mirror of
https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject.git
synced 2025-01-22 23:00:57 +08:00
翻译完成
This commit is contained in:
Ezio
GitHub
parent
57c3eb5ad1
commit
1d3df1c128
@ -1,200 +0,0 @@
|
||||
ezio is translating
|
||||
|
||||
Python 101: An Intro to urllib
|
||||
=================================
|
||||
|
||||
The urllib module in Python 3 is a collection of modules that you can use for working with URLs. If you are coming from a Python 2 background you will note that in Python 2 you had urllib and urllib2. These are now a part of the urllib package in Python 3. The current version of urllib is made up of the following modules:
|
||||
|
||||
- urllib.request
|
||||
- urllib.error
|
||||
- urllib.parse
|
||||
- urllib.rebotparser
|
||||
|
||||
We will be covering each part individually except for urllib.error. The official documentation actually recommends that you might want to check out the 3rd party library, requests, for a higher-level HTTP client interface. However, I believe that it can be useful to know how to open URLs and interact with them without using a 3rd party and it may also help you appreciate why the requests package is so popular.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### urllib.request
|
||||
|
||||
The urllib.request module is primarily used for opening and fetching URLs. Let’s take a look at some of the things you can do with the urlopen function:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
>>> import urllib.request
|
||||
>>> url = urllib.request.urlopen('https://www.google.com/')
|
||||
>>> url.geturl()
|
||||
'https://www.google.com/'
|
||||
>>> url.info()
|
||||
<http.client.HTTPMessage object at 0x7fddc2de04e0>
|
||||
>>> header = url.info()
|
||||
>>> header.as_string()
|
||||
('Date: Fri, 24 Jun 2016 18:21:19 GMT\n'
|
||||
'Expires: -1\n'
|
||||
'Cache-Control: private, max-age=0\n'
|
||||
'Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1\n'
|
||||
'P3P: CP="This is not a P3P policy! See '
|
||||
'https://www.google.com/support/accounts/answer/151657?hl=en for more info."\n'
|
||||
'Server: gws\n'
|
||||
'X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block\n'
|
||||
'X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN\n'
|
||||
'Set-Cookie: '
|
||||
'NID=80=tYjmy0JY6flsSVj7DPSSZNOuqdvqKfKHDcHsPIGu3xFv41LvH_Jg6LrUsDgkPrtM2hmZ3j9V76pS4K_cBg7pdwueMQfr0DFzw33SwpGex5qzLkXUvUVPfe9g699Qz4cx9ipcbU3HKwrRYA; '
|
||||
'expires=Sat, 24-Dec-2016 18:21:19 GMT; path=/; domain=.google.com; HttpOnly\n'
|
||||
'Alternate-Protocol: 443:quic\n'
|
||||
'Alt-Svc: quic=":443"; ma=2592000; v="34,33,32,31,30,29,28,27,26,25"\n'
|
||||
'Accept-Ranges: none\n'
|
||||
'Vary: Accept-Encoding\n'
|
||||
'Connection: close\n'
|
||||
'\n')
|
||||
>>> url.getcode()
|
||||
200
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Here we import our module and ask it to open Google’s URL. Now we have an HTTPResponse object that we can interact with. The first thing we do is call the geturl method which will return the URL of the resource that was retrieved. This is useful for finding out if we followed a redirect.
|
||||
|
||||
Next we call info, which will return meta-data about the page, such as headers. Because of this, we assign that result to our headers variable and then call its as_string method. This prints out the header we received from Google. You can also get the HTTP response code by calling getcode, which in this case was 200, which means it worked successfully.
|
||||
|
||||
If you’d like to see the HTML of the page, you can call the read method on the url variable we created. I am not reproducing that here as the output will be quite long.
|
||||
|
||||
Please note that the request object defaults to a GET request unless you specify the data parameter. Should you pass in the data parameter, then the request object will issue a POST request instead.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### Downloading a file
|
||||
|
||||
A typical use case for the urllib package is for downloading a file. Let’s find out a couple of ways we can accomplish this task:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
>>> import urllib.request
|
||||
>>> url = 'http://www.blog.pythonlibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/wxDbViewer.zip'
|
||||
>>> response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
|
||||
>>> data = response.read()
|
||||
>>> with open('/home/mike/Desktop/test.zip', 'wb') as fobj:
|
||||
... fobj.write(data)
|
||||
...
