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没有 Linux 和开源软件的世界会变得怎么样
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================================================================================
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> Linux 基金会针最近对人们关于 “没有 Linux 的世界” 系列短片所提出的问题做了回应，解答了包括没有 Linux 和其他的开源软件的因特网会变得怎么样等问题。
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假如 Linux —— 这个开源的操作系统内核 —— 不曾出现过，我们现在的世界是否会是另一番景象。会不会没有了因特网，或者没有了电影？这些都是观看 [Linux 基金会][1] 正在连续播出的 “[没有 Linux 的世界][2]” 系列短片的观众提出来的问题。
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假如你错过了观看这些短片也不要紧，“[没有 Linux 的世界][2]” 系列短片是一个搞笑短片的集合，里边描述了没有了 Linux （或者说没有开源软件）的世界发生的事情。这些短片强调了 Linux 在 [电影制作][3] 以及 [因特网服务][4] 中充当的角色。
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为了揭示该系列短片的一些主张、倾向和隐藏元素，Linux 基金会副主席 Jennifer Cloer 最近在 The VAR Guy 上回应了关于该短片的一些问题。以下是她的原话解答。
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### 最新一集短片 —— Sam 和 Annie 一起看电影。假如没有 Linux，我们现在的荧屏是不是也和短片中的一样？ ###
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在第 4 集剧情中，我们恶搞了一下电影 “阿凡达（Avatar）”。不管你喜欢还是讨厌，现实中的 “阿凡达（Avatar）” 在荧屏上的效果还是让人记忆深刻的。在没有 Linux 的世界中，电影的效果就变得非常丑陋，但是我们并不知道它有多难看，因为那已经是最好的了。但实际上，“阿凡达（Avatar）” 是使用 Linux 来进行效果制作的。Weta 数码使用了当时世界上最大的 Linux 集群来给电影做效果渲染和 3D 建模。据报道，指环王（Lord of the Rings）、神奇四侠（Fantastic Four）和金刚（King Kong）等电影都用到了 Linux。我希望该短片能引起人们关注，因为它所做的这方面的工作还并不广为人知。
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### 很多人对短片的原始剧情进行了批判，其中就包括“没有 Linux 将没有因特网”的剧情的指责。你对此持什么样的看法？ ###
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我们很喜欢人们在短片刚上映就进行激烈的辩论。该短片上映当天就超过了 100,000 的观众，这引起了人们对 Linux 在社会中扮演的角色以及对全世界的社区贡献者和维护者的关注。当然了，没有 Linux 的话，因特网也是会出现的，只是不会像当前我们所熟知的互联网那么成熟而已。每一个短片都对 Linux 在我们每天生活中扮演的角色进行了大胆且有趣的描述。我们希望，这些短片能够把关于 Linux 的故事推广到全世界的人的心里去。
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### 为什么 Sam 和 Annie 的那只猫叫做 String？ ###
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该短片系列中没有一处剧情是随意的。仔细的观看的话，你就会发现其中关于 Linux 和极客们的各种玩笑。小猫 String 是我们的 Linux.com 主编 Libby Clark 以弦理论（string theory）亲自来命名的。在物理学里，弦理论（string theory）是一个理论框架，它用一个叫做弦（String）的一维对象替换了粒子物理学中粒子状的粒子。弦理论（string theory）描述了这些弦（String）如何在空间传播以及相互影响。就像 Sam、Annie 和 String 在那个没有 Linux 的世界里的关系那样。
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### 我们期待已久的下两集是什么样的，特别是，最后那集什么时候上映？ ###
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在第 5 集短片中，我们将到太空并体验一下没有 Linux 的世界对太空探索的影响。这就像是一场疯狂的骑行。在短片的最后，我们最终还是会见到没有 Linux 的世界里的 Linus。贯穿整个短片系列，里边已经给出关于结局的线索，我在这就不能给太多提示了，因为还有好多人在找线索比赛中继续寻找着。并且我也不能给你们说出关于结局短片的上映日期。你们要自己跟进 #WorldWithoutLinux 主题帖来获取更多信息。
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### 你可给一些关于第 4 集短片相关线索的提示吗？ ###
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在该短片中有另外一个关于免费汉堡餐厅（Free Burger Restaurant）的线索。在那个没有 Linux 的世界里，Linux 最后还是以一种很隐秘的方式出现了，可以说，就像是以另一种语言来解读 Linux。当然，这只是为了好玩，String 也以另外一个模样出现。
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### 那么，该系列短片达到你所想要的效果了吗？ ###
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是的，达到了。我们很高兴看到人们分享并参与到这些故事中去。我们希望向那些可能不知道 Linux 的人传达更多关于 Linux 的故事并了解到 Linux 在当今世界中是无处不在的。全部的短片就是为了把这些关于 Linux 的真相推广给大家，并感谢那些全球性社区的开发者和公司对 Linux 的支持，Linux 使得一切成为可能。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/linux-foundation-explains-world-without-linux-and-open-so
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作者：[Christopher Tozzi][a]
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译者：[GHLandy](https://github.com/GHLandy)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
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|
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://thevarguy.com/author/christopher-tozzi
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[1]:http://linuxfoundation.org/
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[2]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/world-without-linux
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[3]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/new-linux-foundation-video-highlights-role-open-source-3d
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[4]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/100715/would-internet-exist-without-linux-yes-without-open-sourc
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7 Steps to Start Your Linux SysAdmin Career
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===============================================
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Linux is hot right now. Everybody is looking for Linux talent. Recruiters are knocking down the doors of anybody with Linux experience, and there are tens of thousands of jobs waiting to be filled. But what if you want to take advantage of this trend and you’re new to Linux? How do you get started?
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1. Install Linux
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It should almost go without saying, but the first key to learning Linux is to install Linux. Both the LFS101x and the LFS201 courses include detailed sections on installing and configuring Linux for the first time.
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2. Take LFS101x
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If you are completely new to Linux, the best place to start is our free [LFS101x Introduction](https://www.edx.org/course/introduction-linux-linuxfoundationx-lfs101x-2) to Linux course. This online course is hosted by edX.org, and explores the various tools and techniques commonly used by Linux system administrators and end users to achieve their day-to-day work in a Linux environment. It is designed for experienced computer users who have limited or no previous exposure to Linux, whether they are working in an individual or enterprise environment. This course will give you a good working knowledge of Linux from both a graphical and command line perspective, allowing you to easily navigate through any of the major Linux distributions.
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3. Look into LFS201
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Once you’ve completed LFS101x, you’re ready to start diving into the more complicated tasks in Linux that will be required of you as a professional sysadmin. To gain those skills, you’ll want to take [LFS201 Essentials of Linux System Administration](http://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/essentials-of-system-administration). The course gives you in-depth explanations and instructions for each topic, along with plenty of exercises and labs to help you get real, hands-on experience with the subject matter.
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If you would rather have a live instructor teach you or you have an employer who is interested in helping you become a Linux sysadmin, you might also be interested in LFS220 Linux System Administration. This course includes all the same topics as the LFS201 course, but is taught by an expert instructor who can guide you through the labs and answer any questions you have on the topics covered in the course.
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4. Practice!
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Practice makes perfect, and that’s as true for Linux as it is for any musical instrument or sport. Once you’ve installed Linux, use it regularly. Perform key tasks over and over again until you can do them easily without reference material. Learn the ins and outs of the command line as well as the GUI. This practice will ensure that you’ve got the skills and knowledge to be successful as a professional Linux sysadmin.
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5. Get Certified
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After you’ve taken LFS201 or LFS220 and you’ve gotten some practice, you are now ready to get certified as a system administrator. You’ll need this certification because this is how you will prove to employers that you have the necessary skills to be a professional Linux sysadmin.
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There are several Linux certifications on the market today, and all of them have their place. However, most of these certifications are either centered on a specific distro (like Red Hat) or are purely knowledge-based and don’t demonstrate actual skill with Linux. The Linux Foundation Certified System Administrator certification is an excellent alternative for someone looking for a flexible, meaningful entry-level certification.
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6. Get Involved
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At this point you may also want to consider joining up with a local Linux Users Group (or LUG), if there’s one in your area. These groups are usually composed of people of all ages and experience levels, so regardless of where you are at with your Linux experience, you can find people with similar skill levels to bond with, or more advanced Linux users who can help answer questions and point you towards helpful resources. To find out if there’s a LUG near you, try looking on meetup.com, check with a nearby university, or just do a simple Internet search.
