触发对选定窗口/区域的屏幕截取。（LCTT译注，还要使用鼠标，伐快乐）
|
||||
|
||||
有时候你选定的区域或窗口可能会被桌面的其它窗口部分遮挡。在这种情况下，你在截屏前需要一点时间来清理那个部分。那正是延迟截屏能够帮到你的，就像下面所描述的那样。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ Scrot允许你发送保存的截屏图像给任意一个命令作为它们的输
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/take-screenshot-command-line-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
106
published/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md
Normal file
106
published/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
|
||||
Linux大神们的顶级命令行秘诀
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**好吧**，Linux博客圈这里这周相对比较平静，给网民们一个拖了很久的机会集体喘口气吧，去享受一下龙舌兰、燕尾服、鸡尾酒带来的欢快吧，然后评估一下过去几周来发生的和自由开放软件相关的事件吧。
|
||||
|
||||
“你是否曾经在听一张专辑的时候想过‘伙计，这听起来不错，但是我希望它能经常从用户空间过渡到内核空间去！’”粉丝们在Facebook上写道，“我们会全力支持你的。我们的专辑现在完全可以作为一个可加载的Linux内核模块来播放。”
|
||||
|
||||
Linux女孩曾经认为她自己已经完全进入Linux世界了，但是她现在却意识到她的想法是错误的。谢谢你们，粉丝们，是你们让生活一直这么有趣！
|
||||
|
||||
### ‘命令行秘诀’ ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
说到有趣，没什么比围坐在吧台前谈论行业内的事情来度过平静的一周更带劲了，而上周搞了一次。Linux博客圈内的生活很惬意。
|
||||
|
||||
座谈会内容是《Linux之声》——那本炫目出世的新杂志，读者也许记得它是[去年年底发布的][6]——而谈话的主题恰恰就是[命令行秘诀][7]
|
||||
|
||||
Linux女孩太激动了。
|
||||
|
||||
### ‘它打算渲染大多数网页’ ###
|
||||
|
||||
“有很多使用命令行的真正的好理由，”《Linux之声》的策划者写道，“它是让你和计算机进行交互的强大而简明的方法“
|
||||
|
||||
“然而，我想花点时间来看看它里头一些更为晦涩的用法（有人会说毫无意义，不值得去做了）。“他们补充说。
|
||||
|
||||
杂志首先列出的是elinks网页浏览器：“它可能看起来没有它的竞争对手那样光彩照人，但它的目标是能够渲染大多数网页。”他们解释道，“它也有着极客时尚，当你需要快速检查你是否能从只能通过SSH访问的计算机上去访问网页时，它就会派上用场了。“
|
||||
|
||||
之后谈到的包含了从维基百科上查阅一些定义等其它一些实用的小建议。
|
||||
|
||||
### '对维护很重要' ###
|
||||
|
||||
“命令行的小技巧很有趣，真的很有趣。”比如，Google+博主亚历桑德鲁：埃伯索尔满怀热情地说，“但是他们忘了[cowsay][8]，它可以用来在黑漆漆的终端里博你一笑。“
|
||||
|
||||
”命令行对于维护很重要。“他补充说，”大家可以使用bash脚本来自动化，只需按几个快捷键（或者只要一个就行）来完成复杂的任务。”
|
||||
|
||||
其它命令行秘诀，埃伯索尔会把它们放进原来的列表的包括sl（蒸汽机车），以及这些[这些奇怪的点子][9]：
|
||||
|
||||
* % cat "food in cans"
|
||||
cat: can't open food in cans
|
||||
* % nice man woman
|
||||
No manual entry for woman.
|
||||
* % [Where is Jimmy Hoffa?
|
||||
Missing ].
|
||||
* % make love
|
||||
Make: Don't know how to make love. Stop.
|
||||
* % man: why did you get a divorce?
|
||||
man:: Too many arguments.
|
||||
|
||||
### '最珍贵的精华' ###
|
||||
|
||||
“命令行秘诀？根本没这玩意。”博主[罗伯特：伯格森][10]告诉Linux女孩道，”失望了吧，新手？那就猛敲‘help’吧。还想要点提示？随便‘man’个什么吧。想更多来点不同？敲‘ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin | less’，随便捡几个宝贝命令出来，整晚地‘man’去吧。我已经干那活超过十年了，到现在还玩得不亦乐乎。”
|
||||
|
||||
伯格森记不得多久以前他发现了‘ssh’，但是“它是自由/开源软件世界中最璀璨的宝石了。“他说。
|
||||
|
||||
”ssh的强大力量在于，你可以在一台计算机上输入命令获得快乐，你更可以在100台计算机上干同样的事情来获得100倍的快乐。“他补充道，”当然，要输入100次命令可不是闹着玩的。所以，学习一下通过ssh安全地无密码登陆，可以让ssh的远程登陆透明化。“
|
||||
|
||||
### '带着尊重来用吧' ###
|
||||
|
||||
当然，”就像干任何快乐的事一样，有人会沉迷于搞破坏。“伯格森警告道，”作为root用户，你可以输入命令来删除所有的东西，或者把这一切搞乱。“
|
||||
|
||||
”这是核弹按钮，就像全球领袖处理世界事务一样，在按下那个键之前一定要三思而后行，评估干这事所产生的结果，带着尊重和高尚的动机来使用它。“他补充道。
|
||||
|
||||
”我曾经删除了一个文件系统，因为我的大拇指在输入一个命令时不小心蹭到了空格键。“伯格森总结道，”坦白地说，这种蠢事我只干过一次。“
|
||||
|
||||
### '很强大' ###
|
||||
|
||||
Google+博主贡萨洛：贝拉斯科C不那么热情。
|
||||
|
||||
“即使[GUI][11]工具更易用，在*nix领域，命令行仍然很强大。“他告诉Linux女孩，”甚至一些高级MacOS用户也用它们。”
|
||||
|
||||
对于贡萨洛：贝拉斯科C他自己而言，“我想要掌握的唯一一些命令是进程控制和杀死命令，想要使用ctrl+alt+退格键，因为我可以用来处理给我造成麻烦的那个进程，我还想要掌握tar.gz文件的管理——那玩意到现在还让我头痛。“他说。
|
||||
|
||||
#### '你正在做错事' ####
|
||||
|
||||
最后一点，但并非不重要，SoylentNews博主hairyfeet有一个完全不同的观点。
|
||||
|
||||
“我只想谈一件事情来充实一下命令行界面这个报道：如果你不干IT，而且做着一些重复的事情，而这些事情只是很简单、很原始地去记录一些有用的事情，但你还在用命令行，那么‘你在走一条不归路’“hairyfeet告诉Linux女孩，”命令行界面没什么神奇——它只是1970年代以来的一个图形化界面！“
|
||||
|
||||
今天，有很多“有用的图形化界面，这要多亏了CPU速度的提升和内存的增加，而不是一美元店里的廉价手表——我们甚至有IDE和脚本语言，大大超过70年代那些古董，可以在广域网或者局域网上工作，并与操作系统最底层交互，一切都在变得更易用，这多亏了智能感应和自动完成这样的技术。“他解释说，”所以上天作证，如果你不是那3%的系统管理员，工作在以字节计数的世界里，你会把那一堆垃圾从陈年旧帐中翻出来？
|
||||
|
||||
这是Hairyfeet的最佳命令行建议？“不要——被21世纪那些不切实际的想法所左右，学学怎样真正来使用语言和工具吧。“他总结道，”让命令行成为泡影，把软盘都扔进历史的垃圾桶吧。“
|
||||
|
||||
> 本文作者Katherine Noyes总是尽忠职守扮演好她的Linux女孩，那件斗篷她从2007穿到现在了。作为一个白天举止温和的女记者，她晚上像逛夜店一样，为了搜寻最新的小道消息，在Linux博客圈上灌水。你也能在 [Twitter][12]和[Google+][13]上找到她。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80437.html?rss=1
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.computer.org/portal/web/pressroom/Linus-Torvalds-Named-Recipient-of-the-2014-IEEE-Computer-Society-Computer-Pioneer-Award
|
||||
[2]:http://www.ieee.org/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80386.html
|
||||
[4]:https://www.facebook.com/netcatband/posts/755205877853161?stream_ref=10
|
||||
[5]:http://www.netcat.co/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/79448.html
|
||||
[7]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/commandline-secrets/
|
||||
[8]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowsay
|
||||
[9]:https://www.linux.com/community/blogs/133-general-linux/10408
|
||||
[10]:http://mrpogson.com/
|
||||
[11]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUI
|
||||
[12]:http://twitter.com/noyesk
|
||||
[13]:https://plus.google.com/+KatherineNoyes?rel=author
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
|
||||
点评 Redhat RHEL 7和PclinuxOS 2014.05
|
||||
=================
|
||||
|
||||
在最近的Distrowatch杂志上，Jesse Smith尝试了一下RHEL 7桌面版本。在安装上，“从RHEL安装介质启动到一个图形化的系统安装界面，RHEL用了和最近发布的Fedora一样的新的Anaconda安装方式。就我个人来说新的安装方式是一种倒退”他说道。这没啥大不了的，他猜测在桌面版本就是这样的吧。Smith说他希望有一种图形化的软件包管理工具，因为用户只能在命令行下使用YUM源，只能使用标准的默认库。之后，GNOME shell登录崩溃了，只能使用KDE登录。虽然有些困惑但是他非常喜欢新的防火墙配置工具。请看他的[详细报告][2]。
|
||||
|
||||
**在**ZDNet.com上，Jamie Watson对新发布的PCLinuxOS 2014.05发表了自己的看法。他说道：
|
||||
|
||||
> 这是个有趣的看法，你可能从它的名字当中想到它包含了很多软件，补丁，驱动在非标准的分支中。最有趣的一点是，基于活动聚焦的虚拟桌面配置。这种趋势使PCLinuxOS使用起来既有趣又简单，提供了以下的桌面环境，个性化的图标:
|
||||
|
||||
> 互联网：浏览器，邮件，聊天工具
|
||||
|
||||
> 工作：office、kile、scribus
|
||||
|
||||
> 娱乐：游戏
|
||||
|
||||
> 多媒体：音乐，视频的编辑和创作
|
||||
|
||||
> 图形和图像：浏览，编辑和创作
|
||||
|
||||
> 管理：系统管理任务
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
“PCLinuxOS始终使用原来的安装方式，它来源于Mandriva/Mandrake安装方式”Watson提到。它还带来了新的内核，最新的软件，和多样化互动的界面。[他总结道][3]：“这个新发布的PcLinuxOS版本很不错”。另外Watson在几周前也测试过了Ubuntu、Debian和LMDE。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ostatic.com/blog/pros-secrets-and-red-hat-7-and-pclinuxos-2014-05-reviews
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[jiajia9linuxer](https://github.com/jiajia9linuxer) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/Linux-Pros-Top-Command-Line-Secrets-80437.html
|
||||
[2]:http://distrowatch.com/weekly.php?issue=20140512#feature
|
||||
[3]:http://www.zdnet.com/hands-on-with-pclinuxos-2014-05-kde-and-lxde-the-linux-with-something-for-everyone-7000029297/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.zdnet.com/testing-ubuntu-debian-and-lmde-on-my-new-notebook-7000029202/
|
||||
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ Ubuntu Linux社区经理Jono Bacon离开Canonical公司
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
几天后，Canonical——Ubuntu Linux背后的公司，将告别其任职已久的社区经理。[Jono Bacon][1]，一直是 Ubuntu 业界最熟悉的面孔之一，他将在[XPRIZE基金会][2]任新职。
|
||||
Canonical——Ubuntu Linux背后的公司，其任职已久的社区经理将离职。[Jono Bacon][1]，一直是 Ubuntu 业界最熟悉的面孔之一，他将在[XPRIZE基金会][2]任新职。
|
||||
|
||||
Bacon于2006年加入Canonical，从[其博客可知][3]他是在收到XPRIZE的录用通知后决定离开Canonical的，XPRIZE[自称][4]为“创新引擎”和“造福人类的催化剂”。他将会在XPRIZE就任社区主管，施展他过去八年中在帮助协调Ubuntu社区方面所获得的能力。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Red Hat Enterprise Linux launched for SAP HANA
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Red Hat has expanded the company’s strategic alliance with SAP AG to make it easier for customers to adopt and run the SAP Data Management portfolio, including the SAP HANA platform, SAP Adaptive Server Enterprise (SAP ASE), SAP IQ software, and the SAP SQL Anywhere suite on Red Hat’s open source solutions.
|
||||
|
||||
The expanded collaboration is expected to enable real-time, in-memory innovation by providing an open, scalable, integrated and highly-available platform for solutions from SAP along with those that are custom-built in an effort to expand customer choice when it comes to fueling business performance and helping enterprises realize increased value from cloud computing and big data.
|
||||
|
||||
Steve Lucas, president, Platform Solutions, SAP AG added: “By joining forces with Red Hat to enable SAP HANA on Red Hat Enterprise Linux, we plan to give our customers an additional choice upon which to base deployments of SAP solutions; an open, flexible and scalable platform that is intended to support customers’ data management needs across on-premise and cloud environments.”
|
||||
|
||||
As the foundation of the enhanced partnership, Red Hat Enterprise Linux is now available and qualified for production use of SAP HANA and supported by partners’ SAP-certified hardware solutions. SAP HANA enables customers to capture business transactions to help make smarter, faster decisions through real-time analysis and reporting combined with dramatically accelerated business processes. Customers can now also enjoy expanded choice when it comes to their deployments of SAP HANA to experience the reliability, quality and stability offered by Red Hat Enterprise Linux. They can also standardize deployments of SAP solutions on Red Hat’s high-performing, secure and open platform, helping to ensure consistency of operations across the business.
|
||||
|
||||
> We are looking for aspiring bloggers and journalists for The Mukt. If you are interested, [apply now!][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Red Hat Enterprise Linux for SAP HANA is designed for easy deployment and simplified integration, and will be available via SAP-certified hardware appliances from partners. Delivered through the power of the partner ecosystems of Red Hat and SAP, it is planned for customers to now have access to a portfolio of cross-industry experience and expertise that harnesses the flexible, scalable and open nature of SAP software and Red Hat solutions that are designed to meet a variety of enterprise information requirements.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.muktware.com/2014/06/red-hat-enterprise-linux-launched-sap-hana/27946
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.themukt.com/write-mukt/
|
||||
[2]:
|
||||
[3]:
|
||||
[4]:
|
||||
[5]:
|
||||
[6]:
|
||||
[7]:
|
||||
[8]:
|
||||
[9]:
|
||||
[10]:
|
||||
[11]:
|
||||
[12]:
|
||||
[13]:
|
||||
[14]:
|
||||
[15]:
|
||||
[16]:
|
||||
[17]:
|
||||
[18]:
|
||||
[19]:
|
||||
[20]:
|
||||
@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.04: Hardware Compatibility Updates
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
As Ubuntu moves more and more spiritually away from being another “Linux” Distribution (check their site, the word Linux is not to be found, they have changed the language to refer to themselves as “the world’s most popular open source desktop operating system” instead), they continue to make efforts in certifying hardware from various vendors as “Ubuntu compatible”. Let’s take a quick look at some of the work that has gone into the Ubuntu 14.04 LTS hardware compatibility.
|
||||
|
||||
### What Does Certified Mean? ###
|
||||
|
||||
In the case of Ubuntu Certified Compatibility, it means that either the component or the entire desktop/laptop and all its various components are certified to have full driver support within the kernel for the version of Ubuntu it is certified for. Now, there appear to be two levels of this certification:
|
||||
|
||||
- Components Within Device Certification: This is where major components of a device are certified for a particular LTS version of Ubuntu (like the CPU, Video, Network and Storage Controllers) but not necessarily other components as they may vary (sound, wireless, specialized chipsets).
|
||||
- Full System Certification: This is where an entire device (laptop, desktop or more commonly, a server) and all its myriad of device options are all certified as driver available for a version of Ubuntu LTS
|
||||
|
||||
In the example below, the Dell Inspiron 1545 has had its major components and various other device options certified to run with Ubuntu 12.04 LTS:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### So Do My Components Work or Not? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Well, as in most things related to Linux, the answer is “it depends”. The older your system or component, strangely enough, the more likely that it will be supported in the LTS version you are using. A LOT of work has gone into certifying hardware in LTS in general and strides have been made between versions 12.04 and 14.04 LTS (some estimates have the system certifications increasing almost 30% whereas component additions are almost 40% up since the last major version).
|
||||
|
||||
The newest components are going to be hit and miss (particularly if you are looking for official binary drivers from your friendly neighborhood video chip makers – both NVidia and ATI have fallen behind lately when it comes to getting support for their latest chips in the repository channels for the latest kernel versions).
|
||||
|
||||
If you have any doubt whether your system or server is fully compatible, check [Ubuntu’s handy “Certified Hardware”][1] site and see if your component or system is listed.
|
||||
|
||||
### Final Thoughts ###
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu has come a long way (literally and figuratively) in terms of hardware support in regards to Linux. Whereas everyone really used to be pretty hit and miss and getting any component to work properly in Linux could mean hours of searching for drivers, patches, configuration strings and/or special settings for a particular chip and revision. Now, for most major system components made within 90 days of the LTS release, you will find you have a pretty decent shot at getting your system up and running in Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.
|
||||
|
||||
Have a different experience or a long standing component with a lack of compatibility? Drop me a note and let me know, I would love to hear about your experiences!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://linuxacademy.com/blog/linux/ubuntu-14-04-hardware-compatibility-updates/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.ubuntu.com/certification/
|
||||
@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Linus Torvalds Releases Linux Kernel 3.15 Stable
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Linus Torvalds has just announced that the final version in the new Linux kernel 3.15 branch has been released and is now available for download.**
|
||||
|
||||
Linux kernel 3.15 arrived a little early than anticipated, but it looks like the final build is on track and that Linus Torvalds managed to launch it with all the bells and whistles
|
||||
|
||||
“So I ended up doing an rc8 because I was a bit worried about some last-minute dcache fixes, but it turns out that nobody seemed to even notice those. We did have other issues during the week, though, so it was just as well. The futex fixes and cleanups may stand out, but as usual there's various other random fixes since rc8 in there too: mainly drivers (drm, networking, sound, usb etc), networking, scheduling and perf tooling.”
|
||||
|
||||
“But it's all been fairly small and quiet, which *may* of course be due to the fact that last week was also the first week of the merge window for 3.16. That might have distracted some developers. I'm not entirely convinced I liked the overlap, but it seemed to work ok, and unless people scream really loudly (‘Please don't _ever_ do that again’) and give good reasons for doing so, I might end up doing that overlapping merge window in the future too if it ends up helping out with some particular timing issue,” said Linus Torvalds in the official announcement.
|
||||
|
||||
According to the changelog, Netgear AirCard 341U support has been added, additional Sierra Wireless QMI devices are now supported, support has been added for Novatel E371 PCIe card, page table updates have been implemented for Radeon, C0 tracking has been removed, beacon filtering has been disabled, inet_getid() and ipv6_select_ident() bugs have been fixed, corrupted path strings for long paths have been repaired, NovaTech OrionLXm product ID has been added, and mux settling delay has been added.
|
||||
|
||||
Also, list/memory corruption on the CPU hotplug has been fixed, the missing support of 10mbit in emac/rgmii has been added, runtime dependencies have been set, support for iPad 2 and iPad 3 has been added, EFI_MIXED should not prohibit loading above 4G, a kernel panic caused by a non-linear skb has been fixed, locking checks are now skipped in the panicking path, and correct available vectors are now received for CPU_disable.
|
||||
|
||||
A complete list of changes, improvements, and fixes can be found in the official [changelog][1].
|
||||
|
||||
### Download Linux kernel 3.15: ###
|
||||
|
||||
- [tar.xz (3.15)][2][sources] [76 MB]
|
||||
- [tar.xz (3.14.6)][3][sources] [74.80 MB]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Linus-Torvalds-Releases-Linux-Kernel-3-15-Stable-445785.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.mail-archive.com/linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org/msg659672.html
|
||||
[2]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.x/linux-3.15.tar.xz
|
||||
[3]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.x/linux-3.14.6.tar.xz
|
||||
@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
|
||||
alim0x translating
|
||||
|
||||
Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Canonical has announced that a dpkg vulnerability in its Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, Ubuntu 13.10, Ubuntu 12.10, Ubuntu 12.04 LTS, and Ubuntu 10.04 LTS operating systems has been corrected.**
|
||||
|
||||
The company has just released a new update for the dpkg package, fixing a problem with this very important software that is used in all Ubuntu versions.