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Here we just open a URL that leads us to a zip file stored on my blog. Then we read the data and write it out to disk. An alternate way to accomplish this is to use urlretrieve:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
>>> import urllib.request
|
||||
>>> url = 'http://www.blog.pythonlibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/wxDbViewer.zip'
|
||||
>>> tmp_file, header = urllib.request.urlretrieve(url)
|
||||
>>> with open('/home/mike/Desktop/test.zip', 'wb') as fobj:
|
||||
... with open(tmp_file, 'rb') as tmp:
|
||||
... fobj.write(tmp.read())
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The urlretrieve method will copy a network object to a local file. The file it copies to is randomly named and goes into the temp directory unless you use the second parameter to urlretrieve where you can actually specify where you want the file saved. This will save you a step and make your code much simpler:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
>>> import urllib.request
|
||||
>>> url = 'http://www.blog.pythonlibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/wxDbViewer.zip'
|
||||
>>> urllib.request.urlretrieve(url, '/home/mike/Desktop/blog.zip')
|
||||
('/home/mike/Desktop/blog.zip',
|
||||
<http.client.HTTPMessage object at 0x7fddc21c2470>)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, it returns the location of where it saved the file and the header information from the request.
|
||||
|
||||
### Specifying Your User Agent
|
||||
|
||||
When you visit a website with your browser, the browser tells the website who it is. This is called the user-agent string. Python’s urllib identifies itself as Python-urllib/x.y where the x and y are major and minor version numbers of Python. Some websites won’t recognize this user-agent string and will behave in strange ways or not work at all. Fortunately, it’s easy for you to set up your own custom user-agent string:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
>>> import urllib.request
|
||||
>>> user_agent = ' Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:47.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/47.0'
|
||||
>>> url = 'http://www.whatsmyua.com/'
|
||||
>>> headers = {'User-Agent': user_agent}
|
||||
>>> request = urllib.request.Request(url, headers=headers)
|
||||
>>> with urllib.request.urlopen(request) as response:
|
||||
... with open('/home/mdriscoll/Desktop/user_agent.html', 'wb') as out:
|
||||
... out.write(response.read())
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Here we set up our user agent to Mozilla FireFox and we set out URL to <http://www.whatsmyua.com/> which will tell us what it thinks our user-agent string is. Then we create a Request instance using our url and headers and pass that to urlopen. Finally we save the result. If you open the result file, you will see that we successfully changed our user-agent string. Feel free to try out a few different strings with this code to see how it will change.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### urllib.parse
|
||||
|
||||
The urllib.parse library is your standard interface for breaking up URL strings and combining them back together. You can use it to convert a relative URL to an absolute URL, for example. Let’s try using it to parse a URL that includes a query:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
>>> from urllib.parse import urlparse
|
||||
>>> result = urlparse('https://duckduckgo.com/?q=python+stubbing&t=canonical&ia=qa')
|
||||
>>> result
|
||||
ParseResult(scheme='https', netloc='duckduckgo.com', path='/', params='', query='q=python+stubbing&t=canonical&ia=qa', fragment='')
|
||||
>>> result.netloc
|
||||
'duckduckgo.com'
|
||||
>>> result.geturl()
|
||||
'https://duckduckgo.com/?q=python+stubbing&t=canonical&ia=qa'
|
||||
>>> result.port
|
||||
None
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Here we import the urlparse function and pass it an URL that contains a search query to the duckduckgo website. My query was to look up articles on “python stubbing”. As you can see, it returned a ParseResult object that you can use to learn more about the URL. For example, you can get the port information (None in this case), the network location, path and much more.
