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10个实用的关于linux中Squid代理服务器的面试问答
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10个关于linux中Squid代理服务器的实用面试问答
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================================================================================
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不仅是系统管理员和网络管理员时不时会听到“代理服务器”这个词，我们也经常听到。代理服务器已经是一种企业的文化，而且那是需要时间来积累的。它现在也在一些小型的学校或者大型跨国公司的自助餐厅里得到了实现。Squid（也可做代理服务）就是这样一个应用程序，它既可以被作为代理服务器，同时也是在其同类工具中比较被广泛使用的一种。
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不仅是系统管理员和网络管理员时不时会听到“代理服务器”这个词，我们也经常听到。代理服务器已经成为一种企业常态，而且经常会接触到它。它现在也出现在一些小型的学校或者大型跨国公司的自助餐厅里。Squid（常被视作代理服务的代名词）就是这样一个应用程序，它不但可以被作为代理服务器，其同时也是在该类工具中比较被广泛使用的一种。
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本文旨在提高你在遇到关于代理服务器面试点时的一些基本应对能力。
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@ -10,12 +10,13 @@
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### 1. 什么是代理服务器？代理服务器在计算机网络中有什么用途？ ###
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> **回答** : 代理服务器是指那些作为客户端和资源提供商或服务器之间的中间件的物理机或者应用程序。客户端从代理服务器中寻找文件、页面或者是数据而且代理服务器能处理客户端与服务器之间所有复杂事务从而满足客户端的生成的需求。
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代理服务器是WWW（万维网）的支柱，它们其中大部分都是Web代理。一台代理服务器能处理客户端与服务器之间的复杂通信事务。此外，它在网络上提供的是匿名信息那就意味着你的身份和浏览痕迹都是安全的。代理可以去配置允许哪些网站的客户能看到，哪些网站被屏蔽了。
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> **回答** : 代理服务器是指那些作为客户端和资源提供商或服务器之间的中间件的物理机或者应用程序。客户端从代理服务器中寻找文件、页面或者是数据，而且代理服务器能处理客户端与服务器之间所有复杂事务，从而满足客户端的生成的需求。
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代理服务器是WWW（万维网）的支柱，它们其中大部分都是Web代理。一台代理服务器能处理客户端与服务器之间的复杂通信事务。此外，它在网络上提供的是匿名信息（LCTT 译注：指浏览者的 IP、浏览器信息等被隐藏），这就意味着你的身份和浏览痕迹都是安全的。代理可以去配置允许哪些网站的客户能看到，哪些网站被屏蔽了。
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### 2. Squid是什么? ###
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> **回答** : Squid是一个在GNU/GPL协议下发布的即可作为代理服务器同时也可作为Web缓存守护进程的应用软件。Squid主要是支持像HTTP和FTP那样的协议但是对其它的协议比如HTTPS，SSL,TLS等同样也能支持。其特点是Web缓存守护进程通过从经常上访问的网站里缓存Web和DNS从而让上网速度更快。Squid支持所有的主流平台，包括Linux，UNIX，微软公司的Windows和苹果公司的Mac。
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> **回答** : Squid是一个在GNU/GPL协议下发布的既可作为代理服务器，同时也可作为Web缓存守护进程的应用软件。Squid主要是支持像HTTP和FTP那样的协议，但是对其它的协议比如HTTPS，SSL,TLS等同样也能支持。其特点是Web缓存守护进程通过从经常上访问的网站里缓存Web和DNS数据，从而让上网速度更快。Squid支持所有的主流平台，包括Linux，UNIX，微软公司的Windows和苹果公司的Mac。
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### 3. Squid的默认端口是什么？怎么去修改它的操作端口？ ###
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@ -66,17 +67,17 @@ f. 保存配置文件并退出，重启Squid服务让其生效。
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# service squid restart
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### 5. 在Squid中什么是媒体范围限制和部分下载？ ###
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### 5. 在Squid中什么是媒体范围限制（Media Range Limitation）和部分下载？ ###
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> **回答** : 媒体范围限制是Squid的一种特殊的功能，它只从服务器中获取所需要的数据而不是整个文件。这个功能很好的实现了用户在各种视频流媒体网站如YouTube和Metacafe看视频时，可以点击视频中的进度条来选择进度，因此整个视频不用全部都加载，除了一些需要的部分。
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Squid部分下载功能的特点是很好地实现了在Windows更新时下载的文件能以一个个小数据包的形式暂停。正因为它的这个特点，正在下载文件的Windows机器能不用担心数据会丢失，从而进行恢复下载。Squid让媒体范围限制和部分下载功能只在存储一个完整文件的复件之后实现。此外，当用户指向另一个页面时，Squid要以某种方式进行特殊地配置，部分下载下来的文件才会不被删除且留有缓存。
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Squid部分下载功能的特点是很好地实现了类似在Windows更新时能以一个个小数据包的形式下载，并可以暂停，正因为它的这个特点，正在下载文件的Windows机器可以重新继续下载，而不用担心数据会丢失。Squid的媒体范围限制和部分下载功能只有在存储了一个完整文件的副本之后才行。此外，当用户访问另一个页面时，除非Squid进行了特定的配置，部分下载下来的文件会被删除且不留在缓存中。
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### 6. 什么是Squid的反向代理？ ###
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> **回答** : 反向代理是Squid的一个特点，这个功能被用来加快最终用户的上网速度。缩写为 ‘RS’ 的原服务器包含了所有资源，而代理服务器则叫 ‘PS’ 。客户端寻找RS所提供的数据，第一次指定的数据和它的复件会经过多次配置从RS上存储在PS上。这样的话每次从PS上请求的数据就等于就是从原服务器上获取的。这样就会减轻网络拥堵，减少CPU使用率，降低网络资源的利用率从而缓解原来实际服务器的负载压力。但是RS统计不了总流量的数据因为PS分担了部分原服务器的任务。‘X-Forwarded-For HTTP’ 就能记录下通过HTTP代理或负载均衡方式连接到RS的客户端最原始的IP地址。
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> **回答** : 反向代理是Squid的一个功能，这个功能被用来加快最终用户的上网速度。下面用缩写 ‘RS’ 的表示包含了资源的原服务器，而代理服务器则称作 ‘PS’ 。初次访问时，它会从RS得到其提供的数据，并将其副本按照配置好的时间存储在PS上。这样的话每次从PS上请求的数据就相当于就是从原服务器上获取的。这样就会减轻网络拥堵，减少CPU使用率，降低网络资源的利用率，从而缓解原来实际服务器的负载压力。但是RS统计不了总流量的数据，因为PS分担了部分原服务器的任务。‘X-Forwarded-For HTTP’ 信息能用于记录下通过HTTP代理或负载均衡方式连接到RS的客户端最原始的IP地址。
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严格意义上来说，用单个Squid服务器同时作为正向代理服务器和反向代理服务器是可行的。
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从技术上说，用单个Squid服务器同时作为正向代理服务器和反向代理服务器是可行的。
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### 7. 由于Squid能作为一个Web缓存守护进程，那缓存可以删除吗？怎么删除？ ###
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@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ b. 创建交换分区目录。
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# squid -z
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### 8. 你身边有一台客户机，而你正在工作，如果想要限制儿童的访问时间段，你会怎么去设置那个场景？ ###
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### 8. 你有一台工作中的机器可以访问代理服务器，如果想要限制你的孩子的访问时间，你会怎么去设置那个场景？ ###
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把允许访问的时间设置成晚上4点到7点三个小时，跨度为星期一到星期五。
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@ -114,9 +115,9 @@ c. 重启Squid服务。
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### 10. Squid的缓存会存储到哪里？ ###
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> **回答** : Squid存储的缓存是位于 ‘/var/spool/squid’ 的特殊目录下。
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> **回答** : Squid存储的缓存是位于 ‘/var/spool/squid’ 的特定目录下。
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以上就是全部内容了，很快我还会带着其它有趣的内容回到这里，届时还请继续关注Tecmint。别忘了告诉我们你的反馈和评论。
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以上就是全部内容了，很快我还会带着其它有趣的内容回到这里。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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@ -124,7 +125,7 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/squid-interview-questions/
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作者：[Avishek Kumar][a]
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译者：[ZTinoZ](https://github.com/ZTinoZ)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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@ -8,12 +8,13 @@
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### 添加窗口按钮 ###
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处于一些未知的原因，GNOME的开发者们决定对标准的窗口按钮（关闭，最小化，最大化）不屑一顾，而支持只有单个关闭按钮的窗口了。我缺少了最大化按钮（虽然你可以简单地拖动窗口到屏幕顶部来将它最大化），然而也可以通过在标题栏右击选择最小化或者最大化来进行最小化/最大化操作。这种变化仅仅增加了操作步骤，因此缺少最小化按钮实在搞得人云里雾里。所幸的是，有个简单的修复工具可以解决这个问题，下面说说怎样做吧：
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出于一些未知的原因，GNOME的开发者们决定对标准的窗口按钮（关闭，最小化，最大化）不屑一顾，而支持只有单个关闭按钮的窗口了。我缺少了最大化按钮（虽然你可以简单地拖动窗口到屏幕顶部来将它最大化），而且也可以通过在标题栏右击选择最小化或者最大化来进行最小化/最大化操作。这种变化仅仅增加了操作步骤，因此缺少最小化按钮实在搞得人云里雾里。所幸的是，有个简单的修复工具可以解决这个问题，下面说说怎样做吧：
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默认情况下，你应该安装了GNOME优化工具。通过该工具，你可以打开最大化或最小化按钮（图1）。
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默认情况下，你应该安装了GNOME优化工具（GNOME Tweak Tool）。通过该工具，你可以打开最大化或最小化按钮（图1）。
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Figure 1: 添加回最小化按钮到GNOME 3窗口
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<center>
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*图 1: 添加回最小化按钮到GNOME 3窗口*</center>
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添加完后，你就可以看到最小化按钮了，它在关闭按钮的左边，等着为你服务呢。你的窗口现在管理起来更方便了。
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@ -27,36 +28,39 @@ Figure 1: 添加回最小化按钮到GNOME 3窗口
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### 添加扩展 ###
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GNOME 3的最佳特性之一，就是shell扩展，这些扩展为GNOME带来了全部种类的有用的特性。关于shell扩展，没必要从包管理器去安装。你可以访问[GNOME Shell扩展][2]站点，搜索你想要添加的扩展，点击扩展列表，点击打开按钮，然后扩展就安装完成了；或者你也可以从GNOME优化工具中添加它们（你在网站上会找到更多可用的扩展）。
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GNOME 3的最佳特性之一，就是shell扩展，这些扩展为GNOME带来了各种类别的有用特性。关于shell扩展，没必要从包管理器去安装。你可以访问[GNOME Shell扩展][2]站点，搜索你想要添加的扩展，点击扩展列表，点击打开按钮，然后扩展就安装完成了；或者你也可以从GNOME优化工具中添加它们（你在网站上会找到更多可用的扩展）。
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注：你可能需要在浏览器中允许扩展安装。如果出现这样的情况，你会在第一次访问GNOME Shell扩展站点时见到警告信息。当出现提示时，只要点击允许即可。
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令人印象更为深刻的（而又得心应手的扩展）之一，就是[Dash to Dock][3]。
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令人印象更为深刻的（而又得心应手的）扩展之一，就是[Dash to Dock][3]。
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该扩展将Dash移出应用程序概览，并将它转变为相当标准的停靠栏（图2）。
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Figure 2: Dash to Dock添加一个停靠栏到GNOME 3.
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<center>
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*图 2: Dash to Dock添加一个停靠栏到GNOME 3*</center>
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当你添加应用程序到Dash后，他们也将被添加到Dash to Dock。你也可以通过点击Dock底部的6点图标访问应用程序概览。
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还有大量其它扩展聚焦于讲GNOME 3打造成一个更为高效的桌面，在这些更好的扩展中，包括以下这些：
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还有大量其它扩展致力于将GNOME 3打造成一个更为高效的桌面，在这些不错的扩展中，包括以下这些：
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- [最近项目][4]: 添加一个最近使用项目的下拉菜单到面板。
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- [搜索Firefox书签提供者][5]: 从概览搜索（并启动）书签。
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- [Firefox书签搜索][5]: 从概览搜索（并启动）书签。
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- [跳转列表][6]: 添加一个跳转列表弹出菜单到Dash图标（该扩展可以让你快速打开和程序关联的新文档，甚至更多）
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- [待办列表][7]: 添加一个下拉列表到面板，它允许你添加项目到该列表。
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- [网页搜索对话框][8]: 允许你通过敲击Ctrl+空格来快速搜索网页并输入一个文本字符串（结果在新的浏览器标签页中显示）。
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- [网页搜索框][8]: 允许你通过敲击Ctrl+空格来快速搜索网页并输入一个文本字符串（结果在新的浏览器标签页中显示）。
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### 添加一个完整停靠栏 ###
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如果Dash to dock对于而言功能还是太有限（你想要通知区域，甚至更多），那么向你推荐我最喜爱的停靠栏之一[Cairo Dock][9]（图3）。
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如果Dash to dock对于你而言功能还是太有限（你想要“通知区域”，甚至更多），那么向你推荐我最喜爱的停靠栏之一[Cairo Dock][9]（图3）。
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Figure 3: Cairo Dock待命
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<center>
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在Cairo Dock添加到GNOME 3后，你的体验将成倍地增长。从你的发行版的包管理器中安装这个优秀的停靠栏吧。
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*图 3: Cairo Dock待命*</center>
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不必将GNOME 3看作是一个效率不高的，用户不友好的桌面。只要稍作调整，GNOME 3可以成为和其它可用的桌面一样强大而用户友好的桌面。
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在将Cairo Dock添加到GNOME 3后，你的体验将成倍地增长。从你的发行版的包管理器中安装这个优秀的停靠栏吧。
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不要将GNOME 3看作是一个效率不高的，用户不友好的桌面。只要稍作调整，GNOME 3可以成为和其它可用的桌面一样强大而用户友好的桌面。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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@ -64,7 +68,7 @@ via: http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/781916-easy-steps-to-make-gnome-3-more
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作者：[Jack Wallen][a]
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译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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||||
校对：[ wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
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什么时候Linux才能完美
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什么时候Linux才能完美？
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================================================================================
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前几天我的同事兼损友，Ken Starks，在FOSS Force上发表了[一篇文章][1]，关于他最喜欢发牢骚的内容：Linux系统中那些不能正常工作的事情。这次他抱怨的是在Mint里使用KDE时碰到的字体问题。这对于Ken来说也不是什么新鲜事了。过去他写了一些文章，关于各种Linux发行版中的缺陷从来都没有被认真修复过。他的观点是，这些在一次又一次的发布中从没有被修复过的“小问题”，对于Linux桌面系统在赢得大众方面的失败需要负主要责任。
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@ -14,21 +14,21 @@
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### 也不全是这样子的 ###
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||||
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早在2002年的时候，我第一次安装使用GNU/Linux，像大多数美国人那样，我搞不定拨号连接，在我呆的这个小地方当时宽带还没普及。我在当地Best Buy商店里花了差不多70美元买了用热缩膜包装的Mandrake 9.0的Powerpack版，当时那里同时在卖Mandrake和Red Hat，现在仍然还在经营桌面业务。
|
||||
早在2002年的时候，我第一次安装使用GNU/Linux，像大多数美国人那样，我搞不定拨号连接，在我呆的这个小地方当时宽带还没普及。我在当地Best Buy商店里花了差不多70美元买了用热缩膜包装的Mandrake 9.0的Powerpack版，当时那里同时在卖Mandrake和Red Hat，现在仍然还在经营桌面PC业务。
|
||||
|
||||
在那个恐龙时代，Mandrake被认为是易用的Linux发行版中做的最好的。它安装简单，还有人说比Windows还简单，它自带的分区工具更是让划分磁盘像切苹果馅饼一样简单。不过实际上，Linux老手们经常公开嘲笑Mandrake，暗示易用的Linux不是真的Linux。
|
||||
|
||||
但是我很喜欢它，感觉来到了一个全新的世界。再也不用担心Windows的蓝屏死机和几乎每天一死了。不幸的是，之前在Windows下“能用”的很多外围设备也随之而去。
|
||||
|
||||
安装完Mandrake之后我要做的第一件事就是，把我的小白盒拿给[Dragonware Computers][2]的Michelle，把便宜的winmodem换成硬件调制解调器。就算，一个硬件猫意味着计算机响应更快，但是计算机商店却在40英里外的地方，并不是很方便，而且费用我也有点压力。
|
||||
安装完Mandrake之后我要做的第一件事就是，把我的小白盒拿给[Dragonware Computers][2]的Michelle，把便宜的winmodem换成硬件调制解调器。就算是一个硬件猫意味着计算机响应更快，但是计算机商店却在40英里外的地方，并不是很方便，而且费用对我也有点压力。
|
||||
|
||||
但是我不介意。我对Microsoft并不感冒－－而且使用一个“不同”的操作系统让我感觉自己就像一个计算机天才。
|
||||
|
||||
打印机也是个麻烦，但是这个问题对于Mandrake还好，不像其他大多数发行版还需要命令行里的操作才能解决。Mandrake提供了一个华丽的图形界面来设置打印机－如果你正好幸运的有一台能在Linux下工作的打印机的话。很多，不是大多数，都不行。
|
||||
打印机也是个麻烦，但是这个问题对于Mandrake还好，不像其他大多数发行版还需要命令行里的操作才能解决。Mandrake提供了一个华丽的图形界面来设置打印机－如果你正好幸运的有一台能在Linux下工作的打印机的话。很多打印机——就算不是大多数——都不行。
|
||||
|
||||
我的还在保修期的Lexmark，在Windows下比其他打印机多出很多华而不实的小功能，厂商并不支持Linux版本，但是我找到一个多少能用的开源逆向工程驱动。它能在Mozilla浏览器里正常打印网页，但是在Star Office软件里打印的话会是用很小的字体塞到页面的右上角里。打印机还会发出很大的机械响声，让我想起了汽车变速箱在报废时发出的噪音。
|
||||
|
||||
Star Office问题的变通方案是把所有文字都保存到文本文件，然后在文本编辑器里打印。而对于那个听上去像是打印机处于自解体模式的噪音？我的方法是尽量不要打印。
|
||||
Star Office问题的变通方案是把所有文字都保存到文本文件，然后在文本编辑器里打印。而对于那个听上去像是打印机处于天魔解体模式的噪音？我的方法是尽量不要打印。
|
||||
|
||||
### 更多的其他问题－对我来说太多了都快忘了 ###
|
||||
|
||||
@ -36,12 +36,13 @@ Star Office问题的变通方案是把所有文字都保存到文本文件，然
|
||||
|
||||
好吧，我还有个并口扫描仪，在我转移到Linux之前两个星期买的，之后它就基本是块砖了，因为没有Linux下的驱动。
|
||||
|
||||
我的观点是在那个年代里这些都不重要。我们大多数人都习惯了修改配置文件之类的事情，即便是运行微软产品的“IBM兼容”计算机。就像那个年代的大多数用户，我刚学开始接触使用命令行的DOS机器，在它上面打印机需要针对每个程序单独设置，而且写写简单的autoexec.bat是必须的技能。
|
||||
我的观点是在那个年代里这些都不重要。我们大多数人都习惯了修改配置文件之类的事情，即便是运行微软产品的“IBM兼容”计算机。就像那个年代的大多数用户，我刚学开始接触使用命令行的DOS机器，在它上面打印机需要针对每个程序单独设置，而且写写简单的autoexec.bat是必备的技能。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux就像1966年的“山羊”
|
||||
<center></center>
|
||||
|
||||
能够摆弄操作系统内部的配置是能够拥有一台计算机的一个简单部分。我们大多数使用计算机的人要么是极客或是希望成为极客。我们为这种能够调整计算机按我们想要的方式运行的能力而感到骄傲。我们就是那个年代里高科技版本的好男孩，他们会在周六下午在树荫下改装他们肌肉车上的排气管，通风管，化油器之类的。
|
||||
<center>Linux就像1966年的“山羊”</center>
|
||||
|
||||
那时，能够摆弄操作系统内部的配置是能够拥有一台计算机的一个简单部分。我们大多数使用计算机的人要么是极客或是希望成为极客。我们为这种能够调整计算机按我们想要的方式运行的能力而感到骄傲。我们就是那个年代里高科技版本的好男孩，他们会在周六下午在树荫下改装他们肌肉车上的排气管，通风管，化油器之类的。
|
||||
|
||||
### 不过现在大家不是这样使用计算机的 ###
|
||||
|
||||
@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ via: http://fossforce.com/2014/08/when-linux-was-perfect-enough/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Christine Hall
|
||||
译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,20 +1,17 @@
|
||||
使用Clonezilla对硬盘进行镜像和克隆
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
图1： 在USB存储棒上为Clonezilla创建分区
|
||||
Clonezilla是一个用于Linux，Free-Net-OpenBSD，Mac OS X，Windows以及Minix的分区和磁盘克隆程序。它支持所有主要的文件系统，包括EXT，NTFS，FAT，XFS，JFS和Btrfs，LVM2，以及VMWare的企业集群文件系统VMFS3和VMFS5。Clonezilla支持32位和64位系统，同时支持旧版BIOS和UEFI BIOS，并且同时支持MBR和GPT分区表。它是一个用于完整备份Windows系统和所有安装于上的应用软件的好工具，而我喜欢用它来为Linux测试系统做备份，以便我可以在其上做疯狂的实验搞坏后，可以快速恢复它们。
|
||||
|
||||
Clonezilla是一个用于Linux，Free-Net-，OpenBSD，Mac OS X，Windows以及Minix的分区和磁盘克隆程序。它支持所有主要的文件系统，包括EXT，NTFS，FAT，XFS，JFS和Btrfs，LVM2，以及VMWare的企业集群文件系统VMFS3和VMFS5。Clonezilla支持32位和64位系统，同时支持旧版BIOS和UEFI BIOS，并且同时支持MBR和GPT分区表。它是一个用于完整备份Windows系统和所有安装于上的应用软件的好工具，而我喜欢用它来为Linux测试系统做备份，以便我可以在其上做疯狂的实验搞坏后，可以快速恢复它们。
|
||||
Clonezilla也可以使用dd命令来备份不支持的文件系统，该命令可以复制块而非文件，因而不必在意文件系统。简单点说，就是Clonezilla可以复制任何东西。（关于块的快速说明：磁盘扇区是磁盘上最小的可编址存储单元，而块是由单个或者多个扇区组成的逻辑数据结构。）
|
||||
|
||||
Clonezilla也可以使用dd命令来备份不支持的文件系统，该命令可以复制块而非文件，因而不必弄明白文件系统。因此，简单点说，就是Clonezilla可以复制任何东西。（关于块的快速说明：磁盘扇区是磁盘上最小的可编址存储单元，而块是由单个或者多个扇区组成的逻辑数据结构。）
|
||||
|
||||
Clonezilla分为两个版本：Clonezilla Live和Clonezilla Server Edition（SE）。Clonezilla Live对于将单个计算机克隆岛本地存储设备或者网络共享来说是一流的。而Clonezilla SE则适合更大的部署，用于一次性快速多点克隆整个网络中的PC。Clonezilla SE是一个神奇的软件，我们将在今后讨论。今天，我们将创建一个Clonezilla Live USB存储棒，克隆某个系统，然后恢复它。
|
||||
Clonezilla分为两个版本：Clonezilla Live和Clonezilla Server Edition（SE）。Clonezilla Live对于将单个计算机克隆到本地存储设备或者网络共享来说是一流的。而Clonezilla SE则适合更大的部署，用于一次性快速多点克隆整个网络中的PC。Clonezilla SE是一个神奇的软件，我们将在今后讨论。今天，我们将创建一个Clonezilla Live USB存储棒，克隆某个系统，然后恢复它。
|
||||
|
||||
### Clonezilla和Tuxboot ###
|
||||
|
||||
当你访问下载页时，你会看到[稳定版和可选稳定发行版][1]。也有测试版本，如果你有兴趣帮助改善Clonezilla，那么我推荐你使用此版本。稳定版基于Debian，不含有非自由软件。可选稳定版基于Ubuntu，包含有一些非自由固件，并支持UEFI安全启动。
|
||||
|
||||
在你[下载Clonezilla][2]后，请安装[Tuxboot][3]来复制Clonezilla到USB存储棒。Tuxboot是一个Unetbootin的修改版，它支持Clonezilla；你不能使用Unetbootin，因为它无法工作。安装Tuxboot有点让人头痛，然而Ubuntu用户通过个人包归档压缩包（PPA）方便地安装：
|
||||
在你[下载Clonezilla][2]后，请安装[Tuxboot][3]来复制Clonezilla到USB存储棒。Tuxboot是一个Unetbootin的修改版，它支持Clonezilla；你不能使用Unetbootin，因为它无法配合工作。安装Tuxboot有点让人头痛，然而Ubuntu用户通过个人包归档包（PPA）方便地安装：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-add-repository ppa:thomas.tsai/ubuntu-tuxboot
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get update
|
||||
@ -22,18 +19,24 @@ Clonezilla分为两个版本：Clonezilla Live和Clonezilla Server Edition（SE
|
||||
|
||||
如果你没有运行Ubuntu，并且你的发行版不包含打包好的Tuxboot版本，那么请[下载源代码tarball][4]，并遵循README.txt文件中的说明来编译并安装。
|
||||
|
||||
安装完Tuxboot后，就可以使用它来创建你精巧的可直接启动的Clonezilla USB存储棒了。首先，创建一个最小200MB的FAT 32分区；图1（上面）展示了使用GParted来进行分区。我喜欢使用标签，比如“Clonezilla”，这会让我知道它是个什么东西。该例子中展示了将一个2GB的存储棒格式化成一个单个分区。
|
||||
Then fire up Tuxboot (figure 2). Check "Pre-downloaded" and click the button with the ellipsis to select your Clonezilla file. It should find your USB stick automatically, and you should check the partition number to make sure it found the right one. In my example that is /dev/sdd1. Click OK, and when it's finished click Exit. It asks you if you want to reboot now, but don't worry because it won't. Now you have a nice portable Clonezilla USB stick you can use almost anywhere.
|
||||
然后，启动Tuxboot（图2）。选中“预下载的（Pre-downloaded）”然后点击带省略号的按钮来选择Clonezilla文件。它会自动发现你的USB存储棒，而你需要选中分区号来确保它找到的是正确的那个，我的例子中是/dev/sdd1。点击确定，然后当它完成后点击退出。它会问你是否要重启动，请不要担心，因为它不会的。现在你有一个精巧的便携式Clonezilla USB存储棒了，你可以随时随地使用它了。
|
||||
<center></center>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
图2： 启动Tuxboot
|
||||
<center>*图1： 在USB存储棒上为Clonezilla创建分区*</center>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
安装完Tuxboot后，就可以使用它来创建你精巧的可直接启动的Clonezilla USB存储棒了。首先，创建一个最小200MB的FAT 32分区；图1（上图）展示了使用GParted来进行分区。我喜欢使用类似“Clonezilla”这样的标签，这会让我知道它是个什么东西。该例子中展示了将一个2GB的存储棒格式化成一个单个分区。
|
||||
|
||||
然后，启动Tuxboot（图2）。选中“预下载的（Pre-downloaded）”然后点击带省略号的按钮来选择Clonezilla文件。它会自动发现你的USB存储棒，而你需要选中分区号来确保它找到的是正确的那个，我的例子中是/dev/sdd1。点击确定，然后当它完成后点击退出。它会问你是否要重启动，不要担心，现在不用重启。现在你有一个精巧的便携式Clonezilla USB存储棒了，你可以随时随地使用它了。
|
||||
|
||||
<center></center>
|
||||
|
||||
<center>*图2： 启动Tuxboot*</center>
|
||||
|
||||
### 创建磁盘镜像 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在你想要备份的计算机上启动Clonezilla USB存储棒，第一个映入你眼帘的是常规的启动菜单。启动到默认条目。你会被问及使用何种语言和键盘，而当你到达启动Clonezilla菜单时，请选择启动Clonezilla。在下一级菜单中选择设备镜像，然后进入下一屏。
|
||||
|
||||
这一屏有点让人摸不着头脑，里头有什么local_dev，ssh_server，samba_server，以及nfs_server之类的选项。这里就是要你选择将备份的镜像拷贝到哪里，目标分区或者驱动器必须和你要拷贝的卷要一样大，甚至更大。如果你选择local_dev，那么你需要一个足够大的本地分区来存储你的镜像。附加USB硬盘驱动器是一个不错的，快速而又简单的选项。如果你选择任何服务器选项，你需要有线连接到服务器，并提供IP地址并登录上去。我将使用一个本地分区，这就是说要选择local_dev。
|
||||
这一屏有点让人摸不着头脑，里头有什么local_dev，ssh_server，samba_server，以及nfs_server之类的选项。这里就是要你选择将备份的镜像拷贝到哪里，目标分区或者驱动器必须和你要拷贝的卷要一样大，甚至更大。如果你选择local_dev，那么你需要一个足够大的本地分区来存储你的镜像。附加的USB硬盘驱动器是一个不错的，快速而又简单的选项。如果你选择任何服务器选项，你需要能连接到服务器，并提供IP地址并登录上去。我将使用一个本地分区，这就是说要选择local_dev。
|
||||
|
||||
当你选择local_dev时，Clonezilla会扫描所有连接到本地的存储折本，包括硬盘和USB存储设备。然后，它会列出所有分区。选择你想要存储镜像的分区，然后它会问你使用哪个目录并列出目录。选择你所需要的目录，然后进入下一屏，它会显示所有的挂载以及已使用/可用的空间。按回车进入下一屏，请选择初学者还是专家模式。我选择初学者模式。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -41,12 +44,13 @@ Then fire up Tuxboot (figure 2). Check "Pre-downloaded" and click the button wit
|
||||
|
||||
下一屏中，它会问你新建镜像的名称。在接受默认名称，或者输入你自己的名称后，进入下一屏。Clonezilla会扫描你所有的分区并创建一个检查列表，你可以从中选择你想要拷贝的。选择完后，在下一屏中会让你选择是否进行文件系统检查并修复。我才没这耐心，所以直接跳过了。
|
||||
|
||||
下一屏中，会问你是否想要Clonezilla检查你新创建的镜像，以确保它是可恢复的。选是吧，确保万无一失。接下来，它会给你一个命令行提示，如果你想用命令行而非GUI，那么你必须再次按回车。你需要再次确认，并输入y来确认制作拷贝。
|
||||
下一屏中，会问你是否想要Clonezilla检查你新创建的镜像，以确保它是可恢复的。选“是”吧，确保万无一失。接下来，它会给你一个命令行提示，如果你想用命令行而非GUI，那么你必须再次按回车。你需要再次确认，并输入y来确认制作拷贝。
|
||||
|
||||
在Clonezilla创建新镜像的时候，你可以好好欣赏一下这个友好的红、白、蓝三色的进度屏（图3）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
图3： 守候创建新镜像
|
||||
<center></center>
|
||||
|
||||
<center>*图3： 守候创建新镜像*</center>
|
||||
|
||||
全部完成后，按回车然后选择重启，记得拔下你的Clonezilla USB存储棒。正常启动计算机，然后去看看你新创建的Clonezilla镜像吧。你应该看到像下面这样的东西：
|
||||
|
||||
@ -81,7 +85,7 @@ via: http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/783416-how-to-image-and-clone-hard-dri
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Carla Schroder][a]
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
|
||||
15个关于Linux的‘cd’命令的练习例子
|
||||
===========================
|
||||
|
||||
在Linux中，**‘cd‘（改变目录）**命令，是对新手和系统管理员来说，最重要最常用的命令。对管理无图形界面的服务器的管理员，‘**cd**‘是进入目录，检查日志，执行程序/应用软件/脚本和其余每个任务的唯一方法。对新手来说，是他们必须自己动手学习的最初始命令
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*Linux中15个cd命令举例*
|
||||
|
||||
所以，请用心学习，我们在这会带给你**15**个基础的‘**cd**‘命令，它们富有技巧和捷径，学会使用这些了解到的技巧，会大大减少你在终端上花费的努力和时间
|
||||
|
||||
### 课程细节 ###
|
||||
|
||||
- 命令名称：cd
|
||||
- 代表：切换目录
|
||||
- 使用平台：所有Linux发行版本
|
||||
- 执行方式：命令行
|
||||
- 权限：访问自己的目录或者其余指定目录
|
||||
- 级别：基础/初学者
|
||||
|
||||
1. 从当前目录切换到/usr/local
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~$ cd /usr/local
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local$
|
||||
|
||||
2. 使用绝对路径，从当前目录切换到/usr/local/lib
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local$ cd /usr/local/lib
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local/lib$
|
||||
|
||||
3. 使用相对路径，从当前路径切换到/usr/local/lib
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local$ cd lib
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local/lib$
|
||||
|
||||
4. **（a）**切换当前目录到上级目录
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local/lib$ cd -
|
||||
/usr/local
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local$
|
||||
|
||||
**（b）**切换当前目录到上级目录
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local/lib$ cd ..
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local$
|
||||
|
||||
5. 显示我们最后一个离开的工作目录（使用‘-’选项）
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local$ cd --
|
||||
/home/avi
|
||||
|
||||
6. 从当前目录向上级返回两层
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local$ cd ../../
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/$
|
||||
|
||||
7. 从任何目录返回到用户home目录
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local$ cd ~
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~$
|
||||
|
||||
或
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local$ cd
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~$
|
||||
|
||||
8. 切换工作目录到当前工作目录（LCTT：这有什么意义嘛？！）
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~/Downloads$ cd .
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~/Downloads$
|
||||
|
||||
或
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~/Downloads$ cd ./
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~/Downloads$
|
||||
|
||||
9. 你当前目录是“/usr/local/lib/python3.4/dist-packages”，现在要切换到“/home/avi/Desktop/”，要求：一行命令，通过向上一直切换直到‘/’，然后使用绝对路径
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local/lib/python3.4/dist-packages$ cd ../../../../../home/avi/Desktop/
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~/Desktop$
|
||||
|
||||
10. 从当前工作目录切换到/var/www/html，要求：不要将命令打完整，使用TAB
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/var/www$ cd /v<TAB>/w<TAB>/h<TAB>
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/var/www/html$
|
||||
|
||||
11. 从当前目录切换到/etc/v__ _，啊呀，你竟然忘了目录的名字，但是你又不想用TAB
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~$ cd /etc/v*
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/etc/vbox$
|
||||
|
||||
**请注意：**如果只有一个目录以‘**v**‘开头，这将会移动到‘**vbox**‘。如果有很多目录以‘**v**‘开头，而且命令行中没有提供更多的标准，这将会移动到第一个以‘**v**‘开头的目录（按照他们在标准字典里字母存在的顺序）
|
||||
|
||||
12. 你想切换到用户‘**av**‘（不确定是avi还是avt）目录，不用**TAB**
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/etc$ cd /home/av?
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~$
|
||||
|
||||
13. Linux下的pushed和poped
|
||||
|
||||
Pushed和poped是Linux bash命令，也是其他几个能够保存当前工作目录位置至内存，并且从内存读取目录作为当前目录的脚本，这些脚本也可以切换目录
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~$ pushd /var/www/html
|
||||
/var/www/html ~
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/var/www/html$
|
||||
|
||||
上面的命令保存当前目录到内存，然后切换到要求的目录。一旦poped被执行，它会从内存取出保存的目录位置，作为当前目录
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/var/www/html$ popd
|
||||
~
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~$
|
||||
|
||||
14. 切换到名字带有空格的目录
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~$ cd test\ tecmint/
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~/test tecmint$
|
||||
|
||||
或
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~$ cd 'test tecmint'
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~/test tecmint$
|
||||
|
||||
或
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~$ cd "test tecmint"/
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~/test tecmint$
|
||||
|
||||
15. 从当前目录切换到下载目录，然后列出它所包含的内容（使用一行命令）
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr$ cd ~/Downloads && ls
|
||||
...
|
||||
.
|
||||
service_locator_in.xls
|
||||
sources.list
|
||||
teamviewer_linux_x64.deb
|
||||
tor-browser-linux64-3.6.3_en-US.tar.xz
|
||||
.
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
我们尝试使用最少的词句和一如既往的友好，来让你了解Linux的工作和执行
|
||||
|
||||
这就是所有内容。我很快会带着另一个有趣的主题回来的。
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/cd-command-in-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Avishek Kumar][a]
|
||||
译者：[su-kaiyao](https://github.com/su-kaiyao)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
||||
Linux FAQ -- 如何在CentOS或者RHEL上启用Nux Dextop仓库
|
||||
Linux有问必答:如何在CentOS或者RHEL上启用Nux Dextop仓库
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **问题**: 我想要安装一个在Nux Dextop仓库的RPM包。我该如何在CentOS或者RHEL上设置Nux Dextop仓库？
|
||||
|
||||
@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Linux FAQ -- 如何在CentOS或者RHEL上启用Nux Dextop仓库
|
||||
|
||||
要在CentOS或者RHEL上启用Nux Dextop，遵循下面的步骤。
|
||||
|
||||
首先，要理解Nux Dextop被设计与EPEL仓库共存。因此，你需要使用Nux Dexyop仓库前先[启用 EPEL][2]。
|
||||
首先，要知道Nux Dextop被设计与EPEL仓库共存。因此，你需要在使用Nux Dexyop仓库前先[启用 EPEL][2]。
|
||||
|
||||
启用EPEL后，用下面的命令安装Nux Dextop仓库。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -26,13 +26,13 @@ Linux FAQ -- 如何在CentOS或者RHEL上启用Nux Dextop仓库
|
||||
|
||||
### 对于 Repoforge/RPMforge 用户 ###
|
||||
|
||||
据作者所说，Nux Dextop目前所知会与其他第三方库比如Repoforge和ATrpms相冲突。因此，如果你启用了除了EPEL的其他第三方库，强烈建议你将Nux Dextop仓库设置成“default off”（默认关闭）状态。就是用文本编辑器打开/etc/yum.repos.d/nux-dextop.repo，并且在nux-desktop下面将"enabled=1" 改成 "enabled=0"。
|
||||
据作者所说，目前已知Nux Dextop会与其他第三方库比如Repoforge和ATrpms相冲突。因此，如果你启用了除了EPEL的其他第三方库，强烈建议你将Nux Dextop仓库设置成“default off”（默认关闭）状态。就是用文本编辑器打开/etc/yum.repos.d/nux-dextop.repo，并且在nux-desktop下面将"enabled=1" 改成 "enabled=0"。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo vi /etc/yum.repos.d/nux-dextop.repo
|
||||
$ sudo vi /etc/yum.repos.d/nux-dextop.repo
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
当你无论何时从Nux Dextop仓库安装包时，显式地用下面的命令启用仓库。
|
||||
无论何时当你从Nux Dextop仓库安装包时，显式地用下面的命令启用仓库。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yum --enablerepo=nux-dextop install <package-name>
|
||||
|
||||
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ $ sudo vi /etc/yum.repos.d/nux-dextop.repo
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/enable-nux-dextop-repository-centos-rhel.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[ wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
||||
Linux有问必答——如何修复“运行aclocal失败：没有该文件或目录”
|
||||
Linux有问必答:如何修复“运行aclocal失败：没有该文件或目录”
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **问题**：我试着在Linux上构建一个程序，该程序的开发版本是使用“autogen.sh”脚本进行的。当我运行它来创建配置脚本时，却发生了下面的错误：
|
||||
>
|
||||
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Linux有问必答——如何修复“运行aclocal失败：没有该文件或
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/fix-failed-to-run-aclocal.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
|
||||
Email生日快乐
|
||||
他发明了 Email ？
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
[编者按：本文所述的 Email 发明人的观点存在很大的争议，请读者留意，以我的观点来看，其更应该被称作为某个 Email 应用系统的发明人，其所发明的一些功能和特性，至今沿用。——wxy]
|
||||
|
||||
**一个印度裔美国人用他天才的头脑发明了电子邮件，而从此以后我们没有哪一天可以离开电子邮件。**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -18,6 +20,6 @@ via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=147170
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Sanchari Banerjee
|
||||
译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
|
||||
在Ubuntu14.04上安装UberWriterMarkdown编辑器
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
下面将展示如何通过官方的PPA源在Ubuntu14.04上安装UberWriter编辑器
|
||||
这是一篇快速教程指导我们如何通过官方的PPA源在Ubuntu14.04上安装UberWriter编辑器。
|
||||
|
||||
[UberWriter][1]是一款Ubuntu下的Markdown编辑器，它简洁的界面能让我们更致力于编辑文字。UberWriter利用了[pandoc][3](一个格式转换器)。但由于UberWriter的UI是基于GTK3的，因此不能完全兼容Unity桌面系统。以下是对UberWriter功能的列举：
|
||||
|
||||
- 简洁的界面
|
||||
@ -13,7 +14,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
### 在Ubuntu14.04上安装UberWriter ###
|
||||
|
||||
UberWriter可以在[Ubuntu软件中心][4]中找到但是安装需要支付$5。如果你真的喜欢这款编辑器并想为开发者提供一些资金支持的话，我很建议你购买它。
|
||||
UberWriter可以在[Ubuntu软件中心][4]中找到但是安装需要支付5刀。如果你真的喜欢这款编辑器并想为开发者提供一些资金支持的话，我很建议你购买它。
|
||||
|
||||
除此之外，UberWriter也能通过官方的PPA源来免费安装。通过如下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
@ -29,16 +30,15 @@ UberWriter可以在[Ubuntu软件中心][4]中找到但是安装需要支付$5。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
当想要导出到PDF的时候会提示先安装texlive。
|
||||
我尝试导出到PDF的时候被提示安装texlive。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
虽然导出到HTML和ODT格式是好的。
|
||||
|
||||
在Linux下还有一些其他的markdown编辑器。[Remarkable][5]是一款能够实时预览的编辑器，但UberWriter不能。如果你在寻找文本编辑器的话，你以可以试试[Texmaker LaTeX editor][6]。
|
||||
|
||||
系统这次展示能够帮你在Ubuntu14.04上成功安装UberWriter。我猜想UberWriter在Ubuntu12.04，Linux Mint 17，Elementary OS和其他在Ubuntu的基础上的Linux发行版上也能成功安装。
|
||||
在Linux下还有一些其他的markdown编辑器。[Remarkable][5]是一款能够实时预览的编辑器，UberWriter却不能，不过总的来说它是一款很不错的应用。如果你在寻找文本编辑器的话，你可以试试[Texmaker LaTeX editor][6]。
|
||||
|
||||
系统这个教程能够帮你在Ubuntu14.04上成功安装UberWriter。我猜想UberWriter在Ubuntu12.04，Linux Mint 17，Elementary OS和其他在Ubuntu的基础上的Linux发行版上也能成功安装。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ via: http://itsfoss.com/install-uberwriter-markdown-editor-ubuntu-1404/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek][a]
|
||||
译者：[John](https://github.com/johnhoow)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
|
||||
QuiteRSS: Linux桌面的RSS阅读器
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
[QuiteRSS][1]是一个自由[开源][2]的RSS/Atome阅读器。它可以在Windows、Linux和Mac上运行。它用C++/QT编写,所以它有许多的特点。
|
||||
[QuiteRSS][1]是一个免费的[开源][2]RSS/Atome阅读器。它可以在Windows、Linux和Mac上运行。它用C++/QT编写。它有许多的特色功能。
|
||||
|
||||
QuiteRSS的界面让我想起Lotus Notes mail，会有很多RSS信息排列在大小合适的方块上，你可以通过标签分组。需要查找东西时，只需在下面板上打开RSS信息。
|
||||
QuiteRSS的界面让我想起Lotus Notes mail，会有很多RSS信息排列在右侧面板上，你可以通过标签分组。点击一个 RSS 条目时，会在下方的面板里面显示该信息。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
除了上述功能，它还有一个广告屏蔽器，一个报纸输出视图，通过URL特性导入RSS等众多功能。你可以在[这里][3]查找到完整的功能列表。
|
||||
除了上述功能，它还有一个广告屏蔽器，一个报纸视图，通过URL导入RSS源等众多功能。你可以在[这里][3]查找到完整的功能列表。
|
||||
|
||||
### 在 Ubuntu 和 Linux Mint 上安装 QuiteRSS ###
|
||||
|
||||
@ -20,19 +20,19 @@ QuiteRSS在Ubuntu 14.04 和 Linux Mint 17中可用。你可以通过以下命令
|
||||
sudo apt-get update
|
||||
sudo apt-get install quiterss
|
||||
|
||||
上面的命令在所有基于Ubuntu的发行版都支持，比如Linux Mint, Elementary OS, Linux Lite, Pinguy OS等等。对于其他Linux发行版和平台上,你可以从 [下载页][5]获得源码来安装。
|
||||
上面的命令支持所有基于Ubuntu的发行版，比如Linux Mint, Elementary OS, Linux Lite, Pinguy OS等等。对于其他Linux发行版和平台上,你可以从 [下载页][5]获得源码来安装。
|
||||
|
||||
### 卸载 QuiteRSS ###
|
||||
|
||||
用下方命令卸载 QuiteRSS：
|
||||
用下列命令卸载 QuiteRSS：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get remove quiterss
|
||||
|
||||
如果你使用了PPA,你还需要从源列表中把仓库删除：
|
||||
如果你使用了PPA,你还也应该从源列表中把仓库删除：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo add-apt-repository --remove ppa:quiterss/quiterss
|
||||
|
||||
QuiteRSS是一个不错的开源RSS阅读器，尽管我更喜欢[Feedly][6]。尽管现在 Feedly 还没有Linux桌面程序，但是你依然可以在网页浏览器中使用。希望你会觉得QuiteRSS值得在桌面Linux一试。
|
||||
QuiteRSS是一个不错的开源RSS阅读器，尽管我更喜欢[Feedly][6]。不过现在 Feedly 还没有Linux桌面程序，但是你依然可以在网页浏览器中使用。希望你会觉得QuiteRSS值得在桌面Linux一试。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
Linux有问必答——如何查找并移除Ubuntu上陈旧的PPA仓库
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **问题**：我试着通过运行apt-get update命令来再次同步包索引文件，但是却出现了“404 无法找到”的错误，看起来似乎是我不能从先前添加的第三方PPA仓库中获取最新的索引。我怎样才能清楚这些破损而且陈旧的PPA仓库呢？
|
||||
> **问题**：我试着通过运行apt-get update命令来再次同步包索引文件，但是却出现了“404 无法找到”的错误，看起来似乎是我不能从先前添加的第三方PPA仓库中获取最新的索引。我怎样才能清除这些破损而且陈旧的PPA仓库呢？
|
||||
|
||||
Err http://ppa.launchpad.net trusty/main amd64 Packages
|
||||
404 Not Found
|
||||
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Linux有问必答——如何查找并移除Ubuntu上陈旧的PPA仓库
|
||||
|
||||
E: Some index files failed to download. They have been ignored, or old ones used instead.