|
||||
|
||||
“It was discovered that dpkg incorrectly handled certain patches when unpacking source packages. If a user or an automated system were tricked into unpacking a specially crafted source package, a remote attacker could modify files outside the target unpack directory, leading to a denial of service or potentially gaining access to the system,” reads the security notice.
|
||||
|
||||
For a more detailed description of the problems, you can see Canonical's [security notification][1]. Users have been advised to upgrade their systems as soon as possible.
|
||||
|
||||
The flaws can be fixed if you upgrade your system(s) to the latest libdpkg-perl packages specific to each distribution. To apply the patch, run the Update Manager application.
|
||||
|
||||
In general, a standard system update will make all the necessary changes and users won't have to restart the PC or the laptop in order to apply the patch. This update can also be performed from the terminal, with the apt-get dist-upgrade command.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Dpkg-Vulnerabilities-Closed-in-Ubuntu-14-04-446282.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/usn-2242-1/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
|
||||
Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Unity 8′s tablet face
|
||||
|
||||
**Desktop builds of Ubuntu 14.10 using Unity 8 and Mir by default have [been made available][1] to download — not that most users will want to.**
|
||||
|
||||
Plans for a separate Unity 8 desktop flavour were [discussed last month][2]. The aim of the images is to provide developers and testers with a means to identify and document the types of changes needed to tailor both fledgling technologies to traditional desktop usage.
|
||||
|
||||
What these images are not is any sort of stable consumer release ready for production testing. These builds are, and will continue to be, highly unstable, buggy and in a state of feature flux from now up until October — and possibly beyond. Anyone expecting a polished, useable or ‘converged’ desktop will be sorely disappointed as the Unity 8 desktop ISO currently uses the Tablet UI.
|
||||
|
||||
### Work Getting Underway ###
|
||||
|
||||
Work on building competent window management features into Mir and Unity 8 is only just getting underway. Similarly, since desktop-grade graphics chips are yet to add Mir compatible GPU drivers the experience will vary wildly between hardware and users. Virtual machine support is also not a given.
|
||||
|
||||
As Unity 8 on the desktop starts to come together users won’t be presented with a UI too dissimilar to what they’re used to, hinted Ubuntu’s founder Mark Shuttleworth in a recent video Q&A.
|
||||
|
||||
This is good news. Microsoft tried to foist a tablet, touch-orientated UI on desktop users with Windows 8. Reception was mixed and the critical mauling severe. It has had to continually issue “refinements” — ‘concessions’ if you want to be cynical — to counter the complaints.
|
||||
|
||||
### Download Unity 8 Desktop Builds ###
|
||||
|
||||
Regular Ubuntu 14.10, due for release on October 23, will continue to be based on X.Org, Compiz and Unity 7. Unity 8 running on Mir is expected to be made default desktop before the next LTS, due in April 2016.
|
||||
|
||||
Largely unusable at this point, the images linked to below are designed primarily to assist developers test and improve, not help Joe User spin TARDIS-style to Ubuntu’s future.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Download Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 (.iso)][3]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/unity-8-daily-build-images-go-live
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://blueprints.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+spec/client-1410-unity8-desktop-iso
|
||||
[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/05/ubuntu-unity-8-desktop-flavour-discussed
|
||||
[3]:http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-desktop-next/daily-live/current/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
|
||||
Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Canonical has announced that their Ubuntu for phones operating system has been activated on 10,000 devices, marking an important milestone for the company.**
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu for phones was announced at the beginning of 2013 and the development team has been working on it since then. It took them a while to get a functioning version and they've been improving it constantly.
|
||||
|
||||
This new 10,000 milestone is important because company doesn't have devices shipping with the operating system. So far, only users with Nexus devices, phones and tablets, have been able to install it. This means a lot for an OS that you can only download.
|
||||
|
||||
“Ubuntu phone (and tablet) users sign into their Ubuntu One account on their device in order to download or update the applications on their phone. This allows us to provide many useful features that users expect coming from Android or iOS, such as being able to re-install their collection of apps on a new phone or after resetting their current one, or browsing the store’s website (coming soon) and having the option to install an app directly to their device from there.”
|
||||
|
||||
“As a side effect, it means we know how many unique Ubuntu One accounts have connected to the store to in order to download an app, and that number has this week passed the 10,000 mark,” [said][1] Canonical’s Michal Hall.
|
||||
|
||||
Currently, user don’t have to delete their Android from their Nexus devices because it’s possible to dual boot, and there are even a few ways to do it. The first devices that will ship with Ubuntu preinstalled will arrive later this year, most likely before the holiday season, and the community’s interest is already at an all-high level.
|
||||
|
||||
Canonical also created an Ubuntu SDK to help developers make apps for the new operating systems and there are already quite a few native apps that rival the ones on other platforms. They are not there yet, but they still have a few months until the official release and there is still plenty of time get a decent amount of applications and not just some web app replacements.
|
||||
|
||||
If you have a Nexus 4 phones or a Nexus 7 tablet, you can install Ubuntu right now. It’s still rough around the edges and you might find it a little too different from what you were used to, but give it time and you will grow to like it.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-for-Phones-Activated-on-10-000-Devices-446824.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://developer.ubuntu.com/2014/06/10000-users-of-ubuntu-phone/
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
Translated by Ramerzhang
|
||||
Four Awesome Free Alternatives to Ubuntu One Cloud Storage
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
@ -123,4 +124,4 @@ via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/three-alternatives-ubuntu-one
|
||||
[5]:http://owncloud.org/
|
||||
[6]:https://spideroak.com/
|
||||
[7]:https://onedrive.live.com/
|
||||
[8]:https://www.box.com/
|
||||
[8]:https://www.box.com/
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
|
||||
jiajia translating...
|
||||
|
||||
Got Linux? Add Proprietary Code
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
@ -109,4 +111,4 @@ via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80555.html
|
||||
[1]:http://www.icewarp.com/
|
||||
[2]:https://lucerahq.com
|
||||
[3]:http://www.fsmlabs.com/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.bell-labs.com/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.bell-labs.com/
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
zpl1025 translating
|
||||
Raspberry Pi In Schools
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Teaching the world to code is a noble goal, but how is it going to work in practice?
|
||||
@ -175,4 +176,4 @@ via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/education-education-education/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
jiajia translating...
|
||||
Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source?
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **In today's open source roundup: Microsoft may or may not have a new attitude toward open source. Plus: Android versus Windows, and Cinnamon versus Unity in Ubuntu 14.04**
|
||||
@ -78,4 +79,4 @@ via: http://www.itworld.com/open-source/421894/has-microsoft-really-changed-its-
|
||||
[4]:http://www.zdnet.com/the-five-most-popular-end-user-linux-distributions-7000030058/http://www.zdnet.com/the-five-most-popular-end-user-linux-distributions-7000030058/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.amazon.com/Best-Sellers-Electronics-Desktop-Computers/zgbs/electronics/565098/?_encoding=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&linkCode=ur2&tag=fnh-20&linkId=REWXUPB7SQXPDSOL
|
||||
[6]:http://www.amazon.com/Best-Sellers-Computers-Accessories-Laptop/zgbs/pc/565108/?_encoding=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&linkCode=ur2&tag=fnh-20&linkId=POG3J2CFBHDWBAVL
|
||||
[7]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/is-cinnamon-a-worthy-replacement-for-ubuntu-unity/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/is-cinnamon-a-worthy-replacement-for-ubuntu-unity/
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
|
||||
What is a good text editor on Linux?
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Want to launch a heated debate among Linux aficionados? Ask them what is their favorite text editor. In the open source community, choosing a software to write text with, and potentially to write code with, is such an important decision that choosing a football team or a game console is less dangerous. But anyone new to Linux should not be apprehensive of the plethora of advice and the variety of trolls on the topic, and instead try to get familiar with a bunch of different text editors in the first place. So today I shall propose you a non-exhaustive thematic list of what you can find to write text with on Linux. This list will (try to) exclude the full-fledge IDEs, which are only made for programming, and the editors made specifically for LaTex. If you are interested in the latter, I can recommend you to [this post][1].
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Vim & Emacs ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Let's go straight to the big guys. When someone asks about text editors on Linux in a room, one person will immediately respond [Vim][2] and another will say [Emacs][3]. And there are very good reasons for that. They are both very powerful editors, with a lot of features, a lot of plugins, and a very strong community ready to support anyone. If you are not familiar with them at all, it would be a bit hard to describe the extent of their capabilities. But put simply, they allow you to move very quickly within the text, make huge edits very simply, record macros, and do basically any crazy things you might want to do with text. The downside to both of them is that the learning process to control what you are doing is unavoidable and takes time. Past this point, I will not sink into the debate of declaring one better than another, but really recommend that everyone learn at least one of the two.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Sublime Text & Lime & Atom ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Another text editor which has been on the rise for these past years is [Sublime Text][4]. Some may see it as a friendlier version of Vim or Emacs, clearly designed for programming. Indeed, it retains some similarities like the batch edition and the goto function which will remind some of Emacs or [an energized Vim][5]. However, it remains more visual and accessible. Also, the large number of plugins will seduce those inclined to customization.
|
||||
|
||||
The only gray point to Sublime Text is its license: if you only use open-source, go away. Hopefully, to deal with that, an ambitious clone called [Lime][6] appeared recently. It is still under heavy development, but the spirit is here: a similar experience to Sublime Text, with the after taste of open source. Nothing more to say except admiring the effort.
|
||||
|
||||
Even more recently, [Atom][7], the official competition to Sublime Text coming from GitHub was released also as open source. Wanting to provide a full-featured out of the box editor, Atom comes packaged with all you need to jump around files, use code snippets, etc. However, its strength remains in its easy customization process based on HTML and CSS, and its Node.js integration. This is as far as we will go in this list before actually reaching the definition of an IDE.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Gedit & Kate & Mousepad & Leafpad ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If we leave the realm of the super-powered editors, we can turn to what I see as the "desktop environment classics." These editors are more traditional in the sense that some can be enhanced with plugins, but that their focus is simply to write text. If you have an idea in mind and want to jolt down something before you forget about it (I blame video games for my short attentions span), you are not going to learn or even need the shortcuts in Vim or Sublime Text. You just want to some blank space. The good thing about these editors is that they are more or less well integrated with your desktop environment. In this category, [Gedit][8] and [Kate][9], for Gnome and KDE respectively, mirror their environment, and are customizable via plugins, which makes it easier to write LaTeX, for example. [Mousepad][10] and [Leafpad][11] are more appropriate for lightweight desktops like Xfce and LXDE. They are in a way close to Windows' notepad. So if you are looking for flexibility and accessibility, pick here.
|
||||
|
||||
[][12]
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. Nano & Qute ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Another popular "family" of text editors is the distraction-free editors. If you like to have Facebook or Twitter opened constantly in the background, or receive an email every five minutes, you know how difficult it can be to focus on that essay due tomorrow, or this code not compiling. In this case, you need an editor that will take the whole space on the screen, and block everything else.
|
||||
|
||||
Probably the least favorite of this kind is Nano. If you want to block any distraction, go without X server. It is simple and straightforward. In fact, George R. R. Martin, the author of Game of Thrones, recently [revealed in an interview][13] that he uses a similar DOS Word processor to write his novels.
|
||||
|
||||
If you prefer something a bit more keen on the eye, you could like my personal favorite: [Qute][14]. No fancy features, maybe a bit of LaTeX to look nice, but the weight is really on the interface. It proposes a beautiful navigation and edition experience. If you are uneasy because of the terminal, Qute is a good alternative.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. LibreOffice & Calligra & Abiword ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, an office suite is also a text editor. I doubt you can code easily on that, but it will certainly be more appropriate for plain text and more quick to pick up than LaTeX. In this category, it would be impossible to avoid [LibreOffice][15] and [Calligra][16], the two behemoth in term of featues and fame. I like both of them, but a lot of people have a clear preference for the former over the latter. If you miss Microsoft Word, you will be in your realm. A bit of the underdog, [Abiword][17] is a lightweight alternative to those. If you goal is just to edit a word document, and you do not care about spreadsheets or databases, Abiword will do the trick while preserving the features.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To conclude briefly, if I had one advice to give, it would be to pick the editor that people around you use. If for some crazy reason everyone you know uses LibreOffice to code in C, or Sublime Text to write a novel, and that you have to do something similar, you should follow the trend. The reason being that if you encounter a problem and need some help, it will be easier for them to bring it to you.
|
||||
|
||||
What is your favorite text editor? What do you use it for? Please let us know in the comments.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/good-text-editor-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2014/04/latex-editor-software-linux.html
|
||||
[2]:http://www.vim.org/
|
||||
[3]:https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.sublimetext.com/
|
||||
[5]:http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/turn-vim-full-fledged-ide.html
|
||||
[6]:http://limetext.org/
|
||||
[7]:https://atom.io/
|
||||
[8]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Gedit
|
||||
[9]:http://kate-editor.org/
|
||||
[10]:http://www.home.unix-ag.org/bmeurer/xfce/apps.html
|
||||
[11]:http://tarot.freeshell.org/leafpad/
|
||||
[12]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14415259703/
|
||||
[13]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5REM-3nWHg
|
||||
[14]:http://www.inkcode.net/qute
|
||||
[15]:https://www.libreoffice.org/
|
||||
[16]:http://www.calligra-suite.org/
|
||||
[17]:http://www.abisource.com/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
|
||||
Valve SteamOS: A Linux-based Gaming Operating System Announced
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The year of Linux on the desktop or living room is here. Today Valve software announced SteamOS, a free Linux-based gaming operating system designed for the TV, DIY enthusiast and the living room. From the announcement page:
|
||||
|
||||
> As we've been working on bringing Steam to the living room, we’ve come to the conclusion that the environment best suited to delivering value to customers is an operating system built around Steam itself. SteamOS combines the **rock-solid architecture of Linux with a gaming experience** built for the big screen. It will be available soon as a free stand-alone operating system for living room machines.
|
||||
|
||||
### More about SteamOS ###
|
||||
|
||||
- Hundreds of great games are already running natively on SteamOS. More AAA titles coming natively to SteamOS in 2014.
|
||||
- You can stream games from your desktop and stream those games over your home network to your TV via a SteamOS machine.
|
||||
- You can play all your Windows and Mac games on your SteamOS machine, too.
|
||||
- Stream music and video with the SteamOS media services.
|
||||
- In SteamOS, Valve have achieved significant performance increases in graphics processing, and Valve working on audio performance and reductions in input latency at the operating system level. Game developers are already taking advantage of these gains as they target SteamOS for their new releases.
|
||||
- You can modify or replace any part of the software or hardware you want. No more lock-ins.
|
||||
- Valve are working on improving Linux kernel, drivers and debugging tools. This is a great news for both developers and users.
|
||||
- Standard parental controls for games and streaming services.
|
||||
|
||||
### Input lag over a network... a horrible experience? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Streaming games over the internet adds the the network latency. However, SteamOS machine and TV will be in a local network. This will keep delay to minimum including encoding and decoding video between the two systems. This is just a guess and I will wait for the reviews.
|
||||
|
||||
I think Valve is following Android model. User will get consistent environment for all your devices or you can build your own device. SteamOS will be available soon as a free download for users and as a freely licensable operating system for manufacturers. For more information see [SteamOS][1] announcement page.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/linux-games/valve-announces-linux-based-steamos/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://store.steampowered.com/livingroom/SteamOS/
|
||||
@ -1,190 +0,0 @@
|
||||
zpl1025, so loooooooooooooooog...........
|
||||
Raspberry Pi's Eben Upton: How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Inside the mind that prototyped a $35 computer for tinkerers.
|
||||
|
||||
I’ll never forget my first time seeing a Raspberry Pi. The tiny, credit-card sized computer is powerful enough to operate as a home PC, a media center, a gaming console, or anything you can dream up. At only $35, it’s a bargain for tinkerers of all ages who want to try out hardware and software experiments without worrying about bricking their pricier family computers.
|
||||
|
||||
[Eben Upton][1], cofounder of the Raspberry Pi Foundation, is generally credited as the magician behind this incredible machine. While working on his doctorate in philosophy at the University of Cambridge's computer laboratory, Upton painstakingly put together Raspberry Pi prototypes by hand.
|
||||
|
||||
Today, Upton is CEO of the Raspberry Pi Foundation’s trading company, where he oversees production and sales of the Raspberry Pi. The foundation has now sold more than 2.5 million units.
|
||||
|
||||
### Pi In The Sky ###
|
||||
|
||||
ReadWrite: What got you really interested in technology in the first place? How did that lead you eventually to the Raspberry Pi project?
|
||||
|
||||
**Eben Upton**: So I actually got started when I was a kid. I have a father who has a certain amount of interest in engineering. He’s not an engineer, he’s an English academic. There were always piles of electrical stuff around the house that I used to play with before I understood what it did. Little things like making a light to have by your bed so you could read after “lights out” and stuff.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
And then I got a computer. In the UK we have these machines called [BBC Microcomputers][2], which were 8-bit micros that were build for education. We had them at school, I got into programming at school, and I enjoyed it.
|
||||
|
||||
These things weren’t necessarily in school for programming, or at least they didn’t tend to get used for programming. They would get used to run educational software. But I used to program on them. And then I bought one to program at home. I mean, the day I got my BBC micro, I went in my room, turned it on, and never came out again. [Laughs]
|
||||
|
||||
Programming is amazing for a kid. When you’re a kid you don’t have a lot of power. You don’t have a lot of agency, a lot of control over the world around you. The great thing about programming is it’s a little world where you do whatever you want. And I certainly found that very compelling.
|
||||
|
||||
I’d always been interested in science, math, kind of hard science subjects. Did a lot of computing, did a lot of programming on my BBC. I had a Commodore Amiga after that.
|
||||
|
||||
At university I did a mixture of physics, engineering, and computer science. And then that really kind of led me to the Pi. Because after I’d been at university for a decade [while getting a doctorate], I realized that the kids who were arriving hadn’t had the chance to have that set of experiences as a child. You could still get Legos but … that ladder.
|
||||
|
||||
We’d kind of pulled the ladder up after us. We built these very sophisticated and user-friendly computers for children to use now. Or not even computers—game consoles and phones and tablets, kind of appliances. But people were being denied that opportunity to tinker. So really Raspberry Pi is an attempt to get back—without kind of being too retro—some of what we kind of feel was lost from the evolution of computers over the last 25 years.
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** What were some of the biggest hurdles you had to overcome?
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** Well, we didn’t have any investors, so that was one nice thing. We’ve been trying to do this since 2006 so you can see it took us a long time to get from the idea of a Raspberry Pi to something you could sell. Finding something that had the right tradeoff between price and performance, or price and programmability was a big deal.
|
||||
|
||||
Getting the money together. We’re a not-for-profit, so we had to go find some money, and there ended up being a few of us on the board of trustees just loaning money out of our own pockets. So we had about a quarter of a million dollars of startup funding which was entirely loans from me and a couple of other people. So having the guts to do that, I guess.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### From East To West ###
|
||||
|
||||
Finding a way to get it manufactured at the right price. We ended up taking an unusual route. Generally when people make more conventional products, what they do is make them locally, when they’re low volume. And they [manufacturers] charge a high price. Most people have thicker margins than Raspberry Pi.
|
||||
|
||||
So what people do is manufacture in the west. Later on, in search of a squeeze, they got the volume and are looking to improve their production costs, so they go to the far east.
|
||||
|
||||
The issue for us was that, because we didn’t have enough margin to support that kind of order, we built our very first units in China. Which was of course, at first a slightly daunting prospect. I knew nothing about manufacturing in China, and we ended up sending $50,000 of chips and $50,000 to some guy in Hong Kong. And he sent us back 2,000 working Raspberry Pis.
|
||||
|
||||
It got to the point where there was a little bit of a delay and we were convinced that we’d gotten shafted. And then one day, the first 2,000 of now 2.5 million Raspberry Pis turned up on the doorstep on a pallet.
|
||||
|
||||
This UPS guy comes out of his truck with a pallet and a pallet jack and jacks this pallet into the garage. It’s got 2,000 Raspberry Pis on it and each one of those is massively more powerful than any computer I had when I was a kid. And we were just picking them out at random out of the pallet just to sample them and they all worked perfectly.
|
||||
|
||||
So getting lucky, I guess, with China, and then finally having got the volume, we went in the other direction from everyone else. I guess the other defining moment in the project was when we realized that, having got the volume, we could now build in the west for the same price we would have been able to build in China. So we were able to repatriate, to reshore all the manufacturing back to Wales, which is where I was born. Kind of a nice sort of circle.
