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[Translated] 15 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 11
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15 The Linux Kernel: Configuring the Kernel Part 11
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================================================================================
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Ready to configure more drivers? There is still a lot to do.
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Linux supports two different Compaq Smart Array controllers (Compaq SMART2 support) and (Compaq Smart Array 5xxx support). Array controllers are devices that present physical storage units as logical units. These controllers may also implement hardware-based RAID. The difference between hardware and software RAID is simple. Linux manages and sees software RAID. Linux sees hardware RAID as any other storage unit. This means Linux is not aware that the device is a RAID drive. The hardware (array controller) manages the RAID system independently of the kernel. This is better for system performance because the kernel does not need to configure or manage RAID. Note, not all array controllers have RAID abilities.
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The above mentioned array controllers can access SCSI tapes with this driver (SCSI tape drive support for Smart Array 5xxx). SCSI tapes are magnetic-tape drives that use the SCSI protocol.
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The PCI RAID controllers Mylex DAC960, AcceleRAID, and eXtremeRAID are supported by this driver (Mylex DAC960/DAC1100 PCI RAID Controller support). A PCI RAID controller is an array controller connected to a PCI card. RAID controllers are array controllers with RAID capabilities.
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The MM5415 battery-backed RAM chips are supported with this driver (Micro Memory MM5415 Battery Backed RAM support). Battery-backed RAM chips allow the data to remain on the RAM device when the power is lost. This helps to protect data. Otherwise, when power is lost, the current computer session is lost.
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To use a typical file (such as an ISO image) as a block device and mount it when this feature is enabled (Loopback device support). This is useful for retrieving files from image files without the need to burn the file to a disk or pull it apart. Imagine getting an ISO file from the Internet that contains many files. If only one file in the package is desired and the user does not want to burn the ISO to a disc or does not know how to open an ISO file, the user can instead mount the ISO.
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The Linux kernel creates some loop devices during init time, so some loopback devices are already prepared and made (Number of loop devices to pre-create at init time). This feature saves time when a file (like an ISO) or virtual device (like a virtual hard-drive [vhd]) is mounted as a loopback device. This setting allows developers to choose how many the kernel should pre-make.
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Ciphers from the CryptoAPI can be used when "Cryptoloop Support" is enabled. This can be used for hard-drive encryption. However, not all filesystems are supported.
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Next, users can enable "DRBD Distributed Replicated Block Device support". This is like a network RAID1. These devices own the device files /dev/drbdx. These storage devices are usually used in clusters where each computer in the cluster has a storage unit that is mirrored from the master. This means each computer's hard-drive is a mirrored copy of the hard-drive found in the central “master” computer of the group. A cluster is a group of computers acting as one large powerful unit. However, each cluster has one controlling computer called the master node. The rest of the computers are slave nodes.
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The DRBD supports fault injection for testing IO error handling (DRBD fault injection). Remember, fault injection is the process of making a device/software think an error occurred so the developer can test how the hardware/software handles errors.
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If the kernel is intended to be a client for network block devices, then enable this feature (Network block device support). The first device file is /dev/nd0. A network block device is a remote storage unit that is accessed via a network.
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Solid state drives (SSD) that are directly connected to PCI or PCI Express cards will need this driver (NVM Express block device).
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Individual SCSI object-based storage (OSD) objects can be used as a block device with this feature (OSD object-as-blkdev support).
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Next is a driver for "Promise SATA SX8 support". This is a driver for a SATA controller made by Promise Technology Inc.
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Linux allows a part of the RAM to be utilized as a block device (RAM block device support). This is commonly seen on live Linux distros where the system is running entirely on the RAM. A live Linux distro loads off of a disc and then loads into RAM so the installed OS is not harmed when trying a new operating system, or repairing another.
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The next setting allows users to enter in the "Default number of RAM disks".
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The "Default RAM disk size" can be set in kilobytes.
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The kernel can support XIP filesystems on RAM devices acting as block devices (Support XIP filesystems on RAM block device). This feature will enlarge the kernel's size. XIP (eXecute In Place) filesystems are filesystem that allow executables to store data on the same filesystem instead of utilizing RAM like other applications. Such filesystems are needed when running an executable on a live Linux system which resides on the RAM.
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Next, the kernel can be given support for "Packet writing on CD/DVD media".
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The kernel developer can set the max amount of active concurrent packets (Free buffers for data gathering). A large number will speed up write performance at the cost of memory. One packet will consume about sixty-four kilobytes.
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The Linux kernel can use a rewritable compact-disc as cache space (Enable write caching). This feature is still experimental.
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The next feature allows the ATA specification to be used over Ethernet cables (ATA over Ethernet support).
