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翻译中 by Linux-pdz
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How to create desktop shortcut or launcher on Linux
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================================================================================
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If you have a program you use regularly on Linux desktop, you may want to create a "desktop shortcut", so you can launch the program by simply clicking on the shortcut. While most GUI programs automatically create their desktop shortcut during installation, some GUI programs or terminal applications may require you to set up associated shortcuts manually.
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In this tutorial, I will describe **how to create a desktop shortcut or launcher on various Linux desktops**.
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A desktop shortcut is represented by a corresponding .desktop file which contains meta information of a given app (e.g., name of the app, launch command, location of icon file, etc.). Desktop shortcut files are placed in **/usr/share/applications** or **~/.local/share/applications**. The former directory stores desktop shortcuts that are available for every user, while the latter folder contains shortcuts created for a particular user only.
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### Create a Desktop Shortcut From the Command Line ###
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To manually create a desktop shortcut for a particular program or command, you can create a .desktop file using any text editor, and place it in either /usr/share/applications or ~/.local/share/applications. A typical .desktop file looks like the following.
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[Desktop Entry]
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Encoding=UTF-8
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Version=1.0 # version of an app.
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Name[en_US]=yEd # name of an app.
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GenericName=GUI Port Scanner # longer name of an app.
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Exec=java -jar /opt/yed-3.11.1/yed.jar # command used to launch an app.
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Terminal=false # whether an app requires to be run in a terminal.
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Icon[en_US]=/opt/yed-3.11.1/icons/yicon32.png # location of icon file.
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Type=Application # type.
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Categories=Application;Network;Security; # categories in which this app should be listed.
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Comment[en_US]=yEd Graph Editor # comment which appears as a tooltip.
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Besides manually create .desktop file, there are various desktop-specific ways to create an application shortcut, which I am going to cover in the rest of the tutorial.
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### Create a Desktop Shortcut on GNOME Desktop ###
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In GNOME desktop, you can use gnome-desktop-item-edit to configure a desktop shortcut easily.
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$ gnome-desktop-item-edit ~/.local/share/applications --create-new
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In this example, gnome-desktop-item-edit will automatically create a desktop launcher file in ~/.local/share/applications. To customize icon location and other info, you may have to edit the .desktop file manually afterward.
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If gnome-desktop-item-edit is not available (e.g., on Ubuntu), you can install it as follows.
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$ sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends gnome-panel
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### Create a Desktop Shortcut on KDE Desktop ###
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kickoff is the default application launcher in KDE desktop. Adding a new application shortcut to kickoff is straightforward.
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First right-click on kickoff icon located at the left bottom corner of your desktop, and then choose "Edit Applications" menu.
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[][1]
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Click on an appropriate category (e.g., "Utilities") under which you want to create a shortcut, and click on "New Item" button on the top. Type in the name of the app.
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[][2]
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Finally, fill in the meta information of the app being launched by the shortcut.
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[][3]
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### Create a Desktop Shortcut on Xfce Desktop ###
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If you are on Xfce desktop, right-click on the desktop background, and then select "Create Launcher" menu. Then fill out the details of the shortcut.
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### Create a Desktop Shortcut on Cinnamon Desktop ###
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If you are on Linux Mint Cinnamon desktop, you can create an application launcher by right-clicking on the desktop background, and selecting "Create Launcher" menu.
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### Create a Desktop Shortcut on LXDE Desktop ###
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On LXDE desktop, simply right click on the desktop background, and choose "Create New Shortcut".
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[][4]
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://xmodulo.com/2013/11/create-desktop-shortcut-launcher-linux.html
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10848506344/
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[2]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10848418496/
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[3]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10848506284/
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[4]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10848922593/
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@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
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翻译中 by Linux-pdz
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Ubuntu vs. openSUSE: Weighing different styles of corporate control
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================================================================================
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*Ubuntu and openSUSE approach their Linux distros in much different ways. Which do you prefer?*
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It's no secret that a rather large portion of Linux development is funded by companies with a financial interest in seeing Linux be improved. (And, by "Linux," I mean "All the various pieces and parts that make up a complete Linux-based system.") But there is a pretty major difference between how various companies go about that.
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Let's take a look at two high-profile examples: Ubuntu and openSUSE.
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Both are distributions of Linux. Both are large, long-standing and highly successful projects with a large community of both volunteers and paid workers. Yet the difference between the two is fairly extreme, and highly important.