|
||||
|
||||
但你试着更新APT包索引时，“404 无法找到”错误总是会在版本更新之后发生。就是说，在你升级你的Ubuntu发行版后，你在旧的版本上添加的一些第三方PPA仓库就不再受新版本的支持。在此种情况下，你可以像下面这样来**鉴别并清除那些破损的PPA仓库**。
|
||||
当你试着更新APT包索引时，“404 无法找到”错误总是会在版本更新之后发生。就是说，在你升级你的Ubuntu发行版后，你在旧的版本上添加的一些第三方PPA仓库就不再受新版本的支持。在此种情况下，你可以像下面这样来**鉴别并清除那些破损的PPA仓库**。
|
||||
|
||||
首先，找出那些引起“404 无法找到”错误的PPA。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Linux有问必答——如何查找并移除Ubuntu上陈旧的PPA仓库
|
||||
|
||||
在本例中，Ubuntu Trusty不再支持的PPA仓库是“ppa:finalterm/daily”。
|
||||
|
||||
去吧，去[移除PPA仓库][1]。
|
||||
去[移除PPA仓库][1]吧。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo add-apt-repository --remove ppa:finalterm/daily
|
||||
|
||||
@ -30,14 +30,14 @@ Linux有问必答——如何查找并移除Ubuntu上陈旧的PPA仓库
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在移除所有过时PPA仓库后，重新运行“apt-get update”命令来检查它们是否都被移除。
|
||||
在移除所有过时的PPA仓库后，重新运行“apt-get update”命令来检查它们是否都被成功移除。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/find-remove-obsolete-ppa-repositories-ubuntu.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
|
||||
世界上最小的发行版之一Tiny Core有了更新
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Tiny Core
|
||||
|
||||
**Robert Shingledecker 宣布了最终版本的Tiny Core 5.4 Linux操作系统已经可以即刻下载,这也使它成为世界上最小的发行版之一。**
|
||||
|
||||
发行版的名字说明了一切,但是开发者依然集成了一些有意思的包和一个轻量的桌面来与它相匹配。这次最新的迭代只有一个候选版本，而且它也是迄今为止最安静的版本之一。
|
||||
|
||||
官网上的开发者说"Tiny Core是一个简单的范例来说明核心项目可以提供什么。它提供了一个12MB的FLTK/FLWM桌面。用户对提供的程序和外加的硬件有完整的控制权。你可以把它用在桌面、笔记本或者服务器上,这可以由用户从在线库中安装附加程序时选择,或者用提供的工具编译大多数你需要的。"
|
||||
|
||||
根据更新日志,NFS的入口被添加,'Done'将在新的一行里显示,udev也升级到174来修复竞态条件问题。
|
||||
|
||||
关于修改和升级的完整内容可以在官方的[声明][1]里找到。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以点击以下链接下载Tiny Core Linux 5.4.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Tiny Core Linux 5.4 (ISO)][2][iso] [14 MB]
|
||||
- [Tiny Core Plus 5.4 (ISO)][3][iso] [72 MB]
|
||||
- [Core 5.4 (ISO)][4][iso] [8.90 MB]
|
||||
|
||||
这些发行版都有Live,你可以在安装之前试用。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/One-of-the-Smallest-Distros-in-the-World-Tiny-Core-Gets-a-Fresh-Update-458785.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
|
||||
译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007)
|
||||
校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
|
||||
[1]:http://forum.tinycorelinux.net/index.php/topic,17487.0.html
|
||||
[2]:http://distro.ibiblio.org/pub/linux/distributions/tinycorelinux/5.x/x86/release/TinyCore-5.4.iso
|
||||
[3]:http://repo.tinycorelinux.net/5.x/x86/release/CorePlus-5.4.iso
|
||||
[4]:http://distro.ibiblio.org/tinycorelinux/5.x/x86/release/Core-current.iso
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
|
||||
Debian 8 "Jessie" 将把GNOME作为默认桌面环境
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Debian的GNOME团队已经取得了实质进展
|
||||
|
||||
<center></center>
|
||||
|
||||
<center>*GNOME 3.14桌面*</center>
|
||||
|
||||
**Debian项目开发者花了很长一段时间来决定将Xfce，GNOME或一些其他桌面环境中的哪个作为默认环境，不过目前看起来像是GNOME赢了。**
|
||||
|
||||
[我们两天前提到了][1]，GNOME 3.14的软件包被上传到 Debian Testing（Debian 8 “Jessie”）的软件仓库中，这是一个令人惊喜的事情。通常情况下，GNOME的维护者对任何类型的软件包都不会这么快地决定添加，更别说桌面环境。
|
||||
|
||||
事实证明，关于即将到来的Debian 8的发行版中所用的默认桌面的争论已经尘埃落定，尽管这个词可能有点过于武断。无论什么情况下，总是有些开发者想要Xfce，另外一些则是喜欢 GNOME，看起来 MATE 也是不少人的备选。
|
||||
|
||||
### 最有可能的是，GNOME将Debian 8“Jessie” 的默认桌面环境###
|
||||
|
||||
我们之所以说“最有可能”是因为协议尚未达成一致，但它看起来GNOME已经遥遥领先了。Debian的维护者和开发者乔伊·赫斯解释了为什么会这样。
|
||||
|
||||
“根据从 https://wiki.debian.org/DebianDesktop/Requalification/Jessie 初步结果看，一些所需数据尚不可用，但在这一点上，我百分之八十地确定GNOME已经领先了。特别是，由于“辅助功能”和某些“systemd”整合的进度。在辅助功能方面：Gnome和Mate都领先了一大截。其他一些桌面的辅助功能改善了在Debian上的支持，部分原因是这一过程推动的，但仍需要上游大力支持。“
|
||||
|
||||
“Systemd /etc 整合方面：Xfce，Mate等尽力追赶在这一领域正在发生的变化，当技术团队停止了修改之后，希望有时间能在冻结期间解决这些问题。所以这并不是完全否决这些桌面，但要从目前的状态看，GNOME是未来的选择，“乔伊·赫斯[补充说][2]。
|
||||
|
||||
开发者在邮件中表示，在Debian的GNOME团队对他们所维护的项目[充满了激情][3]，而Debian的Xfce的团队是决定默认桌面的实际阻碍。
|
||||
|
||||
无论如何，Debian 8“Jessie”没有一个具体发布时间，并没有迹象显示何时可能会被发布。在另一方面，GNOME 3.14已经发布了（也许你已经看到新闻了），它将很快应对好进行Debian的测试。
|
||||
|
||||
我们也应该感谢Jordi Mallach，在Debian中的GNOME包的维护者之一，他为我们指引了正确的讯息。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Debian-8-quot-Jessie-quot-to-Have-GNOME-as-the-Default-Desktop-459665.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
|
||||
译者：[fbigun](https://github.com/fbigun)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
|
||||
[1]:http://news.softpedia.com/news/Debian-8-quot-Jessie-quot-to-Get-GNOME-3-14-459470.shtml
|
||||
[2]:http://anonscm.debian.org/cgit/tasksel/tasksel.git/commit/?id=dce99f5f8d84e4c885e6beb4cc1bb5bb1d9ee6d7
|
||||
[3]:http://news.softpedia.com/news/Debian-Maintainer-Says-that-Xfce-on-Debian-Will-Not-Meet-Quality-Standards-GNOME-Is-Needed-454962.shtml
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
|
||||
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5产品线终结
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
2007年3月，红帽公司首次宣布它的[Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5][1]（RHEL）平台。虽然如今看来很普通，RHEL 5特别显著的一点是它是红帽公司第一个强调虚拟化的主要发行版本，而这点是如今现代发行版所广泛接受的特性。
|
||||
|
||||
最初的计划是为RHEL 5提供七年的寿命，但在2012年该计划改变了，红帽为RHEL 5[扩展][2]至10年的标准支持。
|
||||
|
||||
刚刚过去的这个星期，Red Hat发布的RHEL 5.11是RHEL 5.X系列的最后的、次要里程碑版本。红帽现在进入了将持续三年的名为“production 3”的支持周期。在这阶段将没有新的功能被添加到平台中，并且红帽公司将只提供有重大影响的安全修复程序和紧急优先级的bug修复。
|
||||
|
||||
平台事业部副总裁兼总经理Jim Totton在红帽公司在一份声明中说：“红帽公司致力于建立一个长期，稳定的产品生命周期，这将给那些依赖Red Hat Enterprise Linux为他们的关键应用服务的企业客户提供关键的益处。虽然RHEL 5.11是RHEL 5平台的最终次要版本，但它提供了安全性和可靠性方面的增强功能，以保持该平台接下来几年的活力。”
|
||||
|
||||
新的增强功能包括安全性和稳定性更新，包括改进了红帽帮助用户调试系统的方式。
|
||||
|
||||
还有一些新的存储的驱动程序，以支持新的存储适配器和改进在VMware ESXi上运行RHEL的支持。
|
||||
|
||||
在安全方面的巨大改进是OpenSCAP更新到版本1.0.8。红帽在2011年五月的[RHEL5.7的里程碑更新][3]中第一次支持了OpenSCAP。 OpenSCAP是安全内容自动化协议（SCAP）框架的开源实现，用于创建一个标准化方法来维护安全系统。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxplanet.com/news/end-of-the-line-for-red-hat-enterprise-linux-5.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Sean Michael Kerner
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.internetnews.com/ent-news/article.php/3665641
|
||||
[2]:http://www.serverwatch.com/server-news/red-hat-extends-linux-support.html
|
||||
[3]:http://www.internetnews.com/skerner/2011/05/red-hat-enterprise-linux-57-ad.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
|
||||
KDE Plasma 5的第二个bug修复版本发布，带来了很多的改变
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> 新的Plasma 5发布了，带来了新的外观
|
||||
|
||||
<center></center>
|
||||
|
||||
<center>*KDE Plasma 5*</center>
|
||||
|
||||
### Plasma 5的第二个bug修复版本发布，已可下载###
|
||||
|
||||
KDE Plasma 5的bug修复版本不断来到，它新的桌面体验将会是KDE的生态系统的一个组成部分。
|
||||
|
||||
[公告][1]称：“plasma-5.0.2这个版本，新增了一个月以来来自KDE的贡献者新的翻译和修订。Bug修复通常是很小但是很重要，如修正未翻译的文字，使用正确的图标和修正KDELibs 4软件的文件重复现象。它还增加了一个月以来辛勤的翻译成果，使其支持其他更多的语言”
|
||||
|
||||
这个桌面还没有在任何Linux发行版中默认安装，这将持续一段时间，直到我们测试完成。
|
||||
|
||||
开发者还解释说，更新的软件包可以在Kubuntu Plasma 5的开发版本中进行审查。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你个人需要它们，你也可以下载源码包。
|
||||
|
||||
- [KDE Plasma Packages][2]
|
||||
- [KDE Plasma Sources][3]
|
||||
|
||||
如果你决定去编译它，你必须需要知道 KDE Plasma 5.0.2是一组复杂的软件，可能你需要解决不少问题。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Second-Bugfix-Release-for-KDE-Plasma-5-Arrives-with-Lots-of-Changes-459688.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
|
||||
[1]:http://kde.org/announcements/plasma-5.0.2.php
|
||||
[2]:https://community.kde.org/Plasma/Packages
|
||||
[3]:http://kde.org/info/plasma-5.0.2.php
|
||||
@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Microsoft Lobby Denies the State of Chile Access to Free Software
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Fuerza Chile
|
||||
|
||||
Fresh on the heels of the entire Munich and Linux debacle, another story involving Microsoft and free software has popped up across the world, in Chile. A prolific magazine from the South American country says that the powerful Microsoft lobby managed to turn around a law that would allow the authorities to use free software.
|
||||
|
||||
The story broke out from a magazine called El Sábado de El Mercurio, which explains in great detail how the Microsoft lobby works and how it can overturn a law that may harm its financial interests.
|
||||
|
||||
An independent member of the Chilean Parliament, Vlado Mirosevic, pushed a bill that would allow the state to consider free software when the authorities needed to purchase or renew licenses. The state of Chile pays $2.7 billion (€2 billion) on licenses from various companies, including Microsoft.
|
||||
|
||||
According to [ubuntizando.com][1], Microsoft representatives met with Vlado Mirosevic shortly after he announced his intentions, but the bill passed the vote, with 64 votes in favor, 12 abstentions, and one vote against it. That one vote was cast by Daniel Farcas, a member of a Chilean party.
|
||||
|
||||
A while later, the same member of the Parliament, Daniel Farcas, proposed another bill that actually nullified the effects of the previous one that had just been adopted. To make things even more interesting, some of the people who voted in favor of the first law also voted in favor of the second one.
|
||||
|
||||
The new bill is even more egregious, because it aggressively pushes for the adoption of proprietary software. Companies that choose to use proprietary software will receive certain tax breaks, which makes it very hard for free software to get adopted.
|
||||
|
||||
Microsoft has been in the news in the last few days because the [German city of Munich that adopted Linux][2] and dropped Windows system from its administration was considering, supposedly, returning to proprietary software.
|
||||
|
||||
This new situation in Chile give us a sample of the kind of pull a company like Microsoft has and it shows us just how fragile laws really are. This is not the first time a company tries to bend the laws in a country to maximize the profits, but the advent of free software and the clear financial advantages that it offers are really making a dent.
|
||||
|
||||
Five years ago, few people or governments would have considered adopting free software, but the quality of that software has risen dramatically and it has become a real competition [for the likes of Microsoft][3].
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Microsoft-Lobby-Denies-the-State-of-Chile-Access-to-Free-Software-455598.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
|
||||
[1]:http://www.ubuntizando.com/2014/08/20/microsoft-chile-y-el-poder-del-lobby/
|
||||
[2]:http://news.softpedia.com/news/Munich-Disappointed-with-Linux-Plans-to-Switch-Back-to-Windows-455405.shtml
|
||||
[3]:http://news.softpedia.com/news/Munich-Switching-to-Windows-from-Linux-Is-Proof-that-Microsoft-Is-Still-an-Evil-Company-455510.shtml
|
||||
@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Transport Tycoon Deluxe Remake OpenTTD 1.4.2 Is an Almost Perfect Sim
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Transport Tycoon
|
||||
|
||||
**OpenTTD 1.4.2, an open source simulation game based on the popular Microprose title Transport Tycoon written by Chris Sawyer, has been officially released.**
|
||||
|
||||
Transport Tycoon is a very old game that was originally launched back in 1995, but it made such a huge impact on the gaming community that, even almost 20 years later, it still has a powerful fan base.
|
||||
|
||||
In fact, Transport Tycoon Deluxe had such an impact on the gaming industry that it managed to spawn an entire generation of similar games and it has yet to be surpassed by any new title, even though many have tried.
|
||||
|
||||
Despite the aging graphics, the developers of OpenTTD have tried to provide new challenges for the fans of the original games. To put things into perspective, the original game is already two decades old. That means that someone who was 20 years old back then is now in his forties and he is the main audience for OpenTTD.
|
||||
|
||||
"OpenTTD is modelled after the original Transport Tycoon game by Chris Sawyer and enhances the game experience dramatically. Many features were inspired by TTDPatch while others are original," reads the official announcement.
|
||||
|
||||
OpenTTD features bigger maps (up to 64 times in size), stable multiplayer mode for up to 255 players in 15 companies, a dedicated server mode and an in-game console for administration, IPv6 and IPv4 support for all communication of the client and server, new pathfinding algorithms that makes vehicles go where you want them to, different configurable models for acceleration of vehicles, and much more.
|
||||
|
||||
According to the changelog, awk is now used instead of trying to convince cpp to preprocess nfo files, CMD_CLEAR_ORDER_BACKUP is no longer suppressed by pause modes, the Wrong breakdown sound is no longer played for ships, integer overflow in the acceleration code is no longer causing either too low acceleration or too high acceleration, incorrectly saved order backups are now discarded when clients join, and the game no longer crashes when trying to show an error about vehicle in a NewGRF and the NewGRF was not loaded at all.
|
||||
|
||||
Also, the Slovak language no longer uses space as group separator in numbers, the parameter bound checks are now tighter on GSCargoMonitor functions, the days in dates are not represented by ordinal numbers in all languages, and the incorrect usage of string commands in the base language has been fixed.
|
||||
|
||||
Check out the [changelog][1] for a complete list of updates and fixes.
|
||||
|
||||
Download OpenTTD 1.4.2:
|
||||
|
||||
- [http://www.openttd.org/en/download-stable][2]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Transport-Tycoon-Deluxe-Remake-OpenTTD-1-4-2-Is-an-Almost-Perfect-Sim-455715.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
|
||||
[1]:http://ftp.snt.utwente.nl/pub/games/openttd/binaries/releases/1.4.2/changelog.txt
|
||||
[2]:http://www.openttd.org/en/download-stable
|
||||
@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[sailing]
|
||||
Munich Council: LiMux Demise Has Been Greatly Exaggerated
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
LiMux – Munich City Council’s Official OS
|
||||
|
||||
A Munich city council spokesman has attempted to clarify the reasons behind its [plan to re-examine the role of open-source][1] software in local government IT systems.
|
||||
|
||||
The response comes after numerous German media outlets revealed that the city’s incoming mayor has asked for a report into the use of LiMux, the open-source Linux distribution used by more than 80% of municipalities.
|
||||
|
||||
Reports quoted an unnamed city official, who claimed employees were ‘suffering’ from having to use open-source software. Others called it an ‘expensive failure’, with the deputy mayor, Josef Schmid, saying the move was ‘driven by ideology’, not financial prudence.
|
||||
|
||||
With Munich often viewed as the poster child for large Linux migrations, news of the potential renege quickly went viral. Now council spokesman Stefan Hauf has attempted to bring clarity to the situation.
|
||||
|
||||
### ‘Plans for the future’ ###
|
||||
|
||||
Hauf confirms that the city’s new mayor has requested a review of the city’s IT systems, including its choice of operating systems. But the report is not, as implied in earlier reports, solely tasked with deciding whether to return to using Microsoft Windows.
|
||||
|
||||
**“It’s about the organisation, the costs, performance and the usability and satisfaction of the users,”** [Techrepublic][2] quote him as saying.
|
||||
|
||||
**“[It's about gathering the] facts so we can decide and make a proposal for the city council how to proceed in future.”**
|
||||
|
||||
Hauf also confirms that council staff have, and do, complain about LiMux, but that the majority of issues stem from compatibility issues in OpenOffice, something a potential switch to LibreOffice could solve.
|
||||
|
||||
So is Munich about to switch back to Windows? As we said in our original coverage: it’s just too early to say, but it’s not being ruled out.
|
||||
|
||||
No final date for the report’s recommendations is yet set, and any binding decision on Munich’s IT infrastructure will need to be made by its elected members, the majority of whom are said to ‘support’ the LiMux initiative.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/08/munich-council-say-talk-limux-demise-greatly-exaggerated
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
|
||||
[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/08/munich-city-linux-switching-back-windows
|
||||
[2]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/no-munich-isnt-about-to-ditch-free-software-and-move-back-to-windows/
|
||||
@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Red Hat Shake-up, Desktop Users, and Outta Time
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Our top story tonight is the seemingly sudden resignation of Red Hat CTO Brian Stevens. In other news, John C. Dvorak says "Linux has run out of time" and Infoworld.com says there may be problems with Red Hat Enterprise 7. OpenSource.com has a couple of interesting interviews and Nick Heath has five big names that use Linux on the desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
**In a late afternoon** [press release][1], Red Hat announced the resignation of long-time CTO Brian Stevens. Paul Cormier will be handling CTO duties until Stevens' replacement is named. No reason for the sudden resignation was given although CEO Whitehurst said, "We want to thank Brian for his years of service and numerous contributions to Red Hat’s business. We wish him well in his future endeavors." However, Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols says some rumors are flying. One says friction between Stevens and Cormier caused the resignation and others say Stevens had higher ambitions than Red Hat could provide. He'd been with Red Hat since 2001 and had been CTO at Mission Critical Linux before that [according to Vaughan-Nichols][2] who also said Stevens' Red Hat page was gone within seconds of the announcement.
|
||||
|
||||
**Speaking of Red Hat**, InfoWorld.com has a review of RHEL 7 available to the general public today. Reviewer Paul Venezia runs down the new features, but soon mentions systemd as one of the many new features "certain to cause consternation." After offering his opinion on several other key features and even throwing in a tip or two, [Venezia concludes][3], "RHEL 7 is a fairly significant departure from the expected full-revision release from Red Hat. This is not merely a reskinning of the previous release with updated packages, a more modern kernel, and some new toolkits and widgets. This is a very different release than RHEL 6 in any form, mostly due to the move to Systemd."
|
||||
|
||||
**Our own Sam Dean** [today said][4] that Linux doesn't need to own the desktop because of its success in many other key areas. While that may be true, Nick Heath today listed "five big names that use Linux on the desktop." He said besides Munich, there's Google for one and they even have their own Ubuntu derivative. He lists a couple of US government agencies and then mentions CERN and others. See that [full story][5] for more.
|
||||
|
||||
Despite that feel-good report, John C. Dvorak said he's tired of waiting for someone to develop that one "killer app" that would bring in the masses or satisfy his needs. [He says][6] he has to make podcasts and "photographic art" and he just can't do that with Linux. Our native applications "do not cut it in the end."
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ostatic.com/blog/red-hat-shake-up-desktop-users-and-outta-time
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Susan Linton][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://ostatic.com/member/susan-linton
|
||||
[1]:http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140827006134/en/Brian-Stevens-Step-CTO-Red-Hat#.U_5AlvFdX0p
|
||||
[2]:http://www.zdnet.com/red-hat-chief-technology-officer-resigns-7000033058/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.infoworld.com/d/data-center/review-rhel-7-lands-jolt-249219
|
||||
[4]:http://ostatic.com/blog/linux-doesnt-need-to-own-the-desktop
|
||||
[5]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/five-big-names-that-use-linux-on-the-desktop/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2465125,00.asp
|
||||
@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
|
||||
LibreOffice 4.3.1 Has More than 100 Fixes and DOCX Embedded Objects Support
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
LibreOffice selection menu
|
||||
|
||||
**The Document Foundation announces that the stable version of LibreOffice 4.3.1 has been released and is now available for download.**
|
||||
|
||||
The developers from The Document Foundation have released a new update for the 4.3 branch of LibreOffice and they have implemented quite a few fixes and other various changes. The development cycle for this latest update has been rather short and the devs managed to repair most of the issues that have been found.
|
||||
|
||||
LibreOffice 4.3.1 is just maintenance release, which means that the focus has been about the bugs found so far. Don't expect to find anything extraordinary, but you should upgrade the software nonetheless.
|
||||
|
||||
"The Document Foundation announces LibreOffice 4.3.1, the first minor release of LibreOffice 4.3 'fresh' family, with over 100 fixes (including patches for two CVEs, backported to LibreOffice 4.2.6-secfix, which is also available for download now)."
|
||||
|
||||
"All LibreOffice users are invited to update their installation as soon as possible to avoid security issues. This includes users who are running LibreOffice 4.2.6 as originally released on August, 5th 2014. LibreOffice 4.3.1 and LibreOffice 4.2.6 will be shown on stage at the LibreOffice Conference in Bern, from September 3 to September 5, with a large number of sessions about development, community, marketing and migrations," reads the announcement made by The Linux Foundation.
|
||||
|
||||
According to the changelog, editing the text search with expanded fields is now working properly, the static value array for OOXML chart is now handled correctly, bullets now have the color as the following text by default, ww8import no longer creates a pagedesc if a continuous section changes margins, the 0 font height is now handled just like outdev, it's now possible to import OLE objects in the header with background wrapping, the XLSX export of revisions has been fixed in order to get it to work in Excel, and borders around data labels are now supported.
|
||||
|
||||
Also, the table style for lastRow is now correctly applied, the rulers now have app-background by default, the graphics are now swapped in on DrawingML::WriteImage, the redundant 'Preferences' label has been removed in order to save some space, page breaks in tables are now ignored during the RTF import, some of the style hierarchy has been reworked, Data Statistics no longer crashes with any entry, DOCX embedded objects are now supported, and numerous other improvements have been made.
|
||||
|
||||
More details about this release can be found in the official [announcement][1].
|
||||
|
||||
- [Download LibreOffice 4.3.1 for Linux][2]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/LibreOffice-4-3-1-Has-More-Than-100-Fixes-and-DOCX-Embedded-Objects-Support-456916.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
|
||||
[1]:http://blog.documentfoundation.org/2014/08/28/libreoffice-4-3-1-fresh-announced/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.libreoffice.org/download/libreoffice-fresh/
|
||||
@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Jelly Conky Adds Simple, Stylish Stats To Your Linux Desktop
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**I treat Conky setups a bit like wallpapers: I’ll find one I love, only to change it the next week because I’m bored of it and want a change.**
|
||||
|
||||
Part of the impatience is fuelled by the ever-growing catalog of designs available. One of my most recent favourites is Jelly Conky.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Jelly Conky sports the minimal design many of the Conky’s we’ve highlighted recently have followed. It’s not trying to be a kitchen sink. It won’t win favour with those who need constant at-a-glance data on their HDD temperatures and IP addresses.
|
||||
|
||||
It comes with three distinct modes that can all add personality to an otherwise static background image:
|
||||
|
||||
- Clock
|
||||
- Clock plus date
|
||||
- Clock plus date and weather
|
||||
|
||||
Some people don’t understand the point of having a duplicate clock on show on the desktop. That’s understandable. For me, it’s more about form than function (though, personally, I find Conky clocks easier to see than the minuscule digits nestled in my upper panel).
|
||||
|
||||
Chances are if you have a home screen widget on Android with the time, you won’t mind having one on your desktop, either!
|
||||
|
||||
You can download Jelly Conky from the link below. The .zip archive contains a readme with instructions on how to install. For a guided walkthrough, [revisit one of our previous articles][1].
|
||||
|
||||
- [Download Jelly Conky on Deviant Art][2]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/09/jelly-conky-for-linux-desktop
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
|
||||
[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/conky-circle-theme-nod-lg-quick-cover
|
||||
[2]:http://zagortenay333.deviantart.com/art/Jelly-Conky-442559003
|
||||
@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
|
||||
2q1w2007翻译中
|
||||
One of the Smallest Distros in the World, Tiny Core, Gets a Fresh Update
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Tiny Core desktop
|
||||
|
||||
**Robert Shingledecker has announced the immediate availability for download of the final version of the Tiny Core 5.4 Linux operating system, which also happens to be one the smaller operating systems in the world.**
|
||||
|
||||
The name of the distro says pretty much everything about the operating system, but the developers have integrated some interesting packages and a very light desktop to match it. This latest iteration only had a single Release Candidate and it's one of the quietest releases made so far.
|
||||
|
||||
"Tiny Core is simply an example of what the Core Project can produce, an 12MB FLTK/FLWM desktop. The user has complete control over which applications and/or additional hardware to have supported, be it for a desktop, a netbook, an appliance, or server, selectable by the user by installing additional applications from online repositories, or easily compiling most anything you desire using tools provided," says the dev on the official website.
|
||||
|
||||
According to the changelog, entries for nfs server have been added, 'Done' is now printed in a new lin, and udev has been updated to version 174 to fix a race condition.
|
||||
|
||||
A complete list of updates and changes can be found in the official [announcement][1].
|
||||
|
||||
You can download Tiny Core Linux 5.4.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Tiny Core Linux 5.4 (ISO)][2][iso] [14 MB]
|
||||
- [Tiny Core Plus 5.4 (ISO)][3][iso] [72 MB]
|
||||
- [Core 5.4 (ISO)][4][iso] [8.90 MB]
|
||||
|
||||
The distribution is Live, so you can test it before installing it.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/One-of-the-Smallest-Distros-in-the-World-Tiny-Core-Gets-a-Fresh-Update-458785.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
|
||||
[1]:http://forum.tinycorelinux.net/index.php/topic,17487.0.html
|
||||
[2]:http://distro.ibiblio.org/pub/linux/distributions/tinycorelinux/5.x/x86/release/TinyCore-5.4.iso
|
||||
[3]:http://repo.tinycorelinux.net/5.x/x86/release/CorePlus-5.4.iso
|
||||
[4]:http://distro.ibiblio.org/tinycorelinux/5.x/x86/release/Core-current.iso
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
Translating by ZTinoZ
|
||||
Red Hat Acquires FeedHenry for $82 Million to Advance Mobile Development
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Red Hat jumps into the mobile development sector with a key acquisition.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
|
||||
Wal Commander GitHub Edition 0.17 released
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> ### Description ###
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Wal Commander GitHub Edition is a multi-platform open source file manager for Windows, Linux, FreeBSD and OS X.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> The purpose of this project is to create a portable file manager mimicking the look-n-feel of Far Manager.
|
||||
|
||||
The next stable version of our Wal Commander GitHub Edition 0.17 is out. Major features include command line autocomplete using the commands history; file associations to bind custom commands to different actions on files; and experimental support of OS X using XQuartz. A lot of new hotkeys were added in this release. Precompiled binaries are available for Windows x64. Linux, FreeBSD and OS X versions can be built directly from the [GitHub source code][1].
|
||||
|
||||
### Major features ###
|
||||
|
||||
- command line autocomplete (use Del key to erase a command)
|
||||
- file associations (Main menu -> Commands -> File associations)
|
||||
- experimental OS X support on top of XQuartz ([https://github.com/corporateshark/WalCommander/issues/5][2])
|
||||
|
||||
### [Downloads][3] ###.
|
||||
|
||||
Source code: [https://github.com/corporateshark/WalCommander][4]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://wcm.linderdaum.com/release-0-17-0/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://github.com/corporateshark/WalCommander/releases
|
||||
[2]:https://github.com/corporateshark/WalCommander/issues/5
|
||||
[3]:http://wcm.linderdaum.com/downloads/
|
||||
[4]:https://github.com/corporateshark/WalCommander
|
||||
@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Red Hat's CEO Sees Open Source Cloud Domination
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Red Hat CEO Jim Whitehurst sees the business opportunity of a generation in what he calls a computing paradigm shift from client server to cloud architectures. “In those paradigm shifts, generally new winners emerge,” says Whitehurst and he intends to make sure Red Hat is one of those winners. His logic is sound and simple: disruptive technologies like the cloud that arise every couple decades level the playing field between large, established firms and smaller, innovative challengers since everyone, from corporate behemoth to a couple guys in a garage, starts from the same spot and must play by the same unfamiliar and changeable rules. With the cloud “there’s less of an installed based and an opportunity for new winners to be chosen,” Whitehurst adds. His mission is “to see that open source is the default choice for next generation architecture” and that Red Hat is the preferred choice, particularly for enterprise IT, of open source providers.
|
||||
|
||||
The case for open source dominating the cloud rests on the fact that it’s already the foundation for many popular cloud services and enterprise applications. Whitehurst aptly notes that outside of Microsoft Azure, the underlying infrastructure of all the major public cloud services is built upon open source software. Furthermore, software like Linux, Apache, MySQL, WordPress and many others are already widely used and trusted by most enterprises. “In many cases [open source] already is the default choice for next generation architectures, but it hasn’t fully driven itself through the traditional enterprise data center,” he says. Cloud software is the next and most important software category up for open source disruption.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Yet open source is still saddled with a reputation for widely variable software quality and support, something the recent OpenSSL Heartbleed bug only reinforced. However Whitehurst contends that strong enterprise adoption of Red Hat’s Linux distribution and it’s training and skills certification programs lends credibility to a similar plan for the cloud: [Red Hat’s Cloud Partner Program][1]. He believes such insurance policies alleviate enterprise IT’s fears of adopting open source software for both internal, private clouds and external public cloud services. Red Hat wants its imprimatur to be the Good Housekeeping seal of approval for open source in general and cloud software in specific, namely IT’s assurance that their applications will work and the service is trustworthy and reliable.
|
||||
|
||||
Red Hat’s strategy to make open source clouds safe for the enterprise is mirrors that used to break into the market for enterprise server software. There, “Job one for Red Hat is making sure our operating system and layers above that work well on anyone’s infrastructure underneath,” says Whitehurst. Red Hat is applying this same model of polishing, integrating and supporting open source software to cloud stacks. “One of the most important parts about cloud, public, private or hybrid, is a sense that you can confidently run your applications,” says Whitehurst and he believes Red Hat’s track record on Linux and other open source products will carry over to make Red Hat “the enterprise choice” for cloud architectures.
|
||||
|
||||
### Cloud isn’t just virtualization 2.0 ###
|
||||
|
||||
One of the conundrums for OpenStack advocates like Whitehurst is the entrenchment of Microsoft and VMware in the enterprise market. Although virtual servers are a prerequisite for clouds, they’re sufficient. Countering the notion that enterprise clouds are just a natural extension of virtualized servers and storage, Whitehurst argues that by setting new rules for infrastructure and application design, cloud infrastructure is more than just the natural evolution of server virtualization.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Whitehurst draws an important distinction between traditional client-server and cloud-optimized applications. “One of the big questions will be how much of this [cloud adoption] is moving traditional Windows workloads, which frankly were written as stateful apps in the first place. [Instead] are we talking about a new generation of applications that are actually built with elasticity and scalability in mind.” Whitehurst clearly believes cloud infrastructure is much more appropriate for the latter and that in such Greenfield scenarios, OpenStack and other open source software have established themselves as the preferred platform. Contrasting OpenStack, based on the Linux KVM hypervisor and VMware or Microsoft using their proprietary virtual machine platforms, Whitehurst says, “Longer term, nobody really cares what the hypervisor is, you just expect it to work and bluntly, as long as Red Hat supports you on it, why do you have to care,” adding “more and more, you’ll see the hypervisor mattering less and less.” Of course, VMware and Microsoft probably agree, both having moved their energies to building more sophisticated management platforms and making the hypervisor a baseline feature.
|
||||
|
||||
But in Whitehurst’s view of the world, traditional virtualization platforms like VMware or Microsoft Hyper-V are legacy infrastructure designed for yesterday’s client-server software, not the sort of distributed, rapidly relocatable, elastically scalable applications that define the era of big data, SaaS and social software. “I’m not sure what good you get out of putting Exchange on a cloud,” he quips. Instead, he says this new generation of cloud-optimized applications are the sweet spot for OpenStack. According to Whitehurst, “If you look at where most new applications are getting built, and therefore where so much of the innovation around languages, frameworks and management paradigms are happening, it’s around an open infrastructure.” But there’s obviously some selection bias in Whitehurst’s account, as he lives in an open source world where it’s easy to be unaware, overlook or ignore the innovation happening on proprietary cloud platforms like Azure, AWS and vCloud.
|
||||
|
||||
In sum, Whitehurst hopes and expects OpenStack to do to VMware what Linux did to Windows: to become the first choice of cloud-savvy startups and if not the default choice, at least an accepted and respectable alternative within the enterprise. In my next column I’ll explain that even for an open source champion like Whitehurst, OpenStack versus VMware vCloud or Microsoft Azure isn’t an either/or choice and how he sees the fundamental notion of cloud computing as based on virtual machines as an design model likely to change.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtmarko/2014/06/08/red-hat-ceo-open-source-clouds/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.redhat.com/partners/become/cloud/
|
||||
@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Linux hiring frenzy: Why open source devs are being bombarded with offers to jump ship
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Summary: Figures from the Linux Foundation suggest skills shortages across disciplines and throughout Europe.
|
||||
|
||||
Nine out of ten (87 percent) of hiring managers in Europe have "hiring Linux talent" on their list of priorities and almost half (48 percent) say they are looking to hire people with Linux skills within the next six months.
|
||||
|
||||
But while they either need or want to hire more people with Linux skills, the data from the Linux Foundation suggests that this is easier said than done. Almost all — 93 percent — of the managers surveyed said they were having difficulty finding IT professionals with the Linux skills required and a quarter (25 percent) said they have "delayed projects as a result".
|
||||
|
||||
All of this makes it a good time to be a Linux expert.
|
||||
|
||||
Seven out of 10 Europe-based Linux professionals have received calls where they were pitched new positions in the past six months, and a third said they had received more calls than in the previous six months. One in three are looking to move anyway, and over half of them said it would be fairly or very easy. Salary is the biggest reason to move jobs, followed by work-life balance and the chance to gain additional skills.
|
||||
|
||||
Employers are trying harder to keep hold of staff too: In the past six months, 29 percent of Linux professionals say they have been offered a higher salary from their current employers, while a quarter said they’ve been offered a flexible work schedule and one in five have been extended additional training opportunities or certification.
|
||||
|
||||
The Linux Foundation, a non-profit organisation which supports the growth of Linux, and Dice Holdings, which provides career sites for technology professionals, produced the research which covers Europe and the US.
|
||||
|
||||
In terms of the specific skills organisations are looking for people with the developer (69 percent) and enterprise management (51 percent) skills. These are followed by 32 percent of respondents who are looking for people with a combination of development and operations skills (DevOps), and 19 percent who are in management/IT management.
|
||||
|
||||
The Linux Job Report has been produced for the last three years by the Linux Foundation and Dice but this is the first time that a specific report on European skills has been separated out of the worldwide report. Some 893 Linux professionals responded to the survey across Europe.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.zdnet.com/linux-hiring-frenzy-why-open-source-devs-are-being-bombarded-with-offers-to-jump-ship-7000030418/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
|
||||
The Companies That Support Linux: Rackspace
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
[][1]
|
||||
|
||||
[Rackspace][1] has lately been in the news for its stock market gains and a [potential acquisition][2]. But over the past 16 years the company has become well known, first as a web hosting provider built on Linux and open source, and later as a [pioneer of the open source cloud][3] and founder of the OpenStack cloud platform.
|
||||
|
||||
In May, Rackspace became a [Xen Project][4] member and was one of [three companies to join the Linux Foundation][5] as a corporate member, along with CoreOS and Cumulus Networks.
|
||||
|
||||
“Many of the applications and infrastructure that we need to run for internal use or for customers run best on Linux,” said Paul Voccio, Senior Director of Software Development at Rackspace, via email. “This includes all the popular language frameworks and open virtualization platforms such as Xen, LXC, KVM, Docker, etc.”
|
||||
|
||||
In this Q&A, Voccio discusses the role of Rackspace in the cloud, how the company uses Linux, why they joined the Linux Foundation, as well as current trends and future technologies in the data center.