|
||||
|
||||
### Submitting a Web Form
|
||||
|
||||
This module also holds the urlencode method, which is great for passing data to a URL. A typical use case for the urllib.parse library is submitting a web form. Let’s find out how you might do that by having the duckduckgo search engine look for Python:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
>>> import urllib.request
|
||||
>>> import urllib.parse
|
||||
>>> data = urllib.parse.urlencode({'q': 'Python'})
|
||||
>>> data
|
||||
'q=Python'
|
||||
>>> url = 'http://duckduckgo.com/html/'
|
||||
>>> full_url = url + '?' + data
|
||||
>>> response = urllib.request.urlopen(full_url)
|
||||
>>> with open('/home/mike/Desktop/results.html', 'wb') as f:
|
||||
... f.write(response.read())
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This is pretty straightforward. Basically we want to submit a query to duckduckgo ourselves using Python instead of a browser. To do that, we need to construct our query string using urlencode. Then we put that together to create a fully qualified URL and use urllib.request to submit the form. We then grab the result and save it to disk.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### urllib.robotparser
|
||||
|
||||
The robotparser module is made up of a single class, RobotFileParser. This class will answer questions about whether or not a specific user agent can fetch a URL that has a published robot.txt file. The robots.txt file will tell a web scraper or robot what parts of the server should not be accessed. Let’s take a look at a simple example using ArsTechnica’s website:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
>>> import urllib.robotparser
|
||||
>>> robot = urllib.robotparser.RobotFileParser()
|
||||
>>> robot.set_url('http://arstechnica.com/robots.txt')
|
||||
None
|
||||
>>> robot.read()
|
||||
None
|
||||
>>> robot.can_fetch('*', 'http://arstechnica.com/')
|
||||
True
|
||||
>>> robot.can_fetch('*', 'http://arstechnica.com/cgi-bin/')
|
||||
False
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Here we import the robot parser class and create an instance of it. Then we pass it a URL that specifies where the website’s robots.txt file resides. Next we tell our parser to read the file. Now that that’s done, we give it a couple of different URLs to find out which ones we can crawl and which ones we can’t. We quickly see that we can access the main site, but not the cgi-bin.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### Wrapping Up
|
||||
|
||||
You have reached the point that you should be able to use Python’s urllib package competently. We learned how to download a file, submit a web form, change our user agent and access a robots.txt file in this chapter. The urllib has a lot of additional functionality that is not covered here, such as website authentication. However, you might want to consider switching to the requests library before trying to do authentication with urllib as the requests implementation is a lot easier to understand and debug. I also want to note that Python has support for Cookies via its http.cookies module although that is also wrapped quite well in the requests package. You should probably consider trying both to see which one makes the most sense to you.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.blog.pythonlibrary.org/2016/06/28/python-101-an-intro-to-urllib/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Mike][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: http://www.blog.pythonlibrary.org/author/mld/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
193
translated/tech/20160628 Python 101 An Intro to urllib.md
Normal file
193
translated/tech/20160628 Python 101 An Intro to urllib.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
|
||||
Python 101: urllib 简介
|
||||
=================================
|
||||
|
||||
Python 3 的 urllib 模块是一堆可以处理 URL 的组件集合。如果你有 Python 2 背景，那么你就会注意到 Python 2 中有 urllib 和 urllib2 两个版本的模块。这些现在都是 Python 3 的 urllib 包的一部分。当前版本的 urllib 包括下面几部分：
|
||||
|
||||
- urllib.request
|
||||
- urllib.error
|
||||
- urllib.parse
|
||||
- urllib.rebotparser
|
||||