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There are also many online communities available to you as you learn Linux. These sites and communities provide help and support to both individuals new to Linux or experienced administrators:
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- [Linux Admin subreddit](https://www.reddit.com/r/linuxadmin)
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- [Linux.com](http://www.linux.com/)
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- [training.linuxfoundation.org](http://training.linuxfoundation.org/)
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- [http://community.ubuntu.com/help-information/](http://community.ubuntu.com/help-information/)
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- [https://forums.opensuse.org/forum.php](https://forums.opensuse.org/forum.php)
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- [http://wiki.centos.org/Documentation](http://wiki.centos.org/Documentation)
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7. Learn To Love The Documentation
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Last but not least, if you ever get stuck on something within Linux, don’t forget about Linux’s included documentation. Using the commands man (for manual), info and help, you can find information on virtually every aspect of Linux, right from within the operating system. The usefulness of these built-in resources cannot be overstated, and you’ll find yourself using them throughout your career, so you might as well get familiar with them early on.
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Interested in learning more about starting your IT career with Linux? Check out our free ebook “[A Brief Guide To Starting Your IT Career In Linux](http://training.linuxfoundation.org/sysadmin-it-career-guide).”
|
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|
||||
[Download Now](http://training.linuxfoundation.org/sysadmin-it-career-guide)
|
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|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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|
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via: http://www.linux.com/news/featured-blogs/191-linux-training/834644-7-steps-to-start-your-linux-sysadmin-career
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|
||||
作者：[linux.com][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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|
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[a]:linux.com
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9 Key Trends in Hybrid Cloud Computing
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========================================
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All three forms of cloud computing – public, private, and hybrid – have undergone considerable evolution since the concepts first gained the attention of IT years ago. Hybrid cloud is the overwhelming favorite form of the cloud, with [88% of firms surveyed](https://www.greenhousedata.com/blog/hybrid-continues-to-be-most-popular-cloud-option-adoption-accelerating) rating it as important or critical to their business.
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The lightning-fast evolution of hybrid cloud means the conventional wisdom of a year or two back is already obsolete. So we asked several industry analysts where they saw the hybrid cloud headed in 2016 and got some interesting answers.
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1. **2016 might be the year that we get hybrid cloud to actually work.**
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By its very nature, hybrid cloud relies on private cloud, which has proven elusive for most enterprises. The fact is that the public cloud – Amazon, Google, Microsoft – have had much more investment and a longer head start. The private cloud has hamstrung the hybrid cloud's growth and usability.
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There hasn't been as much investment in the private cloud because by its very nature, the private cloud means keeping and investing in your own data center. And many public cloud providers are pushing enterprises to reduce or eliminate their data center spending all together.
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However, this year will see the private cloud start to catch up thanks to advances in OpenStack and Microsoft's Azure Stack, which is basically a private cloud in a box. The tools, infrastructures, and architectures to support hybrid cloud are also becoming much more robust.
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2. **Containers, microservices, and unikernels will bolster the hybrid cloud.**
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These are all cloud native technologies and will all be more or less mainstream by the end of 2016, analysts predict. They are maturing rapidly and serving as a viable alternative to virtual machines, which require more resources.
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More importantly, they work in an on-premises scenario as well as an off-premises scenario. Containerization and orchestration allow rapid scale up, scale out, and service migration between public and private cloud, making it even easier to move your services around.
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3. **Data and relevance take center stage**
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The cloud, in all its forms, has been in growth mode. That makes it a technology story. But with the cloud shifting into maturity, data and relevance become more important, according to the consultancy [Avoa](http://avoa.com/2016/01/01/2016-is-the-year-of-data-and-relevance/). At first, the cloud and Big Data were all about sucking up as much data as possible. Then they worried about what to do with it.
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In 2016, organizations will hone their craft in how data is collected and used. There is still much progress to be made in the technological and cultural aspects that must be dealt with. But 2016 should bring a renewed focus on the importance of data from all aspects and finding the most relevant information, not just lots of it.
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4. **Cloud services move beyond just on-demand workloads**
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AWS got its start as a place where a programmer/developer could spin up a VM real quick, get some work done, and get off. That's the essence of on-demand use, and given how much it can cost to leave those services constantly running, there is almost a disincentive to keep them running 24/7.
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However, IT organizations are starting to act as service brokers to provide all manner of IT services to their in-house users. This can be anything from in-house IT services, public cloud infrastructure providers, platform-as-a-service, and software-as-a-service.
|
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They will increasingly recognize the value of tools like cloud management platforms to provide consistent policy-based management over many of these different services. And they will see the value of technology such as containers to enhance portability. However, cloud service brokering in the sense of rapidly moving workloads between clouds for price arbitrage and related reasons will continue to be a non-starter.
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5. **Service providers become cloud service providers**
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Up to now, buying cloud services has been a direct sale model. The user was frequently the buyer of AWS EC2 services, either through officially recognized channels at work or through Shadow IT. But as cloud services become more comprehensive, and the menu of services more confusing, more and more people are turning to resellers and services providers to act as the purchaser of IT services for them.
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A recent survey by 2nd Watch, a Seattle-based cloud services provider, found nearly 85 percent of IT executives in the United States would be willing to pay a small premium to buy public cloud from a channel partner if it were to make it less complex. And about four out of every five within that 85 percent would shell out an extra 15 percent or more, the survey found. One in three executives surveyed said they could use the help in buying, using, and managing public cloud services.
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6. **IoT and cloud is to 2016 what mobile and cloud was to 2012**
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IoT is gaining mindshare and, more importantly, it's moving from test beds to real use cases. The cloud is a vital part for IoT due to its distributed nature, and for industrial IoT, where machinery and heavy equipment talk to back-end systems, a hybrid cloud will be most natural driver because the connection, data collection, and processing will happen in a hybrid cloud environment, due to perceived benefits of the private cloud side, like security and privacy.
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7. **The NIST definition of the cloud begins to break down**
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In 2011, the National Institute of Standards and Technology published "[The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing](http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-145/SP800-145.pdf)" (PDF) that became the standard definitions of private, public, and hybrid cloud terms and as-a-service models.
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Over time, though, the definitions have changed. IaaS has become much more complex, supporting things like OpenStack, [Swift](https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/Swift) for object storage and [Neutron networking](https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/Neutron). PaaS seems to be fading out because there's little that separates it from traditional middleware application development. And SaaS, which was just apps accessed through a browser, is losing steam because with so many cloud APIs for apps and services, you can access them through anything, not just a browser.
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8. **Analytics becomes more important**
|
||||
|
||||
Analytics will be a huge growth opportunity for hybrid cloud because the high volume of data used in analytics is well suited to cloud, with its advantages of large scale and elasticity. For some forms of analytics, like highly sensitive data, then the private cloud will still rule. But the private cloud is part of the hybrid cloud, so either way, hybrid cloud wins.
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|
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9. **Security takes on a new urgency**
|
||||
|
||||
As hybrid cloud grows in 2016 and adds all kinds of new technologies, like IoT and containers, this just adds more vulnerable surface areas for data breaches. Add to it the tendency to rush into a new technology and then secure it later, which happens all the time, along with inexperienced technologists who don't think to secure the system – and you have a recipe for disaster.
|
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|
||||
When new technologies come out, management discipline almost always lags and we think about securing the technology later. Containers are a good example. You can download all kinds of sample containers from Docker, but do you know where it came from? Docker had to go back and add security verifications after it started letting people download and run containers without any idea what was really in it.
|
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|
||||
Mobile technologies like Path and Snapchat had major security problems a few years back as the smartphone market was taking off. It's inevitable that a new technology will be exploited by the bad guys. So security researchers will have their hands full trying to secure these new technologies. Probably after they get deployed.
|
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|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.datamation.com/cloud-computing/9-key-trends-in-hybrid-cloud-computing.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Andy Patrizio][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.datamation.com/author/Andy-Patrizio-90720.html
|
||||
50
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50
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A Linux-powered microwave oven
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||||
================================================================================
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|
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Scratching an itch is a recurring theme in presentations at [linux.conf.au](http://linux.conf.au/). As the open-hardware movement gains strength, more and more of these itches relate to the physical world, not just the digital. David Tulloh used his [presentation [WebM]](http://mirror.linux.org.au/linux.conf.au/2016/04_Thursday/D4.303_Costa_Theatre/Linux_driven_microwave.webm) on the “Linux Driven Microwave” to discuss how annoying microwave ovens can be and to describe his project to build something less irritating.
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Tulloh's story began when he obtained a microwave oven, admittedly an inexpensive one, with a user interface even worse than the norm. Setting the time required pressing buttons so hard that the microwave tended to get pushed away — a fact that was elegantly balanced by the door handle requiring a sufficiently hard tug to return the oven to its original position. While this is clearly an extreme case, Tulloh lamented that microwave ovens really hadn't improved noticeably in recent decades. They may have gotten a little cheaper and gained a few features that few people could use without poring over the instruction manual — the implied contrast to smartphones, which are widely used with little instruction, was clear.
|
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|
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This microwave oven was not a lost cause — it gave its life to the greater good and became the prototype for an idea that Tulloh hopes to turn into a crowd-funded project if he can find the right match between features and demand: a Linux-driven microwave oven.
|
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|
||||
|
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## Adding novelty
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|
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Adding a smartphone-like touchscreen and a network connection and encouraging a community to build innovative apps such as recipe sharing are fairly obvious ideas once you think to put “Linux” and “microwave oven” together, but Tulloh's vision and prototype lead well beyond there. Two novel features that have been fitted are a thermal camera and a scale for measuring weight.