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** Were there any precursors to the Pi that didn’t work out?
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** Yeah, we built a number of different prototype devices. We were trying to build something that was programmable but interesting to kids. “Interesting to kids” means kind of … powerful in some respects. Able to play video and games and go on the Web.
|
||||
|
||||
We had a number of prototypes that met the price goal and the programmability goal, but it was only very late, post 2010 and 2011, that we were able to identify a path that allowed us to build something that was also powerful enough that kids were going to engage with it.
|
||||
|
||||
### Whence The Pi Was Baked ###
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** Tell me about inventing the Raspberry Pi.
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** We tried building some units based on what you’d call microcontroller technology. I don’t know if you’ve come across an [open source electronics prototyping] platform called Arduino? Sort of a similar level of performance to the Arduino. The nice thing about those chips is they’re very available, they’re commodity parts, they’re very cheap and easy to get ahold of.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
So we tried that. And we ended up with something which was technically a computer—you plug it into your television and stuff. But it was kind of primitive and it was clear that kids weren’t going to engage with it. So that was prototype one, and that prototype is coming to a museum in Ireland in an exhibition called “Fail.” [Laughs] I’m going to go see it next month. It’s in a glass cabinet as an example of a glorious failure.
|
||||
|
||||
The nice thing about that was that was hand built. You can’t really build a modern Raspberry Pi by hand. But this one was primitive enough that you could actually solder it together and I soldered it together in a week. And it was a nice little toy.
|
||||
|
||||
After I’d been at university for a decade of so, I went to work for a company called Broadcom, which is based in southern California but has a big office in Cambridge. They make cellphone chips. And we realized that cell phone chips are quite a good fit. They’re quite a good platform for building a Pi-like device, since they have a lot of graphics performance.
|
||||
|
||||
I built a prototype based on that, based on a Broadcom dev kit. And that was much more powerful, much more capable, again at the same price point. But the challenge we had with that was that it was really a custom environment. It wasn’t a standards based platform.
|
||||
|
||||
We were writing our own SD card drivers, our own file system, our own text editor. You find yourself doing a lot of basic work and although you end up with a platform which is powerful and programmable, it's completely nonstandard [and] completely unlike any other machine. You don’t get to leverage any of the work that’s already been done by people on desktop platforms. That was prototype two.
|
||||
|
||||
The real breakthrough for us was with prototype three. We got hold of another chip from Broadcom which had an ARM processor which was able to run standard Linux. That was really the point where we realized we had something that met all our goals. And that was the product we went to market with.
|
||||
|
||||
### Hacking The Next Generation Of Hackers ###
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** Kids as young as eight have built projects using the Raspberry Pi. Did you intend that, or did it take you by surprise?
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** Eight is a good age. I think everyone defines the right age as being the age when they started programming. I was eight when I started programming. To some extent, all a child needs is to be old enough to have the relevant suite of cognitive skills, kind of problem solving type skills. A little bit of math maybe, at school.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To be old enough to be able to plan activities—programming is the ultimate planned activity. You need to have the mental equipment to do that. By the age of eight, a lot of children are quite mature in their way of thinking. You also need mechanical dexterity; another challenge that younger children have is the lack of mechanical dexterity required to use a keyboard.
|
||||
|
||||
So eight’s a great age. You’ve got the physical equipment, the mental equipment, and you’re still at that point in your life where you’re able to learn new things very easily. Your brain’s very plastic, you’re able to learn languages....
|
||||
|
||||
I mean, if you want a child to learn French, start teaching them at eight, don’t start teaching them at 16. One of the weaknesses we have historically in our formal teaching of computing is we start people incredibly late, and then are surprised when people have difficulty picking up the concepts. So I think the younger you can get them the better and eight is a fantastic age. Eight, 10, 12—12 is maybe a little bit late.
|
||||
|
||||
Our foundation CEO, [Lance][3] [Howarth], is particularly passionate about primary education. He really perceives a real opportunity there to do something quite special.
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** So that was an intention of the Raspberry Pi, to get really young kids programming?
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** I think we’ve always thought that young kids could do programming just by example. But the intention of the Raspberry Pi was to make this thing available and just see who buys it. We always believed that at least a subset of young children would find it exciting. Now we have the breadth and scale to get it to young kids with support.
|
||||
|
||||
There’s a big difference between [just] making a platform like Raspberry Pi available and offering support for it. I think if you just make it available, you’ll find one percent of eight-year-olds will be the one percent who love that sort of thing and will get into it, regardless of how much or how little support you give them.
|
||||
|
||||
I think the real opportunity for the foundation right now is that, since we can afford to pay for the development of educational material, we can afford to advocate for good training for teachers throughout this. There’s an opportunity to get more than one percent. There’s an opportunity to reach the bright kids who don’t quite have the natural inclination to personally tackle complicated technical tasks. If you give them good teaching and compelling material that’s relevant and interesting to them, you can reach ten percent, twenty percent, fifty percent, many more.
|
||||
|
||||
We look back to the 1980s as this golden era [of learning to program], and in practice, only a very few percent of people were learning to program to any great degree. Most people could probably write a couple of lines. But doing any significant programming was still rare.
|
||||
|
||||
I think the real opportunity for us now, because we can intervene on the material and teacher training levels, we can potentially blow past where we were in the 1980s. There’s much more participation, there’s much more gender equality. Programming was largely a boy’s activity in the 1980s, and that’s now reflected in the makeup of our engineering community. I think there’s a real opportunity to get more girls programming computers. That’s the lowest of low hanging fruit. If we do that, we instantly double the number of people.
|
||||
|
||||
There are a lot of opportunities and I think the most satisfying thing for Pi is we’re kind of at the scale where we can start to attack some of them.
|
||||
|
||||
### Pi For Everyone ###
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** What does that say to you about the potential demand for DIY projects like the Pi? Are we all going to be DIY hackers one day?
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** Yeah, I mean, that’s the thing. There is an enormous demand for it. And I think that there is a tie to the maker community. The maker community is much more developed in American than it is in the UK. We do have maker fairs and hackerspaces now, but it’s probably five years behind where it is in the U.S.
|
||||
|
||||
So one thing we found when we started talking about Raspberry Pi, when it started getting international attention, we found we were launching into this very well established community of people who like doing all sorts of DIY activity: knitting, or, you know, woodworking.
|
||||
|
||||
So that’s one of the things that led to that surprise increase in volume for the Pi. Makers who see it as a component they can use to build their projects. Which is great!
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** What do you think about the emergence of mainstream hardware-hacking culture?
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** I mean, it’s fantastic, right? It’s something we would never have predicted on the software engineering front. I’ve come to this stuff from a software background, so the fact that most of the cool stuff people do with the Raspberry Pi is hardware related is surprising to me. It’s not surprising to me anymore, but it was surprising to me originally.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
I think it’s a very positive trend, for all sorts of reasons. It’s positive because it provides children with relevant experiences. In my mind, moving pixels around on the screen is still cool, but in reality, it’s much less cool than it was in the 1980s. I think moving objects around in the world, like robots, is what’s cool for kids now.
|
||||
|
||||
When you get more relevance, you attract more girls. There’s a really insidious tendency to try and design activities for girls around tech, and it actually isn’t about girls. It’s about appealing to a broader audience.
|
||||
|
||||
There is this tiny segment—I’ve talked about the one percent, the kids who find the abstract computer programming exciting. “Let’s learn about variables!” And I was one of those kids. But that’s only a small number of people, and it seems to be boys, more often. I don’t know whether that’s a cultural thing or what but it just seems to be the way the world is.
|
||||
|
||||
Quite often when people are talking about pursuing relevance in order to attract girls, it’s not about attracting girls at all. It’s about attracting anyone other than that tiny little sliver of boys. You’re not just attracting girls, you’re attracting all the other boys as well.
|
||||
|
||||
One of the wonderful things from an education standpoint is that part of actually doing stuff in the real world with a computer is automatically more relevant than just doing things on the computer itself. So it gives you a route to attract girls into the subject, it gives you a route to track more than one percent of boys into the subject.
|
||||
|
||||
It’s great not to be alone. It’s fantastic to be launching into this tidal wave of interest, of people doing stuff in the real world. I know a guy in southern California whose two hobbies are Pi hacking and making his own chainmail. It’s just a wonderful thing that people are doing that sort of stuff.
|
||||
|
||||
### Sharing The Pi ###
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** Can you give me an example of the sort of “relevant” projects that attract more than the one percent?
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** The whole broad area of robotics is one. There are just vast numbers of people using the Pi as a base to make little robots that run around and do stuff, particularly now that we have the camera module, which acts as kind of computer vision.
|
||||
|
||||
I think other camera-based projects as well tend to get a lot of play. People doing wildlife photography type things, people doing time lapse photography, a wide range of stuff because we have this $25 camera module, and an infrared version so you can do nighttime animal photography—writing scripts to take pictures at night and save away the ones that have some motion in them. So those ones are nice.
|
||||
|
||||
I’m particularly fond of anything that has to do with high altitude ballooning. Environmental monitoring—there are some high school kids in the UK who did an IndieGoGo called [AirPi][4], which is a pollution monitoring shield that would sit on top of the Pi. So lots of those things that let you do physics or chemistry or biology using the Pi—those are the things that I think have relevance. Those are the things that are much easier to justify to the bulk of kids as a thing that’s worth paying attention to.
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** When will we be seeing a Raspberry Pi Model C?
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** We have no plans at the moment. We are mostly doing software work at the moment. I think we’ve discovered that there is a large amount of performance gain available by nickel and diming the software, buffing it a little bit.
|
||||
|
||||
If we go and make a Model C, we orphan 2.5 million people who are committed to the current platform. So I think we are, at least for now, pretty committed to trying to do software work because that helps all of those people who are in the field. We feel there is still significant performance gain available through software optimization.
|
||||
|
||||
Obviously, we’ll have to do something [about hardware] at some point. I don’t really known when. If we’re still shipping the Pi Model B in 2017, 2018, that would be bad. But I think we’re probably a year away from giving any serious consideration to what to do next.
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** Lots of people are building projects using both the Pi and Arduino, the DIY electronics-hacking kit. Did you design Pi with kits like Arduino in mind?
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** Not really, but we realized very early on there could sometimes be a tendency in the press to see us as a competitor to the Arduino. We were always skeptical, I think, as to whether that was really the case because I think the Pi and Arduino do different things and do them well.
|
||||
|
||||
We didn’t design it to work with the Arduino, but the Arduino is designed to work with a house PC. We make a great low power house PC for the Arduino. So yeah, it was just lucky, I guess.
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** What do you use Raspberry Pi for at home? At work?
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** At home, I use it as a media center; that’s a fairly common use of the Pi. It’s an interesting thing that you have people doing actual consumer electronics, using it as a piece of consumer electronics. And I’m certainly one of those.
|
||||
|
||||
I don’t have anywhere near as much time to play with it at work as I would like. Usually when I get a Pi at work it’s because I’m testing some new piece of software that I’ve commissioned. Mostly I’m just using it to check that the contractors I’ve paid to do work have done a good job.
|
||||
|
||||
I’m really hoping that I will get some more downtime over the next year. Sometimes it feels like, aside from the media center, I’ve been involved with making this fantastic toy, and because it’s been so successful I don’t get much time to play with it.
|
||||
|
||||
But it’s really gratifying to see how many people are having fun with it, to see it show up in different places. I understand we got mentioned on The Big Bang Theory, I need to track down the episode. It shows up in all these unusual places. It’s really nice to see how many people have taken it to heart and started doing stuff with it.
|
||||
|
||||
Eben Upton image courtesy of the Raspberry Pi Foundation; Raspberry Pi images by Flickr users [Johan Larsson][5], [Clive Darra][6], [Pete Sneekes][7], [Luca Sbardella][8] and [Ashley Basil][9]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://readwrite.com/2014/04/08/raspberry-pi-eben-upton-builders#awesm=~oBGnazhOCOfaUd
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://twitter.com/EbenUpton
|
||||
[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Micro
|
||||
[3]:http://www.raspberrypi.org/welcome-lance/
|
||||
[4]:http://airpi.es/
|
||||
[5]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/johanl/8384790662
|
||||
[6]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/osde-info/8626662243
|
||||
[7]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/p8/7950485168
|
||||
[8]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/sbardella/7473604878
|
||||
[9]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/28438417@N08/8006786385/in/photolist-dcwSD8-d8PKa3-bmosVm-bmosWG-bz3YJF-e8NRQD-btyqN1-dorXrE-hTF7id-hTF7jL-hTF4mJ-hTF4jj-hTF4q1-hTF7jA-hTF7gj-gKRLrn-ftALdo-c7Qnjs-c7Qnyh-c7QmZj-c7QnY1-c7QmNY-cu8zs3-cu8BWm-cu8u5S-cu8yC3-cu8DBN-cu8wRq-cu8xNL-cu8CJj-cu8tss-cu8BcG-cu8uVL-cu8AoW-hTF7dU-hTEzCr-hTFBCp-hTFBvR-hTFBBH-hTF4hA-hTF7c1-hTEzza-hTFBM2-cdtf1b-bz7n87-gKQSJ7-gKQUko-ds8x8q-dqweVP-cVwvJq
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
|
||||
jiajia translating...
|
||||
|
||||
Cup 2014 Brazil: Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Football is the most played and most watched sports on Earth. The present form of football originated in Britain. Football players run an average of more than six miles during a single match. Over one billion fans watched last world cup football matches on Television. This figure is estimated to rise on an above note, this year.
|
||||
@ -122,4 +124,4 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/view-fifa-world-cup-matche-results/
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.e-link.it/icup/brazil2014/icup-brazil-2014-desktop-app.php
|
||||
[1]:http://www.e-link.it/icup/brazil2014/icup-brazil-2014-desktop-app.php
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
|
||||
>> chenguang is translating
|
||||
|
||||
Linux: Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
I'm a new Linux system user. I need to cleanup in a download directory i.e. delete all files from ~/Downloads/ folders except the following types:
|
||||
|
||||
*.iso - All iso images files.
|
||||
*.zip - All zip files.
|
||||
|
||||
How do I delete all file except some in bash shell on a Linux, OS X or Unix-like systems?
|
||||
|
||||
Bash shell supports rich file pattern matching such as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
- * - Match any files.
|
||||
- ? - Matches any single character in filenames.
|
||||
- [...] - Matches any one of the enclosed characters.
|
||||
|
||||
### Method #1: Say hello to extended pattern matching operators ###
|
||||
|
||||
You need to use the extglob shell option using the shopt builtin command to use extended pattern matching operators such as:
|
||||
|
||||
1. ?(pattern-list) - Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns.
|
||||
1. *(pattern-list) - Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns.
|
||||
1. +(pattern-list) - Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns.
|
||||
1. @(pattern-list) - Matches one of the given patterns.
|
||||
1. !(pattern-list) - Matches anything except one of the given patterns.
|
||||
|
||||
A pattern-list is nothing but a list of one or more patterns (filename) separated by a |. First, turn on extglob option:
|
||||
|
||||
shopt -s extglob
|
||||
|
||||
#### Bash remove all files except *.zip and *.iso files ####
|
||||
|
||||
The rm command syntax is:
|
||||
|
||||
## Delete all file except file1 ##
|
||||
rm !(file1)
|
||||
|
||||
## Delete all file except file1 and file2 ##
|
||||
rm !(file1|file2)
|
||||
|
||||
## Delete all file except all zip files ##
|
||||
rm !(*.zip)
|
||||
|
||||
## Delete all file except all zip and iso files ##
|
||||
rm !(*.zip|*.iso)
|
||||
|
||||
## You set full path too ##
|
||||
rm /Users/vivek/!(*.zip|*.iso|*.mp3)
|
||||
|
||||
## Pass options ##
|
||||
rm [options] !(*.zip|*.iso)
|
||||
rm -v !(*.zip|*.iso)
|
||||
rm -f !(*.zip|*.iso)
|
||||
rm -v -i !(*.php)
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, turn off extglob option:
|
||||
|
||||
shopt -u extglob
|
||||
|
||||
### Method #2: Using bash GLOBIGNORE variable to remove all files except specific ones ###
|
||||
|
||||
From the [bash(1)][1] page:
|
||||
|
||||
> A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a filename matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in GLOBIGNORE, it is removed from the list of matches.
|
||||
|
||||
To delete all files except zip and iso files, set GLOBIGNORE as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
## only works with BASH ##
|
||||
cd ~/Downloads/
|
||||
GLOBIGNORE=*.zip:*.iso
|
||||
rm -v *
|
||||
unset GLOBIGNORE
|
||||
|
||||
### Method #3: Find command to rm all files except zip and iso files ###
|
||||
|
||||
If you are using tcsh/csh/sh/ksh or any other shell, try the following find command syntax on a Unix-like system to delete files:
|
||||
|
||||
find /dir/ -type f -not -name 'PATTERN' -delete
|
||||
|
||||
OR
|
||||
|
||||
## deals with weird file names using xargs ##
|
||||
find /dir/ -type f -not -name 'PATTERN' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm {}
|
||||
find /dir/ -type f -not -name 'PATTERN' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm [options] {}
|
||||
|
||||
To delete all files except php files in ~/sources/ directory, type:
|
||||
|
||||
find ~/sources/ -type f -not -name '*.php' -delete
|
||||
|
||||
OR
|
||||
|
||||
find ~/sources/ -type f -not -name '*.php' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm -v {}
|
||||
|
||||
The syntax to delete all files except *.zip and *.iso is as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
find . -type f -not \( -name '*zip' -or -name '*iso' \) -delete
|
||||
|
||||
For more information see [bash command man page][1] and [find command man page][2].
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-bash-delete-all-files-in-directory-except-few/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/bash.1.html
|
||||
[2]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/find.1.html
|
||||
@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
|
||||
How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If you share your Ubuntu machine with other people, you probably have multiple users set up, thinking that the other users log into their own accounts and only have access to their own home directories. However, by default, any user can access any home directory.
|
||||
|
||||
When you add a new user in Ubuntu, the adduser utility creates a new home directory for the new account. By default, the new home directory is placed in the /home/ directory on the root followed by the username. For example, /home/lori. User home directories in Ubuntu are created with world read/execute permissions, giving all other users on the system rights to read the contents of other users’ home directories. See our article for more information about [how file permissions work in Linux][1].
|
||||
|
||||
**NOTE**: When we say to type something in this article and there are quotes around the text, DO NOT type the quotes, unless we specify otherwise.
|
||||
|
||||
You can easily change the permissions for your home directory to protect your private files. To check the permissions on your home directory, press Ctrl + Alt + T to open a Terminal window. Type the following line at the prompt and press Enter. Replace “<username>” with your own username.
|
||||
|
||||
ls –ld /home/lori
|
||||
|
||||
**NOTE**: The command contains only lowercase L’s not the number 1.
|
||||
|
||||
At the beginning of the line, the permissions for the file are listed. As said in our [article][1] about Linux permissions:
|
||||
|
||||
> “The r stands for “read,” the w stands for “write,” and the x stands for “execute.” Directories will start with a “d” instead of a “-“. You’ll also notice that there are 10 spaces which hold value. You can ignore the first, and then there are 3 sets of 3. The first set is for the owner, the second set is for the group, and the last set is for the world.”
|
||||
|
||||
So, the home directory listed below has read, write, and execute permissions for the owner and read and execute permission for the group and world.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To change these permissions, type the following line at the prompt and press Enter.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo chmod 0750 /home/lori
|
||||
|
||||
Type your password when prompted and press Enter.
|
||||
|
||||
**NOTE**: The chmod command uses octal numbers as one way to indicate permissions. Our [article][1] about Linux file permissions uses a different method that requires more steps but may be easier to understand. Using the octal numbers to specify permissions is a quicker method. Use whichever method with which you are more comfortable. To learn about using octal numbers to set permissions, see this [article][2].