|
||||
接下来我们会分开讨论除了 urllib.error 以外的几部分。官方文档实际推荐你尝试第三方库， requests，一个高级的 HTTP 客户端接口。然而我依然认为知道如何不依赖第三方库打开 URL 并与之进行交互是很有用的，而且这也可以帮助你理解为什么 requests 包是如此的流行。
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### urllib.request
|
||||
|
||||
urllib.request 模块期初是用来打开和获取 URL 的。让我们看看你可以用函数 urlopen可以做的事：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
>>> import urllib.request
|
||||
>>> url = urllib.request.urlopen('https://www.google.com/')
|
||||
>>> url.geturl()
|
||||
'https://www.google.com/'
|
||||
>>> url.info()
|
||||
<http.client.HTTPMessage object at 0x7fddc2de04e0>
|
||||
>>> header = url.info()
|
||||
>>> header.as_string()
|
||||
('Date: Fri, 24 Jun 2016 18:21:19 GMT\n'
|
||||
'Expires: -1\n'
|
||||
'Cache-Control: private, max-age=0\n'
|
||||
'Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1\n'
|
||||
'P3P: CP="This is not a P3P policy! See '
|
||||
'https://www.google.com/support/accounts/answer/151657?hl=en for more info."\n'
|
||||
'Server: gws\n'
|
||||
'X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block\n'
|
||||
'X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN\n'
|
||||
'Set-Cookie: '
|
||||
'NID=80=tYjmy0JY6flsSVj7DPSSZNOuqdvqKfKHDcHsPIGu3xFv41LvH_Jg6LrUsDgkPrtM2hmZ3j9V76pS4K_cBg7pdwueMQfr0DFzw33SwpGex5qzLkXUvUVPfe9g699Qz4cx9ipcbU3HKwrRYA; '
|
||||
'expires=Sat, 24-Dec-2016 18:21:19 GMT; path=/; domain=.google.com; HttpOnly\n'
|
||||
'Alternate-Protocol: 443:quic\n'
|
||||
'Alt-Svc: quic=":443"; ma=2592000; v="34,33,32,31,30,29,28,27,26,25"\n'
|
||||
'Accept-Ranges: none\n'
|
||||
'Vary: Accept-Encoding\n'
|
||||
'Connection: close\n'
|
||||
'\n')
|
||||
>>> url.getcode()
|
||||
200
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
在这里我们包含了需要的模块，然后告诉它打开 Google 的 URL。现在我们就有了一个可以交互的 HTTPResponse 对象。我们要做的第一件事是调用方法 geturl ，它会返回根据 URL 获取的资源。这可以让我们发现 URL 是否进行了重定向。
|
||||
|
||||
接下来调用 info ，它会返回网页的元数据，比如头信息。因此，我们可以将结果赋给我们的 headers 变量，然后调用它的方法 as_string 。就可以打印出我们从 Google 收到的头信息。你也可以通过 getcode 得到网页的 HTTP 响应码，当前情况下就是 200，意思是正常工作。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想看看网页的 HTML 代码，你可以调用变量 url 的方法 read。我不准备再现这个过程，因为输出结果太长了。
|
||||
|
||||
请注意 request 对象默认是 GET 请求，除非你指定它的 data 参数。你应该给它传递 data 参数，这样 request 对象才会变成 POST 请求。
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 下载文件
|
||||
|
||||
urllib 一个典型的应用场景是下载文件。让我们看看几种可以完成这个任务的方法：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
>>> import urllib.request
|
||||
>>> url = 'http://www.blog.pythonlibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/wxDbViewer.zip'
|
||||
>>> response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
|
||||
>>> data = response.read()
|
||||
>>> with open('/home/mike/Desktop/test.zip', 'wb') as fobj:
|
||||
... fobj.write(data)
|
||||
...
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这个例子中我们打开一个保存在我的博客上的 zip 压缩文件的 URL。然后我们读出数据并将数据写到磁盘。一个替代方法是使用 urlretrieve ：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
>>> import urllib.request
|
||||
>>> url = 'http://www.blog.pythonlibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/wxDbViewer.zip'
|
||||
>>> tmp_file, header = urllib.request.urlretrieve(url)
|
||||
>>> with open('/home/mike/Desktop/test.zip', 'wb') as fobj:
|
||||
... with open(tmp_file, 'rb') as tmp:
|
||||
... fobj.write(tmp.read())
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
方法 urlretrieve 会把网络对象拷贝到本地文件。除非你在使用 urlretrieve 的第二个参数指定你要保存文件的路径，否则这个文件在本地是随机命名的并且是保存在临时文件夹。这个可以为你节省一步操作，并且使代码开起来更简单：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
>>> import urllib.request
|
||||
>>> url = 'http://www.blog.pythonlibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/wxDbViewer.zip'
|
||||
>>> urllib.request.urlretrieve(url, '/home/mike/Desktop/blog.zip')
|
||||
('/home/mike/Desktop/blog.zip',
|
||||
<http.client.HTTPMessage object at 0x7fddc21c2470>)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如你所见，它返回了文件保存的路径，以及从请求得来的头信息。
|
||||
|
||||
### 设置你的用户代理
|
||||
|
||||
当你使用浏览器访问网页时，浏览器会告诉网站它是谁。这就是所谓的 user-agent 字段。Python 的 urllib 会表示他自己为 Python-urllib/x.y ， 其中 x 和 y 是你使用的 Python 的主、次版本号。有一些网站不认识这个用户代理字段，然后网站的可能会有奇怪的表现或者根本不能正常工作。辛运的是你可以很轻松的设置你自己的 user-agent 字段。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