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|
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The thermal camera provides an eight-by-eight-pixel image of the contents of the oven with a precision of about two degrees. This is enough to detect if a glass of milk is about to boil over, or if the steak being thawed is in danger of getting cooked. In either case, the power can be reduced or removed. If appropriate, an alert can be sounded. This would not be the first microwave to be temperature sensitive — GE sold microwave ovens with temperature probes decades ago — but an always-present sensor is much more useful than a manually inserted probe, especially when there is an accessible API behind it.
|
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|
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The second innovation is a built-in scale to weigh the food (and container) being cooked. Many recipes give cooking-time guidance based on weight and some microwave ovens allow you to enter the weight manually so it can do a calculation for you. With built-in scales, that can become automatic. Placing a scale reliably under the rotating plate typical of many microwave ovens would be a mechanical challenge that Tulloh did not think worth confronting. Instead his design is based on the “flat-plate” or “flat-bed” style of oven — placing a sensor at each of the four corners is mechanically straightforward and gives good results.
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|
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[User interface]
|
||||
Once you have these extra sensors — weight and temperature — connected to a suitable logic engine, more interesting possibilities can be explored. A cup of cold milk from the fridge will have a particular weight and temperature profile with a modest degree of error. Tulloh suggested that situation could be detected and some relevant options such as “Boil” or “Warm” could be offered for easy selection (a mock up of the interface is at right, a clickable version is [here](http://mwgui.tulloh.id.au/)). Simple machine learning could extend this to create a personalized experience. It would be easy to collect a history of starting profiles and cooking choices; when those patterns are detected, the most likely cooking choices could be made the easiest to select.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Overcoming staleness
|
||||
|
||||
Beyond just new functionality, Tulloh wants to improve the functionality that already exists. Door handles as stiff as on Tulloh's cheap microwave may not be common, but few microwave oven doors seem designed to make life easy for people with physical handicaps. There are regulatory restrictions, particularly in the US, that require the oven to function only if there is positive confirmation that the door is actually shut. This confirmation must be resilient against simple fraud, so poking a stick in the hole must not trick the oven into working with the door open. In fact, there must be two independent confirmations and, if they disagree, a fuse must be blown so that a service call is required. Tulloh believes that a magnetic latch would provide much greater flexibility (including easy software control) and that magnetic keying similar to that used in a [magnetic keyed lock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_keyed_lock) would allow the magnetic latch to pass certification.
|
||||
|
||||
Another pain point with microwave ovens is the annoying sounds they make. Tulloh has discarded the beeper and hooked up a speaker to the Banana Pi that is controlling his prototype. This allows for more pleasant and configurable alerts as well as for advice and guidance through a text-to-speech system. Adding a microphone for voice control is an obvious next step.
|
||||
|
||||
Many microwave ovens can do more than just set a time and a power level — they provide a range of power profiles for cooking, warming, defrosting, and so on. Adding precise temperature sensing will allow the community to extend this range substantially. A question from Andrew Tridgell in the audience wondered if tempering chocolate — a process that requires very precise temperature control — would be possible. Tulloh had no experience with the process, and couldn't make promises, but thought it was certainly worth looking in to. Even if that doesn't work out, it shows clear potential for value to be gained from community input.
|
||||
|
||||
## Availability
|
||||
|
||||
Tulloh would very much like to get these Linux-enabled microwave ovens out into the world to create a community and see where it goes. Buying existing ovens and replacing the electronics is not seen as a viable option. The result would be ugly and, given that a small-run smart microwave will inevitably cost more, potential buyers are going to want something that doesn't look completely out of place in their kitchen.
|
||||
|
||||
Many components are available off-the-shelf (magnetron, processor board, thermal sensor) and others, such as a USB interface for the thermal sensor, are easily built. Prototype software is, of course, already available on [GitHub](https://github.com/lod?tab=repositories). The case and door are more of a challenge and would need to be made to order. Tulloh wants to turn this adversity into an opportunity by providing the option for left-handed microwave ovens and a variety of colors.
|
||||
|
||||
A quick survey of the audience suggested that few people would hastily commit to his target price of $AU1000 for a new, improved, open oven. Whether a bit more time for reflection and a wider audience might tip the balance is hard to know. The idea is intriguing, so it seems worth watching Tulloh's [blog](http://david.tulloh.id.au/category/microwave/) for updates.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://lwn.net/Articles/674877/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Neil Brown
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
|
||||
Best Linux Desktop Environments for 2016
|
||||
=============================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux creates a friendly environment for choices and options. For example, there are many Linux-based distributions out there that use different desktop environments for you to choose from. I have picked some of the best desktop environments that you will see in the Linux world.
|
||||
|
||||
## Plasma
|
||||
|
||||
I consider [KDE’s Plasma desktop](https://www.kde.org/workspaces/plasmadesktop/) to be the most advanced desktop environment (DE). It’s the most feature-rich and customizable desktop environment that I have ever seen; even Mac OS X and Windows don’t come near Plasma when it comes to complete control by the user.
|
||||
|
||||
I also love Plasma because of its awesome file manager, Dolphin. One reason I prefer Plasma over Gnome-based systems is the file manager. One of my biggest gripes with Gnome is that its file manager, Files, can’t handle basic tasks, such as batch-files renaming. That’s important for me because I take a lot of pictures, and Gnome makes it impossible for me to rename image files. On Dolphin, it’s a walk in the park.
|
||||
|
||||
Then, you can add more functionality to Plasma with plugins. Plasma comes with some incredible software including Krita, Kdenlive, Calligra Office Suite, digiKam, Kwrite, and many other applications being developed by the KDE community.
|
||||
|
||||
The only weakness of the Plasma desktop is its default email client, Kmail. It’s way too complicated to set up, and I also wish that setting up Kmail also configured the Address Book and Calendar.
|
||||
|
||||
Plasma is the default desktop environment of many major distributions including openSUSE.
|
||||
|
||||
## GNOME
|
||||
|
||||
[GNOME](https://www.gnome.org/) (GNU Network Object Model Environment) was founded by [Miguel de Icaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Icaza) and Federico Mena in 1997 because KDE used Qt toolkit, which was released under a proprietary license. Unlike KDE, where there were numerous customizations, GNOME focused on keeping things simple. GNOME became extremely popular due to its simplicity and ease of use. A factor that I think contributed heavily to Gnome’s popularity was the fact that Ubuntu, one of the most popular Linux distributions, picked it as their default desktop environment.
|
||||
|
||||
With changing times, GNOME needed a change. Therefore, with GNOME 3 the developers introduced the GNOME 3 Shell, which brought with it an entirely new design paradigm. That in turn led to some conflict with Canonical’s plans with Ubuntu, and they created their own shell for GNOME called Unity. Initially, GNOME 3 Shell was plagued by many issues -- most notably, the fact that extensions would stop working after updates. This major shift in design and the various problems then led to many forks of GNOME, such as the Cinnamon and Mate desktops.
|
||||
|
||||
That said, what makes GNOME desktop interesting is that they are targeting touch-based devices, so if you have new laptops that come with a touchscreen, Gnome is the best suited DE for them.
|
||||
|
||||
With version 3.18, GNOME has made some impressive improvements. The most interesting thing that they have done is Google Drive integration where users can mount their Google Drive as a remote file storage and work with files without having to use a web browser. I also love GNOME’s awesome integration of email client with calendar and address book. Despite all this awesomeness, however, the one thing that keeps me from using GNOME is its file manager, which can’t handle batch file renames. I will stick to Plasma until GNOME developers fix this problem.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Unity
|
||||
|
||||
[Unity](https://unity.ubuntu.com/) is technically not a desktop environment, it’s a graphical shell developed by Canonical for Ubuntu. Unity runs on top of GNOME desktop environment and uses most stock GNOME apps and tools. The Ubuntu team has forked a few GNOME components to better suit the needs of Unity users.
|
||||
|
||||
Unity plays a very important role in Ubuntu’s convergence story and with Unity 8, the company is bringing the desktop and mobile world together. Canonical has developed many intriguing technologies for Unity including HUD (Head-up Display). They also took a unique approach with lenses and scopes making it easy for users to find appropriate content.
|
||||
|
||||
The upcoming release of Ubuntu, 16.04, is expected to ship with Unity 8 so users will get to experience all the work that developers have put into this open source software. One of the biggest criticisms with Unity was opt-out integration of Amazon ads and other services. With the upcoming release, though, Canonical is removing Amazon ads from Dash, making it a privacy-respecting OS by default.