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Press the up arrow twice to use the “ls –ld /home/<username>” command again to check the permissions. Notice that the permissions for world are all dashes (-). That means that the world cannot read, write, or execute anything in your home directory.
|
||||
|
||||
However, users in the same group as you can read and execute files and folders in your home directory. If you don’t want anyone else but yourself to have access to your home directory, enter “0700” as the numbers in the chmod command.
|
||||
|
||||
**NOTE**: For more information about managing users and groups in Linux, see our [article][3].
|
||||
|
||||
To close the terminal window, type “exit” at the prompt and press Enter.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Now, when other users on the system try to access your home directory, the following dialog box displays.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You can also set up Ubuntu to use specific permissions when setting up the home directory for a new user you are creating. To do this, you need to edit the adduser configuration file. To do this, type the following command at the prompt and press Enter.
|
||||
|
||||
gksudo gedit /etc/adduser.conf
|
||||
|
||||
We are using gedit to edit the file. You can use a different text editor if you want.
|
||||
|
||||
NOTE: The gksudo command is like the sudo command but is used to run graphical programs as root. The sudo command is used to run command line programs as root.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Enter your password in the Password edit box on the dialog box that displays and press Enter or click OK.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Scroll down to the DIR_MODE command in the adduser.conf file. The number set is “0755” by default. Change it to reflect the different types of permissions (r, w, x) you want to grant to the different types of users (owner, group, world), such as “0750” or “0700” as discussed earlier. Click Save.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Close gedit by selecting Quit from the File menu. You can also click the X button in the upper-left corner of the window to close gedit.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Close the Terminal window by clicking the X in the upper-left corner of the window.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Now, the files in your home directory will remain private. Just remember that, if there are other users in the same group as you, you might want to take away the permissions for both group and world for your home directory.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.howtogeek.com/190084/how-to-prevent-other-users-from-accessing-your-home-directory-in-ubuntu-14.04/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/67987/htg-explains-how-do-linux-file-permissions-work/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.linux.org/threads/file-permissions-chmod.4094/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/36845/the-beginners-guide-to-managing-users-and-groups-in-linux/
|
||||
@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
|
||||
别占我的，该系列GOLinux独占了。
|
||||
Command Line Tuesdays – Part One
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Here we are geekos, back in action! Sorry it’s been a while, but let me just assure you we’re back on track, raging to meet the deadlines and to, well, have some fun :)
|
||||
|
||||
Now, the whole idea was pretty much completely summed up in the introductory text posted a fortnight ago, so we may get down to business. As the book by Mr. Shotts instructs, we need to know what a shell is, as we’ll be operating withing it, and what a terminal emulator is.
|
||||
|
||||
A shell, Mr Shotts states, is actually what we’re talking about when we’re talking about command-line. The shell is basically a program that passes the strokes of your keyboard to your computer, a translator of some sort, so your computer knows what you’re saying. There are many shells in existence, but the most widespread shell used in GNU/Linux distributions is called **bash**, or Bourne Again Shell. It’s a clever wordplay, as Mr Bourne created the bash’s predecessor, **sh**, and Brian Fox wrote it as a free alternative for sh. Ahhh, GNU people and their humor, very clever :)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Next thing we need so we can interact with the shell is a terminal emulator. Every Linux distribution comes with one, depending on the desktop environment you use, so it should be **Konsole** from KDE, **Gnome terminal** in Gnome etc. Mr. Shotts says you probably develop a preference for one, but I use what the desktop environment provides me, most of the time.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, fire up your terminal. You get a line, stating your user name and the machine’s host name. This is called the shell prompt. It means it’s ready for you to enter a command. Let’s try something random. Type in anything, and press enter.
|
||||
|
||||
Hehe, remember the introductory saying we need to learn the commands as a poem? There we go, random doesn’t work.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, press the up arrow, and you’ll see the command reappear. What’s this sorcery? The up arrow key on your keyboard is for accessing the command history. The terminal saves up to 500 commands you entered, so to not type them over and over, you can look for them with the up/down arrow. The left and right arrows are for moving the cursor within a specific line, so you can edit the text in between. Now there’s another thing – **ctrl+v** for pasting text doesn’t work. You can set it up as a shortcut somewhere, but it’s usually something else. Check your terminal emulator’s shortcuts! (in Konsole, it’s Settings > Configure shortcuts)
|
||||
|
||||
Now, for us not to get the ‘command not found’ slap to the face, let’s try something simple. Type **date**. (Yes, I didn’t know there’s a command for this, so it’s exciting for me also) :)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
There you go. Why bother looking at your built in calendar in the clock, when you can fire up your terminal and type date, and see what day it is :) Just kidding, as Mr Shotts states, it’s a simple command, the more useful/difficult ones are coming next time. The related command to date is cal – it will display the current month’s calendar.
|
||||
|
||||
You may also try **df**, and it will list free space on your drives.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Or **free**, to display the amount of free memory:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If you’re already in the type-only mood, you can enter the command **exit** to get out of the terminal emulator instead of pressing the x button.
|
||||
|
||||
…and we’ll stop to a halt for this week so it won’t be too much to ingest on your already tight schedule. Too sum it up (you can write this conclusion down, for repetition), in part one, we learned:
|
||||
|
||||
- what is a shell
|
||||
- what do we need to communicate with the shell (terminal emulator)
|
||||
- navigating the terminal commands with cursor buttons and exiting the terminal
|
||||
|
||||
Four simple commands:
|
||||
|
||||
- **date** – displays the current date
|
||||
- **cal** – displays the current month’s calendar
|
||||
- **df** – shows the amount of free space on your hard drives
|
||||
- **free** – amount of free memory
|
||||
|
||||
### What will we do next Tuesday? ###
|
||||
|
||||
We learn navigation through the file system (what are all those bin etc etc. folders, what are they used for, how to navigate through them via the terminal). Until then…
|
||||
|
||||
### …have a lot of fun! ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/06/10/command-line-tuesdays-part-one/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
|
||||
How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Figure 1: GRUB 2 menu with cool Apollo 17 background.
|
||||
|
||||
Once upon a time we had legacy GRUB, the Grand Unified Linux Bootloader version 0.97. Legacy GRUB had many virtues, but it became old and its developers did yearn for more functionality, and thus did GRUB 2 come into the world.
|
||||
|
||||
GRUB 2 is a major rewrite with several significant differences. It boots removable media, and can be configured with an option to enter your system BIOS. It's more complicated to configure with all kinds of scripts to wade through, and instead of having a nice fairly simple `/boot/grub/menu.lst` file with all configurations in one place, the default is `/boot/grub/grub.cfg`. Which you don't edit directly, oh no, for this is not for mere humans to touch, but only other scripts. We lowly humans may edit `/etc/default/grub`, which controls mainly the appearance of the GRUB menu. We may also edit the scripts in `/etc/grub.d/`. These are the scripts that boot your operating systems, control external applications such as memtest and os_prober, and theming`./boot/grub/grub.cfg` is built from `/etc/default/grub` and `/etc/grub.d/*` when you run the update-grub command, which you must run every time you make changes.
|
||||
|
||||
The good news is that the update-grub script is reliable for finding kernels, boot files, and adding all operating systems to your GRUB boot menu, so you don't have to do it manually.
|
||||
|
||||
We're going to learn how to fix two of the more common failures. When you boot up your system and it stops at the grub> prompt, that is the full GRUB 2 command shell. That means GRUB 2 started normally and loaded the normal.mod module (and other modules which are located in /boot/grub/[arch]/), but it didn't find your grub.cfg file. If you see grub rescue> that means it couldn't find normal.mod, so it probably couldn't find any of your boot files.
|
||||
|
||||
How does this happen? The kernel might have changed drive assignments or you moved your hard drives, you changed some partitions, or installed a new operating system and moved things around. In these scenarios your boot files are still there, but GRUB can't find them. So you can look for your boot files at the GRUB prompt, set their locations, and then boot your system and fix your GRUB configuration.
|
||||
|
||||
### GRUB 2 Command Shell ###
|
||||
|
||||
The GRUB 2 command shell is just as powerful as the shell in legacy GRUB. You can use it to discover boot images, kernels, and root filesystems. In fact, it gives you complete access to all filesystems on the local machine regardless of permissions or other protections. Which some might consider a security hole, but you know the old Unix dictum: whoever has physical access to the machine owns it.
|
||||
|
||||
When you're at the `grub>` prompt, you have a lot of functionality similar to any command shell such as history and tab-completion. The `grub rescue>` mode is more limited, with no history and no tab-completion.
|
||||
|
||||
If you are practicing on a functioning system, press C when your GRUB boot menu appears to open the GRUB command shell. You can stop the bootup countdown by scrolling up and down your menu entries with the arrow keys. It is safe to experiment at the GRUB command line because nothing you do there is permanent. If you are already staring at the `grub>` or `grub rescue>`prompt then you're ready to rock.
|
||||
|
||||
The next few commands work with both `grub>` and `grub rescue>`. The first command you should run invokes the pager, for paging long command outputs:
|
||||
|
||||
grub> set pager=1
|
||||
|
||||
There must be no spaces on either side of the equals sign. Now let's do a little exploring. Type ls to list all partitions that GRUB sees:
|
||||
|
||||
grub> ls
|
||||
(hd0) (hd0,msdos2) (hd0,msdos1)
|
||||
|
||||
What's all this msdos stuff? That means this system has the old-style MS-DOS partition table, rather than the shiny new Globally Unique Identifiers partition table (GPT). (See [Using the New GUID Partition Table in Linux (Goodbye Ancient MBR)][1]. If you're running GPT it will say (hd0,gpt1). Now let's snoop. Use the ls command to see what files are on your system:
|
||||
|
||||
grub> ls (hd0,1)/
|
||||
lost+found/ bin/ boot/ cdrom/ dev/ etc/ home/ lib/
|
||||
lib64/ media/ mnt/ opt/ proc/ root/ run/ sbin/
|
||||
srv/ sys/ tmp/ usr/ var/ vmlinuz vmlinuz.old
|
||||
initrd.img initrd.img.old
|
||||
|
||||
Hurrah, we have found the root filesystem. You can omit the msdos and gpt labels. If you leave off the slash it will print information about the partition. You can read any file on the system with the cat command:
|
||||
|
||||
grub> cat (hd0,1)/etc/issue
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.04 LTS \n \l
|
||||
|
||||
Reading /etc/issue could be useful on a multi-boot system for identifying your various Linuxes.
|
||||
|
||||
### Booting From grub> ###
|
||||
|
||||
This is how to set the boot files and boot the system from the grub> prompt. We know from running the ls command that there is a Linux root filesystem on (hd0,1), and you can keep searching until you verify where /boot/grub is. Then run these commands, using your own root partition, kernel, and initrd image:
|
||||
|
||||
grub> set root=(hd0,1)
|
||||
grub> linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-29-generic root=/dev/sda1
|
||||
grub> initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-29-generic
|
||||
grub> boot
|
||||
|
||||
The first line sets the partition that the root filesystem is on. The second line tells GRUB the location of the kernel you want to use. Start typing /boot/vmli, and then use tab-completion to fill in the rest. Type root=/dev/sdX to set the location of the root filesystem. Yes, this seems redundant, but if you leave this out you'll get a kernel panic. How do you know the correct partition? hd0,1 = /dev/sda1. hd1,1 = /dev/sdb1. hd3,2 = /dev/sdd2. I think you can extrapolate the rest.
|
||||
|
||||
The third line sets the initrd file, which must be the same version number as the kernel.
|
||||
|
||||
The fourth line boots your system.
|
||||
|
||||
On some Linux systems the current kernels and initrds are symlinked into the top level of the root filesystem:
|
||||
|
||||
$ ls -l /
|
||||
vmlinuz -> boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-29-generic
|
||||
initrd.img -> boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-29-generic
|
||||
|
||||
So you could boot from grub> like this:
|
||||
|
||||
grub> set root=(hd0,1)
|
||||
grub> linux /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda1
|
||||
grub> initrd /initrd.img
|
||||
grub> boot
|
||||
|
||||
### Booting From grub-rescue> ###
|
||||
|
||||
If you're in the GRUB rescue shell the commands are different, and you have to load the normal.mod andlinux.mod modules:
|
||||
|
||||
grub rescue> set prefix=(hd0,1)/boot/grub
|
||||
grub rescue> set root=(hd0,1)
|
||||
grub rescue> insmod normal
|
||||
grub rescue> normal
|
||||
grub rescue> insmod linux
|
||||
grub rescue> linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-29-generic root=/dev/sda1
|
||||
grub rescue> initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-29-generic
|
||||
grub rescue> boot
|
||||
|
||||
Tab-completion should start working after you load both modules.
|
||||
|
||||
### Making Permanent Repairs ###
|
||||
|
||||
When you have successfully booted your system, run these commands to fix GRUB permanently:
|
||||
|
||||
# update-grub
|
||||
Generating grub configuration file ...
|
||||
Found background: /usr/share/images/grub/Apollo_17_The_Last_Moon_Shot_Edit1.tga
|
||||
Found background image: /usr/share/images/grub/Apollo_17_The_Last_Moon_Shot_Edit1.tga
|
||||
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-29-generic
|
||||
Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-29-generic
|
||||
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-27-generic
|
||||
Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-27-generic
|
||||
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-24-generic
|
||||
Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-24-generic
|
||||
Found memtest86+ image: /boot/memtest86+.elf
|
||||
Found memtest86+ image: /boot/memtest86+.bin
|
||||
done
|
||||
# grub-install /dev/sda
|
||||
Installing for i386-pc platform.
|
||||
Installation finished. No error reported.
|
||||
|
||||
When you run grub-install remember you're installing it to the boot sector of your hard drive and not to a partition, so do not use a partition number like /dev/sda1.
|
||||
|
||||
### But It Still Doesn't Work ###
|
||||
|
||||
If your system is so messed up that none of this works, try the [Super GRUB2 live rescue disk][2]. The official [GNU GRUB Manual 2.00][3] should also be helpful.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/776643-how-to-rescue-a-non-booting-grub-2-on-linux
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/730440-using-the-new-guid-partition-table-in-linux-good-bye-ancient-mbr-
|
||||
[2]:http://www.supergrubdisk.org/
|
||||
[3]:https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub.html
|
||||
152
sources/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md
Normal file
152
sources/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
|
||||
zsJacky translating
|
||||
|
||||
How to diskless boot a Linux machine
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Diskless booting implies that a client computer does not have any disk storage when booting an operating system. In that case, the computer can load the kernel as well as the root filesystem from a remote NFS server over network. It may use several different methods to load the kernel and the root filesystem from an NFS server: RARP, BOOTP or DHCP protocols. In this tutorial, I will use BOOTP/DHCP protocol because they are supported by many network cards.
|
||||
|
||||
### Advantage of Diskless Computers ###
|
||||
|
||||
Imagine you have 30 computers in your office, all of which need to access the same application. If you are managing the computers as an administrator, what would you do? It will be a waste of your time if you install the application on every computer. On the other hand, a diskless system can eliminate the problem. With a diskless system, you just need to install the application on a central NFS server, and then boot all 30 clients over network.
|
||||
|
||||
### Requirements ###
|
||||
|
||||
Two or more Linux computers equipped with network cards that support DHCP protocol. The computer that will act as an NFS server should have a hard drive, and the other client computer(s) do not need any hard drive. The server and client computer(s) need to be connected to the same local network.
|
||||
|
||||
There are five steps to setting up the diskless system.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Install required packages
|
||||
1. Configure a TFTP server
|
||||
1. Configure a DHCP server
|
||||
1. Configure an NFS server
|
||||
1. Booting diskless clients
|
||||
|
||||
In this tutorial, I assume that the computer which will run as a booting server is running Ubuntu. If you are using other Linux distribution, the principle is the same.
|
||||
|
||||
### Step One: Install Required Packages ###
|
||||
|
||||
Use apt-get to install all necessary packages as follows.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install dhcp3-server tftpd-hpa syslinux nfs-kernel-server initramfs-tools
|
||||
|
||||
### Step Two: Configure a TFTP Server ###
|
||||
|
||||
TFTP server is a small FTP server which is needed for automated transfer of boot files between a client computer and server in the local network.
|
||||
|
||||
Add the following lines to /etc/default/tftpd-hpa
|
||||
|
||||
RUN_DAEMON="yes"
|
||||
OPTIONS="-l -s /var/lib/tftpboot/"
|
||||
|
||||
Next, create a boot directory.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo mkdir -p /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
Copy the bootstrap ROM.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo cp /usr/lib/syslinux/pxelinux.0 /var/lib/tftpboot
|
||||
|
||||
Create a default boot configuration file as follows.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo vi /tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
LABEL Ubuntu
|
||||
KERNEL vmlinuz
|
||||
APPEND root=/dev/nfs initrd=initrd.img nfsroot=10.10.101.1:/nfsroot ip=dhcp rw
|
||||
|
||||
Note:
|
||||
|
||||
- "root=/dev/nfs" means the network filesystem on the server (doesn't need to change).
|
||||
- "initrd=initrd.img" is a boot script for system startup.
|
||||
- "nfsroot=10.10.101.1/nfsroot" indicates the server's IP address and the NFS share folder name. Substitute the IP address with your server's address.
|
||||
- "ip=dhcp" means that client computers use DHCP addressing scheme.
|
||||
- "rw" means that the NFS share is read/write.
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, restart the TFTPD service.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo /etc/init.d/tftpd-hpa restart
|
||||
|
||||
### Step Three: Configure DHCP Service ###
|
||||
|
||||
You also need to configure DHCP service on the NFS server to allow booting with /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.0. Your configuration might look like the following, assuming you using subnet 10.10.101.0.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo vi /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
allow booting;
|
||||
allow bootp;
|
||||
|
||||
subnet 10.10.101.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
|
||||
range 10.10.101.2 10.10.101.254;
|
||||
option broadcast-address 10.10.101.255;
|
||||
option routers 10.10.101.1;
|
||||
filename "/pxelinux.0";
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
Then restart DHCP service.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo service isc-dhcp-server restart
|
||||
|
||||
### Step Four: Configure an NFS server ###
|
||||
|
||||
Create a directory that holds the client root filesystem.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo mkdir /nfsroot
|
||||
|
||||
Next, configure the NFS server to export the client root filesystem. For that, add the following line to /etc/exports.
|
||||
|
||||
/nfsroot *(rw,no_root_squash,async,insecure,no_subtree_check)
|
||||
|
||||
Run the following command to reload modified /etc/exports.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo exportfs -rv
|
||||
|
||||
By default, Ubuntu does not add network boot support to the initrd image. Thus you need to create a new initrd.img file. For that, first add the following line to /etc/initramfs-tools/initramfs.conf
|
||||
|
||||
BOOT=nfs
|
||||
MODULES=netboot
|
||||
|
||||
Then run the following command to create a new initrd.img.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo mkinitramfs -o /var/lib/tftpboot/initrd.img
|
||||
|
||||
Copy the new kernel image to /var/lib/tftpboot.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo cp /boot/vmlinuz-`uname -r` /var/lib/tfftpboot/vmlinuz
|
||||
Now it is time to copy the entire root filesystem to /nfsroot.
|
||||
|
||||
Assuming tgat you are using a fresh Ubuntu server installation, you just need to clone the server filesystem to the NFS root.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo cp -ax / /nfsroot
|
||||
|
||||
Then open /nfsroot/etc/fstab with a text editor to add the following line.
|
||||
|
||||
/dev/nfs / nfs defaults 1 1
|
||||
|
||||
The directory /var/lib/tftpboot should have world read/write permissions. Otherwise the client would not be able to boot from network.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo chmod -R 777 /var/lib/tfftpboot
|
||||
|
||||
Lastly, to avoid any misconfiguration on the server, I recommend using a static IP address for the interface which DHCP service is running on. For example, if its network interface is named eth0, your configuration in /etc/network/interfaces should look like this:
|
||||
|
||||
iface eth0 inet static
|
||||
address 10.10.101.1
|
||||
netmask 255.255.255.0
|
||||
broadcast 10.10.101.255
|
||||
network 10.10.101.0
|
||||
|
||||
### Step Five: Booting a Diskless Client ###
|
||||
|
||||
After you completed the configuration on the server. Boot your client from network. To boot from network, you typically need to change the boot order priority in your BIOS configuration.
|
||||
|
||||
If a client booted successful, then your diskless environment is ready. You can add one or more client computers without changing anything.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/diskless-boot-linux-machine.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
|
||||
Translating by shipsw
|
||||
|
||||
Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**[Shutter][1], our favourite screenshot tool for Linux, has been updated with select bug fixes and a new application icon. **
|
||||
|
||||
The open-source and feature-rich screenshot utility allows you to snap sections of your desktop, app windows or the whole screen and add annotations, text or effects.
|
||||
|
||||
Version 0.91 fixes a number of outstanding bugs, including an issue where thumbnails were not shown in the Session tab on 14.04, and removes the option to upload screenshots to Pixlr’s image hosting service ‘imm.io’, which was discontinued earlier this year.
