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yangmingming translating
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How to access shell or run external commands from within Vim
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============================================================
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### On this page
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1. [Execute external commands in Vim][1]
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2. [Access Shell in Vim][2]
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3. [The loophole to keep in mind][3]
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Vim, as you might already know, is a feature-packed and powerful editor. Here at HowtoForge, we've written several tutorials on Vim, covering its [basic usage][4], [plugins][5], as well as some [other][6] [useful][7] features. But given the sea of features Vim offers, we always find something useful to share with our readership.
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In this tutorial, we will focus on how you can execute external commands as well as access the command line shell from within the editor window.
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But before we start doing that, it's worth mentioning that all the examples, commands, and instructions mentioned in this tutorial have been tested on Ubuntu 14.04, and the Vim version we've used is 7.4.
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### Execute external commands in Vim
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Sometimes you might want to execute external commands from within the Vim editor window. For example, consider a situation where-in you've opened a file in Vim, made some changes, and then while trying to save those changes, Vim throws an error saying you don't have sufficient permissions.
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[
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][8]
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Now, exiting the current vim session and again opening the file with sufficient privileges will mean loss of all the changes you've done, so that'd, you'll agree, not be an option in most of the cases. It's situations like these where the ability to run external commands from within the editor comes in handy.
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We'll come back to the above use-case later(**), but for now, let's understand how you can run basic commands from within vim.
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Suppose while editing a file, you want to know the number of lines, words, and characters the file contains. To do this, in the command mode of Vim, just input colon (:) followed by a bang (!) and finally the command ('wc' in this case) followed by the file name (use % for current file).
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```
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:! wc %
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```
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Here's an example:
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File with the aforementioned command ready to be executed:
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[
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][9]
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and here's the output on the terminal:
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[
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][10]
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After you are done seeing the output, press the Enter key and you'll be taken back to your Vim session.
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This feature can come in really handy in situations where, say, you are writing a code or script, and want to quickly know whether or not the code/script contains any compile-time or syntax errors.
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Moving on, in case the requirement is to add the output to the file, use the ':read !' command. Here's an example:
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```
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:read ! wc %
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```
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The 'read' command inserts the output of the external command on a new line below the current line in the file being edited. If you want, you can also specify a particular line number - the output will be added after that particular line.
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For example, the following command will add the output of 'wc' after the second line the file.
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```
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:2read ! wc %
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```
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**Note**: Use '$' to insert after the last line and '0' to insert before the first line.
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Now, coming back to the usecase we discussed in the beginning (**), here's the command that'll help you save the file without needing to close it first (which means no loss of unsaved changes) and then opening it with, say, [sudo][11].
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```
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:w ! sudo tee %
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```
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[
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][12]
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### Access Shell in Vim
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In addition to executing individual commands, you can also have yourself dropped in a newly-launched shell from within Vim. For this, all you have to do is to run the following command from the editor:
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```
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:shell
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```
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or
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```
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:sh
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```
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and type 'exit' when you are done with the shell work - this will bring you back into the Vim session from where you left initially.
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### The loophole to keep in mind
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While the ability to access a shell definitely has its own uses in real world, it can also be used as a privilege escalation technique. As we have explained in one of our earlier tutorials (on sudoedit), even if you provide a user sudo access to only edit one file through Vim, they may launch a new shell from within the editor using this technique, and will then be able to do anything as 'root' or superuser.
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# Conclusion
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Ability to run external commands from within Vim is an important feature that can come in handy in many situations (some of them we have mentioned in this tutorial). The learning curve for this feature isn't steep, so both beginners as well as experienced users can take advantage of it.
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Have you been using this feature for quite some time now? Do you have something to share? Please leave your thoughts in comments below.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-access-shell-or-run-external-commands-from-within-vim/
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作者：[Himanshu Arora][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-access-shell-or-run-external-commands-from-within-vim/
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[1]:https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-access-shell-or-run-external-commands-from-within-vim/#execute-external-commands-in-vim
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[2]:https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-access-shell-or-run-external-commands-from-within-vim/#access-shell-in-vim
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[3]:https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-access-shell-or-run-external-commands-from-within-vim/#the-loophole-to-keep-in-mind
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[4]:https://www.howtoforge.com/vim-basics