|
||||
|
||||
## Cinnamon
|
||||
|
||||
[Cinnamon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_(software)) was initially developed by [Linux Mint](http://www.linuxmint.com/) -- the most popular distro on DistroWatch. Cinnamon is a fork of GNOME Shell, just like Unity. Later, however, it evolved into a desktop environment as Linux Mint developers forked many components of the GNOME desktop, including Files, to address the needs of their users.
|
||||
|
||||
Because Linux Mint was based on regular releases of Ubuntu, the developers continued to chase the moving target that was Ubuntu. As a result, despite great promises Cinnamon was full of bugs and problems. With the 17.x release, however, Linux Mint developers moved to LTS edition of Ubuntu that allowed them to focus on core components of Cinnamon without having to worry about the base. As a result of this move, Cinnamon has become incredibly stable and bug free. The developers have started adding more features to the desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
For those who prefer the good old Windows-like UI on top of the simplicity of GNOME, Cinnamon is the best desktop environment.
|
||||
|
||||
## MATE Desktop
|
||||
|
||||
The [MATE desktop](http://mate-desktop.com/) environment is also a fork of GNOME. However, unlike Cinnamon, it’s not a fork of GNOME 3; instead it’s a fork of GNOME 2 codebase, which is not unmaintained. A few developers didn’t like Gnome 3 and wanted to “continue” GNOME 2, so they took the codebase and created MATE. The MATE project forked many components of the GNOME project and created a few from scratch. To avoid any conflict with GNOME 3, they renamed all their packages: Nautilus become Caja, Gedit became Pluma, Evince became Atril, and so on.
|
||||
|
||||
Although MATE is a continuation of GNOME 2, that doesn’t mean they are using old and obsolete technologies; they are using newer technologies to offer a modern GNOME 2 experience.
|
||||
|
||||
What makes MATE an impressive desktop environment is that it’s extremely resource efficient. You can run it on older hardware or newer less powerful hardware, such as Raspberry Pi or Chromebook Flip. What’s makes it even more interesting is that using it on powerful systems frees most system resources for applications instead of the resources being consumed by the desktop environment itself.
|
||||
|
||||
## LXQt
|
||||
|
||||
[LXQt](http://lxqt.org/) is the successor of LXDE, one of the most lightweight desktop environments. It’s a merger of two open source projects LXDE and Razor-Qt. The first usable version of LXQt (v 0.9) was released in 2015. Initially, the developers used Qt4 but then all compatibility with it was dropped, and they moved to Qt5 and KDE Frameworks 5 for speedy development. I have tried LXQt on my Arch systems, and its a great lightweight desktop environment, but it has a long way to go before it becomes the rightful successor of LXDE.
|
||||
|
||||
## Xfce
|
||||
|
||||
[Xfce](http://www.xfce.org/) predates the KDE desktop environment. It is one of the oldest and lightest desktop environments around. The latest release of Xfce is 4.15, which was released in 2015 and uses modern technologies like GTK+ 3. Xfce is used by many special purpose distributions, such as Ubuntu Studio, because -- much like MATE -- it frees most system resources for applications. It’s also the default desktop environment of many notable Linux distributions including Manjaro Linux, PC/OS, Salix, and Mythbuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
## Budgie
|
||||
|
||||
[Budgie](https://solus-project.com/budgie/) is a new desktop environment being developed by the Solus Linux team. Solus is new Linux distribution that’s being developed from scratch, and Budgie is a core component of it. Budgie uses many GNOME components and offers a minimalistic UI. Because there’s not much information about the new desktop, I talked to the core developer of Solus, Ikey Doherty, and he explained, “We ship our own desktop, the Budgie Desktop. Unlike some other desktops, this is not a fork, rather it aims for full integration into the GNOME stack. It's written from scratch, and is specifically designed to cater for the experience Solus is offering. We work with upstream GNOME here as much as we can, contributing fixes, and advocate and support their work.”
|
||||
|
||||
## Pantheon
|
||||
|
||||
[Pantheon](https://elementary.io/) needs no introduction, it’s the desktop environment powering the lovely Linux distribution elementary OS. Similar to Budgie, Pantheon is not a fork of GNOME as many may assume. elementary OS team comes from design background so they pay very close attention to minute details, as a result Pantheon is extremely polished desktop environment. At the moment, it may lack many feature found in DEs like Plasma, but the developers are taking their time in order to stick to the design principle.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
As I went through this story, I realized the awesomeness of open source and Linux. There is something for everyone. As Jon “maddog” Hall said during the latest SCaLE 14, “Yes, there are 300 Linux distributions. I can try them and stick to the one that I like!”
|
||||
|
||||
So, enjoy this diversity and use the one that floats your boat!
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/881107-best-linux-desktop-environments-for-2016
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Swapnil Bhartiya][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/61003
|
||||
147
sources/tech/20160218 Getting to Know Linux File Permissions.md
Normal file
147
sources/tech/20160218 Getting to Know Linux File Permissions.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
|
||||
Getting to Know Linux File Permissions
|
||||
==========================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
One of the most basic tasks in Linux is setting file permissions. Understanding how this is done should be considered a must-know, first step in your travels through the Linux ecosystem. As you might expect, such a fundamental issue within the operating environment hasn’t changed much over the years. In fact, the Linux file permission system is taken directly from the UNIX file permission (and even uses many of the same tools).
|
||||
|
||||
But, don’t think for a second that understanding file permissions is something you’ll wind up having to spend days and days studying...it’s actually quite simple. Let’s walk through what you need to know and how to put it all together.
|
||||
|
||||
## The Bits and Pieces
|
||||
|
||||
The first thing you need to understand is what file permissions apply to. Effectively what you do is apply a permission to a group. When you break it down, the concept really is that simple. But what are the permissions and what are the groups?
|
||||
|
||||
There are three types of permissions you can apply:
|
||||
|
||||
- read — gives the group permission to read the file (indicated with `r`)
|
||||
|
||||
- write — gives the group permission to edit the file (indicated with `w`)
|
||||
|
||||
- execute — gives the group permission to execute (run) the file (indicated with `x`)
|
||||
|
||||
To better explain how this is applied to a group, you could, for example, give a group permission to read and write to a file, but not execute the file. Or, you could give a group permission to read and execute a file, but not write to a file. You can even give a group full permission to read, write, and execute a file or strip a group of any access to a file by removing all permissions.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, what are the groups? There are four:
|
||||
|
||||
- user — the actual owner of the file
|
||||
|
||||
- group — users in the file’s group
|
||||
|
||||
- others — other users not in the file’s group
|
||||
|
||||
- all — all users
|
||||
|
||||
For the most part, you will only really ever bother with the first three groups. The all group is really only used as a shortcut (I’ll explain later).
|
||||
|
||||
So far so simple, right? Let’s layer on a bit of complexity.
|
||||
|
||||
If you open up a terminal window and issue the command ls -l, you will see a line-by-line listing of all files and folders within the current working directory (Figure 1 above).
|
||||
|
||||
If you look in the far left column, you’ll notice listings like `-rw-rw-r--`.
|
||||
|
||||
That listing should actually be looked at like so:
|
||||
|
||||
>rw- rw- r--
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, the listing is broken into three sections:
|
||||
|
||||
- rw-
|
||||
|
||||
- rw-
|
||||
|
||||
- r--
|
||||
|
||||
The order is quite important...for both permissions and for groups. The order is always:
|
||||
|
||||
- User Group Others — for groups
|
||||
|
||||
- Read Write Execute — for permissions
|
||||
|
||||
In our permissions listing example above, the User has read/write permission, the Group has read/write permission, and Others has only read permission. Had any of those groups been given executable permissions, it would have been represented with an x.
|
||||
|
||||
## Numerical Equivalent
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s make this even more complex. Each permission can also be represented by a number. The numbers are:
|
||||
|
||||
- Read — 4
|
||||
|
||||
- Write — 2
|
||||
|
||||
- Execute — 1
|
||||
|
||||
The numerical substitution isn’t an apples to apples change. You can’t drop in:
|
||||
|
||||
>-42-42-4--
|
||||
|
||||
Instead, what you do is add up the numbers you want for each group. Let’s stick with our example above (`-rw-rw-r—`). To give the User group read and write permission, you would add up 4+2 to get 6. For the Group, you need the same permissions, so they get the same number. You only want Others to have read permissions, so they get 4. The numerical equivalent is now:
|
||||
|
||||
>664
|
||||
|
||||
So, if you want to give a file 664 permissions, you’d issue the chmod command like this:
|
||||
|
||||
>chmod 664 FILENAME
|
||||
|
||||
where FILENAME is the name of the file.
|
||||
|
||||
## Changing Permissions
|
||||
|
||||
Now that you understand the actual permissions of files, it’s time to learn how to change those permissions. This is done with the chmod command. One of the first things you must understand is that, to be able to change the permissions of a file, either you must be the owner of the file or you must have permission to edit the file (or have admin access by way of su or sudo). Because of that, you cannot just jump around in the directory structure and change permissions of files at will.