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, the update features a refined version of the familiar camera shutter application icon courtesy of artist Lucas Romero Di Benedetto.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Install Shutter 0.91 in Ubuntu ###
|
||||
|
||||
Upgrading to the new version of Shutter is simple enough — providing you add the official PPA. [The Shutter PPA][2] provides new stable releases to Ubuntu 12.04 LTS, 13.10 and 14.04 LTS.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:shutter/ppa
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install shutter
|
||||
|
||||
Don’t like PPAs? You can also download Debian installers from the download section on the project homepage. If you’re running Ubuntu 14.04 LTS you can grab the installer by hitting the button below.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Download Shutter 0.91 for Ubuntu 14.04 LTS][3]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/shutter-0-91-new-icon
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/shutter/
|
||||
[2]:https://launchpad.net/~shutter/+archive/ppa
|
||||
[3]:https://launchpad.net/~shutter/+archive/ppa/+files/shutter_0.91%7Eppa2%7Eubuntu14.04.1_all.deb
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
|
||||
Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
[NeoBundle][1] is a third-generation extension manager for [Vim][2], building on [Vundle][3], which builds on [Pathogen][4]. In an earlier article, I [advised against using Neobundle][5] because of its rapid development and minimal English documentation. Now, more than a year later, both problems are more manageable.
|
||||
|
||||
Why use an extension manager? Vim supports a healthy number of plugins, but its unmodified structure makes administering them difficult because extension files can be spread over several directories. Vim extension managers simplify things. Pathogen, Vundle, and NeoBundle create the directory ~/.vim/bundle, with a separate subdirectory for all the files of each extension. This structure allows users to easily and thoroughly delete extensions, either manually or via a file manager, and helps minimize potential conflicts when you have a couple of dozen extensions.
|
||||
|
||||
NeoBundle openly models itself on Vundle. Like Vundle, it both installs and updates extensions. However, the help file openly admits that "Neobundle is not a stable plugin manager. If you want [a] stable plugin manager, you should use Vundle." New releases, the help warns, "may break compatibility" – a comment that is less than reassuring, coming from the developers.
|
||||
|
||||
So why should you use NeoBundle? One reason is that Vundle works only with [Git][6], while NeoBundle also supports [Subversion][7] and [Mercurial][8] repositories. Another reason is that, if you want to keep extension updates from breaking your Vim ecosystem, you can lock NeoBundle so that it uses only a specific version of any particular extension.
|
||||
|
||||
In addition, NeoBundle's creator, Shougo Matsuishita, is adding its command structures to several other extensions in order to reduce the list of commands they use. Currently, NeoBundle supports three such extensions: [unite.vim][9], a file and buffer manager that works within Vim; [vimshell.vim][10], a scripting shell for Vim; and [vimproc.vim][11], which works within vimshell.vim to allow asynchronous events. That's an idiosyncratic collection, and all three are poorly documented in English, so average users may wish to forgo them. Before tackling any of them, most users should focus on the basics of NeoBundle.
|
||||
|
||||
### Installing and initializing NeoBundle ###
|
||||
|
||||
NeoBundle requires Vim 7.2.051 or higher and requires git be installed, and depends on [cURL][12] for downloading files. You can install NeoBundle manually, but the fast way to install it is to clone its repository on GitHub using cURL. From your home directory, enter the following command to copy the files for NeoBundle into .vim/bundle/neobundle.vim, where the extension can manage itself:
|
||||
|
||||
curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Shougo/neobundle.vim/master/bin/install.sh | sh
|
||||
|
||||
You also need to modify your .vimrc file. NeoBundle's GitHub page offers a sample .vimrc file, but copying it means installing five plugins you may not want. This is the minimal content that you need:
|
||||
|
||||
if has('vim_starting')
|
||||
set nocompatible
|
||||
set runtimepath+=~/.vim/bundle/neobundle.vim/
|
||||
call neobundle#begin(expand('~/.vim/bundle/'))
|
||||
NeoBundleFetch 'Shougo/neobundle.vim'
|
||||
call neobundle#end()
|
||||
filetype plugin indent on
|
||||
|
||||
These lines set up and start NeoBundle, and set NeoBundle to update itself just like any other plugin. NeoBundle defaults to updating itself from GitHub repositories, so if you use GitHub, all you have to do is specify the maintainer's username and the directory for the plugin; in the lines above, NeoBundleFetch needs to specify only "Shougo/neobundle.vim" instead of the complete path on GitHub. If you want to use another site instead, including one that supports Subversion or Mecurial, you need to add the complete URL to the repository.
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to install other NeoBundle plugins, use this generic form:
|
||||
|
||||
curl -k https://github.com/[MAINTAINER]/ [PLUGIN PATH] > ~/.vim/bundle/[PLUGIN PATH]
|
||||
|
||||
or, to give a more specific example, you can install the [vim-abolish plugin][13], a super-charged search and replace extension, with the command
|
||||
|
||||
curl -k https://github.com/tpope/vim-abolish > ~/.vim/bundle/abolish
|
||||
|
||||
To have the extension updated automatically, add a line below the NeoBundleFetch line that gives the path to its repository. For example:
|
||||
|
||||
NeoBundle 'tpope/vim-abolish'
|
||||
|
||||
Optionally, you can specify a particular branch or revision of NeoBundle to use, preventing any updates. This option can be useful if you are using extensions that are in rapid development and you want to avoid having them break when you update any other extensions. For instance:
|
||||
|
||||
NeoBundle 'Shougo/vimshell', { 'rev' : '3787e5' }
|
||||
|
||||
Another option is to place the directive NeoBundleCheck on a line at the end of the NeoBundle stanza in .vimrc. When this line is present, NeoBundle checks for uninstalled bundles and prompts you to install them. You can also run the utility `:NeoBundleInstall` from within NeoBundle to initialize or update installed extensions.
|
||||
|
||||
### NeoBundle utilities ###
|
||||
|
||||
Many of NeoBundle's utilities function similarly to Vundle's, but they are differently named. You use the utilities to administer plugins from within NeoBundle:
|
||||
|
||||
- Run `:NeoBundleUpdate` when you install or update extensions, and when you manually remove an extension's files. It can be followed by a specific plugin, such as "/Shougo/neobundle.vim," or without a plugin name to configure all plugins that are installed but not configured. The command NeoBundleInstall! provides the same functionality.
|
||||
- `:NeoBundle {REPOSITORY URI} [[REVISION}] [,OPTIONS}]]` configures an extension while locking it into a specified version, preventing any updates.
|
||||
- `:NeoBundleList` lists unintialized extensions.
|
||||
- `:NeoBundleClean` runs an interactive utility for removing unused extensions.
|
||||
|
||||
These utilities are also available in slightly different forms when you run NeoBundle with unite.vim. You can learn more about the utilities in all their forms by running the command `:help neobundle`.
|
||||
|
||||
Deciding whether to use NeoBundle
|
||||
|
||||
NeoBundle is a powerful tool, but its seemingly permanent state of rapid development can be a blessing or a curse, depending on your preferences. If you want the latest features and extensions, NeoBundle can make Vundle and Pathogen look decidedly old-fashioned.
|
||||
|
||||
However, with the online help itself warning of instability, ignoring the possibility of the latest version of one extension interfering with the proper functioning of another would be rash. At the very least, you should specify in your .vimrc a version of NeoBundle that you know to be stable. You might also do the same for any extension that you use regularly. With this precaution, you can enjoy following the development of NeoBundle and its related extensions while avoiding the consequence of working on the bleeding edge.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.openlogic.com/wazi/bid/348084/Managing-Vim-extensions-with-NeoBundle
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://github.com/Shougo/neobundle.vim
|
||||
[2]:http://olex.openlogic.com/packages/vim
|
||||
[3]:https://github.com/gmarik/Vundle.vim
|
||||
[4]:https://github.com/tpope/vim-pathogen
|
||||
[5]:http://www.openlogic.com/wazi/bid/262302/Three-tools-for-managing-Vim-plugins
|
||||
[6]:http://olex.openlogic.com/packages/git
|
||||
[7]:http://olex.openlogic.com/packages/subversion
|
||||
[8]:http://olex.openlogic.com/packages/mercurial
|
||||
[9]:https://github.com/Shougo/unite.vim
|
||||
[10]:https://github.com/Shougo/vimshell.vim/blob/master/doc/vimshell.txt
|
||||
[11]:https://github.com/Shougo/vimproc.vim/blob/master/doc/vimproc.txt
|
||||
[12]:http://olex.openlogic.com/packages/curl
|
||||
[13]:https://github.com/tpope/vim-abolish
|
||||
@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
|
||||
How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
The biggest complaint you can hear those days about Ubuntu is the new Unity interface. I remember leaving for Archlinux precisely when Unity started to rise, and when it was made clear that it was here to stay. However, Unity indirectly has led to good consequences: it allowed other distributions and other desktop environments to become more prominent as people were unhappy with it. If your system can support it, no one is against a bit of eye candy.
|
||||
|
||||
So today I shall propose you a different type of application launcher which is definitely original: Gnome-Pie. Some of you may recognize the inspiration from the World of Warcraft addon "OPie." The concept is similar: a keyboard shortcut opens a circular "pie" from which you can select an application or a command to launch. The main idea behind that design is that a user does not have to remember the name of a command, but its direction. The fact that it is circular makes every application at the same distance from the pointer. Plus we get the combo that so many gamers adopted: left hand on the keyboard and right hand on the mouse. The two combined intend to minimize the amount of time needed and maximize the ergonomy.
|
||||
|
||||
### Gnome-Pie Installation ###
|
||||
|
||||
On Ubuntu, Gnome-Pie is available from the universe repository, but for some reason this version crashes at startup. Instead, I advise you to get it from the official PPA repository:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:simonschneegans/testing
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get update
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install gnome-pie
|
||||
|
||||
On Fedora, use this command to install it:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yum install gnome-pie
|
||||
|
||||
For Archlinux, the package is on [AUR][1].
|
||||
|
||||
### Basic Usage of Gnome-Pie ###
|
||||
|
||||
By default, Gnome-Pie comes with a very decent initial configuration. The first pie, summoned with Ctrl+Alt+a, displays your system's basic applications.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The second pie, associated with Ctrl+Alt+b, brings your file manager's bookmarks.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The third pie is maybe the most useful as it displays your application menu, callable by Ctrl+Alt+Space.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The fourth pie is exclusively to control the music player. As you can guess, the shortcut is Ctrl+Alt+m.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The fifth pie is a quick access to the reboot, shutdown, and log out commands (with Ctrl+Alt+q, q for quit I suppose).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, the sixth pie controls the windows, allowing you to minimize, scale, close, etc. And of course, the shortcut is Ctrl+Alt+w.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
I find this default setup already pretty satisfactory, almost as good as an out-of-the-box launcher. However, if I wanted to be picky, I would say that some shortcuts are hard to perform with just one hand, and it is kind of frustrating to use two hands to call a pie, and then go back to the mouse to select the option. But again I am being picky.
|
||||
|
||||
However, we are on Linux! Who cares about the default? The whole point is to configure like crazy, and make the system our own. With Gnome-Pie, you are well served. The configuration screen lets you edit the current pies, change the shortcuts, select the icons, make your own pie, change the theme, and even make pie menu that summons another pie.
|
||||
|
||||
[][2]
|
||||
|
||||
You can even edit the pie to launch an URL, simulate a hotkey activation, or just your own command. The only thing that is potentially missing is the possibility to have widgets.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In conclusion, Gnome-Pie is a quite attractive visual application launcher which differs from traditional text-based launchers. I really like the combo left hand on the keyboard and right hand on the mouse, which does indeed remind me of Warcraft or even Leagues of Legend. If players adopted this kind of system, it is because it is convenient and efficient. I would even advise it if you are trying to save some space on the screen, and don't want a launcher constantly on the screen. As a last word, I would even dare to say that it provides an interesting alternative to the awesome Gnome-Do.
|
||||
|
||||
What do you think? Do you believe in eye candy at all? Or is Gnome-Pie out of the question since the new Gnome shell entered the competition? Please let us know in the comments.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/launch-applications-differently-gnome-pie-linux-desktop.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/gnome-pie/
|
||||
[2]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14247093043/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
|
||||
CNprober 翻译完成。<travelwithheart@yeah.net, 619913541>
|
||||
|
||||
优秀的Linux文本编辑器
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
想要挑起狂热Linux爱好者之间的激烈争辩吗？那就问他们什么是他们最喜欢的文本编辑器。在开源社区中，选择一个用来写文本，或者更进一步，用来写代码的编辑器，比选择一个球队或者游戏控制器还要重要。但是任何一个Linux新手都不需要为大把大把的建议和各种各样的煽动而感到焦虑不安，取而代之，先去试着熟悉熟悉一堆不同的文本编辑器吧。所以今天我将要给你建议一个简单主题的列表，里面的编辑器都可以用在Linux下编辑文本。这个列表会排除那些成熟的只用来写代码的IDE，也不包括那些专门的进行LaTex排版的编辑器。如果你对后者感兴趣，我可以建议你去看看[这里][1].
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Vim & Emacs ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
让我们直接从这两个最大咖的开始。当有人在一个聊天室里问关于Linux下的编辑器时，会有一个人立马回答[Vim][2]，然后会有另外一个说[Emacs][3]. 之所以会这样，是有很充分的理由的。这两个都是非常强大的编辑器，有很多的特性，很多插件，很强大的社区支持。如果你一点都不熟悉他们的话，要描述清楚他们功能的有多么强大是有点困难的。但是简单来讲，它们允许你非常快速的在文本中移动，简单地做出大量的修改，记录宏以及你能想到基本上任何疯狂的编辑方式。这两个编辑器都有的缺点是不可避免的学习过程并且需要花费一定的时间。讲完这点之后，我不会陷入到哪一个更好的争论中去，但是我真的想建议每一个人至少学习这两者之一。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Sublime Text & Lime & Atom ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
另一个在过去几年冉冉升起的文本编辑器是[Sublime Text][4].一些人可能会将它视为Vim或者Emacs的友好版，专为编程而设计的。事实上，它保持了一些与Vim和Emacs的相似特性。比如，批量编辑和函数跳转都会让人或多或少想起Emacs或者[一个充满活力的Vim][5].然而，它保留了更多的可视性并且更加容易使用。同样，大量的插件引诱大家进行个性化定制。
|
||||
|
||||
Sublime Text唯一的“污点”是它的许可证：如果你只使用开源软件的话，你可以放弃它了。为此，最近出现了一个雄心勃勃的克隆版 [Lime][6] 。这个软件正处在繁重的开发当中，但是它的精神是：跟Sublime Text相似的用户体验，但是带着开源的韵味。对于Lime，除了满满的期待没有更多要说的了。
|
||||
|
||||
离现在更近的，GitHub以开源形式发布了[Atom][7]，展开了与Sublime Text正式的竞争。Atom打包了所有你想要的文件跳转，代码片段使用等特性，提供一个完整特性的编辑器而不是简单的编辑框。使用HTML，CSS和集成Node.js环境，可以轻易地定制文本处理过程，这正是他魅力所在。这其实已经要涉及到IDE的定义了，我们的列表最多会覆盖到这里。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Gedit & Kate & Mousepad & Leafpad ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果我们离开这些超级厉害的编辑器，我们可以转向我认为的“桌面环境经典版”编辑器。这些编辑器感觉上更加的传统，有些也可以用插件进行强化，但是它们的重点是简单输入。如果你头脑里有一些想法想要在忘记之前赶快记下来（我必须怪罪那些视频游戏让我的注意力范围变小）。[译注：这一句意思应该是作者因为玩游戏导致注意力下降，记不住东西，所以需要快速的记下头脑中的东西以免忘掉] 你不需要学习Vim或者Sublime Text的快捷键。你只需要一些空白的地方进行输入。这类编辑器的好处是他们或多或少的和你的桌面环境集成在一起。在这一类编辑器中， Gnome 下的 [Gedit][8] 和 KDE下的 [Kate][9] 都很好的集成在桌面系统中，可以通过插件进行个性化定制。比如，更容易的进行LaTeX排版。[Mousepad][10] 和 [Leafpad][11] 更适合于轻量级的桌面，比如Xfce和LXDE。它们在某种程度上很像Windows的记事本。所以，如果你需要的是灵活和便捷，请选择他们。
|
||||
|
||||
[][12]
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. Nano & Qute ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
另外一个流行的文本编辑器“大家庭”是“无分心编辑器”。如果你喜欢在后台持续地开着Facebook或者Twitter，或者每5分钟就收一次邮件，你就会知道把注意力集中在那篇明天就过期的散文或者这些还没编译通过的代码是多么困难的事。如果是这样，你需要一个编辑器，它可以占满整个屏幕空间，并且屏蔽掉所有的其他事情。
|
||||
|
||||
也许这类编辑器里面最不受欢迎的是Nano。如果你想屏蔽所有分心的事，关掉X server（[译注：关掉桌面，只用文字终端界面，Nano就是工作在这种模式下]）。这是最简单和直接的方式。事实上，《权力游戏(Game of Thrones)》的作者Geogge R. R. Martin最近就在[一次采访][13]中说他使用一个类似DOS Word的文本处理程序写他的小说。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想要一款更顺眼一点的编辑器，你可以试试我的最爱：[Qute][14]. 没有酷炫的特性，也许有一点LaTeX排版使它开起来更美观，但是重点其实是在他的界面的。它提供了一个舒适的导航和编辑体验。如果你对终端感觉不太舒服，Qute是个不错的选择。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. LibreOffice & Calligra & Abiword ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
最后，办公套件也是文本编辑器。我很怀疑你能否轻松的用办公套件编程，但是它确实更适合纯文本编辑，也比LaTeX更容易学习。在这类编辑器中，[LibreOffice][15] 和 [Calligra][16] 是没办法绕过去的。这两个编辑器因为他们丰富的特性和响亮的名声成为这类编辑器中的巨兽。这两者我都喜欢，但是很多人明确的偏向于前者。如果你怀念微软的Word处理软件，你会有自己的选择。稍处下风的[Abiword][17]相对前面的两个是一个轻量级的选择。如果你的目的只是编辑一个文本文档，不关心电子表格或者数据库，Abiword的特性可以达到理想的效果。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
简单总结一下，如果我有一条建议给你，那么就是选择你周围的人正在用的编辑器。如果因为某些疯狂的理由，每一个你周围的人都用LibreOffice写C程序，或者用Sublime Text写小说，而你也要做同样的事，你应该跟随潮流。原因就是当你遇到一个问题需要帮助的时候，他们可以更容易的给你提供帮助。
|
||||
|
||||
你最喜欢的文本编辑器是什么？你用它来干嘛？请在评论里告我们吧。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/good-text-editor-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[love_daisy_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2014/04/latex-editor-software-linux.html
|
||||
[2]:http://www.vim.org/
|
||||
[3]:https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.sublimetext.com/
|
||||
[5]:http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/turn-vim-full-fledged-ide.html
|
||||
[6]:http://limetext.org/
|
||||
[7]:https://atom.io/
|
||||
[8]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Gedit
|
||||
[9]:http://kate-editor.org/
|
||||
[10]:http://www.home.unix-ag.org/bmeurer/xfce/apps.html
|
||||
[11]:http://tarot.freeshell.org/leafpad/
|
||||
[12]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14415259703/
|
||||
[13]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5REM-3nWHg
|
||||
[14]:http://www.inkcode.net/qute
|
||||
[15]:https://www.libreoffice.org/
|
||||
[16]:http://www.calligra-suite.org/
|
||||
[17]:http://www.abisource.com/
|
||||
@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Linux大神们的顶级命令行秘诀
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< HEAD
|
||||
> “命令行秘诀？根本就没这玩样。”博主罗伯特·柏格森说。“新手们，你们失望了？那就猛敲‘help’吧。还想要点提示？随便‘man’个什么吧。想更多来点不同？敲‘ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin | less’，随便捡几个宝贝命令出来，整晚地‘man’去吧。我已经干那活超过十年了，到现在还玩得不亦乐乎。”当然，“某人可要对破坏之类的事情上瘾了。”
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> “命令行秘诀？根本就没这玩样。”博主罗伯特·柏格森说。“失望了吧，新手？那就猛敲‘help’吧。还想要点提示？随便‘man’个什么吧。想更多来点不同？敲‘ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin | less’，随便捡几个宝贝命令出来，整晚地‘man’去吧。我已经干那活超过十年了，到现在还玩得不亦乐乎。”当然，“某人可要对破坏之类的事情上瘾了。”
|
||||
>>>>>>> 51f3aeffb27a659d5154c500cf16bafe572a4007
|
||||
|
||||
**好**吧，Linux博客圈这里这周相对比较平静，给网民们一个拖了很久的机会集体喘口气吧，去享受一下龙舌兰、燕尾服、鸡尾酒带来的欢快吧，然后评估一下过去几周来发生的和自由开放软件相关的事件吧。
|
||||
|
||||
有些人错过了这些重大新闻：[IEEE][2]的[颁奖礼][1]，计算机世界的2014计算机先驱奖正是颁发给了李纳斯·托沃兹；Tails OS 1.0的[到来][3]；以及，也许是最令人激动的事情，位于西雅图的乐队[网猫][5][发布了][4]作为Linux内核模块的首张唱片。
|
||||
|
||||
“你是否曾经在听一张专辑的时候想过‘伙计，这听起来不错，但是我希望它能经常从用户空间过渡到内核空间去！’”网猫在Facebook上写道，“我们会全力支持你的。我们的专辑现在完全可以作为一个可加载的Linux内核模块来播放。”
|
||||
<<<<<<< HEAD
|
||||
Linux Girl thought she had seen it all here in the Linux world, but now she realizes she was wrong. Thank you, netcat, for keeping life interesting!