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[5]:https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/vim-editor-plugins-for-software-developers-3/
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[6]:https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/vim-modeline-settings/
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[7]:https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/vim-editor-modes-explained/
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[8]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-access-shell-or-run-external-commands-from-within-vim/big/vim-perm-error.png
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[9]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-access-shell-or-run-external-commands-from-within-vim/big/vim-count-lines.png
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[10]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-access-shell-or-run-external-commands-from-within-vim/big/vim-wc-output.png
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[11]:https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/sudo-beginners-guide/
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[12]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-access-shell-or-run-external-commands-from-within-vim/big/vim-sudo-passwrd.png
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@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
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如何从 Vim 中访问 shell 或者运行外部命令
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============================================================
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### 在改文章中
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1. [在 Vim 中执行外部命令][1]
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2. [在 Vim 中访问 shell][2]
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3. [要谨记的漏洞][3]
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Vim——正如你可能已经了解的那样——是一个包含很多特性的强大的编辑器。在 HowtoForge 这儿，我们已经写了好多关于 Vim 的教程，覆盖了 [基本用法][4]、 [插件][5]， 还有一些 [其他的][6] [有用的][7] 特性。鉴于 Vim 提供了多如海洋的特性，我们总能找到一些有用的东西来和我们的读者分享。
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在这篇教程中，我们将会重点关注你如何在编辑窗口执行外部的命令，并且访问命令行 shell。
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但是在我们开始之前，很有必要提醒一下，在这篇教程中提及到的所有例子、命令行和说明，我们已经在 Ubuntu 14.04 上测试过，我们使用的的 Vim 版本是 7.4 。
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### 在 Vim 中执行外部命令
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有的时候，你可能需要在 Vim 编辑窗口中执行外部的命令。例如，想象一下这种场景：你已经在 Vim 中打开了一个文件，并做了一些修改，然后等你尝试保存这些修改的时候，Vim 抛出一个错误说你没有足够的权限。
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[
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][8]
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现在，退出当前的 vim 会话，重新使用足够的权限打开文件将意味着你会丢失所做的所有修改，所以，你可能赞同，在大多数情况不是只有一个选择。像这样的情况，在编辑器内部运行外部命令的能力将会派上用场。
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稍后我们再回来上面的用例（**），但是现在，让我们了解下如何在 vim 中运行基本的命令。
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假设你在编辑一个文件，希望知道这个文件包含的行数、单词数和字符数。为了达到这个目的，在 vim 的命令行模式下，只需要输入冒号（:），接下来一个感叹号（!），最后是要执行的命令（这个例子中使用的是 'wc'）和紧接着的文件名（使用 % 表示当前文件）。
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```
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:! wc %
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```
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接下来一个例子：
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填入的上面提及的命令行准备执行：
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[
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][9]
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下面是终端上的输出：
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[
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][10]
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你看到输出之后，输入 Enter 键，你将会退回到你的 vim 会话中。
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你正在编写代码或者脚本，并且希望尽快知道这段代码或者脚本是否包含编译时错误或者语法错误，这个时候，这种特性真的很方便。
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继续，如果需求是添加输出到文件中，使用 ‘:read !’命令。接下来是一个例子：
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```
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:read ! wc %
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```
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‘read’ 命令会把外部命令的输出作为新的一行插入到编辑的文件中的当前行的下面一行。如果你愿意，你也可以指定一个特定的行号——输出将会添加到特定行之后。
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例如，下面的命令将会在文件的第二行之后添加 ‘wc’ 的输出。
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```
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:2read ! wc %
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```
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**注意**： 使用 '$' 在最后一行插入， '0' 在第一行前面插入。
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现在，回到最开始(**)我们讨论的一个用例，下面的命令将会帮助你保存文件而不需要先关闭文件（这将意味着没有保存的内容不会丢失）然后使用 [sudo][11] 命令重新打开。
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```
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:w ! sudo tee %
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```
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[
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][12]
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### 在 Vim 中访问 shell
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除了可以执行单独的命令，你也可以在 vim 中放入自己创建的 shell。为了达到这种目的，在编辑器中你必须要做的是运行以下的命令：
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```
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:shell
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```
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or
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```
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:sh
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```
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当你执行完了你的 shell 任务，输入 ‘exit’ —— 这将带你回到原来离开的 Vim 会话中。
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### 要谨记的漏洞
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虽然在真实世界中，能够访问的 shell 绝对符合它们的用户权限，但是它也可以被用于提权技术。正如我们在早期的一篇文章（在 sudoedit上）解释的那样，即使你提供给一个用户 sudo 的权限只是通过 Vim 编辑一个文件，他们仍可以使用这项技术从编辑器中运行一个新的shell，而且他们可以做 ‘root’ 用户或者管理员用户可以做的所有内容。
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# 总结
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能够在 Vim 中运行外部命令在好多场景中（有些场景我们已经在这篇文章中提及了）都是一个很有用的特性。这个功能的学习曲线并不麻烦，所以初学者和有经验的用户都可以好好使用它。
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你现在使用这个特性有一段时间了吗？你是否有一些东西想分享呢？请在下面的评论中留下你的想法。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-access-shell-or-run-external-commands-from-within-vim/
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作者：[Himanshu Arora][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/yangmingming)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-access-shell-or-run-external-commands-from-within-vim/
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[1]:https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-access-shell-or-run-external-commands-from-within-vim/#execute-external-commands-in-vim
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[2]:https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-access-shell-or-run-external-commands-from-within-vim/#access-shell-in-vim
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[3]:https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-access-shell-or-run-external-commands-from-within-vim/#the-loophole-to-keep-in-mind
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[4]:https://www.howtoforge.com/vim-basics
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[5]:https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/vim-editor-plugins-for-software-developers-3/
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[6]:https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/vim-modeline-settings/
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[7]:https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/vim-editor-modes-explained/
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[8]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-access-shell-or-run-external-commands-from-within-vim/big/vim-perm-error.png
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[9]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-access-shell-or-run-external-commands-from-within-vim/big/vim-count-lines.png
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[10]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-access-shell-or-run-external-commands-from-within-vim/big/vim-wc-output.png
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[11]:https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/sudo-beginners-guide/
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[12]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how-to-access-shell-or-run-external-commands-from-within-vim/big/vim-sudo-passwrd.png
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