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux.com: What is Rackspace? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Paul Voccio: Rackspace is the managed cloud specialist and founder of OpenStack, the open-source operating system for the cloud. Hundreds of thousands of customers look to Rackspace to deliver the best-fit hybrid cloud solutions for their IT needs, leveraging a product and services portfolio that allows workloads to run where they perform best – whether on the public cloud, private cloud, dedicated servers, or a combination of platforms.
|
||||
|
||||
As a managed cloud pioneer, we give our customers 24x7 access to cloud engineers for everything from planning and architecting to building and operating clouds through our award-winning Fanatical Support®. We help customers successfully architect, deploy and run their most critical applications. Or, more plainly put, we’re cloud specialists so you don’t have to be. We are headquartered in San Antonio, Texas, and operate a global support and engineering organization with data centers on four continents.
|
||||
|
||||
### How and why do you use Linux? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Rackspace uses Linux because it provides a stable and flexible platform for our customers' workloads. Our customers trust us to support their mission-critical applications and we need reliable infrastructure – including software and hardware – to meet their expectations. If you look under the hood in our dedicated environments or in our expansive cloud infrastructure, you'll find Linux running there.
|
||||
|
||||
Many of the applications and infrastructure that we need to run for internal use or for customers run best on Linux. This includes all the popular language frameworks and open virtualization platforms such as Xen, LXC, KVM, Docker, etc. Running combinations of these platforms give us the stability and performance we demand for the Rackspace Cloud. Our Cloud Servers product runs OpenStack services that manage tens of thousands of hypervisors – all running Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
Using Linux also allows us to tap into a community of experts to solve problems. When we have an issue, we're comfortable asking questions. When we have a solution, we enjoy sharing it with the community. At Rackspace, we understand how to work and contribute in an open community and Linux has many opportunities to build relationships with other groups that have similar goals.
|
||||
|
||||
### Why did you join the Linux Foundation? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Joining the Linux Foundation allows us to show our support and engage the Linux community in new ways. We've learned plenty from running Linux in highly demanding environments at a large scale and we're eager to share those experiences. Other members of the community have probably run into different challenges than we have and this gives us a greater opportunity to learn from them as well.
|
||||
|
||||
### What interesting or innovative trends are you witnessing in the data center and what role does Linux play in them? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Virtualization and automation have changed how companies deploy hardware and software. Linux gives us several virtualization options and these allow us to automate more of our infrastructure deployments and maintenance tasks. Automation and configuration management frameworks allow us to reduce our costs, improve our testing capabilities, and bring products to market faster. The majority of these open source automation frameworks run best on Linux servers.
|
||||
|
||||
### How is Rackspace participating in that innovation? ###
|
||||
|
||||
We leverage several open-source Linux-based tools and projects to deliver great customer outcomes. One of our largest efforts in this area is with OpenStack. It's the software that runs our public and private clouds and we're actively engaged with the community to improve it. We're using Linux to find new ways to scale our large virtualization platform and deliver infrastructure to customers quickly.
|
||||
|
||||
The open-source nature of Linux inspires us to share the majority of these discoveries with the community. Our customers can improve OpenStack and those improvements will eventually make it into our product offering. We make contributions to a countless number of open source projects either as a company or as individual Rackers (our employees are called "Rackers") and many of these projects are designed to run on Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
### What other future technologies or industries do you think Linux and open source will increasingly become important in and why? ###
|
||||
|
||||
The move to software-defined infrastructure is a big shift. Customers already have access to virtualization platforms like Xen that allow them to define their infrastructure with software. Software-defined networking is quickly becoming more mature and scalable. However, customers want the ability to have a software defined datacenter at their fingertips. This may involve physical servers, virtual servers, and virtual networks that need high performance with flexible configurations. Many of the current technologies are designed to run on Linux due to technology already available in the kernel or userland frameworks provided by the community.
|
||||
|
||||
### Are you hiring? ###
|
||||
|
||||
From hacking on kernels to supporting thousands of virtual machines – we are always looking for talented admins, developers and engineers. You can find more information at Rackertalent.com.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/news/featured-blogs/200-libby-clark/775890-the-companies-that-support-linux-rackspace/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.rackspace.com/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-05-15/rackspace-hires-morgan-stanley-to-evaluate-options.html
|
||||
[3]:http://www.informationweek.com/cloud/infrastructure-as-a-service/9-more-cloud-computing-pioneers/d/d-id/1109120
|
||||
[4]:http://www.xenproject.org/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/news-media/announcements/2014/05/new-linux-foundation-members-advance-massively-scalable-secure
|
||||
@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Fire Phone Dynamic Perspective tracks eyes for 3D UI
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3D on phones is back, and it's Amazon giving it a try this time with Dynamic Perspective on the new [Fire Phone][1]. Eschewing a "true" 3D display as we've seen before, the Fire Phone's system instead uses four front-facing cameras to track the user's eyes, and adjusts the on-screen UI so that the various layers shift around to give the impression of 3D.
|
||||
|
||||
A combination of physically tilting the phone and moving your head as you hold it can be used to navigate through the interface and apps. So, tilting the Fire Phone can scroll through the browser, rather than having to swipe around with a fingertip.
|
||||
|
||||
youtube视频链接地址：[http://www.youtube.com/embed/iB75HJe8eiI][2]
|
||||
|
||||
Similarly, with a carousel of items in Amazon's store on the phone, tilting the handset left and right pans through the products.
|
||||
|
||||
youtube视频链接地址：[http://www.youtube.com/embed/lwj0hlE8CJc][3]
|
||||
|
||||
In ebooks, the Kindle app can scroll through according to how you're holding it. The settings can be switched between adjusting speed depending on how extreme the tilt angle is, or locking it to a fixed rate if you'd rather have things be predictable.
|
||||
|
||||
### This is the Amazon Fire Phone ###
|
||||
|
||||
Maps, too, get Dynamic Perspective support. Moving the Fire Phone around can show what's "hiding" behind 3D buildings or on different layers. Tilting can also be used to open up menus, in games for motion control, and even to navigate between the now-playing and lyrics UIs in the Prime Music app.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
All that 3D didn't come easy, though. Based on the fact that every face is different, with variations in hair color, shape, whether they wear glasses, and other factors, Amazon had to put Dynamic Perspective through some serious testing.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In the companies labs, that involved a somewhat nightmarish rubber head on a stick, but then Amazon expanded that to use real-world data from thousands of photos of people. The use of four cameras means that, no matter what may be blocking the screen, the Fire Phone should be able to spot the user properly.
|
||||
|
||||
youtube视频链接地址：[http://www.youtube.com/embed/X-wPOq27iXk][5]
|
||||
|
||||
Whether it'll all work as Bezos says, or be something owners quickly turn off, remains to be seen. We'll know more when we spend some hands-on time with the Fire Phone soon.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.slashgear.com/fire-phone-dynamic-perspective-tracks-eyes-for-3d-ui-18334229/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.slashgear.com/tags/fire-phone
|
||||
[2]:http://www.youtube.com/embed/iB75HJe8eiI
|
||||
[3]:http://www.youtube.com/embed/lwj0hlE8CJc
|
||||
[4]:http://www.slashgear.com/this-is-the-amazon-fire-phone-18334195/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.youtube.com/embed/X-wPOq27iXk
|
||||
@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
|
||||
$2400 Valued Introduction To Linux Course Is Available For Free On edX
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Probably you have already heard it. [Linux Foundation][1] has tied up with [edX][2] (a major online learning platform founded by MIT and Harvard University) to provide its Introduction to Linux course, which usually costs $2400, for free.
|
||||
|
||||
edX has over 200 courses from over 50 elite universities, corporations and organizations worldwide. Over 2.5 million users attend these online courses across the globe.
|
||||
|
||||
**Introduction to Linux course is starting from 1st August**. There are three ways one can take this course (or most other edX courses):
|
||||
|
||||
- **Audit the course**: Simple register for **free** and get access to study material. Participate in course as per your own pace. There is no compulsion or penalty if you cannot complete the course.
|
||||
- **Honor code certificate**: It certifies that you have successfully completed the course, however, it doesn’t verify your identity. This too is for free.
|
||||
- **Verified certificate of achievement**: This certificates validates your identity and costs $250 for **Introduction to Linux** course.
|
||||
|
||||
Introduction to Linux requires a working knowledge of computers and common software. Program aims to provide experienced computer users, who may or may not have previous Linux experience, a good working knowledge of Linux, from both a graphical and command line perspective. It consists a course work of 40 to 60 hours and is designed by Dr. Jerry Cooperstein, who manages training content at Linux Foundation.
|
||||
|
||||
If you are planning to attend Introduction to Linux, it is advised to have Linux installed on your computer beforehand. Linux Foundation has [prepared a guide to set up the computer][3] to help users out.
|
||||
|
||||
What are you waiting for? If you ever wanted to learn Linux, this is the time and best of all, it’s FREE! Sign up to the course with the link below:
|
||||
|
||||
- [Introduction to Linux course at edX][4]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/introduction-linux-free-edx/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/Abhishek/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/
|
||||
[2]:https://www.edx.org/
|
||||
[3]:https://training.linuxfoundation.org/images/pdfs/Preparing_Your_Computer_for_LFS101x.pdf
|
||||
[4]:https://www.edx.org/course/linuxfoundationx/linuxfoundationx-lfs101x-introduction-1621#.U9gJ5nWSyb8
|
||||
@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Microsoft’s Raspberry Pi Will Cost $300
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
I presume that you have heard of [Raspberry Pi][1]. A $35 microcomputer that has revolutionized the low cost computing and has cult following among hardware hobbyist and do-it-yourself enthusiasts. Several other followed in the footsteps of Raspberry Pi to provide low cost micro computers, [Arduino][2] is one of the successful examples.
|
||||
|
||||
Microsoft has decided to enter the world of “System on Chip” and to come up with its “own Raspberry Pi”. Teamed up with Intel and [CircuitCo][3], [Microsoft will be launching a micro computer named “Sharks Cove“][4].
|
||||
|
||||
Sharks Cove boasts of Intel Atom Z3735G, a quad-core chip with speeds up to 1.83GHz, 1GB of RAM, 16GB of flash storage and a MicroSD slot among many other things. You can read the full specifications [here][5]. The main aim of Shark Cove is to provide a platform to develop hardware and drivers for Windows and Android.
|
||||
|
||||
Everything sounds fine till it comes to price. Sharks Cove will cost $299 with a Windows 8.1 license. While Arduino costs around $55 and Raspberry Pi $35, I don’t think there will be many buyers for such a high price in a domain which is dominated by low cost Linux based devices. What do you think?
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/microsofts-raspberry-pi/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/Abhishek/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.raspberrypi.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.arduino.cc/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.circuitco.com/
|
||||
[4]:http://blogs.msdn.com/b/windows_hardware_and_driver_developer_blog/archive/2014/07/26/the-sharks-cove-is-now-available-for-pre-order.aspx
|
||||
[5]:http://www.sharkscove.org/docs/
|
||||
@ -1,94 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Nostalgic Gaming On Linux With Good Old Games
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Thanks to the recent Linux support provided by DRM-free classic games provider, GOG.com, getting that nostalgic kick on Linux has never been easier. In this article I'll also detail a few of my favourite classic games that are now available to play in Linux.**
|
||||
|
||||
It's not all nostalgia, though. Some of the classic games you might think of are genuinely classic, amazing games no matter their age. Others, you might need to imagine you're back in, say, 1995 and look at the game from that point of view to appreciate how good it must have seemed at that time. Whatever the case though, there's no shortage of these old games out there to enjoy and thankfully it's recently gotten even easier with [GOG.com][1] recently announcing Linux support.
|
||||
|
||||
A lot of these old classic games actually run in [DOSBox][2], so a seasoned Linux gamer who has experience with such games may bring up the point that you could play a lot of these games provided by services such as GOG.com for years already, well before that recent announcement. Which is correct, I've done the same thing myself, but it does involve a bit of fiddling with files, so at the very least we now have a "turn-key" solution even with the DOSBox powered games - you download them, you launch them, they should just work. If you just want to purchase a game and play it right away, that's no bad thing.
|
||||
|
||||
Then there's the non-DOS games. A lot of old Windows 95/98 games do often work fine in WINE, but not always, or perhaps need workarounds to be manually applied or even a special version of WINE itself. Some old games just won't work at all no matter what you try, even on modern versions of Windows itself! So again, having an alternative available that is designed to work out-of-the-box (and DRM-free, no less) is a nice thing.
|
||||
|
||||
GOG.com initially provided 50 Linux compatible games on their penguin-friendly launch, but that number is and will keep growing. In coming months they say they hope to reach 100 games, and who knows how many thereafter, but it should grow to be a fairly considerable library.
|
||||
|
||||
Here are a few of my favourites so far, that are available right now:
|
||||
|
||||
### Rise Of The Triads Dark War (1994) ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If you crave some 90's style shoot-em-up action where you get to blow the hell out of, well, everything and everyone, Rise Of The Triads (ROTT) is one of the best choices and a favourite to many.
|
||||
|
||||
If you know these kinds of shooters, you probably know what to expect. There is a storyline, but really it's about blowing everything up and/or riddling enemies full of bullet holes. As a member of an elite group of operatives you are sent to a remote island to stop a mad cult leader, where typically everything goes pear-shaped and you have to kill everything and successfully navigate levels to save the day and get out alive in the process.
|
||||
|
||||
True to the arcade-style shooter of this vintage, weapons are all about being big, high-tech and fun. You might be in an elite operations group, but you ain't stuck with peashooters and standard rifles - no there's duel pistols all the way to heat seeking missiles and the Flamewall cannon and many more. It's all about genuine fun and doesn't take itself too seriously.
|
||||
|
||||
*Verdict: A blast (literally)*
|
||||
|
||||
### Realms Of The Haunting (1996) ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
This one is actually fairly new to me and isn't a game I remember from years back. Which is my loss really, as I can imagine this game must have seemed pretty incredible all the way back in 1996.
|
||||
|
||||
Realms Of The Haunting is something of a first-person shooter/point-and-click adventure combination. The controls at first seem a bit strange because of this (keyboard to control movement and attack etc. Mouse to move the context indicator/cursor around the screen and interact with objects) but you soon get used to it. The storyline, although I have not experienced all of it yet myself, is apparently very good and certainly my impressions of it have been good. This is also one of those classic games that uses good old FMV (Full Motion Video) for cutscenes.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Basically you play as a young man who receives a suitably vague letter from your recently deceased father about a strange deserted mansion and it's curious happenings inside. Naturally, said young man decides to visit the mansion and discovers his father's spirit being held captive by the forces of evil and then sets out to try free him. That sounds like a pretty standard storyline at first but the difference lays in the execution and how it progresses.
|
||||
|
||||
From the moment the main character picks up a lantern and gazes around the dark, creepy surroundings of the mansion, it actually reminds me a bit of Amnesia: The Dark Descent. Sure, the gameplay and amount of actual combat means the comparison somewhat ends after that, but ROTH does also have it's fair share of exploration and puzzles. Despite a very dated looking graphics engine (it is based on the DOOM engine after all!) it strikes me how much attention to detail the game creators managed to pack into the environment, which further adds to the atmosphere and immersion despite the constant pixel party happening on screen.
|
||||
|
||||
All in all, Realms Of The Haunting is a creepy but very intriguing old game that is very much worth checking out. And if you love games that feature old-school FMV, there is heaps on offer here too.
|
||||
|
||||
*Verdict: Ahead of it's time?*
|
||||
|
||||
### Sid Meier's Colonization (1994) ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Think Civilization, but with a colonial twist. Instead of building a nation from a mound of dirt in the middle of nowhere, Colonization tasks you with controlling either the forces of England, France, Spain or The Netherlands as you set about managing expansion across the Atlantic for your nation of choice. The aim of the game, as far as winning goes, is to achieve independence from your mother country and defeat the angry Royal Expeditionary Force that comes your way.
|
||||
|
||||
If big chunky pixels, even in text, is something that hurts your eyes you may want to avoid this one but the simple old graphics belie the actual gameplay and depth available here. If you have experience with the more modern Sid Meier turn-based strategy games like the Civilization series, you may be surprised just how much familiar elements and gameplay there is in this old game.
|
||||
|
||||
It may appear ancient and a little clunky, but like most of the classic Sid Meier games, you can sink hours upon hours into this game. Which considering it's price nowadays, no more than a piece of cake and a coffee, is fantastic value that is hard to beat. Do try it.
|
||||
|
||||
*Verdict: Superb turn-based strategy, all the way from 1994*
|
||||
|
||||
### Sword Of The Samurai (1989) ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
This one is a little more obscure and may surprise. For me, and this will sound a little cliché given the Japanese theme and setting, but there is something rather Zen about Sword Of The Samurai. A product in the year 1989, the graphics are obviously simple and have a very limited colour palette. Yet, I think even today the graphics work for this particular game and add to its charm and, again, the Zen.
|
||||
|
||||
Describing SOTS is difficult though. It's sort of... a strategy, war, dating, stealth, melee, dueling, diplomacy, choose-your-own adventure Samurai sim.
|
||||
|
||||
Seriously.
|
||||
|
||||
Somehow this old game, which weighs in less than 20 megabytes, fits in an incredible amount of different gameplay (and surprisingly smart artificial intelligence) and approaches you can take to achieve your goal. The core goal is get a very important thing called Honor. In the world of feudal Japan, Honor is a big, big thing and you must get more Honor any way you can in order to achieve the goal of unifying Japan under your rule, as Shogun.
|
||||
|
||||
While you can of course be the "good guy" and do everything you think is right to get Honor, the game is inherently deep and clever enough to allow you to achieve Honor even with, shall we say, more underhanded tactics.
|
||||
|
||||
It's difficult to truly describe all the ways you can play this game but my advice is to simply do so - play it, let it wash over you and soak in the Japanese culture and atmosphere that the game exudes in a really classy way, without being over-the-top. And yes, the game can also be educational! You can't beat that.
|
||||
|
||||
*Verdict: An under-appreciated masterpiece*
|
||||
|
||||
### Get your game on ###
|
||||
|
||||
So there we have it, there's some of my favourites that I've been (re)playing recently, on my Fedora 20 system no less. Some of these games may be older than Linux (the kernel) itself, but thanks to the likes of GOG.com and especially emulators like DOSBox, you can still enjoy the classic titles you remember from years gone by.
|
||||
|
||||
What are some of your favourite classic games? Are you also playing them now in your favourite Linux distro? Let us know in the comments!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://thelinuxrain.com/articles/nostalgic-gaming-on-linux-with-good-old-games
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Andrew Powell
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://gog.com/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.dosbox.com/
|
||||
@ -1,132 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Five Awesome GOG.com Linux Games Everyone Should Play Once
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
GOG AKA ILU TUX NAO
|
||||
|
||||
**Ardent Linux gamers will have seen last week as a good one, as rising game distribution service [GOG.com brought a batch of more than 50 classic PC and indie titles to the platform][1], many for the very first time.**
|
||||
|
||||
Against the 775 DRM-free offerings offered to Windows users, not to mention the 600 strong Linux catalog on Steam, it might not sound like much. But the company says this is only the first wave and that another 50 games are set to land later in the year.
|
||||
|
||||
Last week [we asked][2] our Facebook fans which five games being sold by GOG they consider ‘must have’ titles.
|
||||
|
||||
After pruning the titles often found warming the shelves of the Humble Bundle (*e.g., Uplink: Hacker Elite, Darwinia, Don’t Starve and Anomaly Warzone Earth*), and throwing in a free title for good measure, we came up with the following list.
|
||||
|
||||
It’s not comprehensive, it’s not definitive and it’s certainly not going to be the five you’d pick. But for those either too young to have experienced some of these games for the first time, or old enough to level up nostalgia, it’s a great jumping in point.
|
||||
|
||||
Because we know it matters to some of you, we’ve listed the ‘port’ type for each entry, so you can avoid Wine or DOSBox where needed.
|
||||
|
||||
Finally (though it really should go without saying) if you’re looking for full HD immersive 3D worlds with GPU melting graphics requirements, this is not the list for you.
|
||||
|
||||
Now to hark back to rainy days spent cooped up inside, eyes firmly fixed on a CRT monitor…
|
||||
|
||||
### FlatOut ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Year**: 2005. **Genre**: Racing. **Port**: Wine. **Price**: $5.99 (inc. extras).
|
||||
|
||||
Unbuckle up and prepare for one bad-ass and throughly bumpy ride.
|
||||
|
||||
Trying to condense why FlatOut is a classic demolition rally game into just a few short sentences is traumatic. Almost as traumatic as being a driver in it must be.
|
||||
|
||||
Its premise — carnage, destruction, more carnage — reads fairly standard these days. Virtually every racing game (at least those worth their tread) implements an element of off-road mayhem. But FlatOut was one of the first, and even today remains one of the best.
|
||||
|
||||
With 36 course littered with more than 3000 items to crash and smash, plus 16 upgradeable vehicles, each made up of 40 “deformable pieces” for ultimate on-screen obliteration, FlatOut is flat out one of the best raucous racing games available on Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
*Also check out Flat Out 2, released in 2011 and costing $9.99.*
|
||||
|
||||
- [Buy “FlatOut” on GOG][3]
|
||||
|
||||
### Duke Nukem 3D: Atomic Edition ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Year**: 1995. **Genre**: First-Person Shooter. **Port**: DOSBox. **Price**: $5.99 (inc. extras).
|
||||
|
||||
Politically incorrect, full of female objectification, and featuring more cheesy one-liners than the script of a straight-to-VHS Jean-Claude Van Damme action film. Yep, it’s Duke Nukem.
|
||||
|
||||
But c’mon; no list of retro PC classics would be complete without a least one Duke Nukem entry, right? They are bona fide classics. Along with Doom and Quake, it kickstarted the gory corridor crawling shooter genre.
|
||||
|
||||
Most of its strengths are in the pastiche; it is camp, cheesy and kaleidoscopically brash, and takes itself about as seriously as a Sega MegaCD video cutscene from Night Trap.
|
||||
|
||||
The environments are varied and rich. The gameplay mechanics easy to get to grips with. And while the less than subtle humour laced throughout may rile the easily offended, those of a certain age won’t be able to resist smirking at the pop-culture satire.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Buy “Duke Nukem: Atomic Edition” on GOG][4]
|
||||
|
||||
### The Last Federation ###
|
||||
|
||||
Youtobe 视频地址：
|
||||
https://www.youtube.com/embed/5RKXWpyf1i4?feature=oembed
|
||||
|
||||
**Year**: 2014. **Genre**: Strategy. **Port**: Native. Price: $19.99.
|
||||
|
||||
The Last Federation is the most expensive title on this list and also the most modern, having debuted this year.
|
||||
|
||||
It’s a turn-based tactical combat set in space that burdens you with the task of ‘forging a lasting federation of planets and usher in an era of peace and prosperity to the solar system.’
|
||||
|
||||
But to forge a lasting truce you must indulge your inner machiavellian monsters.
|
||||
|
||||
*“Remember, when helping civilizations evolve, sometimes they evolve faster when a large multi-headed monster is glaring menacingly at them,” reads the game’s synopsis.*
|
||||
|
||||
Pricey, but one of the standout strategy games of 2014.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Buy “The Last Federation” on GOG][5]
|
||||
|
||||
### StarGunner ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Year**: 1996. **Genre**: Arcade. **Port**: DOSBox. Price: Free.
|
||||
|
||||
StarGunner is one of two Linux games available for free on GOG. It’s a space-based side scrolling shoot ‘em up, similar to thousands of mid-nineties arcade games now resting in a land fill somewhere.
|
||||
|
||||
That’s not to say it’s not any good; it’s great fun but just a little familiar.
|
||||
|
||||
Gameplay is fast, battlefields switch between space, ground and water often enough to maintain interest, and with more than 75 different enemy crafts (plus over 30 super adaptive bosses) things never get visually tired, either.
|
||||
|
||||
Look out for weapons and other power-ups littered through levels.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Download “StarGunner” for free on GOG][6]
|
||||
|
||||
### Blocks That Matter ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Year**: 2011. **Price**: $2.99. **Genre**: Platformer. **Port**: Wine, 32-bit only.
|
||||
|
||||
Take some blocks, drop them into an isometrical world, add bit of jumping and a whole lot of puzzle solving. Finally, coat it all in a layer of cuteness. Aside from an needlessly drawn out introduction, you should end up with **Blocks That Matter**. And boy do these blocks matter.
|
||||
|
||||
Playing as a robot called Tetrobot, your sole aim is to waddle about each level drilling blocks of various materials (sand, ice, etc.) one by one. Blocks can be collected and inserted into the game to help you complete levels, but depending on the material this can often be a hindrance rather than a help.
|
||||
|
||||
An innovative 2D platform-puzzler, it offers up 40 levels in standard Adventure Mode with another 20 waiting to be unlocked. It’s cute, clever and cheap.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Buy “Blocks that Matter” on GOG][7]
|
||||
|
||||
### Honourable Mentions ###
|
||||
|
||||
####DarkLands####
|
||||
|
||||
**Year**: 1992. **Genre**: RPG. **Port**: DOSBox. **Price**: $5.99 (inc. extras).
|
||||
|
||||
#### Sid Meier’s Covert Action ####
|
||||
|
||||
**Year**: 1990. **Genre**: Action/Strategy. **Port**: DOSBox. **Price**: $5.99 (inc. extras).
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/08/five-best-linux-gog-com-games-available-now
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
|
||||
[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/50-classic-pc-games-now-available-linux-gog
|
||||
[2]:https://www.facebook.com/omgubuntu/posts/830930706919468
|
||||
[3]:http://www.gog.com/game/flatout
|
||||
[4]:http://www.gog.com/game/duke_nukem_3d_atomic_edition
|
||||
[5]:http://www.gog.com/game/last_federation_the
|
||||
[6]:http://www.gog.com/game/stargunner
|
||||
[7]:http://www.gog.com/game/blocks_that_matter
|
||||
@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
|
||||
translating by barney-ro
|
||||
|
||||
Interesting facts about Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Today, August, 25th, is the 23rd birthday of Linux. The modest [Usenet post][1] made by a 21 year old student at the University of Helsinki on August 25th, 1991, marks the birth of the venerable Linux as we know it today.
|
||||
|
||||
Fast forward 23 years, and now Linux is everywhere, not only installed on end user desktops, [smartphones][2] and embedded systems, but also fulfilling the needs of [leading enterprises][3] and powering mission-critical systems such as [US Navy's nuclear submarines][4] and [FAA's air traffic control][5]. Entering the era of ubiquitous cloud computing, Linux is continuing [its dominance][6] as by far the most popular platform for the cloud.
|
||||
|
||||
Celebrating the 23rd birthday of Linux today, let me show you **some interesting facts and history you may not know about Linux**. If there is anything to add, feel free to share it in the comments. In this article, I will use the terms "Linux", "kernel" or "Linux kernel" interchangeably to mean the same thing.
|
||||
|
||||
1. There is a never-ending debate on whether or not Linux is an operating system. Technically, the term "Linux" refers to the kernel, a core component of an operating system. Folks who argue that Linux is not an operating system are operating system purists who think that the kernel alone does not make the whole operating system, or free software ideologists who believe that the largest free operating system should be named "[GNU/Linux][7]" to give credit where credit is due (i.e., [GNU project][8]). On the other hand, some developers and programmers have a view that Linux qualifies as an operating system in a sense that it implements the [POSIX standard][9].
|
||||
|
||||
2. According to openhub.net, the majority (95%) of Linux is written in C language. The second popular language for Linux is assembly language (2.8%). The dominance of C lanaguage over C++ is no surprise given Linus's stance on C++. Here is the programming language breakdown for Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3. Linux has been built by a total of [13,036 contributors][10] worldwide. The most prolific contributor is, of course, Linus Torvalds himself, who has committed code more than 20,000 times over the course of the lifetime of Linux. The following figures show the all-time top-10 contributors of Linux in terms of commit counts.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4. The total source lines of code (SLOC) of Linux is over 17 million. The estimated cost for the entire code base is 5,526 person-years, or over 300M USD according to [basic COCOMO model][11].
|
||||
|
||||
5. Enterprises have not been simply consumers of Linux. Their employees have been [actively participated][12] in the development of Linux. The figure below shows the top-10 corporate sponsors of Linux kernel development, in terms of total commit counts from their employees, as of year 2013. They include commercial Linux distributors (Red Hat, SUSE), chip/embedded system makers (Intel, Texas Instruments, Wolfson), non-profits (Linaro), and other IT power houses (IBM, Samsung, Google).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
6. The official mascot of Linux is "Tux", a friendly penguin character. The idea of using a cuddly penguin as a mascot/logo was in fact [first conceived and asserted][13] by Linus himself. Why penguin? Personally Linus is fond of penguins, despite the fact that he once was bitten by a ferocious penguin, causing him infected with a disease.
|
||||
|
||||
7. A Linux "distribution" contains the Linux kernel, supporting GNU utilities/libraries, and other third-party applications. According to [distrowatch.com][14], there are a total of 286 actively maintained Linux distrutions. The oldest among them is [Slackware][15] whose very first release 1.0 became available in 1993.
|
||||
|
||||
8. Kernel.org, which is the main repository of Linux source code, was [compromised][16] by an unknown attacker in August, 2011, who managed to tamper with several kernel.org's servers. In an effort to tighten up access policies of the Linux kernel, Linux foundation recently [turned on][17] two-factor authentication at the official Git repositories hosting the Linux kernel.
|
||||
|
||||
9. The dominance of Linux on top 500 supercomputers [continues to rise][18]. As of June 2014, 97% of the world-fastest computers are powered by Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
10. Spacewatch, a research group of Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona, named several asteroids ([9793 Torvalds][19], [9882 Stallman][20], [9885 Linux][21] and [9965 GNU][22]) after GNU/Linux and their creators, in recognition of the free operating system which was instrumental in their asteroid survey activities.
|
||||
|
||||
11. In the modern history of Linux kernel development, there was a big jump in kernel version: from 2.6 to 3.0. The [renumbering to version 3][23] actually did not signify any major restructuring in kernel code, but was simply to celebrate the 20 year milestone of the Linux kernel.
|
||||
|
||||
12. In 2000, Steve Jobs at Apple Inc. [tried to hire][24] Linus Torvalds to have him drop Linux development and instead work on "Unix for the biggest user base," which was OS X back then. Linus declined the offer.
|
||||
|
||||
13. The [reboot()][25] system call in the Linux kernel requires two magic numbers. The second magic number comes from the [birth dates][26] of Linus Torvalds and his three daughters.
|
||||
|
||||
14. With so many fans of Linux around the world, there are [criticisms][27] on current Linux distributions (mainly desktops), such as limited hardware support, lack of standardization, instability due to short upgrade/release cycles, etc. During the [Linux kernel panel][28] at LinuxCon 2014, Linus was quoted as saying "I still want the desktop" when asked where he thinks Linux should go next.
|
||||
|
||||
If you know any interesting facts about Linux, feel free to share them in the comments.
|
||||
|
||||
Happy birthday, Linux!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/08/interesting-facts-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Dan Nanni][a]
|
||||
译者：[barney-ro](https://github.com/barney-ro)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/nanni
|
||||
[1]:https://groups.google.com/forum/message/raw?msg=comp.os.minix/dlNtH7RRrGA/SwRavCzVE7gJ
|
||||
[2]:http://developer.android.com/about/index.html
|
||||
[3]:http://fortune.com/2013/05/06/how-linux-conquered-the-fortune-500/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/7789
|
||||
[5]:http://fcw.com/Articles/2006/05/01/FAA-manages-air-traffic-with-Linux.aspx
|
||||
[6]:http://thecloudmarket.com/stats
|
||||
[7]:http://www.gnu.org/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html
|
||||
[8]:http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-history.html
|
||||
[9]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX
|
||||
[10]:https://www.openhub.net/p/linux/contributors/summary
|
||||
[11]:https://www.openhub.net/p/linux/estimated_cost
|
||||
[12]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/publications/linux-foundation/who-writes-linux-2013
|
||||
[13]:http://www.sjbaker.org/wiki/index.php?title=The_History_of_Tux_the_Linux_Penguin
|
||||
[14]:http://distrowatch.com/search.php?ostype=All&category=All&origin=All&basedon=All¬basedon=None&desktop=All&architecture=All&status=Active
|
||||
[15]:http://www.slackware.com/info/
|
||||
[16]:http://pastebin.com/BKcmMd47
|
||||
[17]:http://www.linux.com/news/featured-blogs/203-konstantin-ryabitsev/784544-linux-kernel-git-repositories-add-2-factor-authentication
|
||||
[18]:http://www.top500.org/statistics/details/osfam/1
|
||||
[19]:http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=9793
|
||||
[20]:http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=9882
|
||||
[21]:http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=9885
|
||||
[22]:http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=9965
|
||||
[23]:https://lkml.org/lkml/2011/5/29/204
|
||||
[24]:http://www.wired.com/2012/03/mr-linux/2/
|
||||
[25]:http://lxr.free-electrons.com/source/kernel/reboot.c#L199
|
||||
[26]:http://www.nndb.com/people/444/000022378/
|
||||
[27]:http://linuxfonts.narod.ru/why.linux.is.not.ready.for.the.desktop.current.html
|
||||
[28]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8myENKt8bD0
|
||||
@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Making MySQL Better at GitHub
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> At GitHub we say, "it's not fully shipped until it's fast." We've talked before about some of the ways we keep our [frontend experience speedy][1], but that's only part of the story. Our MySQL database infrastructure dramatically affects the performance of GitHub.com. Here's a look at how our infrastructure team seamlessly conducted a major MySQL improvement last August and made GitHub even faster.
|
||||
|
||||
### The mission ###
|
||||
|
||||
Last year we moved the bulk of GitHub.com's infrastructure into a new datacenter with world-class hardware and networking. Since MySQL forms the foundation of our backend systems, we expected database performance to benefit tremendously from an improved setup. But creating a brand-new cluster with brand-new hardware in a new datacenter is no small task, so we had to plan and test carefully to ensure a smooth transition.
|
||||
|
||||
### Preparation ###
|
||||
|
||||
A major infrastructure change like this requires measurement and metrics gathering every step of the way. After installing base operating systems on our new machines, it was time to test out our new setup with various configurations. To get a realistic test workload, we used tcpdump to extract SELECT queries from the old cluster that was serving production and replayed them onto the new cluster.
|
||||
|
||||
MySQL tuning is very workload specific, and well-known configuration settings like innodb_buffer_pool_size often make the most difference in MySQL's performance. But on a major change like this, we wanted to make sure we covered everything, so we took a look at settings like innodb_thread_concurrency, innodb_io_capacity, and innodb_buffer_pool_instances, among others.
|
||||
|
||||
We were careful to only make one test configuration change at a time, and to run tests for at least 12 hours. We looked for query response time changes, stalls in queries per second, and signs of reduced concurrency. We observed the output of SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS, particularly the SEMAPHORES section, which provides information on work load contention.
|
||||
|
||||
Once we were relatively comfortable with configuration settings, we started migrating one of our largest tables onto an isolated cluster. This served as an early test of the process, gave us more space in the buffer pools of our core cluster and provided greater flexibility for failover and storage. This initial migration introduced an interesting application challenge, as we had to make sure we could maintain multiple connections and direct queries to the correct cluster.
|
||||
|
||||
In addition to all our raw hardware improvements, we also made process and topology improvements: we added delayed replicas, faster and more frequent backups, and more read replica capacity. These were all built out and ready for go-live day.
|
||||
|
||||
### Making a list; checking it twice ###
|
||||
|
||||
With millions of people using GitHub.com on a daily basis, we did not want to take any chances with the actual switchover. We came up with a thorough [checklist][2] before the transition:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
We also planned a maintenance window and [announced it on our blog][3] to give our users plenty of notice.
|
||||
|
||||
### Migration day ###
|
||||
|
||||
At 5am Pacific Time on a Saturday, the migration team assembled online in chat and the process began:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
We put the site in maintenance mode, made an announcement on Twitter, and set out to work through the list above:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**13 minutes** later, we were able to confirm operations of the new cluster:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Then we flipped GitHub.com out of maintenance mode, and let the world know that we were in the clear.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Lots of up front testing and preparation meant that we kept the work we needed on go-live day to a minimum.
|
||||
|
||||
### Measuring the final results ###
|
||||
|
||||
In the weeks following the migration, we closely monitored performance and response times on GitHub.com. We found that our cluster migration cut the average GitHub.com page load time by half and the 99th percentile by *two-thirds*:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### What we learned ###
|
||||
|
||||
#### Functional partitioning ####
|
||||
|
||||
During this process we decided that moving larger tables that mostly store historic data to separate cluster was a good way to free up disk and buffer pool space. This allowed us to leave more resources for our "hot" data, splitting some connection logic to enable the application to query multiple clusters. This proved to be a big win for us and we are working to reuse this pattern.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Always be testing ####
|
||||
|
||||
You can never do too much acceptance and regression testing for your application. Replicating data from the old cluster to the new cluster while running acceptance tests and replaying queries were invaluable for tracing out issues and preventing surprises during the migration.
|
||||
|
||||
#### The power of collaboration ####
|
||||
|
||||
Large changes to infrastructure like this mean a lot of people need to be involved, so pull requests functioned as our primary point of coordination as a team. We had people all over the world jumping in to help.
|
||||
|
||||
Deploy day team map:
|
||||
|
||||
<iframe width="620" height="420" frameborder="0" src="https://render.githubusercontent.com/view/geojson?url=https://gist.githubusercontent.com/anonymous/5fa29a7ccbd0101630da/raw/map.geojson"></iframe>
|
||||
|
||||
This created a workflow where we could open a pull request to try out changes, get real-time feedback, and see commits that fixed regressions or errors -- all without phone calls or face-to-face meetings. When everything has a URL that can provide context, it's easy to involve a diverse range of people and make it simple for them give feedback.
|
||||
|
||||
### One year later.. ###
|
||||
|
||||
A full year later, we are happy to call this migration a success — MySQL performance and reliability continue to meet our expectations. And as an added bonus, the new cluster enabled us to make further improvements towards greater availability and query response times. I'll be writing more about those improvements here soon.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://github.com/blog/1880-making-mysql-better-at-github
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[samlambert][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://github.com/samlambert
|
||||
[1]:https://github.com/blog/1756-optimizing-large-selector-sets
|
||||
[2]:https://help.github.com/articles/writing-on-github#task-lists
|
||||
[3]:https://github.com/blog/1603-site-maintenance-august-31st-2013
|
||||
@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
|
||||
5 Reasons Why I Hate GNU/Linux – Do You Hate (Love) Linux?
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
This part of Linux, I don’t like to talk very often but sometimes I do really feel some of the aspects related to Linux is real pain. Here are the five points which I come across on a daily basis, almost.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
5 Reasons Why I Hate Linux
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Choose from Too Many Good Distros ###
|
||||
|
||||
While reading several on-line forum (a part of my hobby), I very often come across a question like – Hi, I am new to Linux, just [switched over from Windows to Linux][1]. Which Linux Distribution, I should get my hands dirty with? Oh! forgot to mention, I am an Engineering Student.
|
||||
|
||||
As soon as someone posted such question, there is a flood of comments. each distribution’s fan boy tries to make sense that the distro he is using leads all the rest, a few comments may look like:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Get your hands upon Linux Mint or Ubuntu, they are easy to use specially for newbies like you.
|
||||
1. Ubuntu is Sh** better go with Mint.
|
||||
1. If you want something like windows, better stay there.
|
||||
1. Nothing is better than Debian. It is easy to use and contains all the packages you may need.
|
||||
1. Slackware, for the point, if you learn slack you learn Linux.
|
||||
At this point, the student who asked question really gets confused and annoyed.
|
||||
1. CentOS – Nothing like this, when comes to stability.
|
||||
1. I will recommend Fedora, Bleeding edge technology implementation, you will get a lot to learn.
|
||||
1. Puppy Linux, SUSE, BSD, Manjaro, Megia, Kali, RedHat Beta, etc,……
|
||||
|
||||
At the end of discussion, the discussion forum may be used as a paper for research based upon the facts and figure provided in the comments.
|
||||
|
||||
Now think the same in Windows or Mac – One may say are you Insane? Still using Windows XP or Vista but no one will try to prove that windows 8 is better than XP and XP is more on a User Friendly side. You won’t get a fan boy in Mac as well, who is trying to jump into the discussion just to make his point sounds louder.
|
||||
|
||||
You may frequently come across points like – Distros are like religion. These things makes the newbie puzzled. Anyone who have used Linux for a considerable time would be knowing that all the distros are same at the base. It is only the working interface and the way to perform task differs and that too rarely. You are using apt, yum, portage, emerge, spike or ABS who cares as far as the things are done and user is comfortable with it.
|
||||
|
||||
Well the above scenario is not only true in forums and groups on-line, it is sometimes taken to the corporate world.
|
||||
|
||||
I was recently being Interviewed by a company based in Mumbai (India). The person interviewing, asked me several questions and technologies, I have worked with. As per their requirements, I have worked with nearly half of the technologies they were looking for. A few of last conversation as mentioned below.
|
||||
|
||||
**Interviewer**: Do you know kernel editing? (Then he talked to himself for a couple of seconds – no, no not kernel editing, it is a very different thing.) Do you know how to compile a kernel on a monolithic side?
|
||||
|
||||
**Me**: Yes, we just need to make sure what we need to run in future. We need to select those options only that supports our need before compiling the kernel.
|
||||
|
||||
**Interviewer**: How do you compile a kernel?
|
||||
|
||||
**Me**: make menuconfig, fire it as………..(interrupted)
|
||||
|
||||
**Interviewer**: When have you compiled the kernel lastly without any help?
|
||||
|
||||
**Me**: Very recently on my Debian…..(Interrupted)
|
||||
|
||||
**Interviewer**: Debian? Do you know what we does? Debian-Febian is not of our use. We use CentOS. Ok, I will tell the management the result. They will call you.
|
||||
|
||||
**Not to Mention**: I didn’t get the call or job, but certainly the phrase **Debian-febian** forces me to think over and over again. He could have said we don’t use Debian, we use CentOS. The tone of him, was a bit racist, it is spread-ed all over.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Some of the very important software has no support in Linux ###
|
||||
|
||||
No! I am not talking about Photoshop. I understand Linux is not build to perform such task. But some backbone softwares required to connect your Android phone to PC for Updation – PC Suite certainly means a lot. I have been looking for a windows PC.
|
||||
|
||||
I know Linux is more like a server side OS. Really? Is not it trying to make a point that, it has been used as a Desktop as well? If Yes! It should have other developed desktop features. For a desktop user security, stability, RAID, Kernel does not mean much. They should get their work done with little or no effort.
|
||||
|
||||
Moreover the companies like Samsung, Sony, Micromax, etc are dealing with Android (Linux) Phones and they have no support to get their phone connected over a Linux PC.
|
||||
|
||||
Don’t drag me in PC suite discussion. For Linux to be a Desktop OS, it still lacks several things, Little or no gaming support – I mean high end gaming. No professional Video and Photo Editing Tools, I Said Professional. And yeah I remember Titanic and Avatar Movies were maid using some kind of FOSS video editor, I am coming to that point.
|
||||
|
||||
Agree or not, Linux still has to go a long way to be a distro for everyone.