|
||||
=======
|
||||
Linux女孩曾经认为她自己已经完全进入Linux世界了，但是她现在却意识到她的想法是错误的。谢谢你们，网猫，是你们让生活一直这么有趣！
|
||||
>>>>>>> 51f3aeffb27a659d5154c500cf16bafe572a4007
|
||||
|
||||
### ‘命令行秘诀’ ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
说到有趣，没什么比围坐在吧台前谈论行业内的事情来度过平静的一周更带劲了，而上周搞了一次。Linux博客圈内的生活很惬意。
|
||||
|
||||
座谈会内容是Linux声音杂志——那本闪亮的新杂志让读者可以记得它是[去年年底发布的][6]——而谈话的主题恰恰就是[命令行秘诀][7]
|
||||
|
||||
Linux女孩要忍不住了。
|
||||
|
||||
### ‘它打算渲染大多数网页’ ###
|
||||
|
||||
“有很多使用命令行的真正的好理由，”Linux声音的策划者写道，“它是让你和计算机进行交互的强大而简明的方法“
|
||||
|
||||
“然而，我想花点时间来看看它里头一些更为晦涩的用法（有人会说毫无意义，不值得去做了）。“他们补充说。
|
||||
|
||||
杂志列表顶端是elinks网页浏览器：“它可能看起来没有它的竞争对手那样光彩照人，但它打算渲染大多数网页。”他们解释道，“它也有着极客时尚，当你需要快速检查你是否能从只能通过SSH访问的计算机上去访问网页时，它就会派上用场了。“
|
||||
|
||||
列表从那里继续，包含了从维基百科上查阅一些定义等其它一些实用的小建议。
|
||||
|
||||
从破窗休息室下来，老主顾们获得了大量他们自己的建议。
|
||||
|
||||
### '对维护很重要' ###
|
||||
|
||||
“命令行命令的提示很不错，真的很不错。”比如，Google+博主亚历桑德鲁：埃伯索尔满怀热情地说，“但是他们忘了[cowsay][8]，它可以用来在黑漆漆的终端里博你一笑。“
|
||||
”命令行对于维护很重要。“他补充说，”大家可以使用bash脚本来自动化，只需按几个快捷键（或者只要一个就行）来完成复杂的任务。”
|
||||
|
||||
其它命令行秘诀，埃伯索尔会把它们放进原始列表的是sl（蒸汽机车），还有这些[这些金点子][9]：
|
||||
|
||||
* % cat "food in cans"
|
||||
cat: can't open food in cans
|
||||
* % nice man woman
|
||||
No manual entry for woman.
|
||||
* % [Where is Jimmy Hoffa?
|
||||
Missing ].
|
||||
* % make love
|
||||
Make: Don't know how to make love. Stop.
|
||||
* % man: why did you get a divorce?
|
||||
man:: Too many arguments.
|
||||
|
||||
### '最珍贵的精华' ###
|
||||
|
||||
“命令行秘诀？根本没这玩样。”博主[罗伯特：伯格森][10]告诉Linux女孩道，”失望了吧，新手？那就猛敲‘help’吧。还想要点提示？随便‘man’个什么吧。想更多来点不同？敲‘ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin | less’，随便捡几个宝贝命令出来，整晚地‘man’去吧。我已经干那活超过十年了，到现在还玩得不亦乐乎。”
|
||||
|
||||
伯格森记不得多久以前他发现了‘ssh’，但是“它是自由/开源软件世界中最珍贵的精华了。“他说。
|
||||
|
||||
”ssh的强大力量在于，你可以在一台计算机上输入命令获得快乐，你更可以在100台计算机上干同样的事情来获得100倍的快乐。“他补充道，”当然，要输入100次命令可不是闹着玩的。所以，学习一下通过ssh安全地无密码登陆，可以让ssh的远程登陆透明化。“
|
||||
### '带着尊重来用吧' ###
|
||||
|
||||
当然，”就像干任何快乐的事一样，有人会沉迷于搞破坏。“伯格森警告道，”作为root用户，你可以输入命令来删除所有的东西，或者把这一切搞乱。“
|
||||
|
||||
”这是核心选择权，就像处理世界事务一样，在按下那个键之前一定要三思而后行，评估干这事所产生的结果，带着尊重和高尚的动机来使用它。“他补充道。
|
||||
|
||||
”我曾经删除了一个文件系统，因为我的大拇指蹭到了空格键调出了一个命令。“伯格森总结道，”坦白地说，我只干过这样的事情一次。“
|
||||
|
||||
### '很强大' ###
|
||||
|
||||
Google+博主贡萨洛：贝拉斯科C不那么热情。
|
||||
|
||||
“即使[GUI][11]工具更易用，在*nix领域，命令行仍然很强大。“他告诉Linux女孩，”甚至一些有能力的MacOS用户也用它们。”
|
||||
|
||||
对于贡萨洛：贝拉斯科C他自己而言，“我想要掌握的唯一一些命令是进程控制和杀死命令，想要使用ctrl+alt+退格键，因为我可以用来处理给我造成麻烦的那个进程，我还想要掌握tar.gz文件的管理——那玩样到现在还让我头痛。“他说。
|
||||
|
||||
#### '你正在做错事' ####
|
||||
|
||||
最后一点，但并非不重要，SoylentNews博主hairyfeet有一个完全不同的观点。
|
||||
|
||||
“我只想谈一件事情来充实一下命令行界面这个报道：如果你不干IT，而且做着一些重复的事情，而这些事情只是很简单、很原始地去记录一些有用的事情，但你还在用命令行，那么‘你在走一条不归路’“hairyfeet告诉Linux女孩，”命令行界面没什么神奇——它只是1970年代以来的一个图形化界面！“
|
||||
|
||||
今天，有很多“有用的图形化界面，这要多亏了CPU频率和内存的增加，而不是一美元店里的廉价手表——我们甚至有IDE和脚本语言大大超过70年代那个复辟古董货，在广域网或者局域网上工作，并与操作系统最底层交互，一切都在变得更易用，这多亏了智能感应和自动完成这样的技术。“他解释说，”所以上天作证，如果你不是那3%的系统管理员，工作在以字节计数的世界里，你会把那一堆垃圾从陈年旧帐中翻出来？
|
||||
|
||||
Hairyfeet的最佳命令行建议？“不要——被21世纪那些不切实际的想法所左右，学学怎样真正来使用语言和工具吧。“他总结道，”让命令行成为泡影，把软盘都扔进历史的垃圾桶吧。“
|
||||
|
||||
> 银汉鱼诺伊斯总是尽忠职守当好她的Linux女孩，那件斗篷她从2007穿到现在了。作为一个白天举止温和的女记者，她晚上像逛夜店一样，为了搜寻最新的小道消息，在Linux博客圈上灌水。你也能在 [Twitter][12]和[Google+][13]上找到她。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80437.html?rss=1
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.computer.org/portal/web/pressroom/Linus-Torvalds-Named-Recipient-of-the-2014-IEEE-Computer-Society-Computer-Pioneer-Award
|
||||
[2]:http://www.ieee.org/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80386.html
|
||||
[4]:https://www.facebook.com/netcatband/posts/755205877853161?stream_ref=10
|
||||
[5]:http://www.netcat.co/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/79448.html
|
||||
[7]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/commandline-secrets/
|
||||
[8]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowsay
|
||||
[9]:https://www.linux.com/community/blogs/133-general-linux/10408
|
||||
[10]:http://mrpogson.com/
|
||||
[11]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUI
|
||||
[12]:http://twitter.com/noyesk
|
||||
[13]:https://plus.google.com/+KatherineNoyes?rel=author
|
||||
@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
|
||||
回顾Redhat 7和PclinuxOS 2014.05支持者的秘密
|
||||
====================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
今天Katherine Noyes 宣称自己找到了“linux支持者们命令行中最大的秘密”，但是有位博主却怀疑是否真的有这种说法。其他的消息有Jesse Smith对RHEL 7候选版本和Jamie Watson对新发布的PCLinuxOS 2014.05的一些评论
|
||||
。
|
||||
Katherine Noyes写道：“没有比在安静的周末去酒吧闲聊消磨时间更好的事了，当然上周也是这样做的”。他这样的说法引起了争论，Robert Pogson却说道：“命令行的秘密？根本就没有这样的事情”。是否还有新的东西[等待着你呢][1]？
|
||||
|
||||
在今天的Distrowatch杂志上，Jesse Smith尝试了一下RHEL 7桌面候选版本。在安装上，“从RHEL安装介质启动到一个图形化的系统安装界面，RHEl用了和最近发布的Fedora一样的新的Anaconda安装方式。就我个人来说新的安装方式是一种倒退”他说道。从那儿就有点让人留意，他猜测在桌面版本上那就是大家想要的吧。Smith说他希望有一种图形化的软件包管理工具因为用户只能在命令行下使用YUM源，只能标准的从库里使用。随后GNOME桌面彻底的打垮KDE桌面，有些困惑但是他非常喜欢新配置的防火墙。请看的的[详细报告][2]。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**在**ZDNet.com上，Jamie Watson对新发布的PCLinuxOS 2014.05发表了自己的看法。他说道：
|
||||
|
||||
> 这是个有趣的观点，你可能从它的名字当中想到它包含了很多软件，补丁，驱动在非标准的分支中。最有趣的一点是，基于活动状态对虚拟桌面的配置。这种趋势使PCLinuxOS使用起来既有趣又简单，通过提供一下的桌面环境，个性化的图标:”
|
||||
|
||||
> 互联网包括：浏览器，邮件，聊天工具
|
||||
|
||||
> 工作包括：office、kile、scribus
|
||||
|
||||
> 娱乐包括：游戏
|
||||
|
||||
> 多媒体包括：音乐，视频的编辑和创作
|
||||
|
||||
> 图片：浏览，编辑和创作
|
||||
|
||||
> 管理包括：系统管理任务
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
“PCLinuxOS始终使用原来的安装方式，它来自于Mandriva/Mandrake安装方式”Watson提到。它还带来了新的内核，最新的软件，和多样化互动的界面。[他总结道][3]：“这个新发布的PcLinuxOS版本很不错”。另外Watson在几周前也测试过了Ubuntu、Debian和LMDE。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ostatic.com/blog/pros-secrets-and-red-hat-7-and-pclinuxos-2014-05-reviews
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[jiajia9linuxer](https://github.com/jiajia9linuxer) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/Linux-Pros-Top-Command-Line-Secrets-80437.html
|
||||
[2]:http://distrowatch.com/weekly.php?issue=20140512#feature
|
||||
[3]:http://www.zdnet.com/hands-on-with-pclinuxos-2014-05-kde-and-lxde-the-linux-with-something-for-everyone-7000029297/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.zdnet.com/testing-ubuntu-debian-and-lmde-on-my-new-notebook-7000029202/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
|
||||
来自树莓派的Eben Upton：我们是怎么让大家都成为DIY黑客的。
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> 请记住它是为喜欢折腾的人准备的只要35美元的计算机
|
||||
|
||||
我永远不会忘记我第一次看到树莓派的情形。那个小巧的，信用卡大小的计算机，性能却足够强劲，可以作为一般家用PC，媒体中心，电视游戏机，或是其他任何你能够想像的东西。只有35美元的价格，它是任何年龄段的动手爱好者都可以拥有的小东西，可以在上面捣腾硬件和软件试验，而不用担心会弄坏昂贵的家庭电脑。
|
||||
|
||||
[Eben Upton][1]，是树莓派基金会的共同创始人，通常被誉为这个神奇机器背后的魔法师。在剑桥大学的计算机实验室攻读哲学博士学位的时候，他费尽苦心地手工打造了树莓派的原型机。
|
||||
|
||||
如今，Upton是树莓派基金会下面贸易公司的CEO，监督着树莓派的生产和销售，目前销量已经达到250万台。
|
||||
|
||||
### 天上的派 ###
|
||||
|
||||
ReadWrite网: 一开始是什么让你对技术这么感兴趣？它又是如何偶然地引导你创建树莓派项目的？
|
||||
|
||||
**Eben Upton**: 在我还是孩子的时候就开始对技术感兴趣了。我有个对工程技术有很大兴趣的父亲，他自己不是工程师，而是一个英语老师。我们的房子里经常到处堆着各种电子器件，在还不知道这些东西是干嘛的时候，我就开始摆弄了。都是些小玩意，比如在床头装个灯，在“关灯”后还可以继续看书之类的。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
之后我有了一台计算机。在英国，我们把这种机器叫做[BBC微计算机][2]，实际上是8位单片机，做教学用的。我们在学校的时候接触到这种机器，我之后就学会了编程，而且还蛮喜欢的。
|
||||
|
||||
这些机器在学校里并不一定是用来编程的，或者说他们根本不是用来编程的，一般都运行教学软件。但是我却给它编程，之后我还买了一台回家，在我买了这台BBC微机后，我就泡在了房间里，再没出来过。[笑]
|
||||
|
||||
编程对于小孩来说太神奇了。当你还是小孩的时候，并没有太多力量。没有听话的随从，反而身边有很多的限制。编程最伟大的地方在于，这是一个可以让你随喜所欲的小世界。而这当然让我无法抗拒。
|
||||
|
||||
我一直都对科学和数学，以及硬科学学科感兴趣。我在我的BBC微机上做了大量的计算和编程，之后我拥有了一台Commodore Amiga。
|
||||
|
||||
在大学里我学习了物理，工程和计算机科学。这是激发树莓派项目想法的原因，因为当我在学校呆了10年的时候[当时在读博士学位]，我发现那些新来的孩子们在他们小时候并没有机会获得这方面的经验。你也许仍然能拥有乐高玩具，但是问题是梯子。
|
||||
|
||||
在一定程度上我们把身后的梯子撤掉了。我们造出了这些非常复杂而且用户友好的计算机给小孩使用，或者不仅仅是计算机，还包括电视游戏机，电话和平板，以及一些家用电器。但是，人们却没有机会自己动手改一改。所以实际上，树莓派是回到最初的一种尝试，当然也不会过于原始，希望找到在过去25年里计算机发展中迷失掉的那种感觉。
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** 你需要克服的最大的障碍有哪些？
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** 好吧，我们没有任何投资者，当然这也是一件好事情。我们从2006年就开始尝试做这件事情，你可以看到它花了我们很长时间才把树莓派从一个想法变成一件能卖的东西。在价格和性能之间或是价格和可编程性之间找到平衡，是一件很重要的事情。
|
||||
|
||||
另外一件麻烦事是募集资金。我们是非营利组织，所以我们得去找人赞助，而这最后都变成了董事会中的几个人自掏腰包。我们有25万美元的启动资金是从我和其他几个成员自己借的。所以我觉得，当初这样做还挺有勇气。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 从东方到西方 ###
|
||||
|
||||
为了找到价格合适的生产方式，我们选了一条不同寻常的路线。通常人们生产更传统的产品时，当量不大的时候都会选择在本地生产，然后[制造商]再制定较高的价格。大多数都能获得比树莓派丰厚的利润。
|
||||
|
||||
所以他们开始会在西方生产。然后，为了追求更高的利润，当产品有一定的量就会想减少生产成本，所以转到远东地区。
|
||||
|
||||
我们的问题是，因为我们没有足够的利润来支撑这种模式的订单，所以我们在中国制造了第一批产品。当然一开始会有一点不好的预感。我一点也不了解中国制造，最后，我们把价值5万美元的芯片和5万美元现金交给一个香港人，他需要还给我们2000片可以工作的树莓派。
|
||||
|
||||
之后交期出现了延时，我们甚至都开始相信自己被骗了。然后终于有一天，现在250万台树莓派中最早的2000台放在托板上来到了门口。
|
||||
|
||||
那个UPS快递员从卡车里拖出一个托板，并拉到我们车库里。托板上放着2000台树莓派，它们中每一台都比我小时候用过的计算机强多了。我们随机抽查了几台，都可以完美地工作。
|
||||
|
||||
所以我觉得还挺幸运，中国你懂的。然后我们的产品终于开始有量了，我们选择了跟其他所有人不同的方向。我觉得这是这个项目中的另一个决定性时刻，我们认识到，以目前的订单量，我们可以用和在中国同样的成本在西方生产。所以我们可以回归，把所有的生产制造搬回威尔士，也是我出生的地方。像是一个美妙的圆圈。
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** 有没有一些树莓派的前身没有被制造出来的？
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** 有的，我们做了许多不同的原型机。我们希望做出一个可以编程，也能吸引小朋友兴趣的东西。“吸引小朋友兴趣”意味着，在某些方面要足够强大。比如，播放视频，玩游戏，以及上网。
|
||||
|
||||
我们有许多能够达到价格目标和可编程目标的原型，但是等我们确定一个合适的方案，它足够强大能够吸引孩子们的热情，已经挺晚了，都到2010年底2011年初了。
|
||||
|
||||
### 派是从哪儿烤好的 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** 跟我们说说发明树莓派的故事
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** 我们尝试过基于所谓的微控制器技术做了几台机器。不知道你有没有听过一个叫Arduino的[开源电子原型]平台？它们的性能跟Arduino是一个级别的，优点是很容易买到，是常用的元器件，非常便宜，也很容易掌握。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
所以我们试了一下。最后的成品只能从技术上来说还是计算机，你可以把它接到电视机或其他显示设备上。但是，它太原始了，很明显不能吸引孩子们的兴趣。这个是一号原型机，它在爱尔兰一家博物馆的叫“失败”的展览中展出[笑]。我下个月会去看看。它现在被装载一个玻璃盒子里，作为一次辉煌失败的典型。
|
||||
|
||||
好的一面是它是手工制作的，你不可能手工制作一块现代的树莓派。但是，这个原型太原始了，你实际上可以把所有器件手工焊接到一起，它就是我一个星期里做好的，是个挺好的小玩具。
|
||||
|
||||
我在大学里呆了差不多10年以后，进入到一家叫Broadcom的公司工作，总部在南加利福尼亚但是在剑桥有个大办公室，主要生产手机芯片。然后，我意识到这种手机芯片非常适合，它是制作像派这样的设备的非常合适的平台，因为它有优秀的图形性能。
|
||||
|
||||
我基于Broadcom开发工具制作了一个原型。这次的原型非常强大，也有更多功能，价格也差不多。不过问题是，它有一套定制的开发环境，而不是一个标准的平台。
|
||||
|
||||
我们得写自己的SD卡驱动，自己的文件系统，自己的文本编辑器。你会发现你得做大量基础工作，虽然最后你能够得到一个强大的可编程的平台，但是它却是完全非标准的[而且]和其他设备完全不一样。从而无法重用那些已经在台式机系统中已经做过的工作。这个是二号原型机。
|
||||
|
||||
真正的突破是三号原型机。我们从Broadcom拿到了另一种应用了ARM处理器的芯片，可以直接运行标准Linux。我们意识到终于可以做出能够满足所有的需求的机器了，这就是我们推向市场的产品。
|
||||
|
||||
### 黑黑下一代黑客 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** 八岁的孩子就开始用树莓派做项目了。这在你意料中吗，还是说让你意外了？
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** 八岁是很好的年纪。我想每个人都会把自己开始编程的年龄定义成合适的年龄。我就是八岁开始编程的。某种程度上来说，孩子们所需要的只是年龄大到拥有相对完整的认知技能，或者说是解决问题的技能。也许在学校学一点数学就够了。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
年龄大到可以计划任务，编程就是终极的计划任务。还是得有一定的智力基础去做这个事情。八岁的时候，大多数孩子在自己的思维上已经非常成熟了。另外还需要敏捷的身手，对更小的孩子来说还存在一个问题就是，他们还不够灵巧去使用键盘。
|
||||
|
||||
所以说，八岁是很好的年纪。你有合适的身体，有合适的心智，而且还处于生命中能轻松学习新知识的时候。你的大脑还具有非常大的可塑性，可以学习语言。。。
|
||||
|
||||
我的意思是，你要是想让你的小孩学习法语的话，八岁就开始教他，不要等到16岁才开始。正式的计算机教育有一个历史性的缺点，就是太晚开始了，然后就很惊讶为何学生们理解起来概念有困难。所以我认为越早接触越好，而八岁是奇妙的年纪。八岁，十岁，十二岁，十二岁可能都有点晚了。
|
||||
|
||||
我们基金会的CEO，[Lance][3] [Howarth]，对初级教育特别热心。他真的认为这是一个实际的机会来做点非常特别的事情。
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** 所以这是树莓派项目的目的，让小孩子们编程？
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** 我想我们一直认为可以让孩子们玩编程只是举个例子。但是树莓派的目的是把这个东西做出来看看谁会买它。我们一直相信至少有一部分年轻的孩子会觉得它令人激动。现在我们已经有知识宽度和规模来支持孩子们玩它了。
|
||||
|
||||
[仅仅]做出一个像树莓派的平台和提供相关支持是有很大区别的，如果只是做出来的话，你会发现有1%的八岁孩子会喜欢它并且玩起来，不管你提供多或者少的支持。
|
||||
|
||||
我觉得现在基金会的一个实际的机会是，我们已经可以承担得起开发教材了，我们还可以提倡培训这方面的教师。有个机会是我们可以吸引比1%更多的孩子。还有个机会是吸引那些没有独自处理复杂技术问题倾向的机灵小孩。如果能够提供良好的教程和让他们感兴趣的教材，就能够吸引10%，20%，50%，甚至更多的孩子。
|
||||
|
||||
我们认为80年代是[学习编程]的黄金年代，而实际上，只有很少一部分人学习编程并达到一定深度。大部分人也许可以写个几行，但是能够编写大型程序的还是很少见。
|
||||
|
||||
所以我认为我们目前有一个实际的机会，因为我们可以参与到教材和教师培训的级别，我们也许可以超越80年代。现在有更多的参与者，两性之间也更平等。在80年代，编程很大程度上是男孩们的事情，而这也能反映到我们的工程师社区构成上。我觉得现在有个很好的机会，让更多的女孩子接触电脑编程。这个是挂在枝头上垂得最低的果子了，做到这个，人数马上增加了一半。
|
||||
|
||||
机会有很多，我对树莓派最满意的地方就是我们已经有点规模可以吸引部分人的注意了。
|
||||
|
||||
### 每个人的派 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** 关于像派这样的项目的潜在需求，对于你来说意味着什么？是不是有一天我们都会变成DIY黑客？
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** 是的，我意思是，就是这样的。有非常大的这种需求。而且我认为有一条通向制作者社区的纽带。美国的制作者社区比英国成熟多了。我们也确实在举办制作者集会和黑客空间，但是差不多比美国落后了5年左右。