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s stick with our example (`-rw-rw-r--`). Suppose this file (we’ll name it script.sh) is actually a shell script and needs to be executed...but you only want to give yourself permission to execute that script. At this point, you should be thinking, “Ah, then I need the permission listing to read `-rwx-rw-r--`!”. To get that `x` bit in there, you’d run the chmod command like so:
|
||||
|
||||
>chmod u+x script.sh
|
||||
|
||||
At this point, the listing will be -rwx-rw-r--.
|
||||
|
||||
If you wanted to give both User and Group executable permission, the command would look like:
|
||||
|
||||
>chmod ug+x script.sh
|
||||
|
||||
See how this works? Let’s make it interesting. Say, for whatever reason, you accidentally give all groups executable permissions for that file (so the listing looks like `-rwx-rwx-r-x`). If you want to strip Others of executable permissions, issue the command:
|
||||
|
||||
>chmod o-x script.sh
|
||||
|
||||
What if you want to completely remove executable permission from the file? You can do that two ways:
|
||||
|
||||
>chmod ugo-x script.sh
|
||||
|
||||
or
|
||||
|
||||
>chmod a-x script.sh
|
||||
|
||||
That’s where all comes into play. This is used to make the process a bit more efficient. I prefer to avoid using a as it could lead to issues (such as, when you accidentally issue the command chmod `a-rwx` script.sh).
|
||||
|
||||
## Directory Permissions
|
||||
|
||||
You can also execute the chmod command on a directory. When you create a new directory as a user, it is typically created with the following permissions:
|
||||
|
||||
>drwxrwxr-x
|
||||
|
||||
NOTE: The leading d indicates it is a directory.
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, both User and Group have executable permission for the folder. This does not mean that any files created in the folder will have the same permissions (files will be created with the default system permissions of `-rw-rw-r--`). But, suppose you do create files in this new directory, and you want to strip Group of write permissions. You don’t have to change into the directory and then issue the chmod command on all the files. You can add the R option (which means recursive) to the chmod command and change the permission on both the folder and all the containing files.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, suppose our example is a folder named TEST and within it is a number of scripts — all of which (including the TEST folder) have permissions `-rwxrwxr-x`. If you want to strip Group of write permissions, you could issue the command:
|
||||
|
||||
>chmod -R g-w TEST
|
||||
|
||||
If you now issue the command ls `-l`, you will see the TEST folder now has a permission listing of `drwxr-xr-x`. Group has been stripped of its write permissions (as will all the files within).
|
||||
|
||||
## Permission to Conclude
|
||||
|
||||
At this point, you should now have a solid understand of the basic Linux file permissions. There are more advanced issues that you can now easily study, such as setuid and setgid and ACLs. Without a good foundation of the basics, however, you’d quickly get lost with those next-level topics.
|
||||
|
||||
Linux file permissions haven’t changed much, since the early days. And, they most likely won’t change much going into the future.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/885268-getting-to-know-linux-file-permissions
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jack Wallen][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/93
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
|
||||
How to Best Manage Encryption Keys on Linux
|
||||
=============================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Storing SSH encryption **keys** and memorizing passwords can be a headache. But unfortunately in today's world of malicious hackers and exploits, basic security precautions are an essential practice. For a lot of general users, this amounts to simply memorizing passwords and perhaps finding a good program to store the passwords, as we remind such users not to use the same password for every site. But for those of us in various IT fields, we need to take this up a level. We have to deal with encryption keys such as SSH keys, not just passwords.
|
||||
|
||||
Here's a scenario: I have a server running on a cloud that I use for my main git repository. I have multiple computers I work from. All of those computers need to log into that central server to push to and pull from. I have git set up to use SSH. When git uses SSH, git essentially logs into the server in the same way you would if you were to launch a command line into the server with the SSH command. In order to configure everything, I created a config file in my .ssh directory that contains a Host entry providing a name for the server, the host name, the user to log in as, and the path to a key file. I can then test this configuration out by simply typing the command
|
||||
|
||||
>ssh gitserver
|
||||
|
||||
And soon I'm presented with the server's bash shell. Now I can configure git to use this same entry to log in with the stored key. Easy enough, except for one problem: For each computer I use to log into that server, I need to have a key file. That means more than one key file floating around. I have several such keys on this computer, and several such keys on my other computers. In the same way everyday users have a gazillion passwords, it's easy for us IT folks to end up with a gazillion key files. What to do?
|
||||
|
||||
## Cleaning Up
|
||||
|
||||
Before starting out with a program to help you manage your keys, you have to lay some groundwork on how your keys should be handled, and whether the questions we're asking even make sense. And that requires first and foremost that you understand where your public keys go and where your private keys go. I'm going to assume you know:
|
||||
|
||||
1. The difference between a public key and private key
|
||||
|
||||
2. Why you can't generate a private key from a public key but you can do the reverse
|
||||
|
||||
3. The purpose of the authorized_keys file and what goes in it
|
||||
|
||||
4. How you use private keys to log into a server that has the corresponding public key in its authorized_keys file.
|
||||
|
||||
Here's an example. When you create a cloud server on Amazon Web Services, you have to provide an SSH key that you'll use for connecting to your server. Each key has a public part and a private part. Because you want your server to stay secure, at first glance it might seem you put the private key onto that server, and that you take the public key with you. After all, you don't want that server to be publicly accessible, right? But that's actually backwards.
|
||||
|
||||
You put the public key on the AWS server, and you hold onto your private key for logging into the server. You guard that private key and keep it by your side, not on some remote server, as shown in the figure above.
|
||||
|
||||
Here's why: If the public key were to become known to others, they wouldn't be able to log into the server since they don't have the private key. Further, if somebody did manage to break into your server, all they would find is a public key. You can't generate a private key from a public key. And so if you're using that same key on other servers, they wouldn't be able to use it to log into those other computers.
|
||||
|
||||
And that's why you put your public key on your servers for logging into them through SSH. The private keys stay with you. You don't let those private keys out of your hands.
|
||||
|
||||
But there's still trouble. Consider the case of my git server. I had some decisions to make. Sometimes I'm logged into a development server that's hosted elsewhere. While on that dev box, I need to connect to my git server. How can the dev box connect to the git server? By using the private key. And therein lies trouble. This scenario requires I put a private key on a server that is hosted elsewhere, which is potentially dangerous.
|
||||
|
||||
Now a further scenario: What if I were to use a single key to log into multiple servers? If an intruder got hold of this one private key, he or she would have that private key and gain access to the full virtual network of servers, ready to do some serious damage. Not good at all.
|
||||
|
||||
And that, of course, brings up the other question: Should I really use the same key for those other servers? That's could be dangerous because of what I just described.
|
||||
|
||||
In the end, this sounds messy, but there are some simple solutions. Let's get organized.
|
||||
|
||||
(Note that there are many places you need to use keys besides just logging into servers, but I'm presenting this as one scenario to show you what you're faced with when dealing with keys.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Regarding Passphrases
|
||||
|
||||
When you create your keys, you have the option to include a passphrase that is required when using the private key. With this passphrase, the private key file itself is encrypted using the passphrase. For example, if you have a public key stored on a server and you use the private key to log into that server, you'll be prompted to enter a passphrase. Without the passphrase, the key cannot be used. Alternatively, you can configure your key without a passphrase to begin with. Then all you need is the key file to log into the server.
|
||||
|
||||
Generally going without a passphrase is easier on the users, but one reason I strongly recommend using the passphrase in many situations is this: If the private key file gets stolen, the person who steals it still can't use it until he or she is able to find out the passphrase. In theory, this will save you time as you remove the public key from the server before the attacker can discover the passphrase, thus protecting your system. There are other reasons to use a passphrase, but this one alone makes it worth it to me in many situations. (As an example, I have VNC software on an Android tablet. The tablet holds my private key. If my tablet gets stolen, I'll immediately revoke the public key from the server it logs into, rendering its private key useless, with or without the passphrase.) But in some cases I don't use it, because the server I'm logging into might not have much valuable data on it. It depends on the situation.
|
||||
|
||||
## Server Infrastructure
|
||||
|
||||
How you design your infrastructure of servers will impact how you manage your keys. For example, if you have multiple users logging in, you'll need to decide whether each user gets a separate key. (Generally speaking, they should; you don't want users sharing private keys. That way if one user leaves the organization or loses trust, you can revoke that user's key without having to generate new keys for everyone else. And similarly, by sharing keys they could log in as each other, which is also bad.) But another issue is how you're allocating your servers. Do you allocate a lot of servers using tools such as Puppet, for example? And do you create multiple servers based on your own images? When you replicate your servers, do you need to have the same key for each? Different cloud server software allows you to configure this how you choose; you can have the servers get the same key, or have a new one generated for each.