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Linuxer have a habit of living in virtual world ###
|
||||
|
||||
I am a Linux user, and I am superior than you. I can handle terminal much better than you. You know Linux is Everywhere in your wrist watch, mobile phones, remote control. You know what, Hacker’s use Linux. Are you aware as soon as you boot Linux you become hacker. You can do several things from Linux you can’t even think of using Windows and Mac.
|
||||
|
||||
Let me tell you, Linux is now being used in International Space Station. The world’s most successful movies Avatar and Titanic were build using Linux. Last but not the least, world’s 90% supercomputers are using Linux. World’s Top 5 fastest computer are using Linux. Facebook, Linkedin, Google, Yahoo all have their server based on Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
I don’t mean they are wrong. I only mean they keeps on talking about the thing they very little know about.
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. The long hours of compilation and dependency resolution ###
|
||||
|
||||
I am aware of automatic dependency resolution and the program getting smart day by day. Still think from corporate view, I was installing a program say ‘y‘, it had one dependency say ‘**x**‘ which was unable to be resolved automatically. While resolving ‘**x**‘ I came across 8 other dependency, a few of other were dependent on a few other libraries and program. Isn’t it painful?
|
||||
|
||||
The rule of corporate is to have the work done efficiently with less man power and as much less time as possible. Who cares if your piece of codes are coming from Windows or Mac or Linux as far as the work is done.
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Too much manual work ###
|
||||
|
||||
No matter which distro you choose, you have to manually do a lot a things time-to-time. Lets say you are installing proprietary Nvidia Driver. Now you need to kill **X** manually, may need to edit **Xorg.conf** manually and still may have a broken **X**. Furthermore, you have to make sure that the next time kernel updates, it still be in working condition.
|
||||
|
||||
Think of same on Windows. You have nothing to do other than firing the executables and click** Next, Next, I Agree, Next, Forward, Finish, Reboot** and your system may very rarely have broken GUI. Though the demerit is a broken GUI is not possible to be repaired on Windows but easily on Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
Hey don’t tell me its because of security implementation. If you are installing something using ‘**root**‘, and still needs a lot of things done manually that not security. Some may have a point that it gives you power to configure your system to any extent. My friend at least give him a working interface from where he can configure it to next best level. Why Installer laves him to re-invent the wheel every-time in the name of security and configurability.
|
||||
|
||||
I myself is a Linux fan and have been working on this platform for nearly half a decades. I myself have used Distros of several kind and came to the above conclusion. You may have used a different distro’s and might you’ve came to a such conclusion, where you feel that Linux is not upto the mark.
|
||||
|
||||
Please do share with us, why do you hate (Love) Linux? via our comment section below.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/why-i-hate-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Avishek Kumar][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/useful-linux-commands-for-newbies/
|
||||
@ -1,190 +0,0 @@
|
||||
zpl1025
|
||||
Make Downloading Files Effortless
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
A download manager is computer software that is dedicated to the task of downloading files, optimizing bandwidth usage, and operating in a more organized way. Some web browsers, such as Firefox, include a download manager as a feature, but their implementation lacks the sophistication of a dedicated download manager (or add-ons for the web browser), without using bandwidth optimally, and without good file management features.
|
||||
|
||||
Users that regularly download files benefit from using a good download manager. The ability to maximize download speeds (with download acceleration), resume and schedule downloads, make safer and more rewarding downloading. Download managers have lost some of their popularity, but the best of them offer real benefits including tight integration with browsers, support for popular sites such as YouTube and much more.
|
||||
|
||||
There are some sublime open source download managers for Linux, which makes selection somewhat problematic. I have compiled a roundup of my favorite download managers, and add-ons that turn a download manager into an excellent download manager for Firefox. Each application featured here is released under an open source license.
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
uGet is a lightweight, easy-to-use and full-featured open source download manager. uGet allows the user to download in multiple parallel streams for download acceleration, put files in a download queue, pause & resume downloads, offers advanced category management, with browser integration, clipboard monitoring, batch downloads, localized into 26 languages, and many more features.
|
||||
|
||||
uGet is mature software; it has been in developed for more than 11 years. In that time, it has progressed into a highly versatile download manager, with an estimable set of features, yet maintaining ease of use.
|
||||
|
||||
uGet is written in the C language, uses cURL as a backend, and the applicable library, libcurl. uGet has excellent platform compatibility. uGet is primarily a project for Linux, but it also runs on Mac OS X, FreeBSD, Android, and Windows.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Features include: ####
|
||||
|
||||
- Easy to use
|
||||
- Downloads queue place your downloads into a queue to download as many, or as few, downloads as you want simultaneously
|
||||
- Resume downloads
|
||||
- Categorized defaults
|
||||
- Clipboard monitor which is well implemented
|
||||
- Batch downloads
|
||||
- Import downloads import from HTML files
|
||||
- Support for downloading files through HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, BitTorrent & Metalink
|
||||
- Multi-connection (also known as Multi-Segment): up to 20 simultaneous connections per download with adaptive segment management which means that when one segment drops out then the other connections pick up the slack to ensure optimal download speeds at all times
|
||||
- Multi-mirror
|
||||
- FTP login & anonymous FTP
|
||||
- Powerful scheduler
|
||||
- FireFox integration via FlashGot
|
||||
- Aria2 plugin
|
||||
- Theme chameleoning
|
||||
- Quiet mode
|
||||
- Keyboard shortcuts
|
||||
- CLI / Terminal usage support
|
||||
- Folder auto-creation
|
||||
- Download history management
|
||||
- GnuTLS support
|
||||
- Supports 26 languages including: Arabic, Belarusian, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional), Czech, Danish, English (default), French, Georgian, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Russian, Spanish, Turkish, Ukrainian, and Vietnamese
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- Website: [ugetdm.com][1]
|
||||
- Developer: C.H. Huang and contributors
|
||||
- License: GNU LGPL 2.1
|
||||
- Version Number: 1.10.5
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
DownThemAll! is a fast, reliable and easy-to-use, open source download manager/accelerator built inside Firefox. This add-on lets the user download all the links or images contained in a webpage and much more. The add-on gives the user full control over downloads, dedicated speed and number of parallel connections at any time. Use Metalinks or add mirrors manually to download a file from different servers at the same time.
|
||||
|
||||
DownThemAll reads the size of the files you want to download and splits them into multiple sections, which are downloaded in parallel.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Features include: ####
|
||||
|
||||
- Complete integration with Firefox
|
||||
- Multi-part download which allows the user to download the file in pieces, then combining the pieces after a completed download; thus increasing the download speed when connected to a slow server
|
||||
- Metalink support which allows multiple URLs for each file to be passed to DTA, along with checksums and other informatio
|
||||
- Spider a page with a single link
|
||||
- Filtering
|
||||
- Advanced auto-renaming options
|
||||
- Pause and restart downloads
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- Website: [addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/downthemall][2]
|
||||
- Developer: Federico Parodi, Stefano Verna, Nils Maier
|
||||
- License: GNU GPL v2
|
||||
- Version Number: 2.0.17
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
JDownloader is a free, open-source download management tool with a large community of developers that makes downloading easy and fast. Users can start, stop or pause downloads, set bandwith limitations, auto-extract archives and much more. It offers an easy-to-extend framework.
|
||||
|
||||
JDownloader simplifies downloading files from One-Click-Hosters. It also offers downloading in multiple parallel streams, captcha recognition, automatic file extraction and much more. Additionally, many "link encryption" sites are supported - so you just paste the "encrypted" links and JDownloader does the rest. JDownloader can import CCF, RSDF and DLC files.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Features include: ####
|
||||
|
||||
- Download several files at once
|
||||
- Download with multiple connections
|
||||
- JD has an own powerful OCR module
|
||||
- Automatic extractor (including password list search) (Rar archives)
|
||||
- Theme Support
|
||||
- Multilingual
|
||||
- About 110 hoster and over 300 decrypt plug-ins
|
||||
- Reconnect with JDLiveHeaderScripts: (1400 router supported)
|
||||
- Webupdate
|
||||
- Integrated package manager for additional modules (eg. Webinterface, Shutdown)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- Website: [jdownloader.org][3]
|
||||
- Developer: AppWork UG
|
||||
- License: GNU GPL v3
|
||||
- Version Number: 0.9.581
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
FreeRapid Downloader is an easy to use open source downloader that supports downloading from Rapidshare, Youtube, Facebook, Picasa and other file-sharing services. Its engine is based on a list of plugins that make it possible to download from specific websites.
|
||||
|
||||
FreeRapid Downloader is an ideal choice for users needing a download manager specialized in sharing websites.
|
||||
|
||||
FreeRapid Downloader is written in Java. It needs at least Sun Java 7.0 to run.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Features include: ####
|
||||
|
||||
- Easy to use
|
||||
- Supports concurrent downloading from multiple services
|
||||
- Supports resuming downloads
|
||||
- Download using proxy list
|
||||
- Supports streamed videos or pictures
|
||||
- Download history
|
||||
- Smart clipboard monitoring
|
||||
- Automatic checking for file's existence on server
|
||||
- Auto shutdown options
|
||||
- Automatic plugins updates
|
||||
- Simple CAPTCHA recognition
|
||||
- Multi-platform support
|
||||
- Internationalization support: English, Bulgarian, Czech, Finnish, Portugal, Slovak, Hungarian, Simplified Chinese and many others
|
||||
- More than 700 supported sites
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- Website: [wordrider.net/freerapid/][4]
|
||||
- Developer: Vity and contributors
|
||||
- License: GNU GPL v2
|
||||
- Version Number: 0.9u4
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
FlashGot is a free add-on for Firefox and Thunderbird, meant to handle single and massive ("all" and "selection") downloads with several external Download Managers.
|
||||
|
||||
FlashGot turns every supported download manager into a download manager for Firefox.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Features include: ####
|
||||
|
||||
- Supports in Linux: Aria, Axel Download Accelerator, cURL, Downloader 4 X, FatRat, GNOME Gwget, FatRat, JDownloader, KDE KGet, pyLoad, SteadyFlow, uGet, wxDFast, and wxDownload Fast)
|
||||
- Build Gallery functionality which helps to synthesize full media galleries in one page, from serial contents originally scattered on several pages, for easy and fast "download all"
|
||||
- FlashGot Link downloads through the default download manager the link under the mouse pointer
|
||||
- FlashGot Selection
|
||||
- FlashGot All
|
||||
- FlashGot Tabs
|
||||
- FlashGot Media
|
||||
- Capture all links from a page
|
||||
- Capture all links from all tabs
|
||||
- Filter the links using a mask (e.g. to download only certain types of files)
|
||||
- Make a selection on a web page and capture all links in that selection
|
||||
- Supports direct and batch download from the most popular link protection and file hosting services
|
||||
- Privacy options
|
||||
- Internationalization support
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- Website: [flashgot.net][5]
|
||||
- Developer: Giorgio Maone
|
||||
- License: GNU GPL v2
|
||||
- Version Number: 1.5.6.5
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140913062041384/DownloadManagers.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Frazer Kline
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://ugetdm.com/
|
||||
[2]:https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/downthemall/
|
||||
[3]:http://jdownloader.org/
|
||||
[4]:http://wordrider.net/freerapid/
|
||||
[5]:http://flashgot.net/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
|
||||
barney-ro translating
|
||||
|
||||
7 killer open source monitoring tools
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Looking for greater visibility into your network? Look no further than these excellent free tools
|
||||
|
||||
Network and system monitoring is a broad category. There are solutions that monitor for the proper operation of servers, network gear, and applications, and there are solutions that track the performance of those systems and devices, providing trending and analysis. Some tools will sound alarms and notifications when problems are detected, while others will even trigger actions to run when alarms sound. Here is a collection of open source solutions that aim to provide some or all of these capabilities.
|
||||
|
||||
### Cacti ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Cacti is a very extensive performance graphing and trending tool that can be used to track just about any monitored metric that can be plotted on a graph. From disk utilization to fan speeds in a power supply, if it can be monitored, Cacti can track it -- and make that data quickly available.
|
||||
|
||||
### Nagios ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Nagios is the old guard of system and network monitoring. It is fast, reliable, and extremely customizable. Nagios can be a challenge for newcomers, but the rather complex configuration is also its strength, as it can be adapted to just about any monitoring task. What it may lack in looks it makes up for in power and reliability.
|
||||
|
||||
### Icinga ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Icinga is an offshoot of Nagios that is currently being rebuilt anew. It offers a thorough monitoring and alerting framework that\u2019s designed to be as open and extensible as Nagios is, but with several different Web UI options. Icinga 1 is closely related to Nagios, while Icinga 2 is the rewrite. Both versions are currently supported, and Nagios users can migrate to Icinga 1 very easily.
|
||||
|
||||
### NeDi ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
NeDi may not be as well known as some of the others, but it\u2019s a great solution for tracking devices across a network. It continuously walks through a network infrastructure and catalogs devices, keeping track of everything it discovers. It can provide the current location of any device, as well as a history.
|
||||
|
||||
NeDi can be used to locate stolen or lost devices by alerting you if they reappear on the network. It can even display all known and discovered connections on a map, showing how every network interconnect is laid out, down to the physical port level.
|
||||
|
||||
### Observium ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Observium combines system and network monitoring with performance trending. It uses both static and auto discovery to identify servers and network devices, leverages a variety of monitoring methods, and can be configured to track just about any available metric. The Web UI is very clean, well thought out, and easy to navigate.
|
||||
|
||||
As shown, Observium can also display the physical location of monitored devices on a geographical map. Note too the heads-up panels showing active alarms and device counts.
|
||||
|
||||
### Zabbix ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Zabbix monitors servers and networks with an extensive array of tools. There are Zabbix agents for most operating systems, or you can use passive or external checks, including SNMP to monitor hosts and network devices. You'll also find extensive alerting and notification facilities, and a highly customizable Web UI that can be adapted to a variety of heads-up displays. In addition, Zabbix has specific tools that monitor Web application stacks and virtualization hypervisors.
|
||||
|
||||
Zabbix can also produce logical interconnection diagrams detailing how certain monitored objects are interconnected. These maps are customizable, and maps can be created for groups of monitored devices and hosts.
|
||||
|
||||
### Ntop ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Ntop is a packet sniffing tool with a slick Web UI that displays live data on network traffic passing by a monitoring interface. Instant data on network flows is available through an advanced live graphing function. Host data flows and host communication pair information is also available in real-time.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.networkworld.com/article/2686794/asset-management/164219-7-killer-open-source-monitoring-tools.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Paul Venezia][a]
|
||||
译者：[barney-ro](https://github.com/barney-ro)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.networkworld.com/author/Paul-Venezia/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
|
||||
ChromeOS vs Linux: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> In the battle between ChromeOS and Linux, both desktop environments have strengths and weaknesses.
|
||||
|
||||
Anyone who believes Google isn't "making a play" for desktop users isn't paying attention. In recent years, I've seen [ChromeOS][1] making quite a splash on the [Google Chromebook][2]. Exploding with popularity on sites such as Amazon.com, it looks as if ChromeOS could be unstoppable.
|
||||
|
||||
In this article, I'm going to look at ChromeOS as a concept to market, how it's affecting Linux adoption and whether or not it's a good/bad thing for the Linux community as a whole. Plus, I'll talk about the biggest issue of all and how no one is doing anything about it.
|
||||
|
||||
### ChromeOS isn't really Linux ###
|
||||
|
||||
When folks ask me if ChromeOS is a Linux distribution, I usually reply that ChromeOS is to Linux what OS X is to BSD. In other words, I consider ChromeOS to be a forked operating system that uses the Linux kernel under the hood. Much of the operating system is made up of Google's own proprietary blend of code and software.
|
||||
|
||||
So while the ChromeOS is using the Linux kernel under its hood, it's still very different from what we might find with today's modern Linux distributions.
|
||||
|
||||
Where ChromeOS's difference becomes most apparent, however, is in the apps it offers the end user: Web applications. With everything being launched from a browser window, Linux users might find using ChromeOS to be a bit vanilla. But for non-Linux users, the experience is not all that different than what they may have used on their old PCs.
|
||||
|
||||
For example: Anyone who is living a Google-centric lifestyle on Windows will feel right at home on ChromeOS. Odds are this individual is already relying on the Chrome browser, Google Drive and Gmail. By extension, moving over to ChromeOS feels fairly natural for these folks, as they're simply using the browser they're already used to.
|
||||
|
||||
Linux enthusiasts, however, tend to feel constrained almost immediately. Software choices feel limited and boxed in, plus games and VoIP are totally out of the question. Sorry, but [GooglePlus Hangouts][3] isn't a replacement for [VoIP][4] software. Not even by a long shot.
|
||||
|
||||
### ChromeOS or Linux on the desktop ###
|
||||
|
||||
Anyone making the claim that ChromeOS hurts Linux adoption on the desktop needs to come up for air and meet non-technical users sometime.
|
||||
|
||||
Yes, desktop Linux is absolutely fine for most casual computer users. However it helps to have someone to install the OS and offer "maintenance" services like we see in the Windows and OS X camps. Sadly Linux lacks this here in the States, which is where I see ChromeOS coming into play.
|
||||
|
||||
I've found the Linux desktop is best suited for environments where on-site tech support can manage things on the down-low. Examples include: Homes where advanced users can drop by and handle updates, governments and schools with IT departments. These are environments where Linux on the desktop is set up to be used by users of any skill level or background.
|
||||
|
||||
By contrast, ChromeOS is built to be completely maintenance free, thus not requiring any third part assistance short of turning it on and allowing updates to do the magic behind the scenes. This is partly made possible due to the ChromeOS being designed for specific hardware builds, in a similar spirit to how Apple develops their own computers. Because Google has a pulse on the hardware ChromeOS is bundled with, it allows for a generally error free experience. And for some individuals, this is fantastic!
|
||||
|
||||
Comically, the folks who exclaim that there's a problem here are not even remotely the target market for ChromeOS. In short, these are passionate Linux enthusiasts looking for something to gripe about. My advice? Stop inventing problems where none exist.
|
||||
|
||||
The point is: the market share for ChromeOS and Linux on the desktop are not even remotely the same. This could change in the future, but at this time, these two groups are largely separate.
|
||||
|
||||
### ChromeOS use is growing ###
|
||||
|
||||
No matter what your view of ChromeOS happens to be, the fact remains that its adoption is growing. New computers built for ChromeOS are being released all the time. One of the most recent ChromeOS computer releases is from Dell. Appropriately named the [Dell Chromebox][5], this desktop ChromeOS appliance is yet another shot at traditional computing. It has zero software DVDs, no anti-malware software, and offfers completely seamless updates behind the scenes. For casual users, Chromeboxes and Chromebooks are becoming a viable option for those who do most of their work from within a web browser.
|
||||
|
||||
Despite this growth, ChromeOS appliances face one huge downside – storage. Bound by limited hard drive size and a heavy reliance on cloud storage, ChromeOS isn't going to cut it for anyone who uses their computers outside of basic web browser functionality.
|
||||
|
||||
### ChromeOS and Linux crossing streams ###
|
||||
|
||||
Previously, I mentioned that ChromeOS and Linux on the desktop are in two completely separate markets. The reason why this is the case stems from the fact that the Linux community has done a horrid job at promoting Linux on the desktop offline.
|
||||
|
||||
Yes, there are occasional events where casual folks might discover this "Linux thing" for the first time. But there isn't a single entity to then follow up with these folks, making sure they’re getting their questions answered and that they're getting the most out of Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
In reality, the likely offline discovery breakdown goes something like this:
|
||||
|
||||
- Casual user finds out Linux from their local Linux event.
|
||||
- They bring the DVD/USB device home and attempt to install the OS.
|
||||
- While some folks very well may have success with the install process, I've been contacted by a number of folks with the opposite experience.
|
||||
- Frustrated, these folks are then expected to "search" online forums for help. Difficult to do on a primary computer experiencing network or video issues.
|
||||
- Completely fed up, some of the above frustrated bring their computers back into a Windows shop for "repair." In addition to Windows being re-installed, they also receive an earful about how "Linux isn't for them" and should be avoided.
|
||||
|
||||
Some of you might charge that the above example is exaggerated. I would respond with this: It's happened to people I know personally and it happens often. Wake up Linux community, our adoption model is broken and tired.
|
||||
|
||||
### Great platforms, horrible marketing and closing thoughts ###
|
||||
|
||||
If there is one thing that I feel ChromeOS and Linux on the desktop have in common...besides the Linux kernel, it's that they both happen to be great products with rotten marketing. The advantage however, goes to Google with this one, due to their ability to spend big money online and reserve shelf space at big box stores.
|
||||
|
||||
Google believes that because they have the "online advantage" that offline efforts aren't really that important. This is incredibly short-sighted and reflects one of Google's biggest missteps. The belief that if you're not exposed to their online efforts, you're not worth bothering with, is only countered by local shelf-space at select big box stores.
|
||||
|
||||
My suggestion is this – offer Linux on the desktop to the ChromeOS market through offline efforts. This means Linux User Groups need to start raising funds to be present at county fairs, mall kiosks during the holiday season and teaching free classes at community centers. This will immediately put Linux on the desktop in front of the same audience that might otherwise end up with a ChromeOS powered appliance.
|
||||
|
||||
If local offline efforts like this don't happen, not to worry. Linux on the desktop will continue to grow as will the ChromeOS market. Sadly though, it will absolutely keep the two markets separate as they are now.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.datamation.com/open-source/chromeos-vs-linux-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-1.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Matt Hartley][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.datamation.com/author/Matt-Hartley-3080.html
|
||||
[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_OS
|
||||
[2]:http://www.google.com/chrome/devices/features/
|
||||
[3]:https://plus.google.com/hangouts
|
||||
[4]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_IP
|
||||
[5]:http://www.pcworld.com/article/2602845/dell-brings-googles-chrome-os-to-desktops.html
|
||||
@ -1,200 +0,0 @@
|
||||
How to Take ‘Snapshot of Logical Volume and Restore’ in LVM – Part III
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**LVM Snapshots** are space efficient pointing time copies of lvm volumes. It works only with lvm and consume the space only when changes are made to the source logical volume to snapshot volume. If source volume has a huge changes made to sum of 1GB the same changes will be made to the snapshot volume. Its best to always have a small size of changes for space efficient. Incase the snapshot runs out of storage, we can use lvextend to grow. And if we need to shrink the snapshot we can use lvreduce.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Take Snapshot in LVM
|
||||
|
||||
If we have accidentally deleted any file after creating a Snapshot we don’t have to worry because the snapshot have the original file which we have deleted. It is possible if the file was there when the snapshot was created. Don’t alter the snapshot volume, keep as it while snapshot used to do a fast recovery.
|
||||
|
||||
Snapshots can’t be use for backup option. Backups are Primary Copy of some data’s, so we cant use snapshot as a backup option.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Requirements ####
|
||||
|
||||
注：此两篇文章如果发布后可换成发布后链接，原文在前几天更新中
|
||||
|
||||
- [Create Disk Storage with LVM in Linux – PART 1][1]
|
||||
- [How to Extend/Reduce LVM’s in Linux – Part II][2]
|
||||
|
||||
### My Server Setup ###
|
||||
|
||||
- Operating System – CentOS 6.5 with LVM Installation
|
||||
- Server IP – 192.168.0.200
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 1: Creating LVM Snapshot ####
|
||||
|
||||
First, check for free space in volume group to create a new snapshot using following ‘**vgs**‘ command.
|
||||
|
||||
# vgs
|
||||
# lvs
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Check LVM Disk Space
|
||||
|
||||
You see, there is 8GB of free space left in above **vgs** output. So, let’s create a snapshot for one of my volume named **tecmint_datas**. For demonstration purpose, I am going to create only 1GB snapshot volume using following commands.
|
||||
|
||||
# lvcreate -L 1GB -s -n tecmint_datas_snap /dev/vg_tecmint_extra/tecmint_datas
|
||||
|
||||
OR
|
||||
|
||||
# lvcreate --size 1G --snapshot --name tecmint_datas_snap /dev/vg_tecmint_extra/tecmint_datas
|
||||
|
||||
Both the above commands does the same thing:
|
||||
|
||||
- **-s** – Creates Snapshot
|
||||
- **-n** – Name for snapshot
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Create LVM Snapshot
|
||||
|
||||
Here, is the explanation of each point highlighted above.
|
||||
|
||||
- Size of snapshot Iam creating here.
|
||||
- Creates snapshot.
|
||||
- Creates name for the snapshot.
|
||||
- New snapshots name.
|
||||
- Volume which we are going to create a snapshot.
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to remove a snapshot, you can use ‘**lvremove**‘ command.
|
||||
|
||||
# lvremove /dev/vg_tecmint_extra/tecmint_datas_snap
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Remove LVM Snapshot
|
||||
|
||||
Now, list the newly created snapshot using following command.
|
||||
|
||||
# lvs
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Verify LVM Snapshot
|
||||
|
||||
You see above, a snapshot was created successfully. I have marked with an arrow where snapshots origin from where its created, Its **tecmint_datas**. Yes, because we have created a snapshot for **tecmint_datas l-volume**.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Check LVM Snapshot Space
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s add some new files into **tecmint_datas**. Now volume has some data’s around 650MB and our snapshot size is 1GB. So there is enough space to backup our changes in snap volume. Here we can see, what is the status of our snapshot using below command.
|
||||
|
||||
# lvs
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Check Snapshot Status
|
||||
|
||||
You see, **51%** of snapshot volume was used now, no issue for more modification in your files. For more detailed information use command.
|
||||
|
||||
# lvdisplay vg_tecmint_extra/tecmint_data_snap
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
View Snapshot Information
|
||||
|
||||
Again, here is the clear explanation of each point highlighted in the above picture.
|
||||
|
||||
- Name of Snapshot Logical Volume.
|
||||
- Volume group name currently under use.
|
||||
- Snapshot volume in read and write mode, we can even mount the volume and use it.
|
||||
- Time when the snapshot was created. This is very important because snapshot will look for every changes after this time.
|
||||
- This snapshot belongs to tecmint_datas logical volume.
|
||||
- Logical volume is online and available to use.
|
||||
- Size of Source volume which we took snapshot.
|
||||
- Cow-table size = copy on Write, that means whatever changes was made to the tecmint_data volume will be written to this snapshot.
|
||||
- Currently snapshot size used, our tecmint_datas was 10G but our snapshot size was 1GB that means our file is around 650 MB. So what its now in 51% if the file grow to 2GB size in tecmint_datas size will increase more than snapshot allocated size, sure we will be in trouble with snapshot. That means we need to extend the size of logical volume (snapshot volume).
|
||||
- Gives the size of chunk for snapshot.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, let’s copy more than 1GB of files in **tecmint_datas**, let’s see what will happen. If you do, you will get error message saying ‘**Input/output error**‘, it means out of space in snapshot.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Add Files to Snapshot
|
||||
|
||||
If the logical volume become full it will get dropped automatically and we can’t use it any more, even if we extend the size of snapshot volume. It is the best idea to have the same size of Source while creating a snapshot, **tecmint_datas** size was 10G, if I create a snapshot size of 10GB it will never over flow like above because it has enough space to take snap of your volume.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 2: Extend Snapshot in LVM ####
|
||||
|
||||
If we need to extend the snapshot size before overflow we can do it using.
|
||||
|
||||
# lvextend -L +1G /dev/vg_tecmint_extra/tecmint_data_snap
|
||||
|
||||
Now there was totally 2GB size for snapshot.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Extend LVM Snapshot
|
||||
|
||||
Next, verify the new size and COW table using following command.
|
||||
|
||||
# lvdisplay /dev/vg_tecmint_extra/tecmint_data_snap
|
||||
|
||||
To know the size of snap volume and usage **%**.
|
||||
|
||||
# lvs
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Check Size of Snapshot
|
||||
|
||||
But if, you have snapshot volume with the same size of Source volume we don’t need to worry about these issues.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 3: Restoring Snapshot or Merging ####
|
||||
|
||||
To restore the snapshot, we need to un-mount the file system first.
|
||||
|
||||
# unmount /mnt/tecmint_datas/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Un-mount File System
|
||||
|
||||
Just check for the mount point whether its unmounted or not.
|
||||
|
||||
# df -h
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Check File System Mount Points
|
||||
|
||||
Here our mount has been unmounted, so we can continue to restore the snapshot. To restore the snap using command **lvconvert**.
|
||||
|
||||
# lvconvert --merge /dev/vg_tecmint_extra/tecmint_data_snap
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Restore LVM Snapshot
|
||||
|
||||
After the merge is completed, snapshot volume will be removed automatically. Now we can see the space of our partition using **df** command.
|
||||
|
||||
# df -Th
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
After the snapshot volume removed automatically. You can see the size of logical volume.
|
||||
|
||||
# lvs
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Check Size of Logical Volume
|
||||
|
||||
**Important**: To Extend the Snapshots automatically, we can do it using some modification in conf file. For manual we can extend using lvextend.
|
||||
|
||||
Open the lvm configuration file using your choice of editor.
|
||||
|
||||
# vim /etc/lvm/lvm.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Search for word autoextend. By Default the value will be similar to below.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
LVM Configuration
|
||||
|
||||
Change the **100** to **75** here, if so auto extend threshold is **75** and auto extend percent is 20, it will expand the size more by **20 Percent**
|
||||
|
||||
If the snapshot volume reach **75%** it will automatically expand the size of snap volume by **20%** more. Thus,we can expand automatically. Save and exit the file using **wq!**.
|
||||
|
||||
This will save snapshot from overflow drop. This will also help you to save more time. LVM is the only Partition method in which we can expand more and have many features as thin Provisioning, Striping, Virtual volume and more Using thin-pool, let us see them in the next topic.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/take-snapshot-of-logical-volume-and-restore-in-lvm/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Babin Lonston][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/babinlonston/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/create-lvm-storage-in-linux/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/extend-and-reduce-lvms-in-linux/
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
zpl1025
|
||||
Build a Raspberry Pi Arcade Machine
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Relive the golden majesty of the 80s with a little help from a marvel of the current decade.**
|
||||
@ -132,4 +133,4 @@ via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/arcade-machine/
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/author/ben_everard/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.ultimarc.com/jpac.html
|
||||
[1]:http://www.ultimarc.com/jpac.html
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
|
||||
wangjiezhe translating
|
||||
6 Interesting Funny Commands of Linux (Fun in Terminal) – Part II
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
In our past following articles, we’ve shown some useful articles on some funny commands of Linux, which shows that Linux is not as complex as it seems and can be fun if we know how to use it. Linux command line can perform any complex task very easily and with perfection and can be interesting and joyful.
|
||||
|
||||
- [20 Funny Commands of Linux – Part I][1]注，此篇的原文应该翻译过，文件名应该是：20 Funny Commands of Linux or Linux is Fun in Terminal
|
||||
- [Fun in Linux Terminal – Play with Word and Character Counts][2]注：这篇文章刚刚补充上
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Funny Linux Commands
|
||||
|
||||
The former Post comprises of 20 funny Linux Commands/Script (and subcommands) which was highly appreciated by our readers. The other post, though not that much popular as former comprises of Commands/ Scripts and Tweaks which lets you play with text files, words and strings.
|
||||
|
||||
This post aims at bringing some new fun commands and one-liner scripts which is going to rejoice you.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. pv Command ###
|
||||
|
||||
You might have seen simulating text in movies. It appears as, it is being typed in real time. Won’t it be nice, if you can have such an effect in terminal?
|
||||
|
||||
This can be achieved, by installing ‘**pv**‘ command in your Linux system by using ‘**apt**‘ or ‘**yum**‘ tool. Let’s install ‘**pv**‘ command as shown.
|
||||
|
||||
# yum install pv [On RedHat based Systems]
|
||||
|
||||
# sudo apt-get install pv [On Debian based Systems]
|
||||
|
||||
Once, ‘**pv**‘ command installed successfully on your system, let’s try to run the following one liner command to see the real time text effect on the screen.
|
||||
|
||||
$ echo "Tecmint[dot]com is a community of Linux Nerds and Geeks" | pv -qL 10
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
pv command in action
|
||||
|
||||
**Note**: The ‘**q**‘ option means ‘quite’, no output information and option ‘**L**‘ means the Limit of Transfer of bytes per second. The number value can be adjusted in either direction (must be integer) to get desired simulation of text.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. toilet Command ###
|
||||
|
||||
How about printing text with border in terminal, using an one-liner script command ‘**toilet**‘. Again, you must have ‘**toilet**‘ command installed on your system, if not use apt or yum to install it.
|
||||
|
||||
$ while true; do echo “$(date | toilet -f term -F border –Tecmint)”; sleep 1; done
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
toilet command in action
|
||||
|
||||
**Note**: The above script needs to be suspended using **ctrl+z** key.
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. rig Command ###
|
||||
|
||||
This command generates a random identity and address, every time. To run, this command you need to install ‘**rig**‘ using apt or yum.
|
||||
|
||||
# rig
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
rig command in action
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. aview Command ###
|
||||
|
||||
How about viewing an image in ASCII format on the terminal? We must have a package ‘**aview**‘ installed, just apt or yum it. I’ve an image named ‘**elephant.jpg**‘ in my current working directory and I want view it on terminal as ASCII format.
|
||||
|
||||
$ asciiview elephant.jpg -driver curses
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
aview command in action
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. xeyes Command ###
|
||||
|
||||
In last article we introduced a command ‘**oneko**‘ which attaches jerry with mouse pointer and keeps on chasing it. A similar program ‘**xeyes**‘ which is a graphical programs and as soon as you fire the command you will see two monster eyes chasing your movement.
|
||||
|
||||
$ xeyes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
xeyes command in action
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. cowsay Command ###
|
||||
|
||||
Do you remember last time we introduced command, which is useful in output of desired text with animated character cow. What if you want other animal in place of cow? Check a list of available animals.
|
||||
|
||||
$ cowsay -l
|
||||
|
||||
How about Elephant inside ASCII Snake?
|
||||
|
||||
$ cowsay -f elephant-in-snake Tecmint is Best
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
cowsay command in action
|
||||
|
||||
How about Elephant inside ASCII goat?
|
||||
|
||||
$ cowsay -f gnu Tecmint is Best
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
cowsay goat in action
|
||||
|
||||
That’s all for now. I’ll be here again with another interesting article. Till then stay update and connected to Tecmint. Don’t forget to provide us with your valuable feedback in the comments below.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/linux-funny-commands/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Avishek Kumar][a]
|
||||
译者：[wangjiezhe](https://github.com/wangjiezhe)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/20-funny-commands-of-linux-or-linux-is-fun-in-terminal/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/play-with-word-and-character-counts-in-linux/
|
||||
@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
|
||||
johnhoow translating...
|
||||
Use LaTeX In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint 17 With Texmaker
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[LaTeX][1] is a document markup language and document preparation system. It is widely used as a standard in universities and academics to write professional scientific papers, thesis and other such documents. In this quick post, we shall see **how to use LaTeX in Ubuntu 14.04**.
|
||||
|
||||
### Install Texmaker to use LaTeX in Ubuntu 14.04 & Linux Mint 17 ###
|
||||
|
||||
[Texmaker][2] is a free and open source LaTeX editor which is available for all major desktop OS i.e. Windows, Linux and OS X. Followings are the salient features of the Texmaker:
|
||||
|
||||
- Unicode editor
|
||||
- Spell checker
|
||||
- Code folding
|
||||
- Code completion
|
||||
- Fast navigation
|
||||
- Integrated Pdf viewer
|
||||
- Easy compilation
|
||||
- 370 Mathematical symbols
|
||||
- LaTeX documentation
|
||||
- Export to html and odt via TeX4ht
|
||||
- Regex support
|
||||
|
||||
You can install Texmaker in Ubuntu 14.04 by downloading the binaries from the given link:
|
||||
|
||||
- [Download Texmaker LaTeX editor][3]
|
||||
|
||||
Since it is .deb packaging, same installation files can be used n any other Debian based distribution such as Linux Mint, Elementary OS, Pinguy OS etc.
|
||||
|
||||
If you want a Github type markdown editor, you should check [Remarkable editor][4]. I hope Texmaker helps you with **LaTeX in Ubuntu** and Linux Mint.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/install-latex-ubuntu-1404/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/Abhishek/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.latex-project.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.xm1math.net/texmaker/index.html
|
||||
[3]:http://www.xm1math.net/texmaker/download.html#linux
|
||||
[4]:http://itsfoss.com/remarkable-markdown-editor-linux/
|
||||
@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
|
||||
How to install Arch Linux the easy way with Evo/Lution
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
The one who ventures into an install of Arch Linux and has only experienced installing Linux with Ubuntu or Mint is in for a steep learning curve. The number of people giving up halfway is probably higher than the ones that pull it through. Arch Linux is somewhat cult in the way that you may call yourself a weathered Linux user if you succeed in setting it up and configuring it in a useful way.
|
||||
|
||||
Even though there is a [helpful wiki][1] to guide newcomers, the requirements are still too high for some who set out to conquer Arch. You need to be at least familiar with commands like fdisk or mkfs in a terminal and have heard of mc, nano or chroot to make it through this endeavour. It reminds me of a Debian install 10 years ago.
|
||||
|
||||
For those ambitious souls that still lack some knowledge, there is an installer in the form of an ISO image called [Evo/Lution Live ISO][2] to the rescue. Even though it is booted like a distribution of its own, it does nothing but assist with installing a barebone Arch Linux. Evo/Lution is a project that aims to diversify the user base of Arch by providing a simple way of installing Arch as well as a community that provides comprehensive help and documentation to that group of users. In this mix, Evo is the (non-installable) live CD and Lution is the installer itself. The project's founders see a widening gap between Arch developers and users of Arch and its derivative distributions, and want to build a community with equal roles between all participants.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The software part of the project is the CLI installer Lution-AIS which explains every step of what happens during the installation of a pure vanilla Arch. The resulting installation will have all the latest software that Arch has to offer without adding anything from AUR or any other custom packages.
|
||||
|
||||
After booting up the ISO image, which weighs in at 422 MB, we are presented with a workspace consisting of a Conky display on the right with shortcuts to the options and a LX-Terminal on the left waiting to run the installer.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
After setting off the actual installer by either right-clicking on the desktop or using ALT-i, you are presented with a list of 16 jobs to be run. It makes sense to run them all unless you know better. You can either run them one by one or make a selection like 1 3 6 or 1-4 or do them all at once by entering 1-16. Most steps need to be confirmed with a 'y' for yes, and the next task waits for you to hit Enter. This will allow time to read the installation guide which is hidden behind ALT-g or even walking away from it.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The 16 steps are divided in "Base Install" and "Desktop Install". The first group takes care of localization, partitioning, and installing a bootloader.
|
||||
|
||||
The installer leads you through partitioning with gparted, gdisk, and cfdisk as options.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
After you have created partitions (e.g., /dev/sda1 for root and /dev/sda2 for swap using gparted as shown in the screenshot), you can choose 1 out of 10 file systems. In the next step, you can choose your kernel (latest or LTS) and base system.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
After installing the bootloader of your choice, the first part of the install is done, which takes approximately 12 minutes. This is the point where in plain Arch Linux you reboot into your system for the first time.
|
||||
|
||||
With Lution you just move on to the second part which installs Xorg, sound and graphics drivers, and then moves on to desktop environments.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The installer detects if an install is done in VirtualBox, and will automatically install and load the right generic drivers for the VM and sets up **systemd** accordingly.
|
||||
|
||||
In the next step, you can choose between the desktop environments KDE, Gnome, Cinnamon, LXDE, Enlightenment, Mate or XFCE. Should you not be friends with the big ships, you can also go with a Window manager like Awesome, Fluxbox, i3, IceWM, Openbox or PekWM.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Part two of the installer will take under 10 minutes with Cinnamon as the desktop environment; however, KDE will take longer due to a much larger download.
|
||||
|
||||
Lution-AIS worked like a charm on two tries with Cinnamon and Awesome. After the installer was done and prompted me to reboot, it took me to the desired environments.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
I have only two points to criticize: when the installer offered me to choose a mirror list and when it created the fstab file. In both cases it opened a second terminal, prompting me with an informational text. It took me a while to figure out I had to close the terminals before the installer would move on. When it prompts you after creating fstab, you need to close the terminal, and answer 'yes' when asked if you want to save the file.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The second of my issues probably has to do with VirtualBox. When starting up, you may see a message that no network has been detected. Clicking on the top icon on the left will open wicd, the network manager that is used here. Clicking on "Disconnect" and then "Connect" and restarting the installer will get it automatically detected.
|
||||
|
||||
Evo/Lution seems a worthwhile project, where Lution works fine. Not much can be said on the community part yet. They started a brand new website, forum, and wiki that need to be filled with content first. So if you like the idea, join [their forum][3] and let them know. The ISO image can be downloaded from [the website][4].