>>> import urllib.request
|
||||
>>> user_agent = ' Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:47.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/47.0'
|
||||
>>> url = 'http://www.whatsmyua.com/'
|
||||
>>> headers = {'User-Agent': user_agent}
|
||||
>>> request = urllib.request.Request(url, headers=headers)
|
||||
>>> with urllib.request.urlopen(request) as response:
|
||||
... with open('/home/mdriscoll/Desktop/user_agent.html', 'wb') as out:
|
||||
... out.write(response.read())
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这里设置我们的用户代理为 Mozilla FireFox ，然后我们访问 <http://www.whatsmyua.com/> ， 它会告诉我们它识别出的我们的 user-agent 字段。之后我们将 url 和我们的头信息传给 urlopen 创建一个 Request 实例。最后我们保存这个结果。如果你打开这个结果，你会看到我们成功的修改了自己的 user-agent 字段。使用这段代码尽情的尝试不同的值来看看它是如何改变的。
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### urllib.parse
|
||||
|
||||
urllib.parse 库是用来拆分和组合 URL 字符串的标准接口。比如，你可以使用它来转换一个相对的 URL 为绝对的 URL。让我们试试用它来转换一个包含查询的 URL ：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
>>> from urllib.parse import urlparse
|
||||
>>> result = urlparse('https://duckduckgo.com/?q=python+stubbing&t=canonical&ia=qa')
|
||||
>>> result
|
||||
ParseResult(scheme='https', netloc='duckduckgo.com', path='/', params='', query='q=python+stubbing&t=canonical&ia=qa', fragment='')
|
||||
>>> result.netloc
|
||||
'duckduckgo.com'
|
||||
>>> result.geturl()
|
||||
'https://duckduckgo.com/?q=python+stubbing&t=canonical&ia=qa'
|
||||
>>> result.port
|
||||
None
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这里我们导入了函数 urlparse ， 并且把一个包含搜索查询 duckduckgo 的 URL 作为参数传给它。我的查询的关于 “python stubbing” 的文章。如你所见，它返回了一个 ParseResult 对象，你可以用这个对象了解更多关于 URL 的信息。举个例子，你可以获取到短信息（此处的没有端口信息），网络位置，路径和很多其他东西。
|
||||
|
||||
### 提交一个 Web 表单
|
||||
|
||||
这个模块还有一个方法 urlencode 可以向 URL 传输数据。 urllib.parse 的一个典型使用场景是提交 Web 表单。让我们通过搜索引擎 duckduckgo 搜索 Python 来看看这个功能是怎么工作的。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
>>> import urllib.request
|
||||
>>> import urllib.parse
|
||||
>>> data = urllib.parse.urlencode({'q': 'Python'})
|
||||
>>> data
|
||||
'q=Python'
|
||||
>>> url = 'http://duckduckgo.com/html/'
|
||||
>>> full_url = url + '?' + data
|
||||
>>> response = urllib.request.urlopen(full_url)
|
||||
>>> with open('/home/mike/Desktop/results.html', 'wb') as f:
|
||||
... f.write(response.read())
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这个例子很直接。基本上我们想使用 Python 而不是浏览器向 duckduckgo 提交一个查询。要完成这个我们需要使用 urlencode 构建我们的查询字符串。然后我们把这个字符串和网址拼接成一个完整的正确 URL ，然后使用 urllib.request 提交这个表单。最后我们就获取到了结果然后保存到磁盘上。
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### urllib.robotparser
|
||||
|
||||
robotparser 模块是由一个单独的类 —— RobotFileParser —— 构成的。这个类会回答诸如一个特定的用户代理可以获取已经设置 robot.txt 的网站。 robot.txt 文件会告诉网络爬虫或者机器人当前网站的那些部分是不允许被访问的。让我们看一个简单的例子：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
>>> import urllib.robotparser
|
||||
>>> robot = urllib.robotparser.RobotFileParser()
|
||||
>>> robot.set_url('http://arstechnica.com/robots.txt')
|
||||
None
|
||||
>>> robot.read()
|
||||
None
|
||||
>>> robot.can_fetch('*', 'http://arstechnica.com/')
|
||||
True
|
||||
>>> robot.can_fetch('*', 'http://arstechnica.com/cgi-bin/')
|
||||
False
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这里我们导入了 robot 分析器类，然后创建一个实例。然后我们给它传递一个表明网站 robots.txt 位置的 URL 。接下来我们告诉分析器来读取这个文件。现在就完成了，我们给它了一组不同的 URL 让它找出那些我们可以爬取而那些不能爬取。我们很快就看到我们可以访问主站但是不包括 cgi-bin 路径。
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结一下
|
||||
|
||||
现在你就有能力使用 Python 的 urllib 包了。在这一节里，我们学习了如何下载文件，提交 Web 表单，修改自己的用户代理以及访问 robots.txt。 urllib 还有一大堆附加功能没有在这里提及，比如网站授权。然后你可能会考虑在使用 urllib 进行认证之前切换到 requests 库，因为 requests 已经以更易用和易调试的方式实现了这些功能。我同时也希望提醒你 Python 已经通过 http.cookies 模块支持 Cookies 了，虽然在 request 包里也很好的封装了这个功能。你应该可能考虑同时试试两个来决定那个最适合你。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.blog.pythonlibrary.org/2016/06/28/python-101-an-intro-to-urllib/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Mike][a]
|
||||
译者：[Ezio](https://github.com/oska874)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: http://www.blog.pythonlibrary.org/author/mld/
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user