|
||||
|
||||
所以在开始讨论树莓派之后我发现了一件事情，在它获得国际关注的时候，我们发现我们受到一些非常稳定的社区的成员的追捧，他们喜欢各种各样的DIY活动：编织，或者，你知道的，木工。
|
||||
|
||||
所以，这也是为树莓派带来意外增长的其中一个因素。制作者们把它当作用来构建自己项目的模块。这太棒了！
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** 你怎么看现在出现的主流硬件黑客文化？
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** 我觉得，这太美妙了，不是吗？这是在软件工程领域里完全无法想到的。我接触这些之前就有软件背景，所以，实际上人们用树莓派制作的多数很酷的东西都是硬件相关的，让我很惊讶。当然现在没那么吃惊了，不过一开始是有的。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我认为这是非常积极的趋势，基于所有这些因素。因为它给孩子们带来了相关的经验。在我看来，在屏幕上移动一下像素还是很酷的，不过事实上，它没有像80年代那样酷了。我觉得，在现实世界里移动一些物体，比如机器人，对于现在的孩子来说是非常酷的。
|
||||
|
||||
当有更多实用性的时候，就会吸引更多的女孩。确实存在一种潜在趋势，尝试和设计针对女孩子的科技活动。不过实际上这并不是关于女孩子，而是关于扩展用户的迫切要求。
|
||||
|
||||
有这样一小段－我之前谈过的关于有1%的小孩会觉得抽象的计算机编程很有趣。“让我们开始学习变量！”我就是他们其中一个。但是，那只是很小一部分，而且看起来更大部分是男孩子。我不知道是不是文化因素或其他的，但是看起来这个世界就是这样的。
|
||||
|
||||
在人们谈论追求实用性来吸引女孩子的时候，根本不关女孩子的事。而是吸引那一小部分男孩之外的所有人。不仅仅吸引女孩，也包括其他男孩。
|
||||
|
||||
从教育的角度来看有一件美妙的事情是，在现实世界里应用计算机做点实际的东西，自然而然会比仅仅在计算机本身上面做点事情有用多了。所以，这就提供了一个方式来吸引女孩子进入这个领域，同样也可以吸引更多的男孩子进入这个领域。
|
||||
|
||||
不再是一个人很好。能够加入到这波兴趣的浪潮中，和许多制作现实世界东西的人一起，也是很精彩的事情。我认识一个南加利福尼亚的小伙，他有两个兴趣就是倒腾派和制作他的锁链甲。有人做这些事情本身就是一件很美妙的事情。
|
||||
|
||||
### 分享你的派 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** 关于吸引比1%更多人的“实用”项目，能举个例子吗？
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** 整个机器人技术领域就是个很好的例子。有很多人基于派来制作小型机器人，让它们四周跑跑或做点事情。特别是现在，我们增加了摄像头模块，可以一定程度上实现计算机视觉。
|
||||
|
||||
我觉得其他基于摄像头的项目也会变得更活跃。那些从事野外摄影的人们，以及从事缩时摄影的人们，因为有了这个25美元的摄像头模块，应用范围宽了许多。还有红外版本的模块，所以你可以在晚上拍摄野生动物－写脚本在晚上拍摄相片，然后选择保存里面包含了动作的。这些都非常好。
|
||||
|
||||
我特别喜欢应用到高空气球的任何项目。环境监控－有一些英国的高中学生在IndieGoGo发起了一个叫[AirPi][4]的项目，这是一个污染监控防御系统，底层将用到树莓派。所以会有许多这样的项目，你可以用派来处理物理的，或化学的，或者生物的事情。－这些都是我认为有实用性的事情。这种项目也更容易向孩子们证明，这是值得他们关注的项目。
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** 我们什么时候可以看到树莓派C型？
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** 暂时还没有计划。我们目前都还在处理软件工作。我觉得我们还有机会通过调整软件来大幅提升系统性能，再优化一下。
|
||||
|
||||
如果我们现在就启动制作C型，将会抛弃250万使用目前平台的用户。所以我觉得，至少现在，我们决心要继续软件工作，因为这可以帮到所有已经在这个领域里的人。我们感觉通过软件优化还有很大的性能提升空间。
|
||||
|
||||
显然，我们同时也必须做一点[硬件方面]的事情。我真的不知道具体在什么时候。如果到了2017，2018，我们还在销售树莓派B型的话，那也挺糟糕的。但是，我认为我们也许在一年后再认真考虑后面要做什么。
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** 很多人的项目同时用到了派和Arduino，一个DIY电子调试工具套件。你在设计派的时候，有考虑类似Arduino的工具吗？
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** 实际上没有，但是我们很早就意识到，媒体可能会倾向于把我们和Arduino看作竞争者。对于这件事情我们有点多疑，我觉得，因为我认为派和Arduino分别处理不同的事情，而且他们都做得很好。
|
||||
|
||||
我们并没有把它设计成配合Arduino工作，但是Arduino被设计成配合家用PC一起工作。所以，我们为Arduino制作了一台非常低功耗的家用PC。所以好吧，只是巧合，我猜。
|
||||
|
||||
**RW:** 你在家里用树莓派做什么？工作中呢？
|
||||
|
||||
**EU:** 在家里，我把它当作一个媒体中心；这是树莓派一个非常普通的应用。有趣的事，有些从事消费电子的人，把它当作消费电子来用。我当然也是其中之一。
|
||||
|
||||
在工作中，我总是没有我想要的那么多时间来玩玩树莓派。通常在工作的时候如果在用派的话，那是因为我需要测试刚拿到的一些软件更新。大多数时候我用它来检查我花钱请的承包人是否把工作做好了。
|
||||
|
||||
我真心希望明年会有更多休息时间。有时我感觉，除了媒体中心之外，我参与制作了这么神奇的玩具，但是因为它太成功了，我都没有时间去好好玩玩它。
|
||||
|
||||
不过，看到这么多的人喜欢它，看到它被出现在各种不同的地方，也是很开心的。我听说在《生活大爆炸》中提到了我们，我要去找找是哪一集。它出现在所有的这些不可思议的地方。真是非常开心，看到这么多人把它放在心上，开始用它做点事情。
|
||||
|
||||
承蒙树莓派基金会提供Eben Upton的图片；
|
||||
树莓派图片来自Flickr用户：[Johan Larsson][5], [Clive Darra][6], [Pete Sneekes][7], [Luca Sbardella][8]和[Ashley Basil][9]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://readwrite.com/2014/04/08/raspberry-pi-eben-upton-builders#awesm=~oBGnazhOCOfaUd
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://twitter.com/EbenUpton
|
||||
[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Micro
|
||||
[3]:http://www.raspberrypi.org/welcome-lance/
|
||||
[4]:http://airpi.es/
|
||||
[5]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/johanl/8384790662
|
||||
[6]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/osde-info/8626662243
|
||||
[7]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/p8/7950485168
|
||||
[8]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/sbardella/7473604878
|
||||
[9]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/28438417@N08/8006786385/in/photolist-dcwSD8-d8PKa3-bmosVm-bmosWG-bz3YJF-e8NRQD-btyqN1-dorXrE-hTF7id-hTF7jL-hTF4mJ-hTF4jj-hTF4q1-hTF7jA-hTF7gj-gKRLrn-ftALdo-c7Qnjs-c7Qnyh-c7QmZj-c7QnY1-c7QmNY-cu8zs3-cu8BWm-cu8u5S-cu8yC3-cu8DBN-cu8wRq-cu8xNL-cu8CJj-cu8tss-cu8BcG-cu8uVL-cu8AoW-hTF7dU-hTEzCr-hTFBCp-hTFBvR-hTFBBH-hTF4hA-hTF7c1-hTEzza-hTFBM2-cdtf1b-bz7n87-gKQSJ7-gKQUko-ds8x8q-dqweVP-cVwvJq
|
||||
@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
|
||||
命令行的秘密
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
有很多使用命令行的理由.它是与你的计算机交互的最强大和简明的方法,正如我们在[issue 3 of Linux Voice][1]中展示的那样.但是,我们决定先来看一下命令行的一些隐晦的使用场景(或许有些人会觉得没有意义).
|
||||
### 浏览网页 ###
|
||||
Firefox和Chromium都是很好的浏览器,但是你有没有发现它们有点太图像化了?没有?看一下下面的视频,我们使用elinks web浏览器显示了与黑客相关的新闻.界面可能没有其他浏览器好看,但是它能够显示更多的web页面.
|
||||
<iframe width="570" scrolling="no" height="418" src="http://shelr.tv/records/5368d80796608063a3000072/embed" style="border: 0; id="shelr_record_5368d80796608063a3000072"></iframe>
|
||||
当你只想在你通过SSH方式登录的计算机上检查一下能否上网的时候,这将是一个很便利的方法.
|
||||
### 在维基百科上查找想要的信息 ###
|
||||
是的,上文我们已经提到了使用Web,但是web不是查看维基百科的唯一方式.David Leadbeater已经构建了一个将维基百科DNS入口提取出来的DNS服务器.这能够让你使用想dig这样的命令行工具来抓取你想要的信息.
|
||||
<iframe width="570" scrolling="no" height="418" src="http://shelr.tv/records/5368bfa896608063a300006d/embed" style="border: 0;" id="shelr_record_5368bfa896608063a300006d"></iframe>
|
||||
### 看电影 ###
|
||||
当你想要看Star Wars Episode IV时,不再需要使用Netflix或者YouTube,只要在你的终端中直接telnet towel.blinkenlights.nl就行了.
|
||||
<iframe width="570" scrolling="no" height="418" style="border: 0" src="http://shelr.tv/records/5368be5296608063a300006c/embed" id="shelr_record_5368be5296608063a300006c" border="0"></iframe>
|
||||
### 玩游戏 ###
|
||||
再Steam来之前Linux下就有许多游戏,并且很多都不需要图形界面比如NetHack,Robots和Greed.
|
||||
<iframe width="570" scrolling="no" height="418" style="border: 0" src="http://shelr.tv/records/5368ca4596608063a300006f/embed" id="shelr_record_5368ca4596608063a300006f" border="0"></iframe>
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/commandline-secrets/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/issue-3-is-out/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
|
||||
Linux：使用bash删除目录中的特定文件
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我是一个Linux新手用户。现在我需要清理一个下载目录中的文件，其实我就是想删除～/Download/文件夹下面除了以下格式的文件外所以其它文件：
|
||||
*.iso - 所有的iso格式的文件。
|
||||
*.zip - 所有zip格式的文件。
|
||||
|
||||
我如何在一个基于Linux，OS X 或者Unix-like系统上的bash shell中删除特定的文件呢？
|
||||
|
||||
Bash shell 支持丰富的文件模式匹配符例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- * － 匹配所有的文件。
|
||||
- ？ － 匹配文件名中的单个字母。
|
||||
- [...] － 匹配封闭括号中的任何一个字母。
|
||||
|
||||
### 策略 #1: 见识一下扩展的模式匹配符 ###
|
||||
|
||||
这里你需要用系统内置的shopt命令来开启shell中的extglob选项，然后你就可以使用扩展的模式符了，这些模式匹配符如下：
|
||||
|
||||
1. ?(pattern-list) － 匹配零次或一次给定的模式。
|
||||
1. *(pattern-list) －至少匹配零次给定的模式。
|
||||
1. +(pattern-list) － 至少匹配一次给定的模式。
|
||||
1. @(pattern-list) － 匹配一次给定的模式。
|
||||
1. !(pattern-list) － 匹配所有除给定模式以外的模式。
|
||||
|
||||
一个模式列表就是一个或多个用 | 分开的模式（文件名）。首先打开extgolb选项：
|
||||
|
||||
shopt -s extglob
|
||||
|
||||
#### 在Bash中删掉除*.zip和*.iso文件以外的所有文件 ####
|
||||
|
||||
rm 命令的语法格式为：
|
||||
|
||||
## 仅保留 file1 文件 ##
|
||||
rm !(file1)
|
||||
|
||||
## 仅保留 file1 和 file2 文件##
|
||||
rm !(file1|file2)
|
||||
|
||||
## 仅保留 zip 文件 ##
|
||||
rm !(*.zip)
|
||||
|
||||
## 仅保留 zip 和 iso 文件 ##
|
||||
rm !(*.zip|*.iso)
|
||||
|
||||
## 你也可以使用完整的目录 ##
|
||||
rm /Users/vivek/!(*.zip|*.iso|*.mp3)
|
||||
|
||||
## 传递参数 ##
|
||||
rm [options] !(*.zip|*.iso)
|
||||
rm -v !(*.zip|*.iso)
|
||||
rm -f !(*.zip|*.iso)
|
||||
rm -v -i !(*.php)
|
||||
|
||||
最后，关闭 extglob 选项：
|
||||
|
||||
shopt -u extglob
|
||||
|
||||
### 策略 #2: 使用bash的 GLOBIGNORE 变量删除指定文件以外的所有文件 ###
|
||||
|
||||
摘自 [bash(1)][1] 手册页:
|
||||
> 一个用冒号分开的模式列表定义了被路径扩展忽略的文件的集合。如果一个文件同时与路径扩展模式和GLOBIGNORE中的模式匹配，那么它就从匹配列表中移除了。
|
||||
|
||||
要删除所有文件只保留 zip 和 iso 文件，应如下设置 GLOBIGNORE：
|
||||
|
||||
## 只在 BASH 中可行 ##
|
||||
cd ~/Downloads/
|
||||
GLOBIGNORE=*.zip:*.iso
|
||||
rm -v *
|
||||
unset GLOBIGNORE
|
||||
|
||||
### 策略 #3: 用 find 命令删除所有其它文件仅保留 zip 和 iso 文件 ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果你正在使用 tcsh/csh/sh/ksh 或者其它shell，你可以在Unix－like系统上试着用下面find命令的语法格式来删除文件：
|
||||
|
||||
find /dir/ -type f -not -name 'PATTERN' -delete
|
||||
|
||||
或者
|
||||
|
||||
## 对于怪异的文件名可以使用 xargs ##
|
||||
find /dir/ -type f -not -name 'PATTERN' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm {}
|
||||
find /dir/ -type f -not -name 'PATTERN' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm [options] {}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
为了删除 ～/source 目录下除 php 以外的文件，键入：
|
||||
|
||||
find ~/sources/ -type f -not -name '*.php' -delete
|
||||
|
||||
或者
|
||||
|
||||
find ~/sources/ -type f -not -name '*.php' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm -v {}
|
||||
|
||||
只保留 *.zip 和 *.iso 文件的语法如下：
|
||||
|
||||
find . -type f -not \( -name '*zip' -or -name '*iso' \) -delete
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
更多信息参见[bash command man page][1]和[find command man page][2]。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-bash-delete-all-files-in-directory-except-few/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[Linchenguang](https://github.com/Linchenguang) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/bash.1.html
|
||||
[2]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/find.1.html
|
||||
@ -1,46 +1,96 @@
|
||||
Translating by yujianxuechuan,占坑
|
||||
How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux
|
||||
怎样使用linux的iptables工具进行网络共享
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
In this tutorial, I'll explain how to share a single Internet connection among multiple devices on Linux. While consumer-grade WiFi routers have become mainstream nowadays, making this problem a non-issue, suppose you don't have one at home. However, say you have a Linux box already assembled with a modem and a LAN card. The modem is connected to the Internet with a dynamic public IP address, and the LAN card connected to your switch/hub. Other devices (Linux/Windows PC, laptop) are connected to the switch without having any Internet connection. To share the Internet connection of the Linux box, you have to turn the box into a gateway, so that it can relay traffic to and from other devices.
|
||||
|
||||
在本教程中，我将解释多个设备怎样在linux下共享一个网络连接。目前无线路由器已经成为主流的消费品，从而解决了本文这一问题，假设你家中并没有一台无线路由器。然而，你却有一台已经有"猫"和局lan网卡的的linux主机。"猫"是以动态公有IP地址的模式连接的互联网，主机的lan网卡连接到你的交换机或者集线器。其他设备（如linux或者windows的PC或者笔记本）以网桥的形式连接并无互联网连接。为了共享linux主机的互联网，你必须把主机摄制成网关，于是它才能实现从其他设备中传送和接受信息。
|
||||
### Glossary of Terms ###
|
||||
|
||||
术语字汇
|
||||
- **Private IP address** (non-routeable address) is an IP address used for a Local Area Network (not visible through Internet).
|
||||
- **Public IP address** (routeable address) is an IP address that is visible through Internet.
|
||||
- **IP masquerading** is a function that allows set of machines to reach the Internet via a MASQ gateway. Those machines behind the MASQ gateway is never visible to the Internet. Any outgoing and incoming traffic from and to the machines behind the MASQ gateway must pass through the MASQ gateway.
|
||||
- **Network Address Translation** (NAT) is a function that can make a private IP address reaches the Internet with the help of IP masquerading.
|
||||
|
||||
-私有IP地址（不可到达地址）是一个被用于本地局域网的IP地址（在互联网中不可见）。
|
||||
-公用IP地址（可到达地址）是一个在互联网中可见的IP地址。
|
||||
IP伪装是一项允许一系列机器通过MASQ网关连接互联网的功能。这些MASQ网关之外的机器在互联网中是不可见的。MASQ之后的机器中任何流入或流出的数据必须经过MASQ网关。
|
||||
-网络地址转换（NAT）是一项通过IP伪装技术可以使私有IP地址访问互联网的功能。
|
||||
### Hardware Requirements ###
|
||||
|
||||
硬件要求
|
||||
- One Linux box with two interfaces (one public IP address and the other private IP address), which will be used as a gateway.
|
||||
- One or more Linux/Windows PC or laptop with private IP addresses.
|
||||
- Switch/HUB (optional).