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/09/install-arch-linux-easy-way-evolution.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ferdinand Thommes][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/ferdinand
|
||||
[1]:https://wiki.archlinux.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.evolutionlinux.com/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.evolutionlinux.com/forums/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.evolutionlinux.com/downloads.html
|
||||
@ -1,111 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[su-kaiyao]翻译中
|
||||
|
||||
Linux FAQs with Answers--How to create a MySQL database from the command line
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **Question**: I have a MySQL server up and running somewhere. How can I create and populate a MySQL database from the command line?
|
||||
|
||||
To create a MySQL database from the command line, you can use mysql CLI client. Here is a step-by-step procedure to create and populate a MySQL database using mysql client from the command line.
|
||||
|
||||
### Step One: Install MySQL Client ###
|
||||
|
||||
Of course you need to make sure that MySQL client program is installed. If not, you can install it as follows.
|
||||
|
||||
On Debian, Ubuntu or Linux Mint:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install mysql-client
|
||||
|
||||
On Fedora, CentOS or RHEL:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yum install mysql
|
||||
|
||||
### Step Two: Log in to a MySQL Server ###
|
||||
|
||||
To begin, first log in to your MySQL server as root with the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
$ mysql -u root -h <mysql-server-ip-address> -p
|
||||
|
||||
Note that to be able to log in to a remote MySQL server, you need to [enable remote access on the server][1]. If you are invoking mysql command on the same host where the MySQL server is running, you can omit "-h <mysql-server-ip-address>" as follows.
|
||||
|
||||
$ mysql -u root -p
|
||||
|
||||
You will be then asked for the password of the MySQL root user. If the authentication succeeds, the MySQL prompt will appear.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Step Three: Create a MySQL Database ###
|
||||
|
||||
Before you start typing commands at the MySQL prompt, remember that each command must end with a semicolon (otherwise it will not execute). In addition, consider using uppercase letters for commands and lowercase letter for database objects. Note that this is not required but helpful for reading.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, let's create a database named xmodulo_DB:
|
||||
|
||||
mysql> CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS xmodulo_DB;
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Step Four: Create a MySQL Table ###
|
||||
|
||||
For a demonstration purpose, we will create a tabled called posts_tbl where we want to store the following information about posts:
|
||||
|
||||
- Text of article
|
||||
- Author's first name
|
||||
- Author's last name
|
||||
- Whether the post is enabled (visible) or not
|
||||
- Date when article was posted
|
||||
|
||||
This process is actually performed in two steps:
|
||||
|
||||
First, select the database that we want to use:
|
||||
|
||||
mysql> USE xmodulo_DB;
|
||||
|
||||
Then create a new table in the database:
|
||||
|
||||
mysql> CREATE TABLE 'posts_tbl' (
|
||||
'post_id' INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
|
||||
'content' TEXT,
|
||||
'author_FirstName' VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
|
||||
'author_LastName' VARCHAR(50) DEFAULT NULL ,
|
||||
'isEnabled' TINYINT(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 1,
|
||||
'date' TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ,
|
||||
PRIMARY KEY ( 'post_id' )
|
||||
) TYPE = MYISAM;
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Step Five: Create a User Account and Grant Permissions ###
|
||||
|
||||
When it comes to accessing our newly created database and tables, it's a good idea to create a new user account, so it can access that database (and that database only) without full permissions to the whole MySQL server.
|
||||
|
||||
You can create a new user, grant permissions and apply changes in two easy steps as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON xmodulo_DB.* TO 'new_user'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'new_password';
|
||||
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
|
||||
|
||||
where 'new_user' and 'new_password' refer to the new user account name and its password, respectively. This information will be stored in the mysql.user table, and the password will be encrypted.
|
||||
|
||||
### Step Six: Testing ###
|
||||
|
||||
Let's insert one dummy record to the posts_tbl table:
|
||||
|
||||
mysql> USE xmodulo_DB;
|
||||
mysql> INSERT INTO posts_tbl (content, author_FirstName, author_LastName)
|
||||
VALUES ('Hi! This is some dummy text.', 'Gabriel', 'Canepa');
|
||||
|
||||
Then view all the records in posts_tbl table:
|
||||
|
||||
mysql> SELECT * FROM posts_tbl;
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Note that MySQL automatically inserted the proper default values in the fields where we defined them earlier (e.g., 'isEnabled' and 'date').
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/create-mysql-database-command-line.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2012/06/how-to-allow-remote-access-to-mysql.html
|
||||
@ -1,182 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Network Installation of “Debian 7 (Whezzy) on Client Machines using DNSMASQ Network Boot Server
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
This tutorial will guide you on how you can install **Debian 7 (Whezzy)** directly from a network location using **DNSMASQ** as a **PXE Server (Preboot eXecution Environment)**, in case your server doesn’t provide any method to boot from a CD/DVD/USB media drive or it just can operate with an attached monitor, keyboard and mouse.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Debian 7 Network Installation on Client Machines
|
||||
|
||||
**DNSMASQ** is a lightweight network infrastructure server which can provide crucial network services such as DNS, DHCP and Network Boot, using a build-in DNS, DHCP and TFTP server.
|
||||
|
||||
Once the PXE server is up and running you can instruct all your clients machines to directly boot from network, with the specifications that your clients must own a network card that supports network booting, which can be enabled from BIOS under Network Boot or Boot Services option.
|
||||
|
||||
### Requirements ###
|
||||
|
||||
- [Debian 7 (Wheezy) Installation Guide][1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 1: Install and Configure DNSMASQ Server ###
|
||||
|
||||
**1.** On first hand, after you install Debian Server assure that your system uses a **Static IP Address**, because, besides network booting, will also provide DHCP service for your entire network segment. Once the Static IP Address has been configured run the following command from root account or using a user with root powers to install DNSMASQ server.
|
||||
|
||||
# apt-get install dnsmasq
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Install Dnsmasq Package
|
||||
|
||||
**2.** Once DNSMASQ package installed, you can start editing its configuration file. First create a backup of the main configuration and then start editing **dnsmasq.conf** file by issuing the following commands.
|
||||
|
||||
# mv /etc/dnsmasq.conf /etc/dnsmasq.conf.backup
|
||||
# nano /etc/dnsmasq.conf
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Backup Dnsmasq Configuration
|
||||
|
||||
**3.** The above backup process consisted on renaming the main configuration file, so the new file should be an empty one. Use the following excerpt for **DNSMASQ** configuration file as described below.
|
||||
|
||||
interface=eth0
|
||||
domain=debian.lan
|
||||
dhcp-range=192.168.1.3,192.168.1.253,255.255.255.0,1h
|
||||
dhcp-boot=pxelinux.0,pxeserver,192.168.1.100
|
||||
pxe-prompt="Press F8 for menu.", 60
|
||||
#pxe-service types: x86PC, PC98, IA64_EFI, Alpha, Arc_x86, Intel_Lean_Client, IA32_EFI, BC_EFI, Xscale_EFI and X86-64_EFI
|
||||
pxe-service=x86PC, "Install Debian 7 Linux from network server 192.168.1.100", pxelinux
|
||||
enable-tftp
|
||||
tftp-root=/srv/tftp
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Configuration of Dnsmasq
|
||||
|
||||
- **interface** – The network interface that the server should listen.
|
||||
- **domain** – Replace it with your domain name.
|
||||
- **dhcp-range** – Replace it with your network IP range defined by your network mask.
|
||||
- **dhcp-boot** – Leave it as default but replace the IP statement with your server IP Address.
|
||||
- **pxe-prompt** – Leave it as default – requires **F8 key strike** to enter menu 60 with seconds wait time.
|
||||
- **pxe=service** – Use **x86PC** for 32-bit/64-bit architectures and enter a menu description prompt under string quotes. Other values types can be: PC98, IA64_EFI, Alpha, Arc_x86, Intel_Lean_Client, IA32_EFI, BC_EFI, Xscale_EFI and X86-64_EFI.
|
||||
- **enable-tftp** – Enables the build-in TFTP server.
|
||||
- **tftp-root** – Use /srv/tftp is the location for Debian netboot files.
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 2: Download Debian Netboot Files and Open Firewall Connection ###
|
||||
|
||||
**4.** Now it’s time to download Debian Network Boot files. First, change your current working directory path to **TFTP Root** location defined by the last configuration statement (**/srv/tftp** system path ).
|
||||
|
||||
Go to a offical page mirror of [Debian Netinstall][2] – [Network boot section][3] and grab the following files depending on your system architecture that you want to install it on your clients.
|
||||
|
||||
Once, you download **netboot.tar.gz** file, extract archive at the same time (this procedure describes only for 64-bit but the same procedure applies for other system architectures).
|
||||
|
||||
# cd /srv/tftp/
|
||||
# wget http://ftp.nl.debian.org/debian/dists/wheezy/main/installer-amd64/current/images/netboot/netboot.tar.gz
|
||||
# tar xfz netboot.tar.gz
|
||||
# wget http://ftp.nl.debian.org/debian/dists/wheezy/main/installer-amd64/current/images/SHA256SUMS
|
||||
# wget http://ftp.nl.debian.org/debian/dists/wheezy/Release
|
||||
# wget http://ftp.nl.debian.org/debian/dists/wheezy/Release.gpg
|
||||
|
||||
Also it may be necessary to make all files in **TFTP** directory readable for TFTP server.
|
||||
|
||||
# chmod -R 755 /srv/tftp/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Download Debian NetBoot Files
|
||||
|
||||
Use the following variables for **Debian Netinstall** mirrors and architectures.
|
||||
|
||||
# wget http://"$YOURMIRROR"/debian/dists/wheezy/main/installer-"$ARCH"/current/images/netboot/netboot.tar.gz
|
||||
# wget http://"$YOURMIRROR"/debian/dists/wheezy/main/installer-"$ARCH"/current/images/SHA256SUMS
|
||||
# wget http://"$YOURMIRROR"/debian/dists/wheezy/Release
|
||||
# wget http://"$YOURMIRROR"/debian/dists/wheezy/Release.gpg
|
||||
|
||||
**5.** On the next step start or restart DNSMASQ daemon and run netstat command to get a list of ports that the server is listening.
|
||||
|
||||
# service dnsmasq restart
|
||||
# netstat -tulpn | grep dnsmasq
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Start Dnsmasq Service
|
||||
|
||||
**6.** Debian based distribution usually ships with **UFW Firewall** package. Use the following commands to open the required **DNSMASQ** port numbers: **67** (Bootps), **69** (TFTP) **53** (DNS), **4011** (proxyDHCP) udp and **53** tcp (DNS).
|
||||
|
||||
# ufw allow 69/udp
|
||||
# ufw allow 4011/udp ## Only if you have a ProxyDHCP on the network
|
||||
# ufw allow 67/udp
|
||||
# ufw allow 53/tcp
|
||||
# ufw allow 53/udp
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Open Dnsmasq Ports
|
||||
|
||||
Now, the PXE loader located on your client network interface will load **pxelinux** configuration files from **/srv/tftp/pxelinux.cfg** directory using this order.
|
||||
|
||||
- GUID files
|
||||
- MAC files
|
||||
- Default file
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 3: Configure Clients to Boot from Network ###
|
||||
|
||||
**7.** To enable network boot for a client computer enter your system **BIOS configuration** (please consult the hardware motherboard vendor documentation for entering BIOS settings).
|
||||
|
||||
Go to **Boot menu** and select **Network boot** as the **primary boot device** (on some systems you can select the boot device without entering BIOS configuration just by pressing a key during **BIOS POST**).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Select BIOS Settings
|
||||
|
||||
**8.** After editing the boot order sequence, usually, press **F10** to save BIOS settings. After reboot, your client computer should boot directly from network and the first **PXE** prompt should appear demanding you to press **F8** key to enter menu.
|
||||
|
||||
Next, hit **F8** key to move forward and a new prompt should appear. Hit **Enter** key again and the main **Debian Installer** prompt should appear on your screen as in the screenshots below.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Boot Menu Selection
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Select Debian Installer Boot
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Select Debian Install
|
||||
|
||||
From here on you can start install Debian on your machine using the Debian 7 Wheezy procedure (installation link given above), but you can also need to make sure that your machine has an active Internet connection in order to be able to finish installation process.
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 4: Debug DNSMASQ Server and Enable it System-Wide ###
|
||||
|
||||
**9.** To diagnosticate the server for eventual occurred problems or other information offered to clients run the following command to open log file.
|
||||
|
||||
# tailf /var/log/daemon.log
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Debug DNSMASQ Server
|
||||
|
||||
**10.** If everything is in place during server tests you can now enable **DNSMASQ** daemon to automatically start after system reboot with the help of **sysv-rc-conf** package.
|
||||
|
||||
# apt-get install sysv-rc-conf
|
||||
# sysv-rc-conf dnsmaq on
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Enable DNSMASQ Daemon
|
||||
|
||||
That’s all! Now your **PXE** server is ready to allocate IP addresses (**DHCP**) and to offer the required boot information for all your network segment clients which will be configured to boot and install Debian Wheezy from network.
|
||||
|
||||
Using PXE network boot installation has some advantages on networks with an increased number of server hosts because you can set up the entire network infrastructure in a short period of time or the same time, facilitates the distribution upgrading process, and, can also automate the entire installation process using kickstart files.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/network-installation-of-debian-7-on-client-machines/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Matei Cezar][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/cezarmatei/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/debian-gnulinux-7-0-code-name-wheezy-server-installation-guide/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.debian.org/distrib/netinst#netboot
|
||||
[3]:http://ftp.nl.debian.org/debian/dists/wheezy/main/
|
||||
124
sources/tech/20140924 Unix----stat -- more than ls.md
Normal file
124
sources/tech/20140924 Unix----stat -- more than ls.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
|
||||
wangjiezhe translating
|
||||
|
||||
Unix: stat -- more than ls
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Tired of ls and want to see more interesting information on your files? Try stat!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The ls command is probably one of the first commands that anyone using Unix learns, but it only shows a small portion of the information that is available with the stat command.
|
||||
|
||||
The stat command pulls information from the file's inode. As you might be aware, there are actually three sets of dates and times that are stored for every file on your system. These include the date the file was last modified (i.e., the date and time that you see when you use the ls -l command), the time the file was last changed (which includes renaming the file), and the time that file was last accessed.
|
||||
|
||||
View a long listing for a file and you will see something like this:
|
||||
|
||||
$ ls -l trythis
|
||||
-rwx------ 1 shs unixdweebs 109 Nov 11 2013 trythis
|
||||
|
||||
Use the stat command and you see all this:
|
||||
|
||||
$ stat trythis
|
||||
File: `trythis'
|
||||
Size: 109 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 262144 regular file
|
||||
Device: 18h/24d Inode: 12731691 Links: 1
|
||||
Access: (0700/-rwx------) Uid: ( 263/ shs) Gid: ( 100/ unixdweebs)
|
||||
Access: 2014-09-09 19:27:58.000000000 -0400
|
||||
Modify: 2013-11-11 08:40:10.000000000 -0500
|
||||
Change: 2013-11-11 08:40:10.000000000 -0500
|
||||
|
||||
The file's change and modify dates/times are the same in this case, while the access time is fairly recent. We can also see that the file is using 8 blocks and we see the permissions in each of the two formats -- the octal (0700) format and the rwx format. The inode number, shown in the third line of the output, is 12731681. There are no additional hard links (Links: 1). And the file is a regular file.
|
||||
|
||||
Rename the file and you will see that the change time will be updated.
|
||||
|
||||
This, the ctime information, was originally intended to hold the creation date and time for the file, but the field was turned into the change time field somewhere a while back.
|
||||
|
||||
$ mv trythis trythat
|
||||
$ stat trythat
|
||||
File: `trythat'
|
||||
Size: 109 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 262144 regular file
|
||||
Device: 18h/24d Inode: 12731691 Links: 1
|
||||
Access: (0700/-rwx------) Uid: ( 263/ shs) Gid: ( 100/ unixdweebs)
|
||||
Access: 2014-09-09 19:27:58.000000000 -0400
|
||||
Modify: 2013-11-11 08:40:10.000000000 -0500
|
||||
Change: 2014-09-21 12:46:22.000000000 -0400
|
||||
|
||||
Changing the file's permissions would also register in the ctime field.
|
||||
|
||||
You can also use wilcards with the stat command and list your files' stats in a group:
|
||||
|
||||
$ stat myfile*
|
||||
File: `myfile'
|
||||
Size: 20 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 262144 regular file
|
||||
Device: 18h/24d Inode: 12731803 Links: 1
|
||||
Access: (0640/-rw-r-----) Uid: ( 263/ shs) Gid: ( 100/ unixdweebs)
|
||||
Access: 2014-08-23 03:00:36.000000000 -0400
|
||||
Modify: 2014-08-22 12:02:12.000000000 -0400
|
||||
Change: 2014-08-22 12:02:12.000000000 -0400
|
||||
File: `myfile2'
|
||||
Size: 20 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 262144 regular file
|
||||
Device: 18h/24d Inode: 12731806 Links: 1
|
||||
Access: (0640/-rw-r-----) Uid: ( 263/ shs) Gid: ( 100/ unixdweebs)
|
||||
Access: 2014-08-23 03:00:36.000000000 -0400
|
||||
Modify: 2014-08-22 12:03:30.000000000 -0400
|
||||
Change: 2014-08-22 12:03:30.000000000 -0400
|
||||
File: `myfile3'
|
||||
Size: 40 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 262144 regular file
|
||||
Device: 18h/24d Inode: 12730533 Links: 1
|
||||
Access: (0640/-rw-r-----) Uid: ( 263/ shs) Gid: ( 100/ unixdweebs)
|
||||
Access: 2014-08-23 03:00:36.000000000 -0400
|
||||
Modify: 2014-08-22 12:03:59.000000000 -0400
|
||||
Change: 2014-08-22 12:03:59.000000000 -0400
|
||||
|
||||
We can get some of this information with other commands if we like.
|
||||
|
||||
Add the "u" option to a long listing and you'll see something like this. Notice this shows us the last access time while adding "c" shows us the change time (in this example, the time when we renamed the file).
|
||||
|
||||
$ ls -lu trythat
|
||||
-rwx------ 1 shs unixdweebs 109 Sep 9 19:27 trythat
|
||||
$ ls -lc trythat
|
||||
-rwx------ 1 shs unixdweebs 109 Sep 21 12:46 trythat
|
||||
|
||||
The stat command can also work against directories.
|
||||
|
||||
In this case, we see that there are a number of links.
|
||||
|
||||
$ stat bin
|
||||
File: `bin'
|
||||
Size: 12288 Blocks: 24 IO Block: 262144 directory
|
||||
Device: 18h/24d Inode: 15089714 Links: 9
|
||||
Access: (0700/drwx------) Uid: ( 263/ shs) Gid: ( 100/ unixdweebs)
|
||||
Access: 2014-09-21 03:00:45.000000000 -0400
|
||||
Modify: 2014-09-15 17:54:41.000000000 -0400
|
||||
Change: 2014-09-15 17:54:41.000000000 -0400
|
||||
|
||||
Here, we're looking at a file system.
|
||||
|
||||
$ stat -f /dev/cciss/c0d0p2
|
||||
File: "/dev/cciss/c0d0p2"
|
||||
ID: 0 Namelen: 255 Type: tmpfs
|
||||
Block size: 4096Fundamental block size: 4096
|
||||
Blocks: Total: 259366 Free: 259337 Available: 259337
|
||||
Inodes: Total: 223834 Free: 223531
|
||||
|
||||
Notice the Namelen (name length) field. Good luck if you had your heart set on file names with greater than 255 characters!
|
||||
|
||||
The stat command can also display some of its information a field at a time for those times when that's all you want to see, In the example below, we just want to see the file type and then the number of hard links.
|
||||
|
||||
$ stat --format=%F trythat
|
||||
regular file
|
||||
$ stat --format=%h trythat
|
||||
1
|
||||
|
||||
In the examples below, we look at permissions -- in each of the two available formats -- and then the file's SELinux security context.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.itworld.com/operating-systems/437351/unix-stat-more-ls
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
|
||||
译者：[wangjiezhe](https://github.com/wangjiezhe)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.itworld.com/sandra-henry-stocker
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
|
||||
Linux FAQs with Answers--How to build a RPM or DEB package from the source with CheckInstall
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **Question**: I would like to install a software program by building it from the source. Is there a way to build and install a package from the source, instead of running "make install"? That way, I could uninstall the program easily later if I want to.
|
||||
|
||||
If you have installed a Linux program from its source by running "make install", it becomes really tricky to remove it completely, unless the author of the program provides an uninstall target in the Makefile. You will have to compare the complete list of files in your system before and after installing the program from source, and manually remove all the files that were added during the installation.
|
||||
|
||||
That is when CheckInstall can come in handy. CheckInstall keeps track of all the files created or modified by an install command line (e.g., "make install" "make install_modules", etc.), and builds a standard binary package, giving you the ability to install or uninstall it with your distribution's standard package management system (e.g., yum for Red Hat or apt-get for Debian). It has been also known to work with Slackware, SuSe, Mandrake and Gentoo as well, as per the [official documentation][1].
|
||||
|
||||
In this post, we will only focus on Red Hat and Debian based distributions, and show how to build a RPM or DEB package from the source using CheckInstall.
|
||||
|
||||
### Installing CheckInstall on Linux ###
|
||||
|
||||
To install CheckInstall on Debian derivatives:
|
||||
|
||||
# aptitude install checkinstall
|
||||
|
||||
To install CheckInstall on Red Hat-based distributions, you will need to download a pre-built .rpm of CheckInstall (e.g., searchable from [http://rpm.pbone.net][2]), as it has been removed from the Repoforge repository. The .rpm package for CentOS 6 works in CentOS 7 as well.
|
||||
|
||||
# wget ftp://ftp.pbone.net/mirror/ftp5.gwdg.de/pub/opensuse/repositories/home:/ikoinoba/CentOS_CentOS-6/x86_64/checkinstall-1.6.2-3.el6.1.x86_64.rpm
|
||||
# yum install checkinstall-1.6.2-3.el6.1.x86_64.rpm
|
||||
|
||||
Once checkinstall is installed, you can use the following format to build a package for particular software.
|
||||
|
||||
# checkinstall <install-command>
|
||||
|
||||
Without <install-command> argument, the default install command "make install" will be used.
|
||||
|
||||
### Build a RPM or DEB Pacakge with CheckInstall ###
|
||||
|
||||
In this example, we will build a package for [htop][3], an interactive text-mode process viewer for Linux (like top on steroids).
|
||||
|
||||
First, let's download the source code from the official website of the project. As a best practice, we will store the tarball in /usr/local/src, and untar it.
|
||||
|
||||
# cd /usr/local/src
|
||||
# wget http://hisham.hm/htop/releases/1.0.3/htop-1.0.3.tar.gz
|
||||
# tar xzf htop-1.0.3.tar.gz
|
||||
# cd htop-1.0.3
|
||||
|
||||
Let's find out the install command for htop, so that we can invoke checkinstall with the command. As shown below, htop is installed with 'make install' command.
|
||||
|
||||
# ./configure
|
||||
# make install
|
||||
|
||||
Therefore, to build a htop package, we can invoke checkinstall without any argument, which will then use 'make install' command to build a package. Along the process, the checkinstall command will ask you a series of questions.
|
||||
|
||||
In short, here are the commands to build a package for **htop**:
|
||||
|
||||
# ./configure
|
||||
# checkinstall
|
||||
|
||||
Answer 'y' to "Should I create a default set of package docs?":
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You can enter a brief description of the package, then press Enter twice:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Enter a number to modify any of the following values or Enter to proceed:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Then checkinstall will create a .rpm or a .deb package automatically, depending on what your Linux system is:
|
||||
|
||||
On CentOS 7:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
On Debian 7:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/build-rpm-deb-package-source-checkinstall.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://checkinstall.izto.org/docs/README
|
||||
[2]:http://rpm.pbone.net/
|
||||
[3]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-htop-centos-rhel.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
|
||||
Linux FAQs with Answers--How to catch and handle a signal in Perl
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **Question**: I need to handle an interrupt signal by using a custom signal handler in Perl. In general, how can I catch and handle various signals (e.g., INT, TERM) in a Perl program?
|
||||
|
||||
As an asynchronous notification mechanism in the POSIX standard, a signal is sent by an operating system to a process to notify it of a certain event. When a signal is generated, the target process's execution is interrupted by an operating system, and the signal is delivered to the process's signal handler routine. One can define and register a custom signal handler or rely on the default signal handler.
|
||||
|
||||
In Perl, signals can be caught and handled by using a global %SIG hash variable. This %SIG hash variable is keyed by signal numbers, and contains references to corresponding signal handlers. Therefore, if you want to define a custom signal handler for a particular signal, you can simply update the hash value of %SIG for the signal.
|
||||
|
||||
Here is a code snippet to handle interrupt (INT) and termination (TERM) signals using a custom signal handler.
|
||||
|
||||
$SIG{INT} = \&signal_handler;
|
||||
$SIG{TERM} = \&signal_handler;
|
||||
|
||||
sub signal_handler {
|
||||
print "This is a custom signal handler\n";
|
||||
die "Caught a signal $!";
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Other valid hash values for %SIG are 'IGNORE' and 'DEFAULT'. When an assigned hash value is 'IGNORE' (e.g., $SIG{CHLD}='IGNORE'), the corresponding signal will be ignored. Assigning 'DEFAULT' hash value (e.g., $SIG{HUP}='DEFAULT') means that we will be using a default signal handler.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/catch-handle-interrupt-signal-perl.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
|
||||
Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change a network interface name on CentOS 7
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **Question**: On CentOS 7, I would like to change the assigned name of a network interface to something else. What is a proper way to rename a network interface on CentOS or RHEL 7?
|
||||
|
||||
Traditionally, network interfaces in Linux are enumerated as eth[0123...], but these names do not necessarily correspond to actual hardware slots, PCI geography, USB port number, etc. This introduces a unpredictable naming problem (e.g., due to undeterministic device probing behavior) which can cause various network misconfigurations (e.g., disabled interface or firewall bypass resulting from unintentional interface renaming). MAC address based udev rules are not so much helpful in a virtualized environment where MAC addresses are as euphemeral as port numbers.
|
||||
|
||||
CentOS/RHEL 6 has introduced a method for [consistent and predictable network device naming][1] for network interfaces. These features uniquely determine the name of network interfaces in order to make locating and differentiating the interfaces easier and in such a way that it is persistent across later boots, time, and hardware changes. However, this naming rule is not turned on by default on CentOS/RHEL 6.
|
||||
|
||||
Starting with CentOS/RHEL 7, the predictable naming rule is adopted by default. Under this rule, interface names are automatically determined based on firmware, topology, and location information. Now interface names stay fixed even if NIC hardware is added or removed without re-enumeration, and broken hardware can be replaced seamlessly.
|
||||
|
||||
* Two character prefixes based on the type of interface:
|
||||
* en -- ethernet
|
||||
* sl -- serial line IP (slip)
|
||||
* wl -- wlan
|
||||
* ww -- wwan
|
||||
*
|
||||
* Type of names:
|
||||
* b<number> -- BCMA bus core number
|
||||
* ccw<name> -- CCW bus group name
|
||||
* o<index> -- on-board device index number
|
||||
* s<slot>[f<function>][d<dev_port>] -- hotplug slot index number
|
||||
* x<MAC> -- MAC address
|
||||
* [P<domain>]p<bus>s<slot>[f<function>][d<dev_port>]
|
||||
* -- PCI geographical location
|
||||
* [P<domain>]p<bus>s<slot>[f<function>][u<port>][..]1[i<interface>]
|
||||
* -- USB port number chain
|
||||
|
||||
A minor disadvantage of this new naming scheme is that the interface names are somewhat harder to read than the traditional names. For example, you may find names like enp0s3. Besides, you no longer have any control over such interface names.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If, for some reason, you prefer the old way, and want to be able to assign any arbitrary name of your choice to an interface on CentOS/RHEL 7, you need to override the default predictable naming rule, and define a MAC address based udev rule.
|
||||
|
||||
**Here is how to rename a network interface on CentOS or RHEL 7.**
|
||||
|
||||
First, let's disable the predictable naming rule. For that, you can pass "net.ifnames=0" kernel parameter during boot. This is achieved by editing /etc/default/grub and adding "net.ifnames=0" to GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX variable.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Then run this command to regenerate GRUB configuration with updated kernel parameters.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Next, edit (or create) a udev network naming rule file (/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules), and add the following line. Replace MAC address and interface with your own.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo vi /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
SUBSYSTEM=="net", ACTION=="add", DRIVERS=="?*", ATTR{address}=="08:00:27:a9:7a:e1", ATTR{type}=="1", KERNEL=="eth*", NAME="sushi"
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, reboot the machine, and verify the new interface name.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Note that it is still your responsibility to configure the renamed interface. If the network configuration (e.g., IPv4 settings, firewall rules) is based on the old name (before change), you need to update network configuration to reflect the name change.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/change-network-interface-name-centos7.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/html/Deployment_Guide/appe-Consistent_Network_Device_Naming.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
|
||||
Linux FAQs with Answers--How to configure a static IP address on CentOS 7
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **Question**: On CentOS 7, I want to switch from DHCP to static IP address configuration with one of my network interfaces. What is a proper way to assign a static IP address to a network interface permanently on CentOS or RHEL 7?
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to set up a static IP address on a network interface in CentOS 7, there are several different ways to do it, varying depending on whether or not you want to use Network Manager for that.
|
||||
|
||||
Network Manager is a dynamic network control and configuration system that attempts to keep network devices and connections up and active when they are available). CentOS/RHEL 7 comes with Network Manager service installed and enabled by default.
|
||||
|
||||
To verify the status of Network Manager service:
|
||||
|
||||
$ systemctl status NetworkManager.service
|
||||
|
||||
To check which network interface is managed by Network Manager, run:
|
||||
|
||||
$ nmcli dev status
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If the output of nmcli shows "connected" for a particular interface (e.g., enp0s3 in the example), it means that the interface is managed by Network Manager. You can easily disable Network Manager for a particular interface, so that you can configure it on your own for a static IP address.
|
||||
|
||||
Here are **two different ways to assign a static IP address to a network interface on CentOS 7**. We will be configuring a network interface named enp0s3.
|
||||
|
||||
### Configure a Static IP Address without Network Manager ###
|
||||
|
||||
Go to the /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts directory, and locate its configuration file (ifcfg-enp0s3). Create it if not found.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Open the configuration file and edit the following variables:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In the above, "NM_CONTROLLED=no" indicates that this interface will be set up using this configuration file, instead of being managed by Network Manager service. "ONBOOT=yes" tells the system to bring up the interface during boot.
|
||||
|
||||
Save changes and restart the network service using the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl restart network.service
|
||||
|
||||
Now verify that the interface has been properly configured:
|
||||
|
||||
# ip add
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Configure a Static IP Address with Network Manager ###
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to use Network Manager to manage the interface, you can use nmtui (Network Manager Text User Interface) which provides a way to configure Network Manager in a terminal environment.
|
||||
|
||||
Before using nmtui, first set "NM_CONTROLLED=yes" in /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-enp0s3.
|
||||
|
||||
Now let's install nmtui as follows.
|
||||
|
||||
# yum install NetworkManager-tui
|
||||
|
||||
Then go ahead and edit the Network Manager configuration of enp0s3 interface:
|
||||
|
||||
# nmtui edit enp0s3
|
||||
|
||||
The following screen will allow us to manually enter the same information that is contained in /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-enp0s3.
|
||||
|
||||
Use the arrow keys to navigate this screen, press Enter to select from a list of values (or fill in the desired values), and finally click OK at the bottom right:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, restart the network service.
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl restart network.service
|
||||
|
||||
and you're ready to go.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/configure-static-ip-address-centos7.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
|
||||
Linux FAQs with Answers--How to detect a Linux distribution in Perl
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **Question**: I need to write a Perl program which contains Linux distro-dependent code. For that, the Perl program needs to be able to automatically detect what Linux distribution (e.g., Ubuntu, CentOS, Debian, Fedora, etc) it is running on, and what version number it is. How can I identify Linux distribution in Perl?
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to detect Linux distribution within a Perl script, you can use a Perl module named [Linux::Distribution][1]. This module guesses the underlying Linux operating system by examining /etc/lsb-release, and other distro-specific files under /etc directory. It supports detecting all major Linux distributions, including Fedora, CentOS, Arch Linux, Debian, Ubuntu, SuSe, Red Hat, Gentoo, Slackware, Knoppix, and Mandrake.
|
||||
|
||||
To use this module in a Perl program, you need to install it first.
|
||||
|
||||
### Install Linux::Distribution on Debian or Ubuntu ###
|
||||
|
||||
Installation on Debian-based system is straightforward with apt-get:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install liblinux-distribution-packages-perl
|
||||
|
||||
### Install Linux::Distribution on Fedora, CentOS or RHEL ###
|
||||
|
||||
If Linux::Distribution module is not available as a package in your Linux (such as on Red Hat based systems), you can use CPAN to build it.
|
||||
|
||||
First, make sure that you have CPAN installed on your Linux system:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yum -y install perl-CPAN
|
||||
|
||||
Then use this command to build and install the module:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo perl -MCPAN -e 'install Linux::Distribution'
|
||||
|
||||
### Identify a Linux Distribution in Perl ###
|
||||
|
||||
Once Linux::Distribution module is installed, you can use the following code snippet to identify on which Linux distribution you are running.
|
||||
|
||||
use Linux::Distribution qw(distribution_name distribution_version);
|
||||
|
||||
my $linux = Linux::Distribution->new;
|
||||
|
||||
if ($linux) {
|
||||
my $distro = $linux->distribution_name();
|
||||
my $version = $linux->distribution_version();
|
||||
print "Distro: $distro $version\n";
|
||||
}
|
||||
else {
|
||||
print "Distro: unknown\n";
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/detect-linux-distribution-in-perl.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://metacpan.org/pod/Linux::Distribution
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
|
||||
Linux FAQs with Answers--How to embed all fonts in a PDF document generated with LaTex
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **Question**: I generated a PDF document by compiling LaTex source files. However, I noticed that not all fonts used are embedded in the PDF document. How can I make sure that all fonts are embedded in a PDF document generated from LaTex?
|
||||
|
||||
When you create a PDF file, it is a good idea to embed fonts in the PDF file. If you don't embed fonts, a PDF viewer can replace a font with something else if the font is not available on the computer. This will cause the document to be rendered differently across different PDF viewers or OS platforms. Missing fonts can also be an issue when you print out the document.
|
||||
|
||||
When you generate a PDF document from LaTex (for example with pdflatex or dvipdfm), it's possible that not all fonts are embedded in the PDF document. For example, the following output of [pdffonts][1] says that there are missing fonts (e.g., Helvetica) in a PDF document.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To avoid this kind of problems, here is how to embed all fonts at LaTex compile time.
|
||||
|
||||
$ latex document.tex
|
||||
$ dvips -Ppdf -G0 -t letter -o document.ps document.dvi
|
||||
$ ps2pdf -dPDFSETTINGS=/prepress \
|
||||
-dCompatibilityLevel=1.4 \
|
||||
-dAutoFilterColorImages=false \
|
||||
-dAutoFilterGrayImages=false \
|
||||
-dColorImageFilter=/FlateEncode \
|
||||
-dGrayImageFilter=/FlateEncode \
|
||||
-dMonoImageFilter=/FlateEncode \
|
||||
-dDownsampleColorImages=false \
|
||||
-dDownsampleGrayImages=false \
|
||||
document.ps document.pdf
|
||||
|
||||
Now you will see that all fonts are properly embedded in the PDF file.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/embed-all-fonts-pdf-document-latex.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/check-which-fonts-are-used-pdf-document.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
|
||||
How To Reset Root Password On CentOS 7
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
The way to reset the root password on centos7 is totally different to Centos 6. Let me show you how to reset root password in CentOS 7.
|
||||
|
||||
1 – In the boot grub menu select option to edit.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2 – Select Option to edit (e).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3 – Go to the line of Linux 16 and change ro with rw init=/sysroot/bin/sh.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4 – Now press Control+x to start on single user mode.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
5 – Now access the system with this command.
|
||||
|
||||
chroot /sysroot
|
||||
|
||||
6 – Reset the password.
|
||||
|
||||
passwd root
|
||||
|
||||
7 – Update selinux information
|
||||
|
||||
touch /.autorelabel
|
||||
|
||||
8 – Exit chroot
|
||||
|
||||
exit
|
||||
|
||||
9 – Reboot your system
|
||||
|
||||
reboot
|
||||
|
||||
That’s it. Enjoy.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/reset-root-password-centos-7/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：M.el Khamlichi
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
|
||||
How to manage configurations in Linux with Puppet and Augeas
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Although [Puppet][1](注：此文原文原文中曾今做过，文件名：“20140808 How to install Puppet server and client on CentOS and RHEL.md”,如果翻译发布过，可修改此链接为发布地址) is a really unique and useful tool, there are situations where you could use a bit of a different approach. Situations like modification of configuration files which are already present on several of your servers and are unique on each one of them at the same time. Folks from Puppet labs realized this as well, and integrated a great tool called [Augeas][2] that is designed exactly for this usage.
|
||||
|
||||
Augeas can be best thought of as filling for the gaps in Puppet's capabilities where an objectspecific resource type (such as the host resource to manipulate /etc/hosts entries) is not yet available. In this howto, you will learn how to use Augeas to ease your configuration file management.
|
||||
|
||||
### What is Augeas? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Augeas is basically a configuration editing tool. It parses configuration files in their native formats and transforms them into a tree. Configuration changes are made by manipulating this tree and saving it back into native config files.
|
||||
|
||||
### What are we going to achieve in this tutorial? ###
|
||||
|
||||
We will install and configure the Augeas tool for use with our previously built Puppet server. We will create and test several different configurations with this tool, and learn how to properly use it to manage our system configurations.
|
||||
|
||||
### Prerequisites ###
|
||||
|
||||
We will need a working Puppet server and client setup. If you don't have it, please follow my previous tutorial.
|
||||
|
||||
Augeas package can be found in our standard CentOS/RHEL repositories. Unfortunately, Puppet uses Augeas ruby wrapper which is only available in the puppetlabs repository (or [EPEL][4]). If you don't have this repository in your system already, add it using following command:
|
||||
|
||||
On CentOS/RHEL 6.5:
|
||||
|
||||
# rpm -ivh https://yum.puppetlabs.com/el/6.5/products/x86_64/puppetlabsrelease610.noarch.rpm
|
||||
|
||||
On CentOS/RHEL 7:
|
||||
|
||||
# rpm -ivh https://yum.puppetlabs.com/el/7/products/x86_64/puppetlabsrelease710.noarch.rpm
|
||||
|
||||
After you have successfully added this repository, install RubyAugeas in your system:
|
||||
|
||||
# yum install rubyaugeas
|
||||
|
||||
Or if you are continuing from my last tutorial, install this package using the Puppet way. Modify your custom_utils class inside of your /etc/puppet/manifests/site.pp to contain "rubyaugeas" inside of the packages array:
|
||||
|
||||
class custom_utils {
|
||||
package { ["nmap","telnet","vimenhanced","traceroute","rubyaugeas"]:
|
||||
ensure => latest,
|
||||
allow_virtual => false,
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
### Augeas without Puppet ###
|
||||
|
||||
As it was said in the beginning, Augeas is not originally from Puppet Labs, which means we can still use it even without Puppet itself. This approach can be useful for verifying your modifications and ideas before applying them in your Puppet environment. To make this possible, you need to install one additional package in your system. To do so, please execute following command:
|
||||
|
||||
# yum install augeas
|
||||
|
||||
### Puppet Augeas Examples ###
|
||||
|
||||
For demonstration, here are a few example Augeas use cases.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Management of /etc/sudoers file ####
|
||||
|
||||
1. Add sudo rights to wheel group
|
||||
|
||||
This example will show you how to add simple sudo rights for group %wheel in your GNU/Linux system.
|
||||
|
||||
# Install sudo package
|
||||
package { 'sudo':
|
||||
ensure => installed, # ensure sudo package installed
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
# Allow users belonging to wheel group to use sudo
|
||||
augeas { 'sudo_wheel':
|
||||
context => '/files/etc/sudoers', # The target file is /etc/sudoers
|
||||
changes => [
|
||||
# allow wheel users to use sudo
|
||||
'set spec[user = "%wheel"]/user %wheel',
|
||||
'set spec[user = "%wheel"]/host_group/host ALL',
|
||||
'set spec[user = "%wheel"]/host_group/command ALL',
|
||||
'set spec[user = "%wheel"]/host_group/command/runas_user ALL',
|
||||
]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
Now let's explain what the code does: **spec** defines the user section in /etc/sudoers, **[user]** defines given user from the array, and all definitions behind slash ( / ) are subparts of this user. So in typical configuration this would be represented as:
|
||||
|
||||
user host_group/host host_group/command host_group/command/runas_user
|
||||
|
||||
Which is translated into this line of /etc/sudoers:
|
||||
|
||||
%wheel ALL = (ALL) ALL
|
||||
|
||||
2. Add command alias
|
||||
|
||||
The following part will show you how to define command alias which you can use inside your sudoers file.
|
||||
|
||||
# Create new alias SERVICES which contains some basic privileged commands
|
||||
augeas { 'sudo_cmdalias':
|
||||
context => '/files/etc/sudoers', # The target file is /etc/sudoers
|
||||
changes => [
|
||||
"set Cmnd_Alias[alias/name = 'SERVICES']/alias/name SERVICES",
|
||||
"set Cmnd_Alias[alias/name = 'SERVICES']/alias/command[1] /sbin/service",
|
||||
"set Cmnd_Alias[alias/name = 'SERVICES']/alias/command[2] /sbin/chkconfig",
|
||||
"set Cmnd_Alias[alias/name = 'SERVICES']/alias/command[3] /bin/hostname",
|
||||
"set Cmnd_Alias[alias/name = 'SERVICES']/alias/command[4] /sbin/shutdown",
|
||||
]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
Syntax of sudo command aliases is pretty simple: **Cmnd_Alias** defines the section of command aliases, **[alias/name]** binds all to given alias name, /alias/name **SERVICES** defines the actual alias name and alias/command is the array of all the commands that should be part of this alias. The output of this command will be following:
|
||||
|
||||
Cmnd_Alias SERVICES = /sbin/service , /sbin/chkconfig , /bin/hostname , /sbin/shutdown
|
||||
|
||||
For more information about /etc/sudoers, visit the [official documentation][5].
|
||||
|
||||
#### Adding users to a group ####
|
||||
|
||||
To add users to groups using Augeas, you might want to add the new user either after the gid field or after the last user. We'll use group SVN for the sake of this example. This can be achieved by using the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
In Puppet:
|
||||
|
||||
augeas { 'augeas_mod_group:
|
||||
context => '/files/etc/group', # The target file is /etc/group
|
||||
changes => [
|
||||
"ins user after svn/*[self::gid or self::user][last()]",
|
||||
"set svn/user[last()] john",
|
||||
]
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
Using augtool:
|
||||
|
||||
augtool> ins user after /files/etc/group/svn/*[self::gid or self::user][last()] augtool> set /files/etc/group/svn/user[last()] john
|
||||
|
||||
### Summary ###
|
||||
|
||||
By now, you should have a good idea on how to use Augeas in your Puppet projects. Feel free to experiment with it and definitely go through the official Augeas documentation. It will help you get the idea how to use Augeas properly in your own projects, and it will show you how much time you can actually save by using it.
|
||||
|
||||
If you have any questions feel free to post them in the comments and I will do my best to answer them and advise you.
|
||||
|
||||
### Useful Links ###
|
||||
|
||||
- [http://www.watzmann.net/categories/augeas.html][6]: contains a lot of tutorials focused on Augeas usage.