|
||||
|
||||
If you're dealing with replicated servers, it can get confusing if the users need to use different keys to log into two different servers that are otherwise similar. But on the other hand, there could be security risks by having the servers share the same keys. Or, on the third hand, if your keys are needed for something other than logging in (such as mounting an encrypted drive), then you would need the same key in multiple places. As you can see, whether you need to use the same keys across different servers is not a decision I can make for you; there are trade offs, and you need to decide for yourself what's best.
|
||||
|
||||
In the end, you're likely to have:
|
||||
|
||||
- Multiple servers that need to be logged into
|
||||
|
||||
- Multiple users logging into different servers, each with their own key
|
||||
|
||||
- Multiple keys for each user as they log into different servers.
|
||||
|
||||
(If you're using keys in other situations, as you likely are, the same general concepts will apply regarding how keys are used, how many keys are needed, whether they're shared, and how you handle private and public parts of keys.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Method of safety
|
||||
|
||||
Knowing your infrastructure and unique situation, you need to put together a key management plan that will help guide you on how you distribute and store your keys. For example, earlier I mentioned that if my tablet gets stolen, I will revoke the public key from my server, hopefully before the tablet can be used to access the server. As such, I can allow for the following in my overall plan:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Private keys are okay on mobile devices, but they must include a passphrase
|
||||
|
||||
2. There must exist a way to quickly revoke public keys from a server.
|
||||
|
||||
In your situation, you might decide you just don't want to use passphrases for a system you log into regularly; for example, the system might be a test machine that the developers log into many times a day. That's fine, but then you'll need to adjust your rules a bit. You might include a rule that that machine is not to be logged into from mobile devices. In other words, you need to build your protocols based on your own situation, and not assume one size fits all.
|
||||
|
||||
## Software
|
||||
|
||||
On to software. Surprisingly, there aren't a lot of good, solid software solutions for storing and managing your private keys. But should there be? Consider this: If you have a program storing all your keys for all your servers, and that program is locked down by a quick password, are your keys really secure? Or, similarly, if your private keys are sitting on your hard drive for quick access by the SSH program, is a key management software really providing any protection?
|
||||
|
||||
But for overall infrastructure and creating and managing public keys, there are some solutions. I already mentioned Puppet. In the Puppet world, you create modules to manage your servers in different ways. The idea is that servers are dynamic and not necessarily exact duplicates of each other. [Here's one clever approach](http://manuel.kiessling.net/2014/03/26/building-manageable-server-infrastructures-with-puppet-part-4/) that uses the same keys on different servers, but uses a different Puppet module for each user. This solution may or may not apply to you.
|
||||
|
||||
Or, another option is to shift gears altogether. In the world of Docker, you can take a different approach, as described in [this blog regarding SSH and Docker](http://blog.docker.com/2014/06/why-you-dont-need-to-run-sshd-in-docker/).
|
||||
|
||||
But what about managing the private keys? If you search, you're not going to find many software options, for the reasons I mentioned earlier; the private keys are sitting on your hard drive, and a management program might not provide much additional security. But I do manage my keys using this method:
|
||||
|
||||
First, I have multiple Host entries in my .ssh/config file. I have an entry for hosts that I log into, but sometimes I have more than one entry for a single host. That happens if I have multiple logins. I have two different logins for the server hosting my git repository; one is strictly for git, and the other is for general-purpose bash access. The one for git has greatly restricted rights on that machine. Remember what I said earlier about my git keys living on remote development machines? There we go. Although those keys can log into one of my servers, the accounts used are severely limited.
|
||||
|
||||
Second, most of these private keys include a passphrase. (For dealing with having to type the passphrase multiple times, considering using [ssh-agent](http://blog.docker.com/2014/06/why-you-dont-need-to-run-sshd-in-docker/).)
|
||||
|
||||
Third, I do have some servers that I want to guard a bit more carefully, and I don't have an entry into my Host file. This is more a social engineering aspect, because the key files are still present, but it might take an intruder a bit longer to locate the key file and figure out which machine they go with. In those cases, I just type out the long ssh command manually. (It's really not that bad.)
|
||||
|
||||
And you can see that I'm not using any special software to manage these private keys.
|
||||
|
||||
## One Size Doesn't Fit All
|
||||
|
||||
We occasionally get questions at linux.com for advice on good software for managing keys. But let's take a step back. The question actually needs to be re-framed, because there isn't a one-size-fits-all solution. The questions you ask should be based on your own situation. Are you simply trying to find a place to store your key files? Are you looking for a way to manage multiple users each with their own public key that needs to be inserted into the authorized_keys file?
|
||||
|
||||
Throughout this article, I've covered the basics of how all this fits together, and hopefully at this point you'll see that how you manage your keys, and whatever software you look for (if you even need additional software at all), should happen only after you ask the right questions.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/838235-how-to-best-manage-encryption-keys-on-linux
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jeff Cogswell][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/62256
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
|
||||
Linux Kernel 4.1.18 LTS Is the Biggest in the Series with Hundreds of Changes
|
||||
=================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
**It looks like renowned kernel maintainer Greg Kroah-Hartman is on vacation, as Sasha Levin has had the great pleasure of [announcing](http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/1602.2/00520.html) earlier today, February 16, 2016, the general availability of the eighteenth maintenance release of Linux kernel 4.1 LTS.**
|
||||
|
||||
Being a long-term supported kernel branch, Linux 4.1 will receive updates and patches for a few more years, and today's maintenance build proves that the kernel developers are committed to keeping the series stable and reliable for all GNU/Linux operating systems that use it. Linux kernel 4.1.18 LTS is a massive release with a total of 228 files changes, consisting of 5,304 insertions and 1,128 deletions.
|
||||
|
||||
What's new in Linux kernel 4.1.18 LTS? Well, let's start with improvements to the ARM, ARM64 (AArch64), MIPS, PA-RISC, m32r, PowerPC (PPC), s390, and x86 hardware architectures. Moreover, there are enhancements to the Btrfs, CIFS, NFS, XFS, OCFS2, OverlayFS, and UDF filesystems, networking stack fixes, especially for mac80211, as well as multiple core, crypto, and mm improvements and sound updates.
|
||||
|
||||
"I'm announcing the release of the 4.1.18 kernel. All users of the 4.1 kernel series must upgrade," says Sasha Levin. "The updated 4.1.y git tree can be found at: git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux-stable.git linux-4.1.y and can be browsed at the normal kernel.org git web browser: http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/stable/linux-stable.git;a=summary."
|
||||
|
||||
## Numerous drivers have been updated
|
||||
|
||||
Besides the architectures, filesystems, sound, networking, crypto, mm, and core kernel improvements, Linux kernel 4.1.18 LTS updates various drivers for better hardware support. This is in particular for things like Bluetooth, DMA, EDAC, GPU (mostly Radeon and Intel i915), InfiniBand, IOMMU, IRQchip, MD, MMC, DVB, networking (mostly wireless), PCI, SCSI, USB, thermal, staging, TTY, and Virtio.
|
||||
|
||||
As usual, we're urging all users of Linux kernel-based operating systems that use kernel packages from the Linux 4.1 LTS series to update to today's 4.1.18 release as soon as possible. This can be done either by installing the update from the default software repositories or by manually compiling the sources, which you can download right now from the [kernel.org](http://kernel.org/) website or via [Softpedia](http://linux.softpedia.com/get/System/Operating-Systems/Kernels/Linux-Kernel-Stable-1960.shtml).