|
||||
|
||||
-一台有两个接口（一个公有IP地址和其他的私有IP地址）的linux主机，这个主机将被用作网关。
|
||||
-一台或者多台拥有私有IP地址的linux/windows系统的PC或者笔记本。
|
||||
-交换机/集线器（可选）。
|
||||
### Step-by-Step Guide ###
|
||||
|
||||
教程步骤
|
||||
The following procedure is required on the Linux box (the connection sharing gateway).
|
||||
|
||||
接下来的过程需要在linux主机（用于共享的网关）上完成。
|
||||
#### 1. Activate IP forwarding ####
|
||||
|
||||
1、激活IP转发
|
||||
In order to set up Internet connection sharing, you need to enable IP forwarding on the Linux box with a kernel parameter. Startup kernel parameters stored in /etc/sysctl.conf.
|
||||
|
||||
为了设置网络共享，你需要在linux主机上更改一个内核参数来使能IP转发功能。内核启动参数设定在/etc/sysctl.conf文件中。
|
||||
Open the file, and locate line with the following parameter "# net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0". Remove hash mark (i.e., uncomment it), and set the value to 1. It should look like the following:
|
||||
|
||||
打开这个文件，定位到含有"# net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0"的这一行，移除#号（即取消注释），然后将其值设置为1，改好之后应该和下面的一致。
|
||||
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
|
||||
|
||||
You may also activate IP forwaring at run time by the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
你还要使激活IP转发功能生效，通过执行下面的命令：
|
||||
$ sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
|
||||
$ sudo sysctl -p
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2. NAT configuration ####
|
||||
|
||||
2、NAT配置
|
||||
Another important part of Internet connection sharing is NAT configuration which can be done using iptables command. iptables maintains four firewall tables:
|
||||
|
||||
另一个网络共享的重要部分是NAT配置，这可以通过使用iptables的命令，iptables包含四个防火墙的表格：
|
||||
- FILTER (the default table)
|
||||
- NAT
|
||||
- MANGLE
|
||||
- RAW
|
||||
- FILTER (默认表格)
|
||||
- NAT
|
||||
- MANGLE
|
||||
- RAW
|
||||
|
||||
In this tutorial we will use only two tables: FILTER and NAT tables.
|
||||
这个教程中我们将仅使用两个表格：FILTER和NAT表格。
|
||||
First, flush all active firewall rules.
|
||||
首先，刷新所有活跃的防火墙的规则。
|
||||
$ sudo iptables -X
|
||||
$ sudo iptables -F
|
||||
$ sudo iptables -t nat -X
|
||||
$ sudo iptables -t nat -F
|
||||
|
||||
On the INPUT table, you have to set chain FORWARD to ACCEPT target, so all packets passed through the box will be processed correctly.
|
||||
在输入表格中，你需要设置转发链成可接受的目的地，因此艘游通过主机的数据包将会被正确的处理。
|
||||
$ sudo iptables -I INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
|
||||
$ sudo iptables -I FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
|
||||
|
||||
On the NAT table, you have to enable IP masquerading for your WAN interface. We assume that the WAN interface is ppp0. To enable IP masquerading on ppp0 interface, you can use the following command:
|
||||
在NAT表中，你必须为你的WAN口使能IP伪装，我们假设WAN口协议是ppp0。为了在ppp0接口上使能IP伪造技术，我们使用以下的命令：
|
||||
$ sudo iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3. Configuring a private IP address ####
|
||||
3、配置私有IP地址
|
||||
After all configuration is completed on the Linux box, you have to configure the DNS server and default gateway of other devices (Linux/Windows PC, laptop), so that they point to the Linux box. Note that you don't need to set up a DNS server on the Linux box. Every DNS request from other devices are automatically forwarded by the Linux box to your upstream ISP.
|
||||
在linux主机上的所有配置完成后，你需要配置其他设备（linux/windows的PC或笔记本）的DNS服务器以及默认网关，因此他们的数据流可以指向linux主机。注意你不需要在linux主机上设置一个DNS服务器，从其他设备发出的每一个DNS请求都会通过上游的ISP自动转发到linux主机上。
|
||||
If you are using Linux on the other devices, you can use the following command to change their default gateway and DNS servers. I assume that you are using 192.168.1.0/24 private IP address segment, and that 192.168.1.1 is the IP address assigned to the Linux box.
|
||||
如果你的其他设备上用的系统是linux，你可以通过以下命令来更改他们的默认网关和DNS服务器。假设你的网段是192.168.1.0/24的私有IP地址网段，linux主机上绑定的IP地址是192.168.1.1。
|
||||
$ sudo ip route del default
|
||||
$ sudo ip route add default via 192.168.1.1
|
||||
$ sudo sh -c "echo 'nameserver 192.168.1.1' > /etc/resolv.conf"
|
||||
|
||||
If you have other Linux devices, you can repeat the command above on other devices.
|
||||
如果还有其他的linux设备，那么你可以重复以上命令。
|
||||
If you have a Windows device, you can change the default gateway and the DNS server via network connection properties on the control panel.
|
||||
如果你有windows设备，你可以通过控制面板的网络连接属性来更改默认网关和DNS服务器。
|
||||
#### 4. The complete script ####
|
||||
4、完整的脚本
|
||||
Here is the complete script which sets up Internet connection sharing on the Linux box. The WAN interface (ppp0) needs to be replaced according to your environment.
|
||||
这是一个在linux主机上设置网络连接共享的一个完整的脚本。WAN口（ppp0协议）需要根据你具体的网络接口协议来替换。
|
||||
$ sudo vi /usr/local/bin/ishare
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
In this tutorial we will use only two tables: FILTER and NAT tables.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -97,11 +147,11 @@ Here is the complete script which sets up Internet connection sharing on the Lin
|
||||
iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE
|
||||
|
||||
Save the above script to /usr/local/bin/ishare, and then change the executable bit by the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
保存以上的脚本到/usr/local/bin/ishare，然后添加可执行权限通过执行下面的命令。
|
||||
$ sudo chmox +x /usr/local/bin/ishare
|
||||
|
||||
If you want the script executed every startup, you can register the script to /etc/rc.local. Open /etc/rc.local, before statement "exit 0", add the following line:
|
||||
|
||||
如果你需要这个脚本开机启动，你需要在/etc/rc.local文件中注册这个脚本，在文件中的"exit 0"之前添加下面一行。
|
||||
/usr/local/bin/ishare
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
|
||||
如何在Ubuntu 14.04中阻止其它用户访问你的家目录
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果你和其他人共享Ubuntu机器，那么你可能要设置多个用户，并考虑让其他用户登录到他们自己的帐号，而只能访问他们自己的家目录。但是，默认情况下，任何一个用户都可以访问任何一个家目录。
|
||||
|
||||
当你在Ubuntu中添加一个新用户时，adduser工具为新的帐号添加了一个新的家目录。默认情况下，该目录位于根下面的/home/目录下，并以该帐号的用户名命名。例如，/home/lori。Ubuntu中创建的用户家目录具有全局读/写权限，这就给系统中所有其他用户可以读因外一些用户的家目录中的内容的权利。具体请阅读我们的[文件权限在Linux中是如何工作的][1]一文。
|
||||
|
||||
**注**：当我们在文中提到输入什么时，输入的文字内容是在引号中的，不要输入引，除非我们另外指定。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以很容易地修改你的家目录的权限来保护你的私人文件。要检查你家目录的权限，输入Ctrl + Alt + T打开终端窗口，并在提示符后输入以下行，然后按回车。使用你自己的用户名来替换“<username>”。
|
||||
|
||||
ls –ld /home/lori
|
||||
|
||||
**注**：该命令使用的是小写的L，而不是数字1.
|
||||
|
||||
在该行的开头，列出了该文件的权限。就像我们在[文章][1]中关于Linux权限部分讲的那样。
|
||||
|
||||
> ”r表示“读”，w表示“写”，而x表示“执行”。目录权限以“d”开头，而不是“-”。你也会注意到权限值占了10个位置。你可以忽略第一个，后面是3个一组，分为3组。第一组是属主权限，第二组是属组权限，最后一组是大众权限“。
|
||||
|
||||
因此，下面列出的家目录的属主具有读、写和执行权限，而属组和大众具有读和执行权限。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
要修改这些权限，在提示符下输入以下行并回车
|
||||
|
||||
sudo chmod 0750 /home/lori
|
||||
|
||||
当提示你输入密码时，请输入并回车。
|
||||
|
||||
**注**：chmod命令使用八进制数作为一种指定权限的方式。我们讲Linux权限的[文章][1]中使用了一种不同的方法，它需要几个步骤，但是可能更易于理解。使用八进制数来指定权限，是一种更快的方法。不管使用什么方法，只要你用着舒服就好。要学习使用八进制数设置权限，请阅读此[文章][2]。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
按上箭头两次，再次调用“ls -ld /home/<username>“命令来检查权限。注意，全局权限现在都是破折号（-），这就意味着大众将无法读、写或执行你家目录中的任何东西了。
|
||||
|
||||
然而，和你同组的用户可以读和执行你家目录中的文件和文件夹。如果你不想除你之外的任何人访问你的家目录，可以在chmod命令中输入“0700”。
|
||||
|
||||
**注**：要获取关于Linux中用户和组管理的更多信息，请查看我们的[文章][3]
|
||||
|
||||
要关闭终端窗口，在提示符下输入“exit”并回车。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
现在，当其系统中的其他用户试着要访问你的家目录时，下面的对话框就会弹出来了。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以在创建新用户时，甚至Ubuntu使用指定的权限。要完成此项任务，你需要编辑adduser配置文件。要编辑该文件，在提示符下输入以下命令并回车。
|
||||
|
||||
gksudo gedit /etc/adduser.conf
|
||||
|
||||
我们使用gedit来编辑该文件，你也可以使用你想要的其它文本编辑器。
|
||||
|
||||
注：gksudo命令看似和sudo命令一样，但是它是用来以root身份运行图形化程序的，而sudo命令用来以root身份运行命令行程序。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在弹出对话框中的密码编辑框内输入你的密码并按回车或点击确定（OK）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在adduser.conf文件中向下滚动到DIR_MODE命令处，这里的默认值是“0755”。修改该值来反映你想要授权给各种用户类型（用户，组，大众）的不同权限（r，w，x），如我们先前讨论过的“0750”或“0700“。点击保存（Save）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
从gedit的文件（File）菜单选择退出（Quit）来关闭gedit，你也可以点击窗口左上角的X按钮来关闭它。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
点击窗口左上角的X来关闭终端窗口。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
现在，你家目录中文件会保持私有。切记，如果有其他用户和你处于同一组中，你也需要为你的家目录权限剔除组和大众权限。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.howtogeek.com/190084/how-to-prevent-other-users-from-accessing-your-home-directory-in-ubuntu-14.04/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/67987/htg-explains-how-do-linux-file-permissions-work/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.linux.org/threads/file-permissions-chmod.4094/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/36845/the-beginners-guide-to-managing-users-and-groups-in-linux/
|
||||
63
translated/tech/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md
Normal file
63
translated/tech/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
|
||||
命令行星期二 — 第一篇
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
极客们，我们又回来了！真抱歉让你们久等了，但我保证，我们又回归正轨了。我们满怀热情与大家相约，让我们激情燃烧，寻找刺激吧:)
|
||||
|
||||
现在，整个的想法已经在两周前的开场白中告诉你们了，所以现在让我们来干点正事吧。就像Shotts先生书里讲得那样，我们需要来了解一下shell是个什么东西，终端模拟器又是个什么东西，因为我们要在这里头干活。
|
||||
|
||||
Shotts在他的书中写道，shell实际上是当我们谈论命令行时所谈论的东西。shell基本上一个程序，它将你敲击键盘的动作传递给计算机；它也是某种形式的翻译器，将你所讲的东西翻译给计算机听。在这世界上活着的shell真是五花八门，但是活得最好的要数**bash**了，它在GNU/Linux中随处可见。我们也叫它Bourne Again Shell，这是一个精巧的双关语，因为自从Bourne先生创造了它的祖先**sh**后，Brian Fox又把它重写成为一个自由的sh替代品。啊哈！GUN人和他们的幽默，真的很精明。:)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
接下来我所需要，是一个让我们能和shell交互的东西，它就是终端模拟器。每个Linux发行版都自带了一个，至于长什么样就得看你使用的桌面环境了，可能是KDE的**Konsole**，也可能是Gnome的**Gnome terminal**等等。Shotts先生说了，你可以开发出你所偏爱的一个，但是大部分时间我还是用用桌面环境给我提供的那个吧。
|
||||
|
||||
现在来发动你的终端。打开后，你会见到一行字，这行字告诉你用户名和机器的主机名，它叫作shell提示符。它告诉你它准备好了，你可以输入命令了。让我们来随便玩玩，随便输入点什么东西进去，然后敲回车看看。
|
||||
|
||||
呵呵，还记开篇我们讲过，我们需要像学诗歌一样来学习命令吗？记得就好，随意乱来可干不了啥事。
|
||||
|
||||
现在，按那个上箭头，你会发现命令又回来了。这是啥魔法？你键盘上的上箭头用来取出历史命令。终端会保存总计500个你输入过的命令，所以别一次又一次地重复敲它们了，你可以用上/下箭头来查找它们。左右箭头用来在指定行中移动光标，这样你就可以在文本中编辑或者插入了。另外一个东西 — **ctrl+v**是用来粘贴不工作的文本的。你可以在某个地方将它设置成快捷键，但是它常常不是那么回事。检查你的模拟器的快捷键！（在Konsole中，它位于设置 > 配置快捷键）
|
||||
|
||||
现在，为了我们不在挨‘命令找不到’这一巴掌，让我们试试一些简单的。敲个**date**来试试。（是的，我不知道有这么个命令，这真着实让我兴奋了一把）:)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
你又来了。当你能打开终端并输入date命令来查看日期时，为什么在时钟中看看内建日历会让你不胜其烦 :) 只是开个玩笑。就像Shotts书里写的那样，它确实是个简单的命令，更有用/困难的命令会在以后介绍。跟date相关的命令是cal - 它会显示当前月的日历。
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以试试**df**，它会列出你驱动器上的空闲空间。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
或者试试**free**来显示空闲内存：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果你已经跟上了敲击键盘的节奏，你可以输入**exit**命令来关闭终端模拟器了，而不是去点击那个x了。
|
||||
|
||||
嗯，本周我们就到此为止吧，免得有太多的要学的东西来占据你紧巴巴的日程了。下面来个小结（你可以把结论写下来，做个备份吧），在这一篇中，我们学习了：
|
||||
|
||||
- 什么是shell
|
||||
- 我们需要用什么来和shell交流（终端模拟器）
|
||||
- 使用光标按钮来驾驭终端命令以及退出终端
|
||||
|
||||
是个简单的命令：
|
||||
|
||||
- **date** – 显示当前日期
|
||||
- **cal** – 显示当前月份的日历
|
||||
- **df** – shows the amount of free space on your hard drives
|
||||
- **free** – amount of free memory
|
||||
|
||||
### 下周二我们将会做什么呢？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
We learn navigation through the file system (what are all those bin etc etc. folders, what are they used for, how to navigate through them via the terminal). Until then…
|
||||
我们会学习在文件系统中导航（bin、etc等等这所有的文件夹都是些什么东西？它们用来干什么？怎样通过终端来浏览它们）。到那时……
|
||||
|
||||
### 你就有得乐了！ ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/06/10/command-line-tuesdays-part-one/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
|
||||
Numix图标主题张冠李戴，Fedora 20劲爆酷爽
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
[Numix主题][1]现在已经风行了有一段时间了，我想我们大多数人都知道它。在上一篇稿子中，我们已经讨论了[在Manjaro Linux上安装Numix主题和其它社区分支][2]。
|
||||
|
||||
今天，我们打算在Fedora 20上搞点相同的花样出来。
|
||||
|
||||
我们首先需要安装**fedy**，这个东西将帮助我们一起来干这事。如果你现在还没在你的Fedora系统上安上Fedy，那么[追随我们前一教程的脚步来安装它][3]。
|
||||
|
||||
### 安装Numix主题 ###
|
||||
|
||||
打开终端，把下面的命令跑一遍吧（确定你已经安装了fedy了吧）。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo fedy -e numix_themes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 安装Gnome优化工具 ###
|
||||
|
||||
sudo yum install gnome-tweak-tool
|
||||
|
||||
启动Gnome优化工具：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
现在修改外观设置下的所有设置，把他们全都指向Numix吧，就像下面的图表中那样。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
你已经搞定了！
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
尽情爽吧！
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-numix-icon-theme-fedora-20/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://numixproject.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.unixmen.com/install-numix-icon-theme-manjaro-linux/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.unixmen.com/tweak-fedora-system-using-fedy/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
|
||||
如何使用GNOME-Pie桌面环境启动应用程序
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
最近，你能听到很多关于Ubuntu新的Unity界面的抱怨。我记得，当Unity开始兴起的时候，我正好离开Archlinux。然而，Unity间接地导致了一个后果：随着人们对它不满意，人们开始关注其他的桌面环境和Linux发行版。如果你的系统支持Unity，没有人会反对安装他。
|
||||
|
||||
所以今天我向你推荐一个绝对原创的程序启动器： Gnome-Pie。你们可能会认为他的灵感来自魔兽世界插件"OPie"。因为他们有着相似的概念： 键盘快捷方式可以打开圆形"菜单"，您可以从中选择一个应用程序或命令来启动。这种设计背后的主要思想是用户不必记住命令，但需要记住他的方向和操作。它是圆形的事实从指针使每个应用程序在相同的距离。再加上我们得到如此多自定义组合： 可以通过快捷键，极大的提高效率并且最大限度地实现了人机工程学。
|
||||
|
||||
### 安装Gnome-Pie ###
|
||||
|
||||
在Ubuntu上，Gnome-Pie 可以从universe仓库中获得, 但是，某些原因，这个版本不是很稳定，常常会崩溃。作为一个备选方案，我建议你从官方的源进行下载。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:simonschneegans/testing
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get update
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install gnome-pie
|
||||
|
||||
在Fedora, 你可以使用以下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yum install gnome-pie
|
||||
|
||||
对于Archlinux, 你可以在[AUR][1]找到他.
|
||||
|
||||
### Gnome-Pie的基本用法 ###
|
||||
|
||||
默认的，Gnome-Pie有一个比较可靠的初始配置。首先，你可以使用Ctrl + Alt + a呼唤出他的控制界面，他将显示你的系统的基本应用程序。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
接下来, 按下Ctrl+Alt+b, 他将显示你得文件管理器的书签。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第三个，也许是最有用的，它会显示你的应用程序菜单，按下 Ctrl + Alt + 空格可调用。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第四，你可以完全控制音乐播放器。快捷键是 Ctrl + Alt + m。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第五，你可以是快速访问到重新启动、 关机和注销命令 (Ctrl + Alt + q，q 为退出，我猜得）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
最后，你可以用Pie来控制窗口，可以最小化、 规模、 关闭， 等等. 并且，快捷键是Ctrl+Alt+w.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
虽然我发现这种默认设置已经是相当令人满意，几乎和预置的启动器一样好。然而，如果让我鸡蛋里找骨头，我会说一些快捷方式很难用一只手执行。大多数情况是，我们用两只手打开菜单，然后再回到鼠标以选择该选项。太不爽了。
|
||||
|
||||
然而，我们是在 Linuxer！谁会在乎默认设置？自定义才是王道。Gnome-Pie将为你提供优良的服务。通过配置，你可以编辑现有的Pie,改变程序图标，设计自己的Pie，改变主题，甚至将另外一个Pie菜单作为一个子菜单。
|
||||
|
||||
[][2]
|
||||
|
||||
你甚至可以编辑他来启动 URL、 你可以自由的设置热键开启这一功能，惟一的缺憾可能是他缺少Widgets。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
总之，相较于传统的基于文本的启动器，Gnome-Pie是一个相当有吸引力的可视化应用程序。我很喜欢他的自定义键盘和鼠标组合键，让我想起了我在War3或者LOL中的神级操作。如果玩家通过这种方法，它可以为你带来方便和高效。我甚至建议你可以将它放在桌面上，来节省你的空间。我甚至敢说它可以替代Gnome。
|
||||
|
||||
你觉得怎么样？你在所有相信世界上有这么好的东西吗？或者说，随着新的Gnome shell出现，Gnome-Pie开始失去竞争？欢迎评论。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/launch-applications-differently-gnome-pie-linux-desktop.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/gnome-pie/
|
||||
[2]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14247093043/
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user