|
||||
- [http://projects.puppetlabs.com/projects/1/wiki/puppet_augeas][7]: Puppet wiki with a lot of practical examples.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/09/manage-configurations-linux-puppet-augeas.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jaroslav Štěpánek][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/jaroslav
|
||||
[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2014/08/install-puppet-server-client-centos-rhel.html
|
||||
[2]:http://augeas.net/
|
||||
[3]:http://xmodulo.com/manage-configurations-linux-puppet-augeas.html
|
||||
[4]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/03/how-to-set-up-epel-repository-on-centos.html
|
||||
[5]:http://augeas.net/docs/references/lenses/files/sudoers-aug.html
|
||||
[6]:http://www.watzmann.net/categories/augeas.html
|
||||
[7]:http://projects.puppetlabs.com/projects/1/wiki/puppet_augeas
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
|
||||
How to monitor user login history on CentOS with utmpdump
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Keeping, maintaining and analyzing logs (i.e., accounts of events that have happened during a certain period of time or are currently happening) are among the most basic and essential tasks of a Linux system administrator. In case of user management, examining user logon and logout logs (both failed and successful) can alert us about any potential security breaches or unauthorized use of our system. For example, remote logins from unknown IP addresses or accounts being used outside working hours or during vacation leave should raise a red flag.
|
||||
|
||||
On a CentOS system, user login history is stored in the following binary files:
|
||||
|
||||
- /var/run/utmp (which logs currently open sessions) is used by who and w tools to show who is currently logged on and what they are doing, and also by uptime to display system up time.
|
||||
- /var/log/wtmp (which stores the history of connections to the system) is used by last tool to show the listing of last logged-in users.
|
||||
- /var/log/btmp (which logs failed login attempts) is used by lastb utility to show the listing of last failed login attempts. `
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In this post I'll show you how to use utmpdump, a simple program from the sysvinit-tools package that can be used to dump these binary log files in text format for inspection. This tool is available by default on stock CentOS 6 and 7. The information gleaned from utmpdump is more comprehensive than the output of the tools mentioned earlier, and that's what makes it a nice utility for the job. Besides, utmpdump can be used to modify utmp or wtmp, which can be useful if you want to fix any corrupted entries in the binary logs.
|
||||
|
||||
### How to Use Utmpdump and Interpret its Output ###
|
||||
|
||||
As we mentioned earlier, these log files, as opposed to other logs most of us are familiar with (e.g., /var/log/messages, /var/log/cron, /var/log/maillog), are saved in binary file format, and thus we cannot use pagers such as less or more to view their contents. That is where utmpdump saves the day.
|
||||
|
||||
In order to display the contents of /var/run/utmp, run the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
# utmpdump /var/run/utmp
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To do the same with /var/log/wtmp:
|
||||
|
||||
# utmpdump /var/log/wtmp
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
and finally with /var/log/btmp:
|
||||
|
||||
# utmpdump /var/log/btmp
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, the output formats of three cases are identical, except for the fact that the records in the utmp and btmp are arranged chronologically, while in the wtmp, the order is reversed.
|
||||
|
||||
Each log line is formatted in multiple columns described as follows. The first field shows a session identifier, while the second holds PID. The third field can hold one of the following values: ~~ (indicating a runlevel change or a system reboot), bw (meaning a bootwait process), a digit (indicates a TTY number), or a character and a digit (meaning a pseudo-terminal). The fourth field can be either empty or hold the user name, reboot, or runlevel. The fifth field holds the main TTY or PTY (pseudo-terminal), if that information is available. The sixth field holds the name of the remote host (if the login is performed from the local host, this field is blank, except for run-level messages, which will return the kernel version). The seventh field holds the IP address of the remote system (if the login is performed from the local host, this field will show 0.0.0.0). If DNS resolution is not provided, the sixth and seventh fields will show identical information (the IP address of the remote system). The last (eighth) field indicates the date and time when the record was created.
|
||||
|
||||
### Usage Examples of Utmpdump ###
|
||||
|
||||
Here are a few simple use cases of utmpdump.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Check how many times (and at what times) a particular user (e.g., gacanepa) logged on to the system between August 18 and September 17.
|
||||
|
||||
# utmpdump /var/log/wtmp | grep gacanepa
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If you need to review login information from prior dates, you can check the wtmp-YYYYMMDD (or wtmp.[1...N]) and btmp-YYYYMMDD (or btmp.[1...N]) files in /var/log, which are the old archives of wtmp and btmp files, generated by [logrotate][1].
|
||||
|
||||
2. Count the number of logins from IP address 192.168.0.101.
|
||||
|
||||
# utmpdump /var/log/wtmp | grep 192.168.0.101
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3. Display failed login attempts.
|
||||
|
||||
# utmpdump /var/log/btmp
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In the output of /var/log/btmp, every log line corresponds to a failed login attempt (e.g., using incorrect password or a non-existing user ID). Logon using non-existing user IDs are highlighted in the above impage, which can alert you that someone is attempting to break into your system by guessing commonly-used account names. This is particularly serious in the cases when the tty1 was used, since it means that someone had access to a terminal on your machine (time to check who has keys to your datacenter, maybe?).
|
||||
|
||||
4. Display login and logout information per user session.
|
||||
|
||||
# utmpdump /var/log/wtmp
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In /var/log/wtmp, a new login event is characterized by '7' in the first field, a terminal number (or pseudo-terminal id) in the third field, and username in the fourth. The corresponding logout event will be represented by '8' in the first field, the same PID as the login in the second field, and a blank terminal number field. For example, take a close look at PID 1463 in the above image.
|
||||
|
||||
- On [Fri Sep 19 11:57:40 2014 ART] the login prompt appeared in tty1.
|
||||
- On [Fri Sep 19 12:04:21 2014 ART], user root logged on.
|
||||
- On [Fri Sep 19 12:07:24 2014 ART], root logged out.
|
||||
|
||||
On a side note, the word LOGIN in the fourth field means that a login prompt is present in the terminal specified in the fifth field.
|
||||
|
||||
So far I covered somewhat trivial examples. You can combine utmpdump with other text sculpting tools such as awk, sed, grep or cut to produce filtered and enhanced output.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, you can use the following command to list all login events of a particular user (e.g., gacanepa) and send the output to a .csv file that can be viewed with a pager or a workbook application, such as LibreOffice's Calc or Microsoft Excel. Let's display PID, username, IP address and timestamp only:
|
||||
|
||||
# utmpdump /var/log/wtmp | grep -E "\[7].*gacanepa" | awk -v OFS="," 'BEGIN {FS="] "}; {print $2,$4,$7,$8}' | sed -e 's/\[//g' -e 's/\]//g'
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
As represented with three blocks in the image, the filtering logic is composed of three pipelined steps. The first step is used to look for login events ([7]) triggered by user gacanepa. The second and third steps are used to select desired fields, remove square brackets in the output of utmpdump, and set the output field separator to a comma.
|
||||
|
||||
Of course, you need to redirect the output of the above command to a file if you want to open it later (append "> [name_of_file].csv" to the command).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In more complex examples, if you want to know what users (as listed in /etc/passwd) have not logged on during the period of time, you could extract user names from /etc/passwd, and then run grep the utmpdump output of /var/log/wtmp against user list. As you see, possibility is limitless.
|
||||
|
||||
Before concluding, let's briefly show yet another use case of utmpdump: modify utmp or wtmp. As these are binary log files, you cannot edit them as is. Instead, you can export their content to text format, modify the text output, and then import the modified content back to the binary logs. That is:
|
||||
|
||||
# utmpdump /var/log/utmp > tmp_output
|
||||
<modify tmp_output using a text editor>
|
||||
# utmpdump -r tmp_output > /var/log/utmp
|
||||
|
||||
This can be useful when you want to remove or fix any bogus entry in the binary logs.
|
||||
|
||||
To sum up, utmpdump complements standard utilities such as who, w, uptime, last, lastb by dumping detailed login events stored in utmp, wtmp and btmp log files, as well as in their rotated old archives, and that certainly makes it a great utility.
|
||||
|
||||
Feel free to enhance this post with your comments.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/09/monitor-user-login-history-centos-utmpdump.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/gabriel
|
||||
[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2014/09/logrotate-manage-log-files-linux.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
|
||||
Jelly Conky给你的Linux桌面加入了简约、时尚的状态
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**我把Conky设置成有点像壁纸：我会找出一张我喜欢的，只在下一周更换因为我厌倦了并且想要一点改变。**
|
||||
|
||||
不耐烦的一部分原因是由于日益增长的设计目录。我最近最喜欢的是Jelly Conky。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我们最近强调的许多Conky所夸耀的最小设计都遵循了。它并不想成为一个厨房水槽。它不会被那些需要一眼需要看到他们硬盘温度和IP地址的人所青睐
|
||||
|
||||
它配备了三种不同的模式，它们都可以添加个性的或者静态背景图像：
|
||||
|
||||
- 时钟
|
||||
- 时钟加日期
|
||||
- 时钟加日期和天气
|
||||
|
||||
一些人不理解为什么要在桌面上拥有重复的时钟。这是很好理解的。对于我而言，这不仅仅是功能（虽然，个人而言，Conky的时钟比挤在上部面板上那渺小的数字要更容易看清）。
|
||||
|
||||
机会是如果你的Android主屏幕有一个时间小部件的话，你不会介意在你的桌面上也有这么一个
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [从Deviant Art上下载 Jelly Conky][2]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/09/jelly-conky-for-linux-desktop
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
|
||||
[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/conky-circle-theme-nod-lg-quick-cover
|
||||
[2]:http://zagortenay333.deviantart.com/art/Jelly-Conky-442559003
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
|
||||
Canonical在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS中关闭了一个nginx漏洞
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> 用户不得不升级他们的系统来修复这个漏洞
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.04 LTS
|
||||
|
||||
**Canonical已经在安全公告中公布了这个影响到Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr)的nginx漏洞的细节。这个问题已经被确定并被修复了**
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu的开发者已经修复了nginx的一个小漏洞。他们解释nginx可能已经被用来暴露网络上的敏感信息。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
根据安全公告，“Antoine Delignat-Lavaud和Karthikeyan Bhargavan发现nginx错误地重复使用了缓存的SSL会话。攻击者可能利用此问题，在特定的配置下，可以从不同的虚拟主机获得信息“。
|
||||
|
||||
对于这些问题的更详细的描述，可以看到Canonical的安全[公告][1]。用户应该升级自己的Linux发行版以解决此问题。
|
||||
|
||||
这个问题可以通过在系统升级到最新nginx包（和依赖v包）进行修复。要应用该补丁，你可以直接运行升级管理程序。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你不想使用软件更新器，您可以打开终端，输入以下命令（需要root权限）：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get update
|
||||
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
|
||||
|
||||
在一般情况下，一个标准的系统更新将会进行必要的更改。要应用此修补程序您不必重新启动计算机。
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Canonical-Closes-Nginx-Exploit-in-Ubuntu-14-04-LTS-459677.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
|
||||
[1]:http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/usn-2351-1/
|
||||
85
translated/talk/20140828 Interesting facts about Linux.md
Normal file
85
translated/talk/20140828 Interesting facts about Linux.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
|
||||
Linux趣事
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
今天，8月25号，是Linux的第23个生日。1991年，8月25日，21岁的赫尔辛基大学的学生发布了举世闻名的[新闻组][1](Usenet post)，标志着现在世界著名的Linux正式诞生。
|
||||
|
||||
23年以后的今天，linux已经无处不在，不仅仅被安装于桌面系统，[智能手机][2]和嵌入式系统，甚至也被[龙头企业][3]用于他们的关键系统，比如说像[美国海军的核潜艇][4]（US Navy's nuclear submarines）和[联邦航空局的空中管制系统][5](FAA's air traffic control)。进入无处不在的云计算时代，linux在云计算平台方面仍然保持着它的优势。
|
||||
|
||||
今天，我们一起庆祝linux 23岁生日，就让我们告诉你**一些你可能不知道的linux趣事和linux历史**。如果有什么要补充的，请在评论中分享出来。在这篇文章里，我可能用会用“linux”，“kernel”和“Linux kernel”来表示同一个意思。
|
||||
|
||||
1.关于linux是否是一个开源的操作系统这种争论一直是无休无止的。事实上，“Linux”操作系统的核心组件参照的是Linux kernel（内核）。而反派认为Linux不是一个纯粹的操作系统，因为他们认为仅仅一个内核（kernel），并不是一个操作系统，自由软件的推崇者认为最大的操作系统应叫做“[GNU/Linux][7]”把功劳归于应得的人。（比如：[GNU project][8]）。另一方面，一些linux的开发者认为，linux拥有成为一个操作系统的资格，因为它实现了[POSIX标准][9]。
|
||||
|
||||
2.从openhub网站的统计来看，绝大部分（95%）的Linux是用C语言写的。第二（2.8%）受欢迎的是汇编语言。毫无疑问，C语言比C++ 的更受欢迎，也表明了linus对C++的立场。下面是Linus编程语言的分类。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.在世界上，Linux已经被[13,036个贡献者][10]创建和修改。当然，贡献最多的还是Linus Torvalds自己。直到目前，他提交了20,000次以上的代码。下图显示了所有提交次数最多的前十位Linux贡献者。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.Linux的代码行（SLOC）有超过1700万行。估计整个代码库的花费大概是5,526人年，或者是超过300M（1M=10*1000万亿）美元，[基于模型的基本估算法][11]（basic COCOMO model）。
|
||||
|
||||
5.企业并不是单纯的Linux消费者。他们的员工也在[积极参与][12]Linux的开发。下图显示了前十的Linux内核开发参与的企业员工2013年提交次数的总和。他们包括linux的商业版发行者(Red Hat,SUSE),芯片/嵌入式系统制造商（Intel，Texas Instrument，wolfson），非盈利性组织（Linaro）和其他的IT公司（IBM，Samsung，Google）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
6.Linux的官方吉祥物是“小企鹅”，一个非常可爱的企鹅标志。[第一次提出][13]并决定小企鹅作为Linux吉祥物/标志这个想法的是Linus自己。为什么是小企鹅呢？因为Linus本人很喜欢企鹅，尽管他曾经被一只凶猛的企鹅咬伤过，还导致他得了一场病。
|
||||
|
||||
7.一个Linux系统“包括”Linux内核、支持GUN的组件和库、和一些第三方的应用。[distrowatch网站][14]显示，现在总共有286个活跃的Linux发行版。其中最老的一个版本叫[Slackware][15],它是从1993年正式发布出来的一个可用的版本。
|
||||
|
||||
8.Kernel.org是一个Linux源码的主要仓库，曾经在2011年8月被一个匿名的攻击者[攻陷][16],攻击者打算篡改kernel.org的服务器。为了加强linux内核的访问策略的安全性，Linux基金会最近在Linux内核的Git官方托管的仓库上[开启了][17]双重认证。
|
||||
|
||||
9.Linux在500强超级计算机中的优势还在[增加][18]。截至2014年6月，运算速度最快的计算机97%都是运行在Linux上面的。
|
||||
|
||||
10.太空监视（spacewatch），是亚利桑那大学月球与行星实验室的一个研究项目，在GNU/Linux和它的创造者们出现之后，用他们名字命名了几颗小行星（[小行星9793 Torvalds][19],[小行星9882 Stallman][20]，[小行星9885 Linux][21]，[小行星9965 GUN][22]），以表彰他们把开源操作系统用于他们的小行星调查活动。
|
||||
|
||||
11.纵观Linux内核发展得近代史，版本从2.6到3.0有一个很大的跳跃。这个[重编的版本号3][23]实际上并不是意味着Linux内核有什么重大的构建，但却标志着Linux 20周年的一个里程碑。
|
||||
|
||||
12.在2000年的时候，乔帮主还在苹果。他当时就[尝试雇佣][24]Linus Torvalds，让他放弃Linux的开发，转而为“Unix最大的用户群工作”，这个项目后面发展成了MAC OS X。当时，linus拒绝了乔帮主的邀请。
|
||||
|
||||
13.Linux 内核的重启函数[reboot()][25]要求两个神奇的数字，而这第二个数字来自Linus Torvalds和他的3个女儿的出生日期。
|
||||
|
||||
14.虽然全世界都有Linux的很多粉丝，但是也仍然存在很多对Linux的批评（主要是桌面系统），如缺乏硬件支持，缺乏标准化，由于很短的升级和发布周期导致系统的不稳定，等。2014年Linux内核小组在linuxCon大会上，当Linus被问及Linux的未来将何去何从，他表示“I still want the desktop”(我仍然希望桌面化)。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你还知道些关于Linux的趣事，请写在评论里。
|
||||
|
||||
生日快乐，Linux！
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/08/interesting-facts-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Dan Nanni][a]
|
||||
译者：[barney-ro](https://github.com/barney-ro)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/nanni
|
||||
[1]:https://groups.google.com/forum/message/raw?msg=comp.os.minix/dlNtH7RRrGA/SwRavCzVE7gJ
|
||||
[2]:http://developer.android.com/about/index.html
|
||||
[3]:http://fortune.com/2013/05/06/how-linux-conquered-the-fortune-500/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/7789
|
||||
[5]:http://fcw.com/Articles/2006/05/01/FAA-manages-air-traffic-with-Linux.aspx
|
||||
[6]:http://thecloudmarket.com/stats
|
||||
[7]:http://www.gnu.org/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html
|
||||
[8]:http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-history.html
|
||||
[9]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX
|
||||
[10]:https://www.openhub.net/p/linux/contributors/summary
|
||||
[11]:https://www.openhub.net/p/linux/estimated_cost
|
||||
[12]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/publications/linux-foundation/who-writes-linux-2013
|
||||
[13]:http://www.sjbaker.org/wiki/index.php?title=The_History_of_Tux_the_Linux_Penguin
|
||||
[14]:http://distrowatch.com/search.php?ostype=All&category=All&origin=All&basedon=All¬basedon=None&desktop=All&architecture=All&status=Active
|
||||
[15]:http://www.slackware.com/info/
|
||||
[16]:http://pastebin.com/BKcmMd47
|
||||
[17]:http://www.linux.com/news/featured-blogs/203-konstantin-ryabitsev/784544-linux-kernel-git-repositories-add-2-factor-authentication
|
||||
[18]:http://www.top500.org/statistics/details/osfam/1
|
||||
[19]:http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=9793
|
||||
[20]:http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=9882
|
||||
[21]:http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=9885
|
||||
[22]:http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=9965
|
||||
[23]:https://lkml.org/lkml/2011/5/29/204
|
||||
[24]:http://www.wired.com/2012/03/mr-linux/2/
|
||||
[25]:http://lxr.free-electrons.com/source/kernel/reboot.c#L199
|
||||
[26]:http://www.nndb.com/people/444/000022378/
|
||||
[27]:http://linuxfonts.narod.ru/why.linux.is.not.ready.for.the.desktop.current.html
|
||||
[28]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8myENKt8bD0
|
||||
92
translated/talk/20140904 Making MySQL Better at GitHub.md
Normal file
92
translated/talk/20140904 Making MySQL Better at GitHub.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
|
||||
优化 GitHub 服务器上的 MySQL 数据库性能
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> 在 GitHub 我们总是说“如果网站响应速度不够快，说明我们的工作没完成”。我们之前在[前端的体验速度][1]这篇文章中介绍了一些提高网站响应速率的方法，但这只是故事的一部分。真正影响到 GitHub.com 性能的因素是 MySQL 数据库架构。让我们来瞧瞧我们的基础架构团队是如何无缝升级了 MySQL 架构吧，这事儿发生在去年8月份，成果就是大大提高了 GitHub 网站的速度。
|
||||
|
||||
### 任务 ###
|
||||
|
||||
去年我们把 GitHub 上的大部分数据移到了新的数据中心，这个中心有世界顶级的硬件资源和网络平台。自从使用了 MySQL 作为我们的后端基本存储系统，我们一直期望着一些改进来大大提高数据库性能，但是在数据中心使用全新的硬件来部署一套全新的集群环境并不是一件简单的工作，所以我们制定了一套计划和测试工作，以便数据能平滑过渡到新环境。
|
||||
|
||||
### 准备工作 ###
|
||||
|
||||
像我们这种关于架构上的巨大改变，在执行的每一步都需要收集数据指标。新机器上安装好了基础操作系统，接下来就是测试新配置下的各种性能。为了模拟真实的工作负载环境，我们使用 tcpdump 工具从老集群那里复制正在发生的 SELECT 请求，并在新集群上重新响应一遍。
|
||||
|
||||
MySQL 微调是个繁琐的细致活，像众所周知的 innodb_buffer_pool_size 这个参数往往能对 MySQL 性能产生巨大的影响。对于这类参数，我们必须考虑在内，所以我们列了一份参数清单，包括 innodb_thread_concurrency，innodb_io_capacity，和 innodb_buffer_pool_instances，还有其它的。
|
||||
|
||||
在每次测试中，我们都很小心地只改变一个参数，并且让一次测试至少运行12小时。我们会观察响应时间的变化曲线，每秒的响应次数，以及有可能会导致并发性降低的参数。我们使用 “SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS” 命令打印 InnoDB 性能信息，特别观察了 “SEMAPHORES” 一节的内容，它为我们提供了工作负载的状态信息。
|
||||
|
||||
当我们在设置参数后对运行结果感到满意，然后就开始将我们最大的一个数据表格迁移到一套独立的集群上，这个步骤作为整个迁移过程的早期测试，保证我们的核心集群空出更多的缓存池空间，并且为故障切换和存储功能提供更强的灵活性。这步初始迁移方案也引入了一个有趣的挑战：我们必须维持多条客户连接，并且要将这些连接重定向到正确的集群上。
|
||||
|
||||
除了硬件性能的提升，还需要补充一点，我们同时也对处理进程和拓扑结构进行了改进：我们添加了延时拷贝技术，更快、更高频地备份数据，以及更多的读拷贝空间。这些功能已经准备上线。
|
||||
|
||||
### 列出任务清单，三思后行 ###
|
||||
|
||||
每天有上百万用户的使用 GitHub.com，我们不可能有机会进行实际意义上的数据切换。我们有一个详细的[任务清单][2]来执行迁移：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我们还规划了一个维护期，并且[在我们的博客中通知了大家][3]，让用户注意到这件事情。
|
||||
|
||||
### 迁移时间到 ###
|
||||
|
||||
太平洋时间星期六上午5点，我们的迁移团队上线集合聊天，同时数据迁移正式开始：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我们将 GitHub 网站设置为维护模式，并在 Twitter 上发表声明，然后开始按上述任务清单的步骤开始工作：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**13 分钟**后，我们确保新的集群能正常工作：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
然后我们让 GitHub.com 脱离维护期，并且让全世界的用户都知道我们的最新状态：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
大量前期的测试工作与准备工作，让我们将维护期缩到最短。
|
||||
|
||||
### 检验最终的成果 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在接下来的几周时间里，我们密切监视着 GitHub.com 的性能和响应时间。我们发现迁移后网站的平均加载时间减少一半，并且在99%的时间里，能减少*三分之二*：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 我们学到了什么 ###
|
||||
|
||||
#### 功能划分 ####
|
||||
|
||||
在迁移过程中，我们采用了一个比较好的方法是：将大的数据表（主要记录了一些历史数据）先迁移过去，空出旧集群的磁盘空间和缓存池空间。这一步给我们留下了更过的资源用户维护“热”数据，将一些连接请求分离到多套集群里面。这步为我们之后的胜利奠定了基础，我们以后还会使用这种模式来进行迁移工作。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 测试测试测试 ####
|
||||
|
||||
为你的应用做验收测试和回归测试，越多越好，多多益善，不要嫌多。从老集群复制数据到新集群的过程中，如果进行验收测试和响应状态测试，得到的数据是不准的，如果数据不理想，这是正常的，不要惊讶，不要试图拿这些数据去分析原因。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 合作的力量 ####
|
||||
|
||||
对基础架构进行大的改变，通常需要涉及到很多人，我们要像一个团队一样为共同的目标而合作。我们的团队成员来自全球各地。
|
||||
|
||||
团队成员地图：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
本次合作新创了一种工作流程：我们提交更改（pull request），获取实时反馈，查看修改了错误的 commit —— 全程没有电话交流或面对面的会议。当所有东西都可以通过 URL 提供信息，不同区域的人群之间的交流和反馈会变得非常简单。
|
||||
|
||||
### 一年后。。。 ###
|
||||
|
||||
整整一年时间过去了，我们很高兴地宣布这次数据迁移是很成功的 —— MySQL 性能和可靠性一直处于我们期望的状态。另外，新的集群还能让我们进一步去升级，提供更好的可靠性和响应时间。我将继续记录这些优化过程。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://github.com/blog/1880-making-mysql-better-at-github
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[samlambert][a]
|
||||
译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://github.com/samlambert
|
||||
[1]:https://github.com/blog/1756-optimizing-large-selector-sets
|
||||
[2]:https://help.github.com/articles/writing-on-github#task-lists
|
||||
[3]:https://github.com/blog/1603-site-maintenance-august-31st-2013
|
||||
189
translated/talk/20140915 Make Downloading Files Effortless.md
Normal file
189
translated/talk/20140915 Make Downloading Files Effortless.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
|
||||
让下载更方便
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
下载管理器是一个电脑程序，专门处理下载文件，优化带宽占用，以及让下载更有条理等任务。有些网页浏览器，例如Firefox，也集成了一个下载管理器作为功能，但是它们的方式还是没有专门的下载管理器（或者浏览器插件）那么专业，没有最佳地使用带宽，也没有好用的文件管理功能。
|
||||
|
||||
对于那些经常下载的人，使用一个好的下载管理器会更有帮助。它能够最大化下载速度（加速下载），断点续传以及制定下载计划，让下载更安全也更有价值。下载管理器已经没有之前流行了，但是最好的下载管理器还是很实用，包括和浏览器的紧密结合，支持类似YouTube的主流网站，以及更多。
|
||||
|
||||
有好几个能在Linux下工作都非常优秀的开源下载管理器，以至于让人无从选择。我整理了一个摘要，是我喜欢的下载管理器，以及Firefox里的一个非常好用的下载插件。这里列出的每一个程序都是开源许可发布的。
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
uGet是一个轻量级，容易使用，功能完备的开源下载管理器。uGet允许用户从不同的源并行下载来加快速度，添加文件到下载序列，暂停或继续下载，提供高级分类管理，和浏览器集成，监控剪贴板，批量下载，支持26种语言，以及其他许多功能。
|
||||
|
||||
uGet是一个成熟的软件；保持开发超过11年。在这个时间里，它发展成一个非常多功能的下载管理器，拥有一套很高价值的功能集，还保持了易用性。
|
||||
|
||||
uGet是用C语言开发的，使用了cURL作为底层支持，以及应用库libcurl。uGet有非常好的平台兼容性。它一开始是Linux系统下的项目，但是被移植到在Mac OS X，FreeBSD，Android和Windows平台运行。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 功能点： ####
|
||||
|
||||
- 容易使用
|
||||
- 下载队列可以让下载任务按任意多或少或你希望的数量同时进行。
|
||||
- 断点续传
|
||||
- 默认分类
|
||||
- 完美实现的剪贴板监控功能
|
||||
- 批量下载
|
||||
- 支持从HTML文件导入下载任务
|
||||
- 支持通过HTTP，HTTPS，FTP，BitTorrent和Metalink下载
|
||||
- 多线程下载（也被称为分块下载）：每个下载任务支持最多20个线程同时连接，支持自适应的分块管理，意味着如果某个下载块中断了，那么会其他连接会把它捡起来，以时刻保证最佳的下载速度。
|
||||
- 多镜像下载
|
||||
- FTP登录和匿名FTP
|
||||
- 强大的计划任务
|
||||
- 通过FlashGot和FireFox集成
|
||||
- Aria2插件
|
||||
- 多变的主题
|
||||
- 安静模式
|
||||
- 键盘快捷键
|
||||
- 支持命令行/终端控制
|
||||
- 自动创建目录
|
||||
- 下载历史管理
|
||||
- 支持GnuTLS
|
||||
- 支持26种语言，包括：阿拉伯语，白俄罗斯语，简体中文，繁体中文，捷克语，丹麦语，英语（默认），法语，格鲁吉亚语，德语，匈牙利语，印尼语，意大利语，波兰语，葡萄牙语（巴西），俄语，西班牙语，土耳其语，乌克兰语，以及越南语。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- 网站：[ugetdm.com][1]
|
||||
- 开发人员：C.H. Huang and contributors
|
||||
- 许可：GNU LGPL 2.1
|
||||
- 版本：1.10.5
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
DownThemAll!是一个小巧的，可靠的以及易用的，开源下载管理器／加速器，是Firefox的一个组件。它可以让用户下载一个页面上所有链接和图片以及更多功能。它可以让用户完全控制下载任务，随时分配下载速度以及同时下载的任务数量。通过使用Metalinks或者手动添加镜像的方式，可以同时从不同的服务器下载同一个文件。
|
||||
|
||||
DownThemAll会根据你要下载的文件大小，切割成不同的部分，然后并行下载。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 功能点： ####
|
||||
|
||||
- 和Firefox的完全集成
|
||||
- 分块下载，允许用户下载不同的文件块，完成之后再拼接成完整的文件；这样的话当连接到一个缓慢的服务器的时候可以加快下载速度。
|
||||
- 支持Metalink，允许发送下载文件的多个URL以及它的校验值和其他信息到DTA
|
||||
- 支持爬虫方式通过一个单独的链接遍历整个网页
|
||||
- 下载过滤
|
||||
- 高级重命名选项
|
||||
- 暂停和继续下载任务
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- 网站：[addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/downthemall][2]
|
||||
- 开发人员：Federico Parodi, Stefano Verna, Nils Maier
|
||||
- 许可：GNU GPL v2
|
||||
- 版本：2.0.17
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
JDownloader是一个免费，开源的下载管理工具，拥有一个大型社区的开发者支持，让下载更简单和快捷。用户可以开始，停止或暂停下载，设置带宽限制，自动解压缩包，以及更多功能。它提供了一个容易扩展的框架。
|
||||
|
||||
JDownloader简化了从一键下载网站下载文件。它还支持从不同并行资源下载，手势识别，自动文件解压缩以及更多功能。另外，还支持许多“加密链接”网站－所以你只需要复制粘贴“加密的”链接，然后JDownloader会处理剩下的事情。JDownloader还能导入CCF，RSDF和DLC文件。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 功能点： ####
|
||||
|
||||
- 一次下载多个文件
|
||||
- 从多个连接同时下载
|
||||
- JD有一个自己实现的强大的OCR模块
|
||||
- 自动解压（包括密码搜索）（RAR压缩包）
|
||||
- 支持主题
|
||||
- 支持多国语言
|
||||
- 大约110个站点以及超过300个解密插件
|
||||
- 通过JDLiveHeaderScripts重连：（支持1400路由）
|
||||
- 网页更新
|
||||
- 集成包管理器支持额外模块（例如，Webinterface，Shutdown）
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- 网站：[jdownloader.org][3]
|
||||
- 开发人员：AppWork UG
|
||||
- 许可：GNU GPL v3
|
||||
- 版本：0.9.581
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
FreeRapid Downloader是一个易用的开源下载程序，支持从Rapidshare，Youtube，Facebook，Picasa和其他文件分享网站下载。他的下载引擎基于一些插件，所以可以从特殊站点下载。
|
||||
|
||||
对于需要针对特定文件分享网站的下载管理器用户来说，FreeRapid Downloader是理想的选择。
|
||||
|
||||
FreeRapid Downloader使用Java语言编写。需要至少Sun Java 7.0版本才可以运行。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 功能点： ####
|
||||
|
||||
- 容易使用
|
||||
- 支持从不同服务站点并行下载
|
||||
- 支持断点续传
|
||||
- 支持通过代理列表下载
|
||||
- 支持流视频或图片
|
||||
- 下载历史
|
||||
- 聪明的剪贴板监控
|
||||
- 自动检查服务器文件后缀
|
||||
- 自动关机选项
|
||||
- 插件自动更新
|
||||
- 简单验证码识别
|
||||
- 支持跨平台
|
||||
- 支持多国语言：英语，保加利亚语，捷克语，芬兰语，葡萄牙语，斯洛伐克语，匈牙利语，简体中文，以及其他
|
||||
- 支持超过700个站点
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- 网站：[wordrider.net/freerapid/][4]
|
||||
- 开发人员：Vity and contributors
|
||||
- 许可：GNU GPL v2
|
||||
- 版本：0.9u4
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
FlashGot是一个Firefox和Thunderbird的免费组件，旨在通过外置下载管理器来处理单个和大规模（“所有”和“已选”）下载。
|
||||
|
||||
FlashGot把所支持的所有下载管理器统一成Firefox中的一个下载管理器。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 功能点： ####
|
||||
|
||||
- Linux下支持：Aria, Axel Download Accelerator, cURL, Downloader 4 X, FatRat, GNOME Gwget, FatRat, JDownloader, KDE KGet, pyLoad, SteadyFlow, uGet, wxDFast, 和wxDownload Fast
|
||||
- 支持图库功能，可以帮助把原来分散在不同页面的系列资源，整合到一个所有媒体库页面中，然后可以轻松迅速地“下载所有”
|
||||
- FlashGot Link会使用默认下载管理器下载当前鼠标选中的链接
|
||||
- FlashGot Selection
|
||||
- FlashGot All
|
||||
- FlashGot Tabs
|
||||
- FlashGot Media
|
||||
- 抓取页面里所有链接
|
||||
- 抓取所有标签栏的所有链接
|
||||
- 链接过滤（例如，只下载指定类型文件）
|
||||
- 在网页上抓取点击所产生的所有链接
|
||||
- 支持从大多数链接保护和文件托管服务器直接和批量下载
|
||||
- 隐私选项
|
||||
- 支持国际化
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- 网站：[flashgot.net][5]
|
||||
- 开发人员：Giorgio Maone
|
||||
- 许可：GNU GPL v2
|
||||
- 版本：1.5.6.5
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140913062041384/DownloadManagers.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Frazer Kline
|
||||
译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://ugetdm.com/
|
||||
[2]:https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/downthemall/
|
||||
[3]:http://jdownloader.org/
|
||||
[4]:http://wordrider.net/freerapid/
|
||||
[5]:http://flashgot.net/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
|
||||
10个 Ubuntu 用户一定要知道的博客
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**想要了解更多关于 ubuntu 的资讯，我们应该追哪些网站呢？**
|
||||
|
||||
这是初学者经常会问的一个问题，在这里，我会告诉你们10个我最喜欢的博客，这些博客可以帮助我们解决问题，能让我们及时了解所有 Ubuntu 版本的更新消息。不，我谈论的不是通常的 Linux 和 shell 脚本一类的东东。我是在说一个流畅的 Linux 桌面系统和一个普通的用户所要的关于 Ubuntu 的经验。
|
||||
|
||||
这些网站帮助你解决你正遇到的问题，提醒你关注各种应用和提供给你来自 Ubuntu 世界的最新消息。这个网站可以让你对 Ubuntu 更了解，所以，下面列出的是10个我最喜欢的博客，它们包括了 Ubuntu 的方方面面。
|
||||
|
||||
###10个Ubutun用户一定要知道的博客###
|
||||
|
||||
从我开始在 itsfoss 网站上写作开始，我特意把它排除在外，没有列入名单。我也并没有把[Planet Ubuntu][1]列入名单，因为它不适合初学者。废话不多说，让我们一起来看下**最好的乌邦图（ubuntu）博客**（排名不分先后）：
|
||||
|
||||
### [OMG! Ubuntu!][2] ###
|
||||
|
||||
这是一个只针对 ubuntu 爱好者的网站。无论多小，只要是和乌邦图有关系的，OMG!Ubuntu 都会收入站内！博客主要包括新闻和应用。你也可以再这里找到一些关于 Ubuntu 的教程，但不是很多。
|
||||
|
||||
这个博客会让你知道 Ubuntu 世界发生的各种事情。
|
||||
|
||||
### [Web Upd8][3] ###
|
||||
|
||||
Web Upd8 是我最喜欢的博客。除了涵盖新闻，它有很多容易理解的教程。Web Upd8 还维护了几个PPAs。博主[Andrei][4]有时会在评论里回答你的问题，这对你来说也会是很有帮助的。
|
||||
|
||||
这是一个你可以了解新闻资讯，学习教程的网站。
|
||||
|
||||
### [Noobs Lab][5] ###
|
||||
|
||||
和Web Upd8一样，Noobs Lab上也有很多教程，新闻，并且它可能是PPA里最大的主题和图标集。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你是个新手，去Noobs Lab看看吧。
|
||||
|
||||
### [Linux Scoop][6] ###
|
||||
|
||||
大多数的博客都是“文字博客”。你通过看说明和截图来学习教程。而 Linux Scoop 上有很多录像来帮助初学者来学习，完全是一个视频博客。
|
||||
|
||||
比起阅读来，如果你更喜欢视频，Linux Scoop应该是最适合你的。
|
||||
|
||||
### [Ubuntu Geek][7] ###
|
||||
|
||||
这是一个相对比较老的博客。覆盖面很广，并且有很多快速安装的教程和说明。虽然，有时我发现其中的一些教程文章缺乏深度，当然这也许只是我个人的观点。
|
||||
|
||||
想要快速小贴士，去Ubuntu Geek。
|
||||
|
||||
### [Tech Drive-in][8] ###
|
||||
|
||||
这个网站的更新频率好像没有以前那么快了，可能是 Manuel 在忙于他的工作，但是仍然给我们提供了很多的东西。新闻，教程，应用评论是这个博客的亮点。
|
||||
|
||||
博客经常被收入到[Ubuntu的新闻邀请邮件中][9]，Tech Drive-in肯定是一个很值得你去学习的网站。
|
||||
|
||||
### [UbuntuHandbook][10] ###
|
||||
|
||||
快速小贴士，新闻和教程是UbuntuHandbook的USP。[Ji m][11]最近也在参与维护一些PPAS。我必须很认真的说，这个博客的页面其实可以做得更好看点，纯属个人观点。
|
||||
|
||||
UbuntuHandbook 真的很方便。
|
||||
|
||||
### [Unixmen][12] ###
|
||||
|
||||
这个网站是由很多人一起维护的，而且并不仅仅局限于Ubuntu，它也覆盖了很多的其他的Linux发行版。它有自己的论坛来帮助用户。
|
||||
|
||||
紧跟着 Unixmen 的步伐。。
|
||||
|
||||
### [The Mukt][13] ###
|
||||
|
||||
The Mukt是Muktware新的代表。Muktware是一个逐渐消亡的Linux组织，并以Mukt重生。Muktware是一个很严谨的Linux开源的博客，The Mukt涉及很多广泛的主题，包括，科技新闻，极客新闻，有时还有娱乐新闻（听起来是否有一种混搭风的感觉？）The Mukt也包括很多你感兴趣的Ubuntu新闻。
|
||||
|
||||
The Mukt 不仅仅是一个博客，它是一种文化潮流。
|
||||
|
||||
### [LinuxG][14] ###
|
||||
|
||||
LinuxG是一个你可以找到所有关于“怎样安装”类型文章的站点。几乎所有的文章都开始于一句话“你好，Linux geeksters,正如你所知道的……”，博客可以在不同的主题上做得更好。我经常发现有些是文章缺乏深度，并且是急急忙忙写出来的，但是它仍然是一个关注应用最新版本的好地方。
|
||||
|
||||
这是个快速浏览新的应用和它们最新的版本好地方。
|
||||
|
||||
### 你还有什么好的站点吗？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
这些就是我平时经常浏览的 Ubuntu 博客。我知道还有很多我不知道的站点，可能会比我列出来的这些更好。所以，欢迎把你最喜爱的 Ubuntu 博客写在下面评论区。
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/ten-blogs-every-ubuntu-user-must-follow/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek][a]
|
||||
译者：[barney-ro](https://github.com/barney-ro)
|
||||
校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/Abhishek/
|
||||
[1]:http://planet.ubuntu.com/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.webupd8.org/
|
||||
[4]:https://plus.google.com/+AlinAndrei
|
||||
[5]:http://www.noobslab.com/
|
||||
[6]:http://linuxscoop.com/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.ubuntugeek.com/
|
||||
[8]:http://www.techdrivein.com/
|
||||
[9]:https://lists.ubuntu.com/mailman/listinfo/ubuntu-news
|
||||
[10]:http://ubuntuhandbook.org/
|
||||
[11]:https://plus.google.com/u/0/+JimUbuntuHandbook
|
||||
[12]:http://www.unixmen.com/
|
||||
[13]:http://www.themukt.com/
|
||||
[14]:http://linuxg.net/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
|
||||
在LVM中“录制逻辑卷快照并恢复”——第三部分
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**LVM快照**是空间有效指向时间的lvm卷副本。它只在lvm中工作，并只在源逻辑卷发生改变时消耗快照卷的空间。如果源卷的变化达到1GB这么大，快照卷同样也会产生这样大的改变。因而，对于空间有效利用的最佳途径，就是总是进行小的修改。如果快照将存储空间消耗殆尽，我们可以使用lvextend来扩容。而如果我们需要缩减快照，可以使用lvreduce。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在LVM中录制快照
|
||||
|
||||
如果我们在创建快照后意外地删除了无论什么文件，我们没有必要担心，因为快照里包含了我们所删除的文件的原始文件。创建快照时，很有可能文件每次都在那。不要改变快照卷，保持创建时的样子，因为它用于快速恢复。
|
||||
|
||||
快照不可以用于备份选项。备份是某些数据的基础副本，因此我们不能使用快照作为备份的一个选择。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 需求 ####
|
||||
|
||||
注：此两篇文章如果发布后可换成发布后链接，原文在前几天更新中
|
||||
|
||||
- [在Linux中使用LVM创建磁盘存储 — 第一部分][1]
|
||||
- [在Linux中扩展/缩减LVM — 第二部分][2]
|
||||
|
||||
### 我的服务器设置 ###
|
||||
|
||||
- 操作系统 — 安装有LVM的CentOS 6.5
|
||||
- 服务器IP — 192.168.0.200
|
||||
|
||||
#### 步骤1： 创建LVM快照 ####
|
||||
|
||||
首先，使用‘**vgs**’命令检查卷组中的空闲空间以创建新的快照。
|
||||
|
||||
# vgs
|
||||
# lvs
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
检查LVM磁盘空间
|
||||
|
||||
正如你所见，在**vgs**命令输出中，我们可以看到有8GB的剩余空闲空间。所以，让我们为我的名为**tecmint_datas**的卷之一创建快照。处于演示的目的，我将会使用以下命令来创建1GB的快照卷。
|
||||
|
||||
# lvcreate -L 1GB -s -n tecmint_datas_snap /dev/vg_tecmint_extra/tecmint_datas
|
||||
|
||||
或者
|
||||
|
||||
# lvcreate --size 1G --snapshot --name tecmint_datas_snap /dev/vg_tecmint_extra/tecmint_datas
|
||||
|
||||
上面的两个命令都是干得同一件事：
|
||||
|
||||
- **-s** – 创建快照
|
||||
- **-n** – 为快照命名
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
创建LVM快照
|
||||
|
||||
此处，是对上面高亮要点的说明。
|
||||
|
||||
- 我在此创建的快照的大小。
|
||||
- 创建快照。
|
||||
- 创建快照名。
|
||||
- 新的快照名。
|
||||
- 要创建快照的卷。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想要移除快照，可以使用‘**lvremove**’命令。
|
||||
|
||||
# lvremove /dev/vg_tecmint_extra/tecmint_datas_snap
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
移除LVM快照
|
||||
|
||||
现在，使用以下命令列出新创建的快照。
|
||||
|
||||
# lvs
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
验证LVM快照
|
||||
|
||||
上面的你看到了吧，成功创建了一个快照。上面我用箭头标出了快照创建的源，它就是**tecmint_datas**。是的，因为我已经为**tecmint_datas l-volume**创建了一个快照。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
检查LVM快照空间
|
||||
|
||||
让我们添加一些新文件到**tecmint_datas**里头。现在卷里大概有650MB左右的数据，而我我们的快照有1GB大。因此，有足够的空间在快照卷里备份我们的修改。这里我们可以使用下面的命令来查看到，我们的快照当前的状态。
|
||||
|
||||
# lvs
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
检查快照状态
|
||||
|
||||
你看到了，现在已经用掉了**51%**的快照卷，你要对你的文件作更多的修改都没有问题。使用下面的命令来查看更多详细信息。
|
||||
|
||||
# lvdisplay vg_tecmint_extra/tecmint_data_snap
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
查看快照信息
|
||||
|
||||
再来对上面图片中高亮的要点作个清楚的说明。
|
||||
|
||||
- 快照逻辑卷名称。
|
||||
- 当前使用的卷组名。
|
||||
- 读写模式下的快照卷，我们甚至可以挂载并使用该卷。
|
||||
- 快照创建时间。这个很重要，因为快照将跟踪此时间之后的每个改变。
|
||||
- 该快照属于tecmint_datas逻辑卷。
|
||||
- 逻辑卷在线并可用。
|
||||
- 我们录制快照的源卷大小。
|
||||
- 写时复制表大小，Cow = copy on Write，这是说对tecmint_data卷所作的任何改变都会写入此快照。
|
||||
- 当前使用的快照大小，我们的tecmint_data有10GB，而我们的快照大小是1GB，这就意味着我们的数据大概有650MB。所以，如果tecmint_datas中的文件增长到2GB，现在的51%中的内容将增加到超过所分配的快照的大小，当然，我们在创建快照时会出现问题。这就意味着我们需要扩展逻辑卷大小（快照逻辑卷）
|
||||
- 给出快照组块的大小。
|
||||
|
||||
现在，让我们复制超过1GB的文件到**tecmint_datas**。让我们看看会发生什么。如果你那么做了，你将会见到‘**Input/output error**’这样的错误信息，它告诉你快照超出空间大小了。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
添加文件到快照
|
||||
|
||||
如果逻辑卷满了，它就会自动下线，我们就不能再使用了，就算我们去扩展快照卷的大小也不行。最好的方法就是在创建快照时，创建一个和源一样大小的快照卷。**tecmint_datas**的大小是10GB，如果我们创建一个10GB大小的快照，它就永远都不会像上面那样超载，因为它有足够的空间来录制你的逻辑卷的快照。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 步骤2： 在LVM中扩展快照 ####
|
||||
|
||||
如果我们需要在超载前扩展快照大小，我们可以使用以下命令来完成此项任务。
|
||||
|
||||
# lvextend -L +1G /dev/vg_tecmint_extra/tecmint_data_snap
|
||||
|
||||
现在，那里有总计2GB大小的快照空间。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
扩展LVM快照
|
||||
|
||||
接下来，使用以下命令来验证新的大小和写时复制表。
|
||||
|
||||
# lvdisplay /dev/vg_tecmint_extra/tecmint_data_snap
|
||||
|
||||
要知道快照卷的大小使用**%**。
|
||||
|
||||
# lvs
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
检查快照大小
|
||||
|
||||
然而，如果你的快照大小和源卷一样，我们就没有必要担心这些问题了。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 步骤3： 恢复快照或合并 ####
|
||||
|
||||
要恢复快照，我们首先需要卸载文件系统。
|
||||
|
||||
# unmount /mnt/tecmint_datas/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
卸载文件系统
|
||||
|
||||
只想检查挂载点是否卸载，可以使用下面的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
# df -h
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
检查文件系统挂载点
|
||||
|
||||
这里，我们的挂载已经被卸载，所以我们可以继续恢复快照。要恢复快照，可以使用**lvconvert**命令。
|
||||
|
||||
# lvconvert --merge /dev/vg_tecmint_extra/tecmint_data_snap
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
恢复LVM快照
|
||||
|
||||
在合并完成后，快照卷将被自动移除。现在我们可以使用**df**命令来查看分区大小。
|
||||
|
||||
# df -Th
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在快照卷自动移除后，你可以用下面的命令查看逻辑卷大小。
|
||||
|
||||
# lvs
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
检查逻辑卷大小
|
||||
|
||||
**重要**：要自动扩展快照，我们可以通过修改配置文件来进行。对于手动扩展，我们可以使用lvextend。
|
||||
|
||||
使用你喜欢的编辑器打开lvm配置文件。
|
||||
|
||||
# vim /etc/lvm/lvm.conf
|
||||
|
||||
搜索单词autoextend。默认情况下，该值和下图中的类似。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
LVM配置
|
||||
|
||||
修改此处的**100**为**75**，这样自动扩展的起始点就是**75**，而自动扩展百分比为20，它将自动扩容**百分之20**。
|
||||
|
||||
如果快照卷达到**75%**，它会自动为快照卷扩容**20%**。这样，我们可以自动扩容了。使用**wq!**来保存并退出。
|
||||
|
||||
这将把快照从超载下线中拯救出来，这也会帮助你节省更多时间。LVM是我们扩容以及获得其它众多特性如精简资源调配、拆卸、虚拟卷和使用精简池的唯一方法，让我们在下一个话题中来讨论吧。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/take-snapshot-of-logical-volume-and-restore-in-lvm/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Babin Lonston][a]
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/babinlonston/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/create-lvm-storage-in-linux/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/extend-and-reduce-lvms-in-linux/
|
||||
@ -1,173 +0,0 @@
|
||||
15个关于Linux‘cd’命令的练习例子
|
||||
===
|
||||
|
||||
在Linux中，**‘cd‘（改变目录）**命令，是对新手和系统管理员来说，最重要最常用的命令。对管理无屏幕服务器的管理员，‘**cd**‘是引导进入目录，检查日志，执行程序/应用软件/脚本和其余每个任务的唯一方法。对新手来说，是他们必须自己动手学习的最初始命令
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux中15个cd命令举例
|
||||
|
||||
所以，请用心，我们在这会带给你**15**个基础的‘**cd**‘命令，它们富有技巧和捷径，学会使用这些了解到的技巧，会大大减少你在终端上花费的努力和时间
|
||||
|
||||
### 课程细节 ###
|
||||
|
||||
- 命令名称：cd
|
||||
- 代表：切换目录
|
||||
- 使用平台：所有Linux发行版本
|
||||
- 执行方式：命令行
|
||||
- 权限：访问自己的目录或者其余指定目录
|
||||
- 级别：基础/初学者
|
||||
|
||||
1. 从当前目录切换到/usr/local
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~$ cd /usr/local
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local$
|
||||
|
||||
2. 使用绝对路径，从当前目录切换到/usr/local/lib
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local$ cd /usr/local/lib
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local/lib$
|
||||
|
||||
3. 使用相对路径，从当前路径切换到/usr/local/lib
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local$ cd lib
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local/lib$
|
||||
|
||||
4. **（a）**切换当前目录到上级目录
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local/lib$ cd -
|
||||
|
||||
/usr/local
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local$
|
||||
|
||||
4. **（b）**切换当前目录到上级目录
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local/lib$ cd ..