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This following driver allows virtual block devices to be created for virtio (Virtio block driver). Virtio is a platform for I/O virtualization.
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Old hard-drives will need a special driver (Very old hard disk (MFM/RLL/IDE) driver).
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Here is a driver for the previously mentioned Rados device (Rados block device (RBD)).
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Next, a device specific driver is available (IBM FlashSystem 70/80 PCIe SSD Device Driver).
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Now, we will move on to miscellaneous devices. The first setting is for enabling/disabling potentiometers (Analog Devices Digital Potentiometers ).
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If the potentiometer(s) is on a I2C bus, then this should be enabled (support I2C bus connection).
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If the potentiometer is attached to a SPI bus, then this driver will be needed (support SPI bus connection).
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NOTE: The Linux kernel supports many sensors because the Linux kernel is often used in weather devices and robots.
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This driver is for the IBM RSA (Condor) service processor (Device driver for IBM RSA service processor).
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The kernel also has a driver for the PCI Sensable PHANToM devices (Sensable PHANToM (PCI)).
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This driver is for directing trace data from various devices via Parallel Trace Interface (PTI) out to Intel Penwell PTI ports (Parallel Trace Interface for MIPI P1149.7 cJTAG standard). This directed data is for debugging purposes.
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Some SGI IO controllers have an IOC4 chip that needs this driver (SGI IOC4 Base IO support). SGI IO controllers are devices made by SGI that manage input/output. The IOC4 chip controls a lot of the tasks performed by such devices. This is a basic driver. Other drivers for such devices will rely on this driver.
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There are few Texas Instruments Flash Media adapter drivers for the Linux kernel (TI Flash Media interface support) and (TI Flash Media PCI74xx/PCI76xx host adapter support).
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This "Integrated Circuits ICS932S401" driver for ICS932S401 clock control chips.
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The Atmel Synchronized Serial Communication peripheral (SSC) has a driver in the kernel (Device driver for Atmel SSC peripheral).
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Such a device provides point-to-point serial connections between devices.
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The "Enclosure Services" feature supports hard-drive bays.
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This is a timer driver for CS5535/CS5536 chips (CS5535/CS5536 Geode Multi-Function General Purpose Timer (MFGPT) support).
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This driver gives applications the ability to communicate with iLO management processors in HP ProLiant servers (Channel interface driver for the HP iLO processor). “iLO” stands for Integrity Integrated Lights-Out. iLO allows remote server management.
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The Linux kernel supports the ALS APDS9802 light sensor (Medfield Avago APDS9802 ALS Sensor module). Some other supported sensor include
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Intersil ISL29003 ambient light sensor
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Intersil ISL29020 ambient light sensor
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Taos TSL2550 ambient light sensor
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ROHM BH1780GLI ambient light sensor
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BH1770GLC / SFH7770 combined ALS - Proximity sensor
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APDS990X combined als and proximity sensors
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NOTE: Most of these drivers should be included as modules if the kernel being made is intended for a broad range of computers.
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Linux can even use a "Honeywell HMC6352 compass".
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The kernel also supports the "Dallas DS1682 Total Elapsed Time Recorder with Alarm".
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The 16-bit digital-to-analog converter is supported with this driver (Texas Instruments DAC7512).
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The "VMware Balloon Driver" manages physical memory by taking physical pages from guest operating systems that do not need it and giving pages to those that do.
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There are also two different pressure sensors (BMP085 digital pressure sensor on I2C) and (BMP085 digital pressure sensor on SPI).
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An Intel Input/Output Hub (IOH) is also supported by the kernel (Intel EG20T PCH/LAPIS Semicon IOH(ML7213/ML7223/ML7831) PHUB). Specifically, this is the PCH PHUB (Platform Controller Hub Packet Hub) Intel Topcliff.
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The "FSA9480 USB Switch" is a detector that detects when devices are plugged in.
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The next option permits bitstream configuration (Lattice ECP3 FPGA bitstream configuration via SPI).
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The Silicon microcontroller uses the Silicon Labs C2 Port which needs a special driver (Silicon Labs C2 port support).