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For Ubuntu, the primary direction is set by the team at Canonical and its head-master, Mark Shuttleworth. Examples such as Unity (Ubuntu's in-house user interface) and Mir (Ubuntu's in-house display server) quickly jump to mind when talking about how Canonical really “steers the ship” of Ubuntu. Goals, projects and priorities put into place by the parent company are, in many cases, simply non-negotiable (so to speak). Ubuntu's Unity user interface, for example, was a must-have for Canonical as it was part of their broader strategy. Some community members love it. Some hate it. But, either way, it's happening.
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But is that bad? I'm not really convinced that it is either good or bad. It's simply how it is with that particular project and company.
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Contrast that with openSUSE, who also has a "corporate master" in the form of, well, SUSE. The key difference there being that SUSE has a commercial offering in the form of "SUSE Linux Enterprise." And, while there is a great deal of technical overlap between openSUSE (the community Linux distro) and SUSE Linux Enterprise (the commercial offering)...the two are not, technically, the same.
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Which means that SUSE, as a company, can afford to take a more “hands-off” approach to working with openSUSE. Sure, they have a vested interest in seeing key bits of technology (such as, say, Btrfs) be improved, tested and packaged with the community distro – as they may wish to include it in the commercial offering – but the separation between the community and commercial systems provides them with a bit more flexibility, in this regard, than Canonical presently has.
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This is similar to the way Red Hat works with the Fedora project, and seems to be a generally successful approach as a mechanism for a company that sells enterprise-level Linux systems to utilize a community Linux distro as a foundation.
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I'll be honest. I see benefits and drawbacks to both models. Both have their challenges in terms of organization and management (and public perception). And, in all reality, there is more in common than not with the two approaches.
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I'd love to hear your thoughts on this. Do you prefer to have a singular captain at the helm of your community-based Linux distro (sort of a "benevolent dictator")? Or do like the big decisions of your Linux distro to be a bit more community-driven? Should companies behind a given flavor of Linux rule with an iron fist, or be more hands-off? Leave your thoughts in the comments.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.networkworld.com/community/node/84250
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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如何在Linux的桌面上创建快捷方式或启动器
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===
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假如在Linux桌面系统中有一个程序你经常使用，你可能想去创建一个“桌面快捷方式”，以便于你在桌面只要点击一下快捷方式就可以启动它。大多数带有图形界面的程序会在安装时自动在桌面上创建快捷方式，还有一些图形界面程序或者命令行程序可能需要你手动创建快捷方式。
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在这个手册里，我将告诉你**如何在不同的Linux桌面上添加桌面快捷方式**。
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一个桌面快捷方式是由内含该APP元信息（例如，app的名字，启动命令或者图标位置等）的.desktop文件所表示的。桌面快捷方式文件放置于**／usr/share/applications**或者**~/.local/share/applications**处。前一个目录存储每个人都可以使用桌面快捷方式，而后一个目录则含有特定用户创建的快捷方式。
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###使用命令行创建桌面快捷方式
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为特定程序或命令创建桌面快捷方式，你可以使用任意文本编辑器创建一个.desktop文件，然后把它放到**/usr/share/applications**或者**~/.local/share/applications**处。一个典型的.desktop文件像下面这样。
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[Desktop Entry]
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Encoding=UTF-8
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Version=1.0 #version of an app.
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Name[en_US]=yEd #name of an app.
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GenericName=GUI Port Scanner #longer name of an app.
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Exec=java -jar /opt/yed-3.11.1/yed.jar #command used to launch an app.
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Terminal=false #whether an app requires to be run in a terminal
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Icon[en_US]=/opt/yed-3.11.1/icons/yicon32.png #location of icon file.
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Type=Application #type
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Categories=Application;Network;Security; #categories in which this app should be listed.
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Comment[en_US]=yEd Graph Editor #comment which appears as a tooltip.