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/linux-kernel-4-1-18-lts-is-the-biggest-in-the-series-with-hundreds-of-changes-500500.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Marius Nestor ][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/marius-nestor
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
|
||||
Ricky Gong 翻译中
|
||||
|
||||
Linux Systems Patched for Critical glibc Flaw
|
||||
=================================================
|
||||
|
||||
**Google exposed a critical flaw affecting major Linux distributions. The glibc flaw could have potentially led to remote code execution.**
|
||||
|
||||
Linux users today are scrambling to patch a critical flaw in the core glibc open-source library that could be exposing systems to a remote code execution risk. The glibc vulnerability is identified as CVE-2015-7547 and is titled, "getaddrinfo stack-based buffer overflow."
|
||||
|
||||
The glibc, or GNU C Library, is an open-source implementation of the C and C++ programming language libraries and is part of every major Linux distribution. Google engineers came across the CVE-2015-7547 issue when they were attempting to connect into a certain host system and a segmentation fault (segfault) occurred, causing the connection to crash. Further investigation revealed that glibc was at fault and the crash could potentially achieve an arbitrary remote code execution condition.
|
||||
|
||||
"The glibc DNS client side resolver is vulnerable to a stack-based buffer overflow when the getaddrinfo() library function is used," Google wrote in a blog post. "Software using this function may be exploited with attacker-controlled domain names, attacker-controlled DNS [Domain Name System] servers, or through a man-in-the-middle attack."
|
||||
|
||||
Actually exploiting the CVE-2015-7547 issue is not trivial, but it is possible. To prove that the issue can be exploited, Google has published proof-of-concept (PoC) code on GitHub that demonstrates if an end user or system is vulnerable.
|
||||
|
||||
"The server code triggers the vulnerability and therefore will crash the client code," the GitHub PoC page states.
|
||||
|
||||
Mark Loveless, senior security researcher at Duo Security, explained that the main risk of CVE-2015-7547 is to Linux client-based applications that rely on DNS responses.
|
||||
|
||||
"There are some specific conditions, so not every single application will be impacted, but it appears that several command-line utilities, including the popular SSH [Secure Shell] client could trigger the flaw," Loveless told eWEEK. "We deem this serious mainly because of the existing risks to Linux systems, but also because of the potential for other issues."
|
||||
|
||||
Other issues could potentially include a risk of an email-based attack that triggers the vulnerable glibc getaddrinfo() library call. Also of note is the fact that the vulnerability was in the code for years before it was discovered.
|
||||
|
||||
Google's engineers were not the first or only group to discover the security risk in glibc. The issue was first reported to a glibc bug [tracker](https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=1866) on July 13, 2015. The roots of the flaw go back even further with the actual code commit that introduced the flaw first in glibc 2.9, which was released in May 2008.
|
||||
|
||||
Linux vendor Red Hat also independently was looking at the bug in glibc and on Jan. 6, 2016, Google and Red Hat developers confirmed that they had been independently working on the same vulnerability as part of the initial private discussion with upstream glibc maintainers.
|
||||
|
||||
"Once it was confirmed that both teams were working on the same vulnerability, we collaborated on potential fixes, mitigations and regression testing," Florian Weimer, principal software engineer for product security at Red Hat, told eWEEK. "We also worked together to make the test coverage as wide as possible to catch any related problems in the code to help prevent future issues."
|
||||
|
||||
It took years to discover that there was a security issue with the glibc code because that flaw isn't obvious or immediately apparent.
|
||||
|
||||
"To diagnose bugs in a networking component, like a DNS resolver, it is common to look at packet traces which were captured while the issue was encountered," Weimer said. "Such packet captures were not available in this case, so some experimentation was needed to reproduce the exact scenario that triggered the bug."
|
||||
|
||||
Weimer added that once the packet captures were available, considerable effort went into validating the fix, leading to a series of refinements culminating in the regression test suite that was contributed upstream to the glibc project.
|
||||
|
||||
In many cases in Linux, the Security Enhanced Linux (SELinux) mandatory access security controls can mitigate the risk of potential vulnerabilities, but that's not the case with the new glibc issue.
|
||||
|
||||
"The risk is a compromise of important system functionality due to the execution of arbitrary code supplied by an attacker," Weimer said. "A suitable SELinux policy can contain some of the damage an attacker might do and constrain their access to the system, but DNS is used by many applications and system components, so SELinux policies offer only limited containment for this issue."
|
||||
|
||||
Alongside the vulnerability disclosure today, there is now a patch available to mitigate the potential risk of CVE-2015-7547.
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.eweek.com/security/linux-systems-patched-for-critical-glibc-flaw.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Michael Kerner][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://twitter.com/TechJournalist
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
|
||||
translating by ynmlml
|
||||
Mozilla contributor creates diabetes project for the masses
|
||||
================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
My open source story started in high school as a student. I always considered myself to be a hacker—not the malicious type, but the curious type who liked to tinker with code and hardware. My first encounter with open source was in 2001 when I installed my first Linux distro, [Lindows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linspire). Of course, I was also an early user of [Mozilla Firefox](https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/new/?utm_source=firefox-com&utm_medium=referral).
|
||||
|
||||
As a result of my early adoption of Linux, the first version I used was 1.0.4 (if I recall correctly), and I immediately fell in love. While I did not stay long with Lindows, hopping across many distros ([Debian](https://www.debian.org/), [Puppy Linux](http://puppylinux.org/main/Overview%20and%20Getting%20Started.htm), [SUSE](https://www.suse.com/), [Slackware](http://www.slackware.com/), [Ubuntu](http://ubuntu.com/)) over the years I continued to use open source software on a daily basis from my youth into adulthood.
|
||||
|
||||
Eventually, I consistently used Ubuntu. Around the release of Hardy Heron I started some of my first contributions to Ubuntu, helping out on IRC and helping users locally who needed help. With Ubuntu being where I cut my teeth in open source, it has always had a special place in my heart. The community behind Ubuntu is very diverse, passionate, and friendly and everyone comes together with some shared common goals but also individuals' goals as drivers for why they contribute to open source.
|
||||
|
||||
After having contributed to Ubuntu for a while, I started contributing upstream to projects like Debian, [GNOME](https://www.gnome.org/), [Ganeti](https://code.google.com/p/ganeti/), and many others. In the past few years I have contributed to over 40 different open source projects, some small and some very large.
|
||||
|
||||
After some changes in direction in the Ubuntu project, I ended up deciding not only that was it time for me to try something new, but that also I wanted to put my contributions into something new. So I started getting involved in Mozilla around 2009, helping out on IRC and then eventually getting involved with the [Mozilla WebFWD program](https://webfwd.org/), becoming a team member, then the [Mozilla Reps Program](https://reps.mozilla.org/), [Mozilla DevRel Program](https://wiki.mozilla.org/Devrel), and then for just over two years was a Firefox Community Release Manager overseeing the release of Firefox Nightly and Firefox ESR. Contributing to Mozilla was an even more rewarding experience than contributions to other open source projects. Of all the open source communities I've been involved in, Mozilla has been the most diverse, largest, and friendliest.
|
||||
|
||||
One thing that has happened over the years in terms of my feelings about open source is I've become more and more aligned to the values of free software and more defensive of things like privacy and respecting licensing and working in the open. I believe all three of those topics are very important to open source, and while many may not care about these things it's important that people advocate for them.
|
||||
|
||||
And here I am today, no longer a full-time contributor to other people's open source projects. Recently being diagnosed with diabetes, I saw a gap in the open source ecosystem where open source health software was not very abundant. Where it did exist, it was not as active as other open source software applications like Linux distros or browsers.
|
||||
|
||||
I recently founded my own open source project, [Glucosio](http://www.glucosio.org/), to bring open source diabetes management and research software to the masses. My years of contributing to open source projects and observing various structures has really come in handy being a project leader now. I'm very excited about the future of Glucosio, but most importantly about the future open source and how that will play out in health and medicine.
|
||||
|
||||
There is a lot of potential for software innovation in healthcare, and I think we will soon see a startup disrupt healthcare and medicine with open source solutions.
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/life/15/11/my-open-source-story-ben-kerensa
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[opensource.com][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:opensource.com
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
|
||||
ST Releases Free Linux IDE for 32-Bit MCUs
|
||||
=================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The 32-bit microcontroller world is starting to open up to Linux. This week, leading ARM Cortex-M vendor STMicroelectronics (ST) [released](http://www.st.com/web/en/press/p3781) a free Linux desktop version of its development software for its line of STM32 microcontroller units (MCUs). The tools include ST’s STM32CubeMX configurator and initialization tool, as well as its [System Workbench for STM32 (SW4STM32)](http://www.st.com/web/catalog/tools/FM147/CL1794/SC961/SS1533/PF261797) , an Eclipse-based IDE created by Ac6 Tools. SW4STM32 is supported with toolchain, forums, blogs, and technical support by the [openSTM32.org](http://www.openstm32.org/tiki-index.php?page=HomePage) development community.
|
||||
|
||||
"The Linux community is known to attract creative free-thinkers who are adept at sharing ideas and solving challenges efficiently," stated Laurent Desseignes, Microcontroller Ecosystem Marketing Manager, Microcontroller Division, STMicroelectronics. "We are now making it ultra-easy for them to apply their skills to create imaginative new products, leveraging the features and performance of our STM32 family."
|
||||
|
||||
Linux is the leading platform for Internet of Things gateways and hubs, as well as higher-end IoT endpoints. Yet, much of the IoT revolution, as well as the wearables market, is based on tiny, low-power microcontrollers, increasingly Cortex-M chips. A small subset of these can run the stripped-down uCLinux (see below), but none support more comprehensive Linux distributions. Instead, they are controlled with real-time operating systems (RTOSes) or go bare-bones with no OS at all. The firmware development work is typically done on a Windows-based Integrated Development Environment (IDE).