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Again, keep watching for the next articles because there is still a lot more to do.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.linux.org/threads/the-linux-kernel-configuring-the-kernel-part-11.4640/
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
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translating---------geekpi
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16 The Linux Kernel: Configuring the Kernel Part 12
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戴文的Linux内核专题：15 配置内核 (11)
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================================================================================
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准备好配置更多的驱动了么？还有很多要做。
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Linux支持两种不同的康柏智能阵列控制器：(Compaq SMART2 support)和(Compaq Smart Array 5xxx support)。阵列控制器是将物理存储单元表现为逻辑单元的设备。这些控制可能同样实现了基于硬件的RAID。硬件和软件RIAD的不同是简单的。Linux管理并见到软件RIAD。Linux将硬件RAID视为另外的存储单元。这意味着Linux没有意识到设备就是RAID驱动器。硬件(阵列控制器)独立于内核管理着RAID系统。这对于系统的性能更好因为内核不必配置或者管理RAID。注意，不同的阵列控制器有不同的RAID能力。
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上面提到的阵列控制器可以通过这个驱动反问SCSI磁带(SCSI tape drive support for Smart Array 5xxx)。SCSI磁带是使用SCSI协议的磁带。
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PCI RAID控制器Mylex DAC960、AcceleRAID和eXtremeRAID在这个驱动中支持(Mylex DAC960/DAC1100 PCI RAID Controller support)。PCI RAID控制器是一个连接到PCI卡的阵列控制器。RAID控制器是拥有RAID功能的阵列控制器。
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带电源备份的MM5415内存芯片在这个驱动中支持(Micro Memory MM5415 Battery Backed RAM support)。带后备电源内存芯片允许数据在切断电源后继续保存在内存设备中。这有助于保护数据。不然，当电源断开后，当前的计算机会话就会丢失。
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当启用这个特性后，可以将典型的文件(比如ISO文件)作为一个块设备并挂载它Loopback device support)。这对于从镜像文件中检索文件而不必把文件烧录到光盘或者解压出来。想像一下你从因特网上得到了一份包含了很多文件的ISO文件。如果你只需要包中的一个文件并且用户不希望烧写ISO到光盘上或者不想知道如何打开一个ISO文件。用户可以用挂载ISO来替代。
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Linux内核在初始化阶段会创建一些回路设备，所以一些回环设备已经准备好并创建了(Number of loop devices to pre-create at init time)。当一个文件(像ISO)或者虚拟设备(就像虚拟磁盘驱动器[vhd])被作为回环设备挂载时会节约一些时间。这个设定允许开发者选择内核可以预
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创建多少回环设备。
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当"Cryptoloop Support"启用后就可以CryptoAPI创建密码。这个用于硬件驱动器加密。然而，并不是所有的文件系统都支持。
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下面用户可以启用"DRBD Distributed Replicated Block Device support"(译注：Linux上的分布存储系统)。这个就像网络RAID1。这些设备拥有设备文件/dev/drbdx。这些设备通常被用于集群，这里集群中的每台计算机都有一个从主单元镜像过来的存储单元。这意味着每台计算机的硬盘是位于组中心计算机硬盘的镜像拷贝。集群是一组计算机扮演着一台大型强力单元的角色。然而，每个集群都有一台控制计算机称为主节点。余下的计算机是从节点。
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DRBD支持用于测试IO错误处理的故障注射(DRBD fault injection)。记住，故障注射就是使设备/软件认为发生了一个错误，因此开发者可以测试硬件/软件如何处理错误
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如果内核要成为网络块设备的客户端，那么启用这个特性(Network block device support)。第一个设备文件是/dev/nd0。网络块设备是通过网络访问的远程存储单元。
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直接连接SSD到PCI或者PCIe需要这个驱动(NVM Express block device)。
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用这个特性允许将单独的SCSI OSD(object-based storage,基于对象的存储)对象作为块设备(OSD object-as-blkdev support)。
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下一个驱动是"Promise SATA SX8 support"。这个驱动用于Promise公司(Promise Technology Inc.)生产的SATA控制器。
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Linux允许将一部分内存作为块设备(RAM block device support)。这通常见与完全运行于内存上的Linux的live发行版。Linux的live发行版会卸载光盘并接着加载到内存中，所以在尝试一个新的操作系统或者修复另一个系统时不会伤害到已安装的系统。
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下一个选项允许用户输入"Default number of RAM disks"(默认RAM磁盘数量)。
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"Default RAM disk size"(默认RAM磁盘大小)可以以KB设置大小。
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内核可以支持在内存设备的XIP文件系统作为块设备(Support XIP filesystems on RAM block device)。这个特性会增大内核的大小。 XIP (eXecute In Place)文件系统是一个允许可执行文件在相同的文件系统上存储数据而不必像其他应用一样利用内存。在一个驻留在内存上的live版linux系统上运行可执行文件时需要这个文件系统。
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下面，内核可以支持"Packet writing on CD/DVD media"。(CD/DVD刻录机支持.)