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除了手动创建.desktop文件之外，依据你的系统所采用的桌面环境的不同有不同的创建应用快捷方式的方法，接下来我们将会讲解这方法。
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###在GNOME桌面下创建快捷方式
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在GNOME桌面环境下，你可以使用gnome-desktop-item-edit很容易的去创建一个桌面快捷方式。
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$ gonme-desktop-item-edit ~/.local/share/applications --create-new
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在这个例子中，gnome-desktop-item-edit会在目录～/.local/share/applications中自动创建一个桌面启动器文件。若是想自定义快件方式图标或者其它信息，你可以手动编辑.desktop文件。
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假如你的系统上没有安装gnome-desktop-item-edit（例如，在Ubuntu上），你可以依照下面方式安装：
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$ sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends gnome-panel
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###在KDE桌面创建快捷方式
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kickoff是KDE桌面默认的应用启动器。可以直接在kickoff里添加新的应用启动快捷方式。
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首先右击位于你桌面左下角处的kickoff图标，然后选择菜单“编辑应用”。
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[][1]
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在你要创建快捷方式的合适分类处右击，点击位于顶部的“新条目”按钮，键入应用的名字。
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[][2]
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最后，填上使用快捷方式启动app时所需的元信息即可。
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[][3]
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###在xfce桌面上创建快捷方式
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假如你使用xfce桌面，在桌面空白处右击，然后选择“创建启动器”按钮。然后填上快捷方式的详细信息就可以了。
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###在Cinnamon桌面上创建快捷方式
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假如使用的是Linux Mint的Cinnamon桌面，你可以在桌面空白处右击鼠标，选择菜单“创建启动器”而创建一个应用启动器。
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###在LXDE桌面上创建快捷方式
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在LXDE桌面，你只需在桌面空白处右击一下鼠标，然后选择“创建新快捷方式”就可以咯。
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[][4]
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://xmodulo.com/2013/11/create-desktop-shortcut-launcher-linux.html
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译者：[Linux-pdz](https://github.com/Linux-pdz) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10848506344/
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[2]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10848418496/
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[3]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10848506284/
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[4]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10848922593/
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Ubuntu vs openSUSE：不同的公司控制风格
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====
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*Ubuntu和OpenSUSE以不同的方式对待他们的Linux发行版。你更喜欢哪种方式呢/*
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相当一部分linux开发者社区接受那些有意改善Linux的公司的资助，这早已不是秘密（这里我指的组成一个完整Linux系统的任何部分）。但是许多公司进行资助的方式却有很大不同。
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让我们看看两个很显眼的例子：Ubuntu和openSUSE。
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这两者都是Linux发行版。两者都是一个大的且长期持续成功的项目且有一个包含志愿者和付费工作者的社区。然而两者之间的不同还是相当明显而且非常重要。
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Mark Shuttleworth
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对于Ubuntu，它发展的主要方向是由其Canonical的团队和它的首脑Mark Shuttleworth决定的。当谈到Canonical确实控制Ubuntu的时候，我们呢很快就会想起两个例子，例如Unity（Ubuntu采用的用户界面）和Mir（Ubuntu的显示服务）。在许多案例中，母公司都会在没有协商的情况下设定目标、项目和优先级。例如，Ubuntu的Unity用户界面最为Canonical公司广泛战略目标来说是必须的。一些社区成员喜欢Unity用户界面，另一些讨厌这样的用户界面。但是，不管怎么说，不管你喜欢还是讨厌它，Unity都已经成为Ubuntu的默认用户界面了。
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但是这是一件坏事吗？我不确信它到底是好还是坏。这只是这个项目如何与公司相处的问题。
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于此形成对比的是OpenSUSE，它也有一个公司掌控者，好吧，是SUSE。关键的不同点是SUSE以“SUSE Linux企业版”的形式提供一个商业发行版。尽管OpenSUSE（社区Linux发行版）与SUSE Linux发行版（商业发行版）在技术上有许多重叠之处。。。然而在专业上，两者是不同的。
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这意味着SUSE对待openSUSE时可以更多的采取放手不管的方式，他们的兴趣就是寻找那些被改善的关键性技术（例如，Btrfs文件系统），检测以及打包社区发行版中那些他们想包含在商业发行版中的软件包，但是社区发行版与商业发行版分离的方式与Canonical采取方式相比，给他们提供了更大的灵活性。
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这种方法和红帽对待Fedora的方式非常相似，已经成为了一个公司使用社区Linux发行版为基础销售企业水平的Linux系统的一种成功路径。
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不过，诚实的说两种模式我都看到了有点和缺点。在组织上以及管理上（公众部分）他们都面临着各自的难题。实际上，这两种方法与它们的不同点比起来，相同点更多一些。
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我非常愿意听到你们对此的看法。你是更喜欢你的以社区为基础的Linux发行版有一个单一的领袖还是更喜欢你Linux发行版的大多数决定都是有社区驱动的呢？公司是否应该强势控制Linux发行版，还是应该大胆放手让社区来决定呢？请在评论里留言，让我们知道你的看法。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.networkworld.com/community/node/84250
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译者：[Linux-pdz](https://github.com/Linux-pdz) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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