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local$
|
||||
|
||||
5. 显示我们最后一个离开的工作目录（使用‘-’选项）
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local$ cd --
|
||||
|
||||
/home/avi
|
||||
|
||||
6. 从当前目录向上级返回两层
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local$ cd ../ ../
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr$
|
||||
|
||||
7. 从任何目录返回到用户home目录
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local$ cd ~
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~$
|
||||
|
||||
or
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local$ cd
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~$
|
||||
|
||||
8. 切换工作目录到当前工作目录（通常情况下看上去没啥用）
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~/Downloads$ cd .
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~/Downloads$
|
||||
|
||||
or
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~/Downloads$ cd ./
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~/Downloads$
|
||||
|
||||
9. 你当前目录是“/usr/local/lib/python3.4/dist-packages”，现在要切换到“home/avi/Desktop/”，要求：一行命令，通过向上一直切换直到‘/’，然后使用绝对路径
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr/local/lib/python3.4/dist-packages$ cd ../../../../../home/avi/Desktop/
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~/Desktop$
|
||||
|
||||
10. 从当前工作目录切换到/var/www/html，要求：不要将命令打完整，使用TAB
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/var/www$ cd /v<TAB>/w<TAB>/h<TAB>
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/var/www/html$
|
||||
|
||||
11. 从当前目录切换到/etc/v__ _，啊呀，你竟然忘了目录的名字，但是你又不想用TAB
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~$ cd /etc/v*
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/etc/vbox$
|
||||
|
||||
**请注意：**如果只有一个目录以‘**v**‘开头，这将会移动到‘**vbox**‘。如果有很多目录以‘**v**‘开头，而且命令行中没有提供更多的标准，这将会移动到第一个以‘**v**‘开头的目录（按照他们在标准字典里字母存在的顺序）
|
||||
|
||||
12. 你想切换到用户‘**av**‘（不确定是avi还是avt）目录，不用**TAB**
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/etc$ cd /home/av?
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~$
|
||||
|
||||
13. Linux下的pushed和poped
|
||||
|
||||
Pushed和poped是Linux bash命令，也是其他几个能够保存当前工作目录位置至内存，并且从内存读取目录作为当前目录的脚本，这些脚本也可以切换目录
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~$ pushd /var/www/html
|
||||
|
||||
/var/www/html ~
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/var/www/html$
|
||||
|
||||
上面的命令保存当前目录到内存，然后切换到要求的目录。一旦poped被执行，它会从内存取出保存的目录位置，作为当前目录
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/var/www/html$ popd
|
||||
~
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~$
|
||||
|
||||
14. 切换到带有空格的目录
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~$ cd test\ tecmint/
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~/test tecmint$
|
||||
|
||||
or
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~$ cd 'test tecmint'
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~/test tecmint$
|
||||
|
||||
or
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~$ cd "test tecmint"/
|
||||
avi@tecmint:~/test tecmint$
|
||||
|
||||
15. 从当前目录切换到下载目录，然后列出它所包含的内容（使用一行命令）
|
||||
|
||||
avi@tecmint:/usr$ cd ~/Downloads && ls
|
||||
|
||||
…
|
||||
.
|
||||
service_locator_in.xls
|
||||
sources.list
|
||||
teamviewer_linux_x64.deb
|
||||
tor-browser-linux64-3.6.3_en-US.tar.xz
|
||||
.
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
我们尝试使用最少的词句和一如既往的友好，来让你了解Linux的工作和执行
|
||||
|
||||
这就是所有内容。我很快会带着另一个有趣的主题回来的。在此之前，保持和Tecmint的联系，别忘了在下面给我们提供你宝贵的反馈和评论
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/cd-command-in-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Avishek Kumar][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[su-kaiyao](https://github.com/su-kaiyao)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
|
||||
6个有趣的命令行工具(终端中的乐趣) - 第二部分
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
在之前, 我们给出类一些有关有趣的 Linux 命令行命令的文章, 这些文章告诉我们, Linux 并不像看起来那样复杂, 如果我们知道如何使用的话, 反而会非常有趣. Linux 命令行可以简洁而完美地执行一些复杂的任务, 并且十分有趣.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Linux命令及Linux终端的20个趣事][3]
|
||||
- [Fun in Linux Terminal – Play with Word and Character Counts][2]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
有趣的 Linux 命令
|
||||
|
||||
之前的一篇文章包含了 20 个有趣的 Linux 命令/脚本(和子命令), 得到了读者的高度赞扬. 而另一篇文章则包含了一些处理文字文件, 单词和字符串的命令/脚本和改进, 虽然没有之前那篇文章那么受欢迎.
|
||||
|
||||
这篇文章介绍了一些新的有趣的命令和单行脚本.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. pv 命令 ###
|
||||
|
||||
你也许曾经看见电影里的模仿文字, 它们好像是被实时打出来的. 如果我么能在终端里实现这样的效果, 那不是很好?
|
||||
|
||||
这是可以做到的. 我们可以安装通过 '**apt**' 或者 '**yum**' 工具在 Linux 系统上安装 '**pv**' 命令. 安装命令如下?
|
||||
|
||||
# yum install pv [在基于 RedHat 的系统上]
|
||||
|
||||
# sudo apt-get install pv [在基于 Debian 的系统上]
|
||||
|
||||
'**pv**' 命令安装成功之后, 我们尝试输入下面的命令来在终端查看实时文字输出的效果.
|
||||
|
||||
$ echo "Tecmint[dot]com is a community of Linux Nerds and Geeks" | pv -qL 10
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
正在运行的 pv 命令
|
||||
|
||||
**注意**: '**q**' 选项表示'安静'(没有其他输出信息), '**L**' 选项表示每秒转化的字节数上限. 数字变量(必须是整数)用来调整预设的文本模拟.(To be fixed: 这里翻译有问题)
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. toilet 命令 ###
|
||||
|
||||
用单行命令 '**toilet**' 在终端里显示有边框的文字值一个不错的主意. 同样, 你必须保证 '**toilet**' 已经安装在你的电脑上. 如果没有的话, 请使用 apt 或 yum 安装. (译者注: 'toilet' 并不在 Fedora 的官方仓库里, 你可以从 github 上下载源代码来安装)
|
||||
|
||||
$ while true; do echo “$(date | toilet -f term -F border –Tecmint)”; sleep 1; done
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
正在运行的 toilet 命令
|
||||
|
||||
**注意**: 上面的脚本需要使用 **ctrl+z** 键来暂停.
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. rig 命令 ###
|
||||
|
||||
这个命令每次生成一个随机的身份信息和地址. 要运行这个命令, 你需要用 apt 或 yum 安装 '**rig**'. (译者注: 'rig' 不在 Fedora 的官方仓库中, 我只在 rpmseek 上找到了 Ubuntu 的 deb 包, 可以使用它来安装.)
|
||||
|
||||
# rig
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
正在运行的 rig 命令
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. aview 命令 ###
|
||||
|
||||
你认为在终端用 ASCII 格式显示图片怎么样? 我们必须用 apt 或 yum 安装软件包 '**aview**'. (译者注: 'avieww' 不在 Fedora 的官方仓库中, 可以从 aview 的[项目主页][4]上下载源代码来安装. ) 在当前文件夹下有一个名为 '**elephant.jpg**' 的图片, 我想用 ASCII 模式在终端查看.
|
||||
|
||||
$ asciiview elephant.jpg -driver curses
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
正在运行的 aview 命令
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. xeyes 命令 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在上一篇文章中, 我们介绍了 '**oneko**' 命令, 它可以显示一个追随鼠标指针运动的小老鼠. '**xeyes**' 是一个类似的程序, 当你运行程序时, 你可以看见两个怪物的眼球追随鼠标的运动.
|
||||
|
||||
$ xeyes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
正在运行的 xeyes 命令
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. cowsay 命令 ###
|
||||
|
||||
你是否还记得上一次我们介绍的这个命令? 它可以显示一段预先确定的文本和一个字符构成的奶牛. 如果你想使用其它动物来代替奶牛怎么办? 查看可用的动物列表:
|
||||
|
||||
$ cowsay -l
|
||||
|
||||
蟒蛇吃大象怎么样?
|
||||
|
||||
$ cowsay -f elephant-in-snake Tecmint is Best
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
正在运行的 cowsay 命令
|
||||
|
||||
山羊怎么样?
|
||||
|
||||
$ cowsay -f gnu Tecmint is Best
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
正在运行的 山羊cowsay 命令
|
||||
|
||||
今天就到这里吧. 我将带着另一篇有趣的文章回来. 跟踪 Tecmint 来获得最新消息. 不要忘记在下面的评论里留下你的有价值的回复.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/linux-funny-commands/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Avishek Kumar][a]
|
||||
译者：[wangjiezhe](https://github.com/wangjiezhe)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/20-funny-commands-of-linux-or-linux-is-fun-in-terminal/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/play-with-word-and-character-counts-in-linux/
|
||||
[3]:http://linux.cn/article-2831-1.html
|
||||
[4]:http://aa-project.sourceforge.net/aview/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
|
||||
在Ubuntu 14.04和拥有Texmaker的Linux Mint 17(基于ubuntu和debian的Linux发行版)中使用LaTeX
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[LaTeX][1]是一种文本标记语言，也可以说是一种文档制作系统。经常在很多大学或者机构中作为一种标准来书写专业的科学文献,毕业论文或其他类似的文档。在这篇文章中，我们会看到如何在Ubuntu 14.04中使用LaTeX。
|
||||
|
||||
### 在Ubuntu 14.04或Linux Mint 17中安装Texmaker
|
||||
|
||||
[Texmaker][2]是一款免费开源的LaTeX编辑器，它支持一些主流的桌面操作系统，比如Window，Linux和OS X。下面是Texmaker的主要特点：
|
||||
|
||||
- 支持Unicode编码的编辑器
|
||||
- 拼写检查
|
||||
- 代码折叠
|
||||
- 自动补全
|
||||
- 快速导航
|
||||
- PDF查看器
|
||||
- 编译简单
|
||||
- 支持370个数学符号
|
||||
- LaTeX格式文本
|
||||
- 通过TeX4ht导出到html和odt文件
|
||||
- 支持正则表达式
|
||||
|
||||
在Ubuntu 14.04下，你可以通过下面的链接下载Texmaker的二进制包
|
||||
|
||||
- [下载Texmaker编辑器][3]
|
||||
|
||||
你通过链接下载到的是一个.deb包，因此你在一些像Linux Mint，Elementary OS，Pinguy OS等等类Debain的发行版中可以使用相同的安装方式。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想使用像Github类型的markdown编辑器，你可以试试[Remarkable编辑器][4]。
|
||||
|
||||
希望Texmaker能够在Ubuntu和Linux Mint中帮到你
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/install-latex-ubuntu-1404/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek][a]
|
||||
译者：[john](https://github.com/johnhoow)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/Abhishek/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.latex-project.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.xm1math.net/texmaker/index.html
|
||||
[3]:http://www.xm1math.net/texmaker/download.html#linux
|
||||
[4]:http://itsfoss.com/remarkable-markdown-editor-linux/
|
||||
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ Linux有问必答——如何在CentOS或RHEL 7上修改主机名
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> 问题：在CentOS/RHEL 7上修改主机名的正确方法是什么（永久或临时）？
|
||||
|
||||
在CentOS或RHEL中，有三种定义的主机名：（1）静态的，（2）瞬态的，以及（3）优雅的。“静态”主机名也成为内核主机名，是系统在启动时从/etc/hostname自动初始化的主机名。“瞬态”主机名是在系统运行时临时分配的主机名，例如，通过DHCP或mDNS服务器分配。静态主机名和瞬态主机名都遵从作为互联网域名同样的字符限制规则。而另一方面，“优雅”主机名则被允许使用自由形式（包括特殊/空白字符）的主机名，以展示给终端用户（如Dan's Computer）。
|
||||
在CentOS或RHEL中，有三种定义的主机名:（1）静态的（2）瞬态的，以及（3）灵活的。“静态”主机名也称为内核主机名，是系统在启动时从/etc/hostname自动初始化的主机名。“瞬态”主机名是在系统运行时临时分配的主机名，例如，通过DHCP或mDNS服务器分配。静态主机名和瞬态主机名都遵从作为互联网域名同样的字符限制规则。而另一方面，“灵活”主机名则允许使用自由形式（包括特殊/空白字符）的主机名，以展示给终端用户（如Dan's Computer）。
|
||||
|
||||
在CentOS/RHEL 7中，有个叫hostnamectl的命令行工具，它允许你查看或修改与主机名相关的配置。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -12,31 +12,31 @@ Linux有问必答——如何在CentOS或RHEL 7上修改主机名
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
只查看静态、瞬态或优雅主机名，分别使用“--static”，“--transient”或“--pretty”选项。
|
||||
只查看静态、瞬态或灵活主机名，分别使用“--static”，“--transient”或“--pretty”选项。
|
||||
|
||||
$ hostnamectl status [--static|--transient|--pretty]
|
||||
|
||||
要同时修改所有三个主机名：静态、瞬态和优雅主机名：
|
||||
要同时修改所有三个主机名：静态、瞬态和灵活主机名：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo hostnamectl set-hostname <host-name>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
就像上面展示的那样，在修改静态/瞬态主机名时，任何特殊字符或空白字符会被移除，而提供的参数中的任何大写字母会自动转化为小写。一旦修改了静态主机名，/etc/hostname将被自动更新。然而，/etc/hosts不会更新以对修改作出回应，所以你需要手动更新/etc/hosts。
|
||||
就像上面展示的那样，在修改静态/瞬态主机名时，任何特殊字符或空白字符会被移除，而提供的参数中的任何大写字母会自动转化为小写。一旦修改了静态主机名，/etc/hostname将被自动更新。然而，/etc/hosts不会更新来回应所做的修改，所以你需要手动更新/etc/hosts。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你只想修改特定的主机名（静态，瞬态或优雅），你可以使用“--static”，“--transient”或“--pretty”选项。
|
||||
如果你只想修改特定的主机名（静态，瞬态或灵活），你可以使用“--static”，“--transient”或“--pretty”选项。
|
||||
|
||||
例如，要永久修改主机名，你可以修改静态主机名：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo hostnamectl --static set-hostname <host-name>
|
||||
|
||||
注意，你不必重启机器以激活永久主机名修改。上面的命令会立即修改内核主机名。注销并重新登入后在命令行提示观察新的静态主机名。
|
||||
注意，你不必重启机器以激活永久主机名修改。上面的命令会立即修改内核主机名。注销并重新登入后在命令行提示来观察新的静态主机名。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/change-hostname-centos-rhel-7.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
|
||||
校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
|
||||
Arch Linux安装捷径：Evo/Lution
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
有些人只体验过Ubuntu或Mint的安装，却鼓起勇气想要安装Arch Linux，他们的学习道路是那样的陡峭和严峻，安装过程中半途而废的人数可能要比顺利过关的人多。如果你成功以有用的方式跑起并配置了Arch Linux，那么它已经把你培养成了一个饱经风霜的Linux用户。
|
||||
|
||||
即使有[有帮助的维基][1]可以为新手提供指南，对于那些想要征服Arch的人而言要求仍然太高。你需要至少熟悉诸如fdisk或mkfs之类的终端命令，并且听过mc、nano或chroot这些，并努力掌握它们。这让我回想起了10年前的Debian安装。
|
||||
|
||||
对于那些满怀抱负而又缺乏知识的生灵，有一个叫[Evo/Lution Live ISO][2]的ISO镜像格式安装器可以拯救他们。即便它貌似和自有发行版一样启动，但它也什么都没干，除了辅助安装Arch Linux准系统。Evo/Lution是一个项目，它旨在通过提供Arch的简单安装方式让Arch的用户基础多样化，就像为那些用户提供全面帮助和文档的社区一样。在这样一个组合中，Evo是Live CD（不可安装），而Lution是个安装器。项目创立者看到了Arch开发者和用户之间的巨大鸿沟及其衍生发行版，而想要在所有参与者之间构筑一个平等身份的社区。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
项目的软件部分是命令行安装器Lution-AIS，它解释了一个普通的纯净的Arch安装过程中的每一步。安装完毕后，你将获得Arch提供的没有从AUR添加任何东西的最新软件或其它任何自定义的包。
|
||||
|
||||
启动这个422MB大小的ISO镜像后，一个由显示在右边的带有选项快捷方式的Conky和一个左边等待运行安装器的LX-Terminal组成的工作区便呈现在我们眼前。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在通过右击桌面或使用ALT-i启动实际的安装器后，一个写满了16个等待运行的任务的列表就出现在你面前了。除非你有一个更好的了解，否则将这些命令全部运行一遍。你可以一次运行，也可以进行选择，如1 3 6，或者1-4，也可以一次将它们全部运行，输入1-16。大多数步骤需要‘y’，即yes，来确认，而下一个任务则等着你敲击回车来执行。在此期间，你有足够的时间来阅读安装指南，它可以通过ALT-g来打开。当然，你也可以出去溜达一圈再回来。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
这16个步骤分成“基础安装”和“桌面安装”两组。第一个组安装主要关注本地化、分区，以及安装启动器。
|
||||
|
||||
安装器带领你穿越分区世界，你可以选择使用gparted、gdisk，以及cfdisk。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
创建完分区后（如，像截图中所示，用gparted划分/dev/sda1用于root，/dev/sda2用于swap），你可以在10个文件系统中选择其中之一。在下一步中，你可以选择内核（最新或长期支持LTS）和基础系统。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
安装完你喜爱的启动加载器后，第一部分安装就完成了，这大约需要花费12分钟。这是在普通的Arch Linux中你第一次重启进入系统所处之处。
|
||||
|
||||
在Lution的帮助下，继续进入第二部分，在这一部分中将安装Xorg、声音和图形驱动，然后进入桌面环境。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
安装器会检测是否在VirtualBox中安装，并且会自动为VM安装并加载正确的通用驱动，然后相应地设置**systemd**。
|
||||
|
||||
在下一步中，你可以选择KDE、Gnome、Cinnamon、LXDE、Englightenment、Mate或XFCE作为你的桌面环境。如果你不喜欢臃肿的桌面，你也可以试试这些窗口管理器：Awesome、Fluxbox、i3、IceWM、Openbox或PekWM。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在使用Cinnamon作为桌面环境的情况下，第二部分安装将花费不到10分钟的时间；而选择KDE的话，因为要下载的东西多得多，所以花费的时间也会更长。
|
||||
|
||||
Lution-AIS在Cinnamon和Awesome上像个妩媚的小妖精。在安装完成并提示重启后，它就带我进入了我所渴望的环境。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我要提出两点非议：一是在安装器要我选择一个镜像列表时，另外一个是在创建fstab文件时。在这两种情况下，它都另外开了一个终端，给出了一些文本信息提示。这让我花了点时间才搞清楚，原来我得把它关了，安装器才会继续。在创建fstab后，它又会提示你，而你需要关闭终端，并在问你是否想要保存文件时回答‘是’。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我碰到的第二个问题，可能与VirtualBox有关了。在启动的时候，你可以看到没有网络被检测到的提示信息。点击顶部左边的图标，将会打开wicd，这里所使用的网络管理器。点击“断开”，然后再点击“连接”并重启安装器，就可以让它自动检测到了。
|
||||
|
||||
Evo/Lution我以为是个有价值的项目，在这里Lution工作一切顺利，目前还没有什么可告诉社区的。他们开启了一个全新的网站、论坛和维基，需要填充内容进去啊。所以，如果你喜欢这主意，加入[他们的论坛][3]并告诉他们吧。本文中的ISO镜像可以从[此网站][4]下载。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/09/install-arch-linux-easy-way-evolution.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ferdinand Thommes][a]
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/ferdinand
|
||||
[1]:https://wiki.archlinux.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.evolutionlinux.com/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.evolutionlinux.com/forums/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.evolutionlinux.com/downloads.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
|
||||
数据库常见问题答案--如何使用命令行创建一个MySQL数据库
|
||||
===
|
||||
|
||||
> **问题**：在一个某处运行的MySQL服务器上，我该怎样通过命令行创建和安装一个MySQL数据库呢？
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
为了能通过命令行创建一个MySQL数据库，你可以使用mysql命令行客户端。下面是通过mysql命令行客户端创建和安装MySQL的步骤。
|
||||
|
||||
### 第一步：安装MySQL客户端 ###
|
||||
|
||||
当然你得确保MySQL客户端已经安装完毕。如果没有的话，可以按照下面的方法。
|
||||
|
||||
在Debian，Ubuntu 或者 Linux Mint上：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install mysql-client
|
||||
|
||||
在Fedora，CentOS 或者 RHEL上：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install mysql
|
||||
|
||||
### 第二步：登陆到MySQL服务器 ###
|
||||
|
||||
首先，你需要使用root用户登陆进你的MySQL数据库，如下：
|
||||
|
||||
$ mysql -u root -h <mysql-server-ip-address> -p
|
||||
|
||||
请注意：为了能登进远程的MySQL服务器，你需要[开启服务器上的远程访问][1]，如果你想调用同一主机上的MySQL服务器，你可以省略 "-h <mysql-server-ip-address>" 参数
|
||||
|
||||
$ mysql -u root -p
|
||||
|
||||
你将需要输入MySQL服务器的密码，如果认证成功，MySQL提示将会出现。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 第三步：创建一个MySQL数据库 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在MySQL提示中输入命令之前，请记住所有的命令都是以分号结束的(否则将不会执行)。另外，考虑输入命令的时候使用大些字母，输入数据库对象使用小写字母。但那不是必须的，只是方便你的阅读。
|
||||
|
||||
现在，让我们创建一个叫做xmodulo_DB的数据库：
|
||||
|
||||
mysql> CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS xmodulo_DB;
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 第四步：创建一个数据库表 ###
|
||||
|
||||
为了达到演示的目的，我们将会创建一个叫做posts_tbl的表，表里会存储关于文章的如下信息：
|
||||
|
||||
- 文章的标题
|
||||
- 作者的第一个名字
|
||||
- 作者的最后一个名字
|
||||
- 文章可用或者不可用
|
||||
- 文章创建的日期
|
||||
|
||||
这个过程分两步执行：
|
||||
|
||||
首先，选择我们需要使用的数据库：
|
||||
|
||||
mysql> USE xmodulo_DB;
|
||||
|
||||
然后，在数据库中创建新表：
|
||||
|
||||
mysql> CREATE TABLE 'posts_tbl' (
|
||||
'post_id' INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
|
||||
'content' TEXT,
|
||||
'author_FirstName' VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
|
||||
'author_LastName' VARCHAR(50) DEFAULT NULL ,
|
||||
'isEnabled' TINYINT(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 1,
|
||||
'date' TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ,
|
||||
PRIMARY KEY ( 'post_id' )
|
||||
) TYPE = MYISAM;
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 第五步：创建一个用户，并授予权限 ###
|
||||
|
||||
当涉及到访问我们新创的数据库和表的时候，创建一个新用户是一个很好的主意。这样做就可以让用户在没有整个MySQL服务器权限的情况下，去访问那个数据库(而且只能是那个数据库)
|
||||
|
||||
你可以创建新用户，授予权限，并且使改变生效：
|
||||
|
||||
mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON xmodulo_DB.* TO 'new_user'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'new_password';
|
||||
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
|
||||
|
||||
'new_user'和'new_password'分别指的是新的用户名和他的密码。这条信息将会被保存在mysql.user表中，而且密码会被加密。
|
||||
|
||||
### 第六步：测试 ###
|
||||
|
||||
让我们插入一个虚拟的记录到posts_tbl表：
|
||||
|
||||
mysql> USE xmodulo_DB;
|
||||
mysql> INSERT INTO posts_tbl (content, author_FirstName, author_Las tName)
|
||||
VALUES ('Hi! This is some dummy text.', 'Gabriel', 'Canepa');
|
||||
|
||||
然后查看posts_tbl表中的所有记录：
|
||||
|
||||
mysql> SELECT * FROM posts_tbl;
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
注意：MySQL会在我们先前定义的地方自动插入适当的默认值(比如，'isEnabled'和'date')。
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/create-mysql-database-command-line.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[su-kaiyao](https://github.com/su-kaiyao)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linu
|
||||
x中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2012/06/how-to-allow-remote-access-to-mysql.html
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
|
||||
客户机通过DNSMASQ网络启动服务器网络安装“Debian 7（Wheezy）”
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
本教程将指引你直接通过使用**DNSMASQ**作为**PXE服务器（预启动执行环境）**的网络位置安装**Debian 7（Wheezy）**，此种情况是假定你的服务器不提供任何CD/DVD/USB介质驱动器，或者它只能通过相连的监视器、键盘和鼠标操作。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
客户机上的Debian 7网络安装
|
||||
|
||||
**DNSMASQ**是一个轻量级网络基础架构服务器，它可以通过内建的DNS、DHCP和TFTP服务器提供如DNS、DHCP和网络启动等关键服务。
|
||||
|
||||
一旦PXE服务器启动并运行，你可以指示你所有的客户机直接从网络启动，前提是你的客户机必须拥有一张支持网络启动的网卡，网络启动可以从BIOS的网络启动或启动服务选项中启用。
|
||||
|
||||
### 需求 ###
|
||||
|
||||
- [Debian 7 (Wheezy)安装指南][1]
|
||||
|
||||
### 步骤1： 安装及配置DNSMASQ服务器 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**1.** 首先，在安装Debian服务器后，要确保你的系统使用的是**静态IP地址**。因为除了网络启动之外，也要为你的整个网段提供DHCP服务。设置好静态IP地址后，以root帐号或具有root权力的用户来运行以下命令，进行DNSMASQ服务器的安装。
|
||||
|
||||
# apt-get install dnsmasq
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
安装Dnsmasq包
|
||||
|
||||
**2.** 安装好DNSMASQ包后，你可以开始编辑配置文件。首先创建一个主配置文件的备份，然后使用下面的命令对**dnsmasq.conf**文件进行编辑。
|
||||
|
||||
# mv /etc/dnsmasq.conf /etc/dnsmasq.conf.backup
|
||||
# nano /etc/dnsmasq.conf
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
备份Dnsmasq配置
|
||||
|
||||
**3.** 上面的备份过程适合重命名配置文件，所以新的文件应该是空，你可以使用以下下面描述的**DNSMASQ**配置文件节录。
|
||||
|
||||
interface=eth0
|
||||
domain=debian.lan
|
||||
dhcp-range=192.168.1.3,192.168.1.253,255.255.255.0,1h
|
||||
dhcp-boot=pxelinux.0,pxeserver,192.168.1.100
|
||||
pxe-prompt="Press F8 for menu.", 60
|
||||
#pxe-service types: x86PC, PC98, IA64_EFI, Alpha, Arc_x86, Intel_Lean_Client, IA32_EFI, BC_EFI, Xscale_EFI and X86-64_EFI
|
||||
pxe-service=x86PC, "Install Debian 7 Linux from network server 192.168.1.100", pxelinux
|
||||
enable-tftp
|
||||
tftp-root=/srv/tftp
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Dnsmasq配置
|
||||
|
||||
- **interface** – 服务器监听的网络接口。
|
||||
- **domain** – 用你自己的域名替换。
|
||||
- **dhcp-range** – 用你自己的网络掩码定义的网络IP地址范围。
|
||||
- **dhcp-boot** – 保持默认，但使用你自己的服务器IP地址替换IP声明。
|
||||
- **pxe-prompt** – 保持默认 – 要求在**敲击F8键** 进入菜单时等待60秒。
|
||||
- **pxe=service** – 使用**x86PC**作为32位/64位架构，并进入引号字符串的菜单描述提示。其它值类型可能是：PC98，IA64_EFI，Alpha，Arc_x86，Intel_Lean_Client，IA32_EFI, BC_EFI，Xscale_EFI和 X86-64_EFI。
|
||||
- **enable-tftp** – 启用内建TFTP服务器。
|
||||
- **tftp-root** – 使用/srv/tftp作为Debian网络启动文件的存放位置。
|
||||
|
||||
### 步骤2: 下载Debian网络启动文件并打开防火墙连接 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**4.** 现在，该下载Debian网络启动文件了。首先，修改你当前工作目录路径到**TFTP根目录**位置，此位置由最后的配置语句定义（**/srv/tftp**系统路径）。
|
||||
|
||||
转到[Debian网络安装][2] – [网络启动部分][3]的官方页面镜像，抓取以下文件，要抓取的文件取决于你想要安装到客户端的系统架构。
|
||||
|
||||
下载好**netboot.tar.gz**文件后，同时提取归档（该过程描述只适用于64位，但对于其它系统架构也基本相同）。
|
||||
|
||||
# cd /srv/tftp/
|
||||
# wget http://ftp.nl.debian.org/debian/dists/wheezy/main/installer-amd64/current/images/netboot/netboot.tar.gz
|
||||
# tar xfz netboot.tar.gz
|
||||
# wget http://ftp.nl.debian.org/debian/dists/wheezy/main/installer-amd64/current/images/SHA256SUMS
|
||||
# wget http://ftp.nl.debian.org/debian/dists/wheezy/Release
|
||||
# wget http://ftp.nl.debian.org/debian/dists/wheezy/Release.gpg
|
||||
|
||||
同时，必须确保**TFTP**目录中的所有文件都可让TFTP服务器读取。
|
||||
|
||||
# chmod -R 755 /srv/tftp/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
下载Debian网络启动文件
|
||||
|
||||
使用以下变量用于**Debian网络安装**镜像和架构。
|
||||
|
||||
# wget http://"$YOURMIRROR"/debian/dists/wheezy/main/installer-"$ARCH"/current/images/netboot/netboot.tar.gz
|
||||
# wget http://"$YOURMIRROR"/debian/dists/wheezy/main/installer-"$ARCH"/current/images/SHA256SUMS
|
||||
# wget http://"$YOURMIRROR"/debian/dists/wheezy/Release
|
||||
# wget http://"$YOURMIRROR"/debian/dists/wheezy/Release.gpg
|
||||
|
||||
**5.** 下一步，启动或重启DNSMASQ守护进程，并运行netstat命令来获取服务器监听的端口列表。
|
||||
|
||||
# service dnsmasq restart
|
||||
# netstat -tulpn | grep dnsmasq
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
启动Dnsmasq服务
|
||||
|
||||
**6.** 基于Debian的发行版通常附带了**UFW防火墙**包。使用以下命令来打开需要的**DNSMASQ**端口号：**67**（Bootps），**69**（TFTP），**53**（DNS）**4011**（代理DHCP）udp和**53** tcp（DNS）。
|
||||
# ufw allow 69/udp
|
||||
# ufw allow 4011/udp ## Only if you have a ProxyDHCP on the network
|
||||
# ufw allow 67/udp
|
||||
# ufw allow 53/tcp
|
||||
# ufw allow 53/udp
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
开启Dnsmasq端口
|
||||
|
||||
Now, the PXE loader located on your client network interface will load **pxelinux** configuration files from **/srv/tftp/pxelinux.cfg** directory using this order.