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内核开发者可以设置最大活跃并发包数量(Free buffers for data gathering)。大的数字会以内存的消耗为代价加速写入性能。一个包会消耗大约64KB。
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Linux内核可以使用可擦写光盘作为缓存空间(Enable write caching)。这个特性仍然是试验性质。
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下面的特性允许通过以太网线缆使用ATA规范(ATA over Ethernet support)。
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下面的驱动允许虚拟块设备创建为virtio(Virtio block driver)。virtio是IO虚拟化平台。
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一些旧的硬盘还要一个特殊的驱动(Very old hard disk (MFM/RLL/IDE) driver)。
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这里有一个驱动用于先前提到的Rados设备(Rados block device (RBD))。
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下面是一个特殊的设备驱动(IBM FlashSystem 70/80 PCIe SSD Device Driver)。
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现在，我们可以进入杂项设备。第一个设定是启用/禁用电位器(Analog Devices Digital Potentiometers )。
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如果电位器在I2C总线上，那么就启用这个(support I2C bus connection)。
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如果电位器是连接到SPI总线，那么需要这个驱动(support SPI bus connection)。
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注意:Linux内核支持很多传感器因为Linux内核经常用于天气设备和机器人。
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这个驱动用于IBM RSA(Condor)服务处理器(Device driver for IBM RSA service processor)。
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内核同样支持PCI Sensable PHANToM设备驱动(Sensable PHANToM (PCI))。
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这个驱动指引不同来自并行追踪接口(Parallel Trace Interface (PTI))的追踪数据发往Intel Penwell PTI口 (Parallel Trace Interface for MIPI P1149.7 cJTAG standard)。这个被指领的数据用于调试目的。
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一些带有IOC4芯片的SGI IO控制器需要这个驱动(SGI IOC4 Base IO support)。SGI IO是由SCI管理的输入/输出舍必。IOC4芯片控制着许多由这些设备执行的任务。这是一个基础驱动。其他对这些设备的驱动依赖于这个驱动。
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这里有很少的TI闪存媒体适配器驱动在Linux内核中，(TI Flash Media interface support) 和(TI Flash Media PCI74xx/PCI76xx host adapter support)。
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这个 驱动("Integrated Circuits ICS932S401")用于ICS932S401时钟控制芯片。
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Atmel同步串行通信外设(Synchronized Serial Communication peripheral (SSC))有一个驱动在内核中(Device driver for Atmel SSC peripheral)。这个设备提供点对点的设备间的串行连接。
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"Enclosure Services"特性支持硬盘托架。
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这是对于CS5535/CS5536芯片的定时器驱动(CS5535/CS5536 Geode Multi-Function General Purpose Timer (MFGPT) support)。
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这个驱动让应用可以与HP工业标准服务器中的iLO管理处理器通信(Channel interface driver for the HP iLO processor)。"iLO"代表的是"Integrity Integrated Lights-Out".iLO允许远程服务器管理。
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Linux内核支持ALS APDS9802光敏传感器(Medfield Avago APDS9802 ALS Sensor module)。一些其他支持的传感器包括：
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Intersil ISL29003 ambient light sensor
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Intersil ISL29020 ambient light sensor
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Taos TSL2550 ambient light sensor
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ROHM BH1780GLI ambient light sensor
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BH1770GLC / SFH7770 combined ALS - Proximity sensor
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APDS990X combined als and proximity sensors
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注意：如果内核是为广泛的计算机编译的话，大多数驱动应该以模块形式加入。
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Linux甚至可以使用"Honeywell HMC6352 compass"(一种电子罗盘)。
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内核同样支持"Dallas DS1682 Total Elapsed Time Recorder with Alarm"。(一种运行时间记录仪)
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16位的数模转换器通过这个驱动支持(Texas Instruments DAC7512)。
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"VMware Balloon Driver"将客户机操作系统不需要的物理内存页交给需要那些需要的。
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这里有两个不同的压力传感器(BMP085 digital pressure sensor on I2C) 和 (BMP085 digital pressure sensor on SPI)。
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Intel输入/输出集线器(Intel Input/Output Hub (IOH))同样在内核中支持(Intel EG20T PCH/LAPIS Semicon IOH(ML7213/ML7223/ML7831) PHUB)。具体地说，这个是Intel Topcliff芯片组的PCH PHUB(Platform Controller Hub Packet Hub)
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"FSA9480 USB Switch"是检测设备何时插入的检测器。
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下一个选项允许比特流配置(Lattice ECP3 FPGA bitstream configuration via SPI)。
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Silicon微控制器使用Silicon实验室C2端口，这需要一个特殊的驱动(Silicon Labs C2 port support)。
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再说一次，继续留意下一篇文章因为我们还有更多的要做。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.linux.org/threads/the-linux-kernel-configuring-the-kernel-part-11.4640/
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译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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