|
||||
现在，位于你的客户机网络接口上的PXE加载器将使用按以下顺序从**/srv/tftp/pxelinux.cfg**目录加载**pxelinux**配置文件。
|
||||
|
||||
- GUID文件
|
||||
- MAC文件
|
||||
- 默认文件
|
||||
|
||||
### 步骤3： 配置客户端从网络启动 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**7.** 要为你的客户端计算机启用网络启动，请进入系统**BIOS配置**（如何进入BIOS设置，请查阅硬件主板提供商的文档）。
|
||||
|
||||
转到**启动菜单**，然后选择**网络启动**作为**首要启动设备**（在某些系统上，你可以不用进入BIOS配置就能选择启动设备，只要在**BIOS自检**时按一个键就可以进行选择了）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
选择BIOS设置
|
||||
|
||||
**8。** 在编辑启动顺序后，通常按**F10**来保存BIOS设置。重启后，你的客户端计算机应该可以直接从网络启动了，应该会出第一个**PXE**提示，要求你按**F8**键进入菜单。
|
||||
|
||||
接下来，敲击**F8**键来进入，会出现一个新的提示。敲击**回车**键，屏幕上会出现**Debian安装器**主界面提示，如下图所示。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
启动菜单选择
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
选择Debian安装器启动
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
选择Debian安装
|
||||
|
||||
从这里开始，你可以使用Debian 7 Wheezy安装进程将Debian安装到你的机器上了（安装链接见上面）。然而，为了能够完成安装进程，你也需要确保你的机器上互联网连接已经激活。
|
||||
|
||||
### 步骤4： DNSMASQ服务器排障并在系统范围内启用 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**9.** 要诊断服务器以查询最终是否发生问题或要查询其它提供给客户端的信息，运行以下命令来打开日志文件。
|
||||
|
||||
# tailf /var/log/daemon.log
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
DNSMASQ服务器排障
|
||||
|
||||
**10.** 如果服务器测试中已一切就绪，你现在可以在**sysv-rc-conf**包的帮助下，启用**DNSMASQ**守护进程自启动，以使该进程在系统重启后自动启动。
|
||||
|
||||
# apt-get install sysv-rc-conf
|
||||
# sysv-rc-conf dnsmaq on
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
启用DNSMASQ守护进程
|
||||
|
||||
到此为止吧！现在你的**PXE**服务器已经整装待发，随时准备好分配IP地址了（**DHCP**），并为你所有网段中的客户端提供需要的启动信息，这些信息配置用来从网络启动并安装Debian Wheezy。
|
||||
|
||||
使用PXE网络启动安装在服务器主机数量增长时很有优势，因为你可以在短时间内火同时设置整个网络基础架构，为版本升级提供了方便，也可以通过kickstart文件使整个安装的全自动化。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/network-installation-of-debian-7-on-client-machines/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Matei Cezar][a]
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/cezarmatei/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/debian-gnulinux-7-0-code-name-wheezy-server-installation-guide/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.debian.org/distrib/netinst#netboot
|
||||
[3]:http://ftp.nl.debian.org/debian/dists/wheezy/main/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
|
||||
安卓应用乾坤大挪移，Ubuntu上的搬运工：ARChon
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Android, Chrome, Ubuntu
|
||||
|
||||
**Google最近发布了首批[能在Chrome OS本地运行的安卓应用集][1],通过‘安卓运行时’扩展完成了该壮举。**
|
||||
|
||||
现在，一位开发者已经[指明了将安卓应用带入桌面版Chrome的路][2]。
|
||||
|
||||
[弗拉德·菲利波夫][3]的[chromeos-apk脚本][4]和[ARChon安卓运行时扩展][5]手拉手一起开展工作，将安卓应用带进了Windows，Mac和Linux桌面上的Chrome中。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
运行在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS上的安卓应用：IMDB，Flipboard和Twitter
|
||||
|
||||
通过运行时运行的应用的性能不是很令人惊异，任何想要运行Dead Trigger 2或者其它图形密集型游戏的雄心壮志可以放到一边了。
|
||||
|
||||
同样地，作为官方运行时的非官方重构包并在Chrome OS之外运行，系统整合（如网络摄像头，扬声器等）可能不完整或者根本不可能。
|
||||
|
||||
下面的指南只是提供原样，并不保证一定成功。它只能作为高度实验性进行，里面遍布漏洞，很不稳定——甚至平出恶魔。只能出于好奇而尝试，不去高度寄予厚望，那么你就不会深受其困扰。
|
||||
|
||||
### 安卓应用转战Linux大法 ###
|
||||
|
||||
要通过Chrome在Linux上运行安卓应用，很明显，你需要安装Chrome，要求的版本是37，或者更高。坦率地讲，如果你打算玩玩潜在不稳定的版本，那么你也可以下载并[为Linux安装不稳定的Google Chrome版本][6]。
|
||||
|
||||
已经安装了Chrome的某个版本？你可以通过命令行来安装开发版，命令如下：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install google-chrome-unstable
|
||||
|
||||
接下来，你需要下载官方定制版，而不是Google或Chronium捐赠的版本——由弗拉德·菲利波夫创建的安卓运行时。这个版本和官方的有着诸多的不同，最突出的就是它可以运行在桌面版的浏览器上。
|
||||
|
||||
- [从BitBucket下载ARChon v1.0][7]
|
||||
|
||||
下载好运行时后，你需要从.zip解压内容，并移动解压后的文件夹到你的Home文件夹。
|
||||
|
||||
要安装，打开Google Chrome，点击汉堡式菜单按钮，然后导航到扩展页。检查‘启用开发者模式’并点击‘加载解包的扩展’按钮。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
运行时本身不会做太多事情，所以你需要从安卓应用创建兼容包。要完成这项工作，你需要‘[chromeos-apk][8]’[命令行Javascript工具][9]，它可以从节点封装模块管理器安装。
|
||||
|
||||
首先运行：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install npm nodejs nodejs-legacy
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu 64位用户？你也需要攫取以下库：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install lib32stdc++6
|
||||
|
||||
现在，运行命令来暗转脚本吧：
|
||||
|
||||
npm install -g chromeos-apk
|
||||
|
||||
根据你的配置，你可能需要过会儿使用sudo来运行。如果你不喜欢[通过sudo安装npm模块，你可以][10]玩玩鬼把戏。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
现在，你直接回家了。去Google找找你想要试试的应用的APK吧，请牢记**不是所有的安卓应用都会工作**，而**那些可以工作的也未必工作得很好**，或者缺少功能。
|
||||
|
||||
把你想要的安卓APK放到~/Home，然后回到终端中使用以下命令来转换，你可以将APK命名成任何你想要的名字：
|
||||
|
||||
chromeos-apk replaceme.apk --archon
|
||||
|
||||
该命令将花一点时间来完成这项工作，也许也就是一眨眼的时间。[实际上，不需要眨眼的时间][11]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
现在，在你的Home文件夹内有个ARChon生成的Chrome APK extension-y folder-y这样的东西。所有剩下来要做的事，就是安装并查看它是否正常工作！
|
||||
|
||||
回到chrome://extensions页面，再次轻敲‘加载解封装扩展’按钮，但这次选择上面脚本创建的文件夹。
|
||||
|
||||
应用应该会继续安装，不会有任何问题，但是它确实会没有问题吗？打开Chrome应用启动器或应用页面并启动它来看看是否有问题。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 深度探索 ####
|
||||
|
||||
由于ARChon运行时支持不限数量的chrome化的APK，你可以反复进行该操作，你想做多少次都行。Chrome APK [subreddit][12]用于跟踪成功/失败情况，所以如果你感到很有用，一定要贴出你的结果。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/09/install-android-apps-ubuntu-archon
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
|
||||
[1]:http://www.omgchrome.com/first-4-chrome-android-apps-released/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.omgchrome.com/run-android-apps-on-windows-mac-linux-archon/
|
||||
[3]:https://github.com/vladikoff/
|
||||
[4]:https://github.com/vladikoff/chromeos-apk
|
||||
[5]:https://github.com/vladikoff/chromeos-apk/blob/master/archon.md
|
||||
[6]:http://www.chromium.org/getting-involved/dev-channel
|
||||
[7]:https://bitbucket.org/vladikoff/archon/get/v1.0.zip
|
||||
[8]:https://github.com/vladikoff/chromeos-apk/blob/master/README.md
|
||||
[9]:https://github.com/vladikoff/chromeos-apk/blob/master/README.md
|
||||
[10]:http://stackoverflow.com/questions/19352976/npm-modules-wont-install-globally-without-sudo/21712034#21712034
|
||||
[11]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jKXLkWrBo7o
|
||||
[12]:http://www.reddit.com/r/chromeapks
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
|
||||
Linux日志文件总管——logrotate
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
日志文件包含了关于系统中发生的事件的有用信息，在排障过程中或者系统性能分析时经常被用到。对于忙碌的服务器，日志文件大小会快速增长，服务器会很快消耗磁盘空间，这成了个问题。除此之外，处理一个单个的庞大日志文件也常常是件十分棘手的事。
|
||||
|
||||
logrotate是个十分有用的工具，它可以自动对日志进行分解（或轮循）、压缩以及删除旧日志文件。例如，你可以设置logrotate，让/var/log/foo日志文件每30天轮循，并删除超过6个月的日志。配置完后，logrotate的运作完全自动化，不必进行任何进一步的认为干预。另外，旧日志也可以通过电子邮件发送，不过该选项超出了本教程的讨论范围。
|
||||
|
||||
主流Linux发行版上都默认安装有logrotate包，如果出于某种原因，logrotate没有出现在里头，你可以使用apt-get或yum命令来安装。
|
||||
|
||||
在Debian或Ubuntu上：
|
||||
|
||||
# apt-get install logrotate cron
|
||||
|
||||
在Fedora，CentOS或RHEL上：
|
||||
|
||||
# yum install logrotate crontabs
|
||||
|
||||
logrotate的配置文件是/etc/logrotate.conf，通常不需要对它进行修改。日志文件的轮循设置在独立的配置文件中，它（们）放在/etc/logrotate.d/目录下。
|
||||
|
||||
### 样例一 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在第一个样例中，我们将创建一个10MB的日志文件/var/log/log-file。我们将展示怎样使用logrotate来管理该日志文件。
|
||||
|
||||
我们从创建一个日志文件开始吧，然后在其中填入一个10MB的随机比特流数据。
|
||||
|
||||
# touch /var/log/log-file
|
||||
# head -c 10M < /dev/urandom > /var/log/log-file
|
||||
|
||||
由于现在日志文件已经准备好，我们将配置logrotate来轮循该日志文件。让我们为该文件创建一个配置文件。
|
||||
|
||||
# vim /etc/logrotate.d/log-file
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
/var/log/log-file {
|
||||
monthly
|
||||
rotate 5
|
||||
compress
|
||||
delaycompress
|
||||
missingok
|
||||
notifempty
|
||||
create 644 root root
|
||||
postrotate
|
||||
/usr/bin/killall -HUP rsyslogd
|
||||
endscript
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
这里：
|
||||
|
||||
- **monthly**: 日志文件将按月轮循。其它可用值为‘daily’，‘weekly’或者‘yearly’。
|
||||
- **rotate 5**: 一次将存储5个归档日志。对于第六个归档，时间最久的归档将被删除。
|
||||
- **compress**: 在轮循任务完成后，已轮循的归档将使用gzip进行压缩。
|
||||
- **delaycompress**: 总是与compress选项一起用，delaycompress选项指示logrotate不要将最近的归档压缩，压缩将在下一次轮循周期进行。这在你或任何软件仍然需要读取最新归档时很有用。
|
||||
- **missingok**: 在日志轮循其间，任何错误将被忽略，例如“文件无法找到”之类的错误。
|
||||
- **notifempty**: 如果日志文件为空，轮循不会进行。
|
||||
- **create 644 root root**: 以指定的权限创建全新的日志文件，同时logrotate也会重命名原始日志文件。
|
||||
- **postrotate/endscript**: 在所有其它指令完成后，postrotate和endscript之间指定的命令将被执行。在这种情况下，rsyslogd 进程将立即再次读取其配置并继续运行。
|
||||
|
||||
上面的模板是通用的，而配置参数则根据你的需求进行调整，不是所有的参数都是必要的。
|
||||
|
||||
### 样例二 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在本例中，我们只想要轮循一个日志文件，然而日志文件大小会增长到50MB。
|
||||
|
||||
# vim /etc/logrotate.d/log-file
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
/var/log/log-file {
|
||||
size=50M
|
||||
rotate 5
|
||||
create 644 root root
|
||||
postrotate
|
||||
/usr/bin/killall -HUP rsyslogd
|
||||
endscript
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
### 样例三 ###
|
||||
|
||||
我们想要让旧日志文件以创建日期命名，这可以通过添加dateext常熟实现。
|
||||
|
||||
# vim /etc/logrotate.d/log-file
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
/var/log/log-file {
|
||||
monthly
|
||||
rotate 5
|
||||
dateext
|
||||
create 644 root root
|
||||
postrotate
|
||||
/usr/bin/killall -HUP rsyslogd
|
||||
endscript
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
这将导致归档文件在它们的文件名中包含日期信息。
|
||||
|
||||
### 排障 ###
|
||||
|
||||
这里提供了一些logrotate设置的排障提示。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1. 手动运行logrotate ####
|
||||
|
||||
**logrotate**可以在任何时候从命令行手动调用。
|
||||
|
||||
要调用为/etc/lograte.d/下配置的所有日志调用**logrotate**：
|
||||
|
||||
# logrotate /etc/logrotate.conf
|
||||
|
||||
要为某个特定的配置调用logrotate：
|
||||
|
||||
# logrotate /etc/logrotate.d/log-file
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2. 演练 ####
|
||||
|
||||
排障过程中的最佳选择是使用‘-d’选项以预演方式运行logrotate。要进行验证，不用实际轮循任何日志文件，可以模拟演练日志轮循并显示其输出。
|
||||
|
||||
# logrotate -d /etc/logrotate.d/log-file
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
正如我们从上面的输出结果可以看到的，logrotate判断该轮循是不必要的。如果文件的时间小于一天，这就会发生了。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3. 强制运行 ####
|
||||
|
||||
即使轮循条件没有满足，我们也可以通过使用‘-f’选项来强制logrotate轮循日志文件，‘-v’参数提供了详细的输出。
|
||||
|
||||
# logrotate -vf /etc/logrotate.d/log-file
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
reading config file /etc/logrotate.d/log-file
|
||||
reading config info for /var/log/log-file
|
||||
|
||||
Handling 1 logs
|
||||
|
||||
rotating pattern: /var/log/log-file forced from command line (5 rotations)
|
||||
empty log files are rotated, old logs are removed
|
||||
considering log /var/log/log-file
|
||||
log needs rotating
|
||||
rotating log /var/log/log-file, log->rotateCount is 5
|
||||
dateext suffix '-20140916'
|
||||
glob pattern '-[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]'
|
||||
renaming /var/log/log-file.5.gz to /var/log/log-file.6.gz (rotatecount 5, logstart 1, i 5),
|
||||
old log /var/log/log-file.5.gz does not exist
|
||||
renaming /var/log/log-file.4.gz to /var/log/log-file.5.gz (rotatecount 5, logstart 1, i 4),
|
||||
old log /var/log/log-file.4.gz does not exist
|
||||
. . .
|
||||
renaming /var/log/log-file.0.gz to /var/log/log-file.1.gz (rotatecount 5, logstart 1, i 0),
|
||||
old log /var/log/log-file.0.gz does not exist
|
||||
log /var/log/log-file.6.gz doesn't exist -- won't try to dispose of it
|
||||
renaming /var/log/log-file to /var/log/log-file.1
|
||||
creating new /var/log/log-file mode = 0644 uid = 0 gid = 0
|
||||
running postrotate script
|
||||
compressing log with: /bin/gzip
|
||||
|
||||
#### 4. Logrotate记录日志 ####
|
||||
|
||||
logrotate自身的日志通常存放于/var/lib/logrotate/status目录。如果处于排障目的，我们想要logrotate记录到任何指定的文件，我们可以指定像下面这样从命令行指定。
|
||||
|
||||
# logrotate -vf –s /var/log/logrotate-status /etc/logrotate.d/log-file
|
||||
|
||||
#### 5. Logrotate定时任务 ####
|
||||
|
||||
logrotate需要的**cron**任务应该在安装时就自动创建了，我把cron文件的内容贴出来，以供大家参考。
|
||||
|
||||
# cat /etc/cron.daily/logrotate
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
#!/bin/sh
|
||||
|
||||
# Clean non existent log file entries from status file
|
||||
cd /var/lib/logrotate
|
||||
test -e status || touch status
|
||||
head -1 status > status.clean
|
||||
sed 's/"//g' status | while read logfile date
|
||||
do
|
||||
[ -e "$logfile" ] && echo "\"$logfile\" $date"
|
||||
done >> status.clean
|
||||
mv status.clean status
|
||||
|
||||
test -x /usr/sbin/logrotate || exit 0
|
||||
/usr/sbin/logrotate /etc/logrotate.conf
|
||||
|
||||
小结一下，logrotate工具对于防止因庞大的日志文件而耗尽存储空间是十分有用的。配置完毕后，进程是全自动的，可以长时间在不需要人为干预下运行。本教程重点关注几个使用logrotate的几个基本样例，你也可以定制它以满足你的需求。
|
||||
|
||||
希望本文对你有所帮助。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/09/logrotate-manage-log-files-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Sarmed Rahman][a]
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/sarmed
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
在Ubuntu 14.04中重置Unity和Compiz设置【小贴士】
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
如果你一直在试验你的Ubuntu系统，你可能最终以Unity和Compiz的一片混乱收场。在此贴士中，我们将看看怎样来重置Ubuntu 14.04中的Unity和Compiz。事实上，全部要做的事，仅仅是运行几个命令而已。
|
||||
|
||||
### 重置Ubuntu 14.04中的Unity和Compiz ###
|
||||
|
||||
打开终端（Ctrl+Alt+T），并使用以下命令来重置compiz：
|
||||
|
||||
dconf reset -f /org/compiz/
|
||||
|
||||
重置compiz后，重启Unity：
|
||||
|
||||
setsid unity
|
||||
|
||||
此外，如果你想将Unity图标也进行重置，试试以下的命令吧：
|
||||
|
||||
unity --reset-icons
|
||||
|
||||
### 可能的疑难解决方案： ###
|
||||
|
||||
如果你在重置compiz时遇到如下错误：
|
||||
|
||||
> error: GDBus.Error:org.gtk.GDBus.UnmappedGError.Quark._g_2dfile_2derror_2dquark.Code17: Cannot open dconf database: invalid gvdb header
|
||||
|
||||
可能的原因是用户文件被搞乱了。备份dconf配置，并移除配置文件：
|
||||
|
||||
mv ~/.config/dconf/ ~/.config/dconf.bak
|
||||
|
||||
希望本贴士对你重置Ubuntu 14.04中Unity和compiz有所帮助，欢迎您随时提出问题和建议。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/reset-unity-compiz-settings-ubuntu-1404/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek][a]
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/Abhishek/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
|
||||
在CentOS 7上安装Vmware 10
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
在CentOS 7上安装Vmware 10.0.3，我将给你们我的经验。通常，这个版本上不能在CentOS 7工作的，因为它只能运行在比较低的内核版本3.10上。
|
||||
|
||||
1 - 以正常方式下载并安装（没有问题）。唯一的问题是在后来体验vmware程序的时候。
|
||||
|
||||
### 如何修复？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
**1 – 进入/usr/lib/vmware/modules/source。**
|
||||
|
||||
cd /usr/lib/vmware/modules/source
|
||||
|
||||
**2 – 解压vmnet.tar.**
|
||||
|
||||
tar -xvf vmnet.tar
|
||||
|
||||
**3 – 进入vmnet-only目录。**
|
||||
|
||||
cd vmnet-only
|
||||
|
||||
**4 – 编辑filter.c文件。**
|
||||
|
||||
vi filter.c
|
||||
|
||||
在206和259行，替换以下字符串：
|
||||
|
||||
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(3, 13, 0)
|
||||
|
||||
为：
|
||||
|
||||
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(3, 0, 0)
|
||||
|
||||
保存并退出。
|
||||
|
||||
**5 – 回到先前文件夹。**
|
||||
|
||||
cd ../
|
||||
|
||||
**6 – 再次压缩文件夹。**
|
||||
|
||||
tar -uvf vmnet.tar vmnet-only
|
||||
|
||||
**7 – 移除旧目录。**
|
||||
|
||||
rm -fr vmnet-only
|
||||
|
||||
**8 – 启动vmware并体验。**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-vmware-10-centos-7/
|
||||
|
||||
作者： M.el Khamlichi
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.04历史文件清理
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
这个简明教程对Ubuntu 14.04历史文件清理进行了说明，它用于初学者。
|
||||
|
||||
要从dash搜索删除历史记录，请遵循以下程序。
|
||||
|
||||
转到系统设置（System Settings）并打开安全与隐私（Security & Privacy）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在文件与应用（Files and Applications）标签下，点击清除用户数据（Clear Usage Data）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以关闭“记录文件与应用使用（Record file and Application usage）以阻止系统记录你当前使用的文件和应用。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.ubuntugeek.com/how-to-delete-recently-opened-files-history-in-ubuntu-14-04.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
|
||||
Ubuntu下使用CloudFlare作为ddclient提供商
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
DDclient是一个Perl客户端，用于更新动态DNS网络服务提供商帐号下的动态DNS条目。它最初是由保罗·巴利编写的，现在大多数是由维姆潘科在做。它能做的不仅仅是动态DNS，也可以通过几种不同的方式获取你的WAN口IP地址。
|
||||
|
||||
CloudFlare有一点已知的功能，它允许你通过API或叫做ddclient的命令行脚本更新你的DNS记录。不管哪一个，结果都一样，而且它是个免费软件。
|
||||
|
||||
不幸的是，ddclient并不能在CloudFlare中即开即用。它需要打补丁，这里就是要介绍怎样在Debian或Ubuntu上破解它，它也能在带有Raspberry Pi的Raspbian上工作。
|
||||
|
||||
### 需求 ###
|
||||
|
||||
首先保证你有一个自有域名，然后登录到CloudFlare，添加你的域名。遵循指令操作，使用它给出的默认值就行了。你将让CloudFlare来托管你的域，所以你需要调整你的注册机构的设置。如果你想要使用子域名，请为它添加一条‘A’记录。目前，任何IP地址都可以。
|
||||
|
||||
### 在Ubuntu上安装ddclient ###
|
||||
|
||||
打开终端，并运行以下命令
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install ddclient
|
||||
|
||||
现在，你需要使用以下命令来安装补丁
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install curl sendmail libjson-any-perl libio-socket-ssl-perl
|
||||
|
||||
curl -O http://blog.peter-r.co.uk/uploads/ddclient-3.8.0-cloudflare-22-6-2014.patch
|
||||
|
||||
sudo patch /usr/sbin/ddclient < ddclient-3.8.0-cloudflare-22-6-2014.patch
|
||||
|
||||
以上命令用来完成ddclient的安装和打补丁
|
||||
|
||||
### 配置ddclient ###
|
||||
|
||||
你需要使用以下命令来编辑ddclient.conf文件
|
||||
|
||||
sudo vi /etc/ddclient.conf
|
||||
|
||||
添加以下信息
|
||||
|
||||
##
|
||||
### CloudFlare (cloudflare.com)
|
||||
###
|
||||
ssl=yes
|
||||
use=web, web=dyndns
|
||||
protocol=cloudflare, \
|
||||
server=www.cloudflare.com, \
|
||||
zone=domain.com, \
|
||||
login=you@email.com, \
|
||||
password=api-key \
|
||||
host.domain.com
|
||||
|
||||
Comment out:
|
||||
|
||||
#daemon=300
|
||||
|
||||
来自CloudFlare帐号页面的api密钥
|
||||
|
||||
ssl=yes might already be in that file
|
||||
|
||||
use=web, web=dyndns will use dyndns to check IP (useful for NAT)
|
||||
|
||||
你已经搞定了。登录到https://www.cloudflare.com并检查列出的与你域名对应的IP地址是否匹配到了http://checkip.dyndns.com。
|
||||
|
||||
使用以下命令来验证你的设置
|
||||
|
||||
sudo ddclient -daemon=0 -debug -verbose -noquiet
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.ubuntugeek.com/how-to-use-cloudflare-as-a-ddclient-provider-under-ubuntu.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
|
||||
20 Useful Commands of ‘Sysstat’ Utilities (mpstat, pidstat, iostat and sar) for Linux Performance Monitoring
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
In our last article, we have learned about installing and upgrading the **sysstat** package and understanding briefly about the utilities which comes with the package.
|
||||
‘Sysstat’工具包中20个实用的Linux性能监控工具（包括mpstat, pidstat, iostat 和sar）
|
||||
===============================================================
|
||||
在我们上一篇文章中，我们已经学习了如何去安装和更新**sysstat**，并且了解了包中的一些实用工具。
|
||||
|
||||
注：此文一并附上，在同一个原文更新中
|
||||
注：此文一并附上，在同一个原文中更新
|
||||
- [Sysstat – Performance and Usage Activity Monitoring Tool For Linux][1]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
20 Sysstat Commands for Linux Monitoring
|
||||
Linux系统监控的20个Sysstat命令
|
||||
今天，我们将会通过一些有趣的实例来学习**mpstat**, **pidstat**, **iostat**和**sar**等工具，这些工具可以帮组我们找出系统中的问题。这些工具都包含了不同的选项，这意味着你可以根据不同的工作使用不同的选项，或者根据你的需求来自定义脚本。我们都知道，系统管理员都会有点懒，他们经常去寻找一些更简单的方法来完成他们的工作。
|
||||
|
||||
Today, we are going to work with some interesting practical examples of **mpstat, pidstat, iostat** and **sar** utilities, which can help us to identify the issues. We have different options to use these utilities, I mean you can fire the commands manually with different options for different kind of work or you can create your customized scripts according to your requirements. You know Sysadmins are always bit Lazy, and always tried to find out the easy way to do the things with minimum efforts.
|
||||
### mpstat - 处理器统计信息 ###
|
||||
|
||||
### mpstat – Processors Statistics ###
|
||||
|
||||
1.Using mpstat command without any option, will display the Global Average Activities by All CPUs.
|
||||
1.不带任何参数的使用mpstat命令将会输出所有CPU的平均统计信息
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@tecmint ~ $ mpstat
|
||||
|
||||
@ -22,7 +21,7 @@ Today, we are going to work with some interesting practical examples of **mpstat
|
||||
12:23:57 IST CPU %usr %nice %sys %iowait %irq %soft %steal %guest %gnice %idle
|
||||
12:23:57 IST all 37.35 0.01 4.72 2.96 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 54.88
|
||||
|
||||
2.Using mpstat with option ‘**-P**‘ (Indicate Processor Number) and ‘ALL’, will display statistics about all CPUs one by one starting from 0. 0 will the first one.
|
||||
2.使用‘**-p**’(处理器编码)和‘ALL’参数将会从0开始独立的输出每个CPU的统计信息，0表示第一个cpu。
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@tecmint ~ $ mpstat -P ALL
|
||||
|
||||
@ -33,7 +32,7 @@ Today, we are going to work with some interesting practical examples of **mpstat
|
||||
12:29:26 IST 0 37.90 0.01 4.96 2.62 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 54.48
|
||||
12:29:26 IST 1 36.75 0.01 4.19 2.54 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 56.40
|
||||
|
||||
3.To display the statistics for **N** number of iterations after n seconds interval with average of each cpu use the following command.
|
||||
3.要进行‘**N**’次，平均每次间隔n秒的输出CPU统计信息，如下所示。
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@tecmint ~ $ mpstat -P ALL 2 5
|
||||
|
||||
@ -54,11 +53,13 @@ Today, we are going to work with some interesting practical examples of **mpstat
|
||||
12:36:27 IST 0 34.34 0.00 4.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 61.62
|
||||
12:36:27 IST 1 32.82 0.00 6.15 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 60.51
|
||||
|
||||
4.The option ‘**I**‘ will print total number of interrupt statistics about per processor.
|
||||
(LCTT译注： 上面命令中‘2’ 表示每2秒执行一次‘mpstat -P ALL’命令， ‘5’表示共执行5次)
|
||||
|
||||
4.使用‘**I**’参数将会输出每个处理器的中断统计信息
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@tecmint ~ $ mpstat -I
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
|
||||
12:39:56 IST CPU intr/s
|
||||
12:39:56 IST all 651.04
|
||||
@ -71,11 +72,11 @@ Today, we are going to work with some interesting practical examples of **mpstat
|
||||
12:39:56 IST 0 0.00 116.49 0.05 0.27 7.33 0.00 1.22 10.44 0.13 37.47
|
||||
12:39:56 IST 1 0.00 111.65 0.05 0.41 7.07 0.00 56.36 9.97 0.13 41.38
|
||||
|
||||
5.Get all the above information in one command i.e. equivalent to “**-u -I ALL -p ALL**“.
|
||||
5.使用‘**A**’参数将会输出上面提到的所有信息，等同于‘**-u -I All -p ALL**’。
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@tecmint ~ $ mpstat -A
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
|
||||
12:41:39 IST CPU %usr %nice %sys %iowait %irq %soft %steal %guest %gnice %idle
|
||||
12:41:39 IST all 38.70 0.01 4.47 2.01 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 54.76
|
||||
@ -95,19 +96,19 @@ Today, we are going to work with some interesting practical examples of **mpstat
|
||||
12:41:39 IST 0 0.00 116.96 0.05 0.26 7.12 0.00 1.24 10.42 0.12 36.99
|
||||
12:41:39 IST 1 0.00 112.25 0.05 0.40 6.88 0.00 55.05 9.93 0.13 41.20
|
||||
|
||||
### pidstat – Process and Kernel Threads Statistics ###
|
||||
###pidstat - 进程和内核线程的统计信息###
|
||||
|
||||
This is used for process monitoring and current threads, which are being managed by kernel. pidstat can also check the status about child processes and threads.
|
||||
该命令是用于监控进程和当前受内核管理的线程。pidstat还可以检查子进程和线程的状态。
|
||||
|
||||
#### Syntax ####
|
||||
#### 语法 ####
|
||||
|
||||
# pidstat <OPTIONS> [INTERVAL] [COUNT]
|
||||
|
||||
6.Using pidstat command without any argument, will display all active tasks.
|
||||
6.不带任何参数使用pidstat将会输出所有活跃的任务。
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@tecmint ~ $ pidstat
|
||||
tecmint@tecmint ~ $ pidstat
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
|
||||
12:47:24 IST UID PID %usr %system %guest %CPU CPU Command
|
||||
12:47:24 IST 0 1 0.01 0.12 0.00 0.13 1 init
|
||||
@ -125,11 +126,11 @@ This is used for process monitoring and current threads, which are being managed
|
||||
12:47:24 IST 0 365 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0 systemd-udevd
|
||||
12:47:24 IST 0 476 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 kworker/u9:1
|
||||
|
||||
7.To print all active and non-active tasks use the option ‘**-p**‘ (processes).
|
||||
7.使用‘**-p**’(进程)参数输出所有活跃和非活跃的任务。
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@tecmint ~ $ pidstat -p ALL
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
|
||||
12:51:55 IST UID PID %usr %system %guest %CPU CPU Command
|
||||
12:51:55 IST 0 1 0.01 0.11 0.00 0.12 1 init
|
||||
@ -150,11 +151,11 @@ This is used for process monitoring and current threads, which are being managed
|
||||
12:51:55 IST 0 19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 writeback
|
||||
12:51:55 IST 0 20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 kintegrityd
|
||||
|
||||
8.Using pidstat command with ‘**-d 2**‘ option, we can get I/O statistics and 2 is interval in seconds to get refreshed statistics. This option can be handy in situation, where your system is undergoing heavy I/O and you want to get clues about the processes consuming high resources.
|
||||
8.使用‘**-d 2**’参数，我们可以看到I/O统计信息，2表示以秒为单位对统计信息进行刷新。这个参数可以方便的知道当系统在进行繁重的I/O时，那些进行占用大量的资源。
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@tecmint ~ $ pidstat -d 2
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
|
||||
03:26:53 EDT PID kB_rd/s kB_wr/s kB_ccwr/s Command
|
||||
|
||||
@ -168,11 +169,12 @@ This is used for process monitoring and current threads, which are being managed
|
||||
03:27:03 EDT 25100 0.00 6.00 0.00 sendmail
|
||||
03:27:03 EDT 30829 0.00 6.00 0.00 java
|
||||
|
||||
9.To know the cpu statistics along with all threads about the process id **4164** at interval of **2** sec for **3** times use the following command with option ‘-t‘ (display statistics of selected process).
|
||||
9.想要每间隔**2**秒对进程**4164**的cpu统计信息输出**3**次，则使用如下带参数‘**-t**’（输出某个选定进程的统计信息）的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@tecmint ~ $ pidstat -t -p 4164 2 3
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
|
||||
01:09:06 IST UID TGID TID %usr %system %guest %CPU CPU Command
|
||||
01:09:08 IST 1000 4164 - 22.00 1.00 0.00 23.00 1 firefox
|
||||
@ -185,11 +187,11 @@ This is used for process monitoring and current threads, which are being managed
|
||||
01:09:08 IST 1000 - 4176 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 |__gdbus
|
||||
01:09:08 IST 1000 - 4177 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 |__gmain
|
||||
|
||||
10.Use the ‘**-rh**‘ option, to know the about memory utilization of processes which are frequently varying their utilization in **2** second interval.
|
||||
10.使用‘**-rh**’参数，将会输出进程的内存使用情况。如下命令每隔2秒刷新经常的内存使用情况。
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@tecmint ~ $ pidstat -rh 2 3
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
|
||||
# Time UID PID minflt/s majflt/s VSZ RSS %MEM Command
|
||||
1409816695 1000 3958 3378.22 0.00 707420 215972 5.32 cinnamon
|
||||
@ -208,21 +210,21 @@ This is used for process monitoring and current threads, which are being managed
|
||||
1409816699 1000 4164 599.00 0.00 1261944 476664 11.74 firefox
|
||||
1409816699 1000 6676 168.00 0.00 4436 1020 0.03 pidstat
|
||||
|
||||
11.To print all the process of containing string “**VB**“, use ‘**-t**‘ option to see threads as well.
|
||||
11.要使用‘**-G**’参数可以输出包含某个特定字符串的进程信息。如下命令输出所有包含‘**VB**’字符串的进程的统计信息，使用‘**-t**’参数将线程的信息也进行输出。
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@tecmint ~ $ pidstat -G VB
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
|
||||
01:09:06 IST UID PID %usr %system %guest %CPU CPU Command
|
||||
01:09:08 IST 1000 1492 22.00 1.00 0.00 23.00 1 VBoxService
|
||||
01:09:08 IST 1000 1902 4164 20.00 0.50 0.00 20.50 VBoxClient
|
||||
01:09:08 IST 1000 1922 4171 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 VBoxClient
|
||||
01:09:06 IST UID PID %usr %system %guest %CPU CPU Command
|
||||
01:09:08 IST 1000 1492 22.00 1.00 0.00 23.00 1 VBoxService
|
||||
01:09:08 IST 1000 1902 4164 20.00 0.50 0.00 20.50 VBoxClient
|
||||
01:09:08 IST 1000 1922 4171 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 VBoxClient
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@tecmint ~ $ pidstat -t -G VB
|
||||
Linux 2.6.32-431.el6.i686 (tecmint) 09/04/2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
Linux 2.6.32-431.el6.i686 (tecmint) 09/04/2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
|
||||
03:19:52 PM UID TGID TID %usr %system %guest %CPU CPU Command
|
||||
03:19:52 PM 0 1479 - 0.01 0.12 0.00 0.13 1 VBoxService
|
||||
@ -237,32 +239,32 @@ This is used for process monitoring and current threads, which are being managed
|
||||
03:19:52 PM 0 1933 - 0.04 0.89 0.00 0.93 0 VBoxClient
|
||||
03:19:52 PM 0 - 1936 0.04 0.89 0.00 0.93 1 |__X11-NOTIFY
|
||||
|
||||
12.To get realtime priority and scheduling information use option ‘**-R**‘ .
|
||||
12.使用‘**-R**’参数输出实时的进程优先级和调度信息。
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@tecmint ~ $ pidstat -R
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
|
||||
01:09:06 IST UID PID prio policy Command
|
||||
01:09:08 IST 1000 3 99 FIFO migration/0
|
||||
01:09:08 IST 1000 5 99 FIFO migration/0
|
||||
01:09:08 IST 1000 6 99 FIFO watchdog/0
|
||||
01:09:06 IST UID PID prio policy Command
|
||||
01:09:08 IST 1000 3 99 FIFO migration/0
|
||||
01:09:08 IST 1000 5 99 FIFO migration/0
|
||||
01:09:08 IST 1000 6 99 FIFO watchdog/0
|
||||
|
||||
Here, I am not going to cover about Iostat utility, as we are already covered it. Please have a look on “[Linux Performance Monitoring with Vmstat and Iostat][2]注：此文也一并附上在同一个原文更新中” to get all details about iostat.
|
||||
因为我们已经学习过Iostat命令了，因此在本文中不在对其进行赘述。若想查看Iostat命令的详细信息，请参看“[使用Iostat和Vmstat进行Linux性能监控][2]注：此文也一并附上在同一个原文更新中”
|
||||
|
||||
### sar – System Activity Reporter ###
|
||||
###sar - 系统活动报告###
|
||||
|
||||
Using “**sar**” command, we can get the reports about whole system’s performance. This can help us to locate the system bottleneck and provide the help to find out the solutions to these annoying performance issues.
|
||||
我们可以使用‘**sar**’命令来获得整个系统性能的报告。这有助于我们定位系统性能的瓶颈，并且有助于我们找出这些烦人的性能问题的解决方法。
|
||||
|
||||
The Linux Kernel maintains some counter internally, which keeps track of all requests, their completion time and I/O block counts etc. From all these information, sar calculates rates and ratio of these request to find out about bottleneck areas.
|
||||
Linux内核维护者一些内部计数器，这些计数器包含了所有的请求及其完成时间和I/O块数等信息，sar命令从所有的这些信息中计算出请求的利用率和比例，以便找出瓶颈所在。
|
||||
|
||||
The main thing about the sar is that, it reports all activities over a period if time. So, make sure that sar collect data on appropriate time (not on Lunch time or on weekend.:)
|
||||
sar命令主要的用途是生成某段时间内所有活动的报告，因此，必需确保sar命令在适当的时间进行数据采集（而不是在午餐时间或者周末。）
|
||||
|
||||
13.Following is a basic command to invoke sar. It will create one file named “**sarfile**” in your current directory. The options ‘**-u**‘ is for CPU details and will collect **5** reports at an interval of **2** seconds.
|
||||
13.下面是执行sar命令的基本用法。它将会在当前目录下创建一个名为‘**sarfile**’的文件。‘**-u**’参数表示CPU详细信息，**5**表示生产5次报告，**2**表示每次报告的时间间隔为2秒。
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sar -u -o sarfile 2 5
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
|
||||
01:42:28 IST CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
|
||||
01:42:30 IST all 36.52 0.00 3.02 0.00 0.00 60.45
|
||||
@ -272,26 +274,26 @@ The main thing about the sar is that, it reports all activities over a period if
|
||||
01:42:38 IST all 50.75 0.00 3.75 0.00 0.00 45.50
|
||||
Average: all 46.30 0.00 3.93 0.00 0.00 49.77
|
||||
|
||||
14.In the above example, we have invoked sar interactively. We also have an option to invoke it non-interactively via cron using scripts **/usr/local/lib/sa1** and **/usr/local/lib/sa2** (If you have used **/usr/local** as prefix during installation time).
|
||||
14.在上面的例子中，我们交互的执行sar命令。sar命令提供了使用cron进行非交互的执行sar命令的方法，使用**/usr/local/lib/sa1**和**/usr/local/lib/sa2**脚本（如果你在安装时使用了**/usr/local**作为前缀）
|
||||
|
||||
- **/usr/local/lib/sa1** is a shell script that we can use for scheduling cron which will create daily binary log file.
|
||||
- **/usr/local/lib/sa2** is a shell script will change binary log file to human-readable form.
|
||||
- **/usr/local/lib/sa1**是一个可以使用cron进行调度生成二进制日志文件的shell脚本。
|
||||
- **/usr/local/lib/sa2**是一个可以将二进制日志文件转换为用户可读的编码方式。
|
||||
|
||||
Use the following Cron entries for making this non-interactive:
|
||||
使用如下Cron项目来将sar命令非交互化。
|
||||
|
||||
# Run sa1 shell script every 10 minutes for collecting data
|
||||
# 每10分钟运行sa1脚本来采集数据
|
||||
*/2 * * * * /usr/local/lib/sa/sa1 2 10
|
||||
|
||||
# Generate a daily report in human readable format at 23:53
|
||||
#在每天23:53时生成一个用户可读的日常报告
|
||||
53 23 * * * /usr/local/lib/sa/sa2 -A
|
||||
|
||||
At the back-end sa1 script will call **sadc** (System Activity Data Collector) utility for fetching the data at a particular interval. **sa2** will call sar for changing binary log file to human readable form.
|
||||
在sa1脚本执行后期，sa1脚本会调用**sabc**(系统活动数据收集器，System Activity Data Collector)工具采集特定时间间隔内的数据。**sa2**脚本会调用sar来将二进制日志文件转换为用户可读的形式。
|
||||
|
||||
15.Check run queue length, total number of processes and load average using ‘**-q**‘ option.
|
||||
15.使用‘**-q**’参数来检查运行队列的长度，所有进程的数量和平均负载
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sar -q 2 5
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
|
||||
02:00:44 IST runq-sz plist-sz ldavg-1 ldavg-5 ldavg-15 blocked
|
||||
02:00:46 IST 1 431 1.67 1.22 0.97 0
|
||||
@ -301,11 +303,11 @@ At the back-end sa1 script will call **sadc** (System Activity Data Collector) u
|
||||
02:00:54 IST 0 431 1.64 1.23 0.97 0
|
||||
Average: 2 431 1.68 1.23 0.97 0
|
||||
|
||||
16.Check statistics about the mounted file systems using ‘**-F**‘.
|
||||
|
||||
16.使用‘**-F**’参数查看当前挂载的文件系统统计信息
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sar -F 2 4
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
|
||||
02:02:31 IST MBfsfree MBfsused %fsused %ufsused Ifree Iused %Iused FILESYSTEM
|
||||
02:02:33 IST 1001 449 30.95 1213790475088.85 18919505 364463 1.89 /dev/sda1
|
||||
@ -322,11 +324,11 @@ At the back-end sa1 script will call **sadc** (System Activity Data Collector) u
|
||||
Summary MBfsfree MBfsused %fsused %ufsused Ifree Iused %Iused FILESYSTEM
|
||||
Summary 1001 449 30.95 1213790475088.86 18919505 364463 1.89 /dev/sda1
|
||||
|
||||
17.View network statistics using ‘**-n DEV**‘.
|
||||
17.使用‘**-n DEV**’参数查看网络统计信息
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sar -n DEV 1 3 | egrep -v lo
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
|
||||
02:11:59 IST IFACE rxpck/s txpck/s rxkB/s txkB/s rxcmp/s txcmp/s rxmcst/s
|
||||
02:12:00 IST wlan0 8.00 10.00 1.23 0.92 0.00 0.00 0.00
|
||||
@ -334,11 +336,11 @@ At the back-end sa1 script will call **sadc** (System Activity Data Collector) u
|
||||
02:12:00 IST eth0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
|
||||
02:12:00 IST vmnet1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
|
||||
|
||||
18.View block device statistics like iostat using ‘**-d**‘.
|
||||
18.使用‘**-d**’参数查看块设备统计信息（与iostat类似）。
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sar -d 1 3
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
|
||||
02:13:17 IST DEV tps rd_sec/s wr_sec/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await svctm %util
|
||||
02:13:18 IST dev8-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
|
||||
@ -349,11 +351,11 @@ At the back-end sa1 script will call **sadc** (System Activity Data Collector) u
|
||||
02:13:19 IST DEV tps rd_sec/s wr_sec/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await svctm %util
|
||||
02:13:20 IST dev8-0 7.00 32.00 80.00 16.00 0.11 15.43 15.43 10.80
|
||||
|
||||
19.To print memory statistics use ‘**-r**‘ option.
|
||||
19.使用‘**-r**’参数输出内存统计信息。
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sar -r 1 3
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) Thursday 04 September 2014 _i686_ (2 CPU)
|
||||
|
||||
02:14:29 IST kbmemfree kbmemused %memused kbbuffers kbcached kbcommit %commit kbactive kbinact kbdirty
|
||||
02:14:30 IST 1465660 2594840 63.90 133052 1549644 3710800 45.35 1133148 1359792 392
|
||||
@ -361,7 +363,7 @@ At the back-end sa1 script will call **sadc** (System Activity Data Collector) u
|
||||
02:14:32 IST 1469112 2591388 63.82 133060 1550036 3705288 45.28 1130252 1360168 804
|
||||
Average: 1469165 2591335 63.82 133057 1549824 3710531 45.34 1129739 1359987 677
|
||||
|
||||
20.Using ‘**sadf -d**‘, we can extract data in format which can be processed using databases.
|
||||
20.使用‘**sadf -d**’参数可以将数据导出为数据库可以使用的格式。
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@tecmint ~ $ safd -d /var/log/sa/sa20140903 -- -n DEV | grep -v lo
|
||||
|
||||
@ -381,24 +383,24 @@ At the back-end sa1 script will call **sadc** (System Activity Data Collector) u
|
||||
tecmint;2;2014-09-03 12:00:10 UTC;eth0;0.50;0.50;0.03;0.04;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00
|
||||
tecmint;2;2014-09-03 12:00:12 UTC;eth0;1.00;0.50;0.12;0.04;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00
|
||||
|
||||
You can also save this to a csv and then can draw chart for presentation kind of stuff as below.
|
||||
你也可以将这些数据存储在一个csv文档中，然后绘制成图表展示方式，如下所示
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Network Graph
|
||||
网络信息图表
|
||||
|
||||
That’s it for now, you can refer man pages for more information about each option and don’t forget to tell about article with your valuable comments.
|
||||
现在，你可以参考man手册来后去每个参数的更多详细信息，并且请在文章下留下你宝贵的评论。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/sysstat-commands-to-monitor-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Kuldeep Sharma][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
译者：[cvsher](https://github.com/cvsher)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/kuldeepsharma47/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-sysstat-in-linux/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-performance-monitoring-with-vmstat-and-iostat-commands/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-performance-monitoring-with-vmstat-and-iostat-commands/
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user