|
||||
|
||||
With ST’s free tools, Linux developers can more easily tap this new realm. ST’s tools, some of which should also be available for Mac OS/X in the second quarter, work with [STM32 Nucleo](http://www.st.com/web/en/catalog/tools/FM146/CL2167/SC2003?icmp=sc2003_pron_pr-stm32f446_dec2014&sc=stm32nucleo-pr5) boards, Discovery kits, and Evaluation boards. The Nucleo boards are available in 32-, 64-, and 144-pin versions, and offer hardware add-ons such as Arduino connectors.
|
||||
|
||||
The STM32CubeMX configurator and SW4STM32 IDE enable Linux developers to configure microcontrollers and develop and debug code. SW4STM32 supports the ST-LINK/V2 debugging tool under Linux via an adapted version of the [OpenOCD](http://openocd.org/) community project.
|
||||
|
||||
The software is compatible with microcontroller firmware within the STM32Cube embedded-software packages or Standard Peripheral Library, says ST. Targets include ST’s full range of MCUs, from entry-level Cortex-M0 cores to high-performing M7 chips, including M0+, M3, and DSP-extended M4 cores.
|
||||
|
||||
ST is not the first 32-bit MCU vendor to offer Linux-ready IDEs for Cortex-M chips, but it appears to be one of the first major free Linux platforms. For example, NXP, whose share of the MCU market increased with its recent acquisition of Freescale (Kinetis MCUs, among others), offers an [LPCXpresso IDE](http://www.nxp.com/pages/lpcxpresso-ide:LPCXPRESSO) with Linux, Windows, and Mac support. However, LPCXpresso costs $450 per individual seat.
|
||||
|
||||
Microsemi, which integrates Cortex-M3 chips in its [SmartFusion FPGA SoCs](http://www.microsemi.com/products/fpga-soc/soc-processors/arm-cortex-m3) has a [Libero IDE](http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/884961-st-releases-free-linux-ide-for-32-bit-mcus#device-support) available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) in addition to Windows. However, Libero requires a license, and the RHEL version lacks support for add-on packages such as FlashPro and SoftConsole.
|
||||
|
||||
## Why Learn MCU-Speak?
|
||||
|
||||
Even if a Linux developer has no plans to load uClinux on a Cortex-M chip, knowledge of MCUs should come in handy. This is especially true with complex, heterogeneous IoT projects that extend from MCU-based endpoints to cloud platforms.
|
||||
|
||||
For prototyping and hobbyist projects, an interface to an Arduino board offers fairly easy access to MCU benefits. Yet beyond prototyping, developers often replace the Arduino board and its 8-bit ATmega32u4 MCU with a faster 32-bit Cortex-M chip with additional functionality. This includes improved memory addressing, independent clock settings for the core and various buses, and in the case of some [Cortex-M7](http://www.electronicsnews.com.au/products/stm32-mcus-with-arm-cortex-m7-processors-and-graph) chips, rudimentary graphics.
|
||||
|
||||
Other categories where MCU development skills might come in handy include wearables, where low power, low cost, and small size give MCUs an edge, and robotics and drones where real-time processing and motor control are the main benefits. In robotics, you’re likely to see Cortex-A and Cortex-M both integrated in the same product.
|
||||
|
||||
There’s also a modest trend toward system-on-chips adding MCUs to Linux-driven Cortex-A cores, as with the [NXP i.MX6 SoloX](http://linuxgizmos.com/freescales-popular-i-mx6-soc-sprouts-a-cortex-m4-mcu/). While most embedded projects don’t use such hybrid SoCs or combine applications processor and MCUs on the same product, developers may increasingly find themselves working on product lines that extend from low-end MCU models to Linux- or Android-driven Cortex-A based designs.
|
||||
|
||||
## uClinux Stakes Linux Claim in MCUs
|
||||
|
||||
With the rise of IoT, we’re starting to see more SBCs and computer-on-modules that run uClinux on 32-bit MCUs. Unlike other Linux distributions, uClinux does not require a memory management unit (MMU). uClinux does, however, have higher memory requirements than most MCUs can meet. The distro requires higher end Cortex-M4 and Cortex-M4 MCUs with built-in memory controllers supporting external DRAM chips.
|
||||
|
||||
[Amptek’s iCon](http://www.semiconductorstore.com/Amptek/) SBCs run uClinux on NXP LPC Cortex-M3 and -M4 chips, offering familiar trappings like WiFi, Bluetooth, USB, and other interfaces. Arrow’s [SF2+](http://linuxgizmos.com/iot-dev-kit-runs-uclinux-on-a-microsemi-cortex-m3-fpga-soc/) IoT development kit runs uClinux on an Emcraft Systems SmartFusion2 COM based on Microsemi’s 166MHz, Cortex-M3/FPGA SmartFusion2 hybrid SoC.
|
||||
|
||||
[Emcraft](http://www.emcraft.com/), which sells uClinux-based COMs based on ST and NXP, as well as Microsemi MCUs, has been actively promoting the role of uClinux on 32-bit MCUs. Increasingly, uClinux is up against ARM’s own [Mbed OS](http://linuxgizmos.com/arm-announces-mbed-os-for-iot-devices/), at least on high-end MCU projects that require wireless communications and more sophisticated rules-based operation. Proponents of Mbed and modern, open source RTOSes like FreeRTOS say that uClinux requires too much RAM overhead to make it affordable for IoT endpoints. However, Emcraft and other uCLinux proponents claim the costs are overstated, and are worth the more extensive Linux wireless and interface support available even in a stripped down distro like uClinux.
|
||||
|
||||
When asked for comment on the ST release, Emcraft director of engineering Vladimir Khusainov had this to say: “ST’s decision to port its development tools to Linux is good news for Emcraft since it allows Linux users an easy way to start working with embedded STM MCUs. We expect that, having had a chance to get familiar with STM devices using the ST configurator and embedded libraries, some of those users may become interested in running embedded Linux (in its uClinux form) on the target.”
|
||||
|
||||
For a recent overview of uClinux on Cortex-M4, check out this [slide show](http://events.linuxfoundation.org/sites/events/files/slides/optimize-uclinux.pdf) from last year’s Embedded Linux Conference by Jim Huang and Jeff Liaw. More on Cortex-M processors in general may be found in this tidy [AnandTech overview](http://www.anandtech.com/show/8400/arms-cortex-m-even-smaller-and-lower-power-cpu-cores).
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/884961-st-releases-free-linux-ide-for-32-bit-mcus
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Arun Pyasi][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/42808
|
||||
120
sources/tech/20160218 The Best Linux Distros of 2016.md
Normal file
120
sources/tech/20160218 The Best Linux Distros of 2016.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
|
||||
GHLandy Translating
|
||||
|
||||
The Best Linux Distros of 2016
|
||||
================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2015 was a very important year for Linux, [both in the enterprise as well as in the consumer space](http://www.cio.com/article/3017983/linux/2015s-most-exciting-linux-devices.html). As a Linux user since 2005, I can see that the operating system has come a long way in the past 10 years. [And, 2016 is going to be even more exciting](http://www.cio.com/article/3017177/linux/11-predictions-for-linux-in-2016.html). In this article, I have picked some of the best distros that will shine in 2016.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Comeback Distro: openSUSE
|
||||
|
||||
SUSE, the company behind openSUSE, is the oldest Linux company; [it was formed just a year after Linus Torvalds announced Linux](http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/866964-exclusive-interview-with-suse-president-nils-brauckmann). The company actually predates Linux king Red Hat. SUSE is also the sponsor of the community-based distro [openSUSE](https://www.opensuse.org/).
|
||||
|
||||
In 2015, openSUSE teams decided to come closer to SUSE Linux Enterprise (SLE) so that users could have a distribution that shares its DNA with the enterprise server -- similar to CentOS and Ubuntu. Thus, openSUSE became [openSUSE Leap](https://en.opensuse.org/Portal:Leap), a distribution that’s directly based on SLE SP (service pack) 1.
|
||||
|
||||
The two distros will share the code base to benefit each other -- SUSE will take what’s good in openSUSE and vice versa. With this move, openSUSE is also ditching the regular release cycle, and a new version will be released in sync with SLE. That means each version will have a much longer life cycle.
|
||||
|
||||
As a result of this move, openSUSE has become a very important distribution because potential SLE users can now use openSUSE Leap. That’s not all, however; openSUSE also announced the release of [Tumbleweed](http://www.cio.com/article/3008856/open-source-tools/is-opensuse-tumbleweed-good-enough-for-a-seasoned-arch-user.html), a pure rolling-release version. So, now, users can use either the super-stable openSUSE Leap or the always up-to-date openSUSE Tumbleweed.
|
||||
|
||||
No other distro has made such an impressive comeback in my memory.
|
||||
|
||||
Most Customizable Distro: Arch Linux
|
||||
|
||||
Arch Linux is the best rolling-release distribution out there. Period. Ok, I could be biased because I am an Arch Linux user. However, the reason behind my claim is that Arch excels in many other areas, too, and that’s why I use it as my main operating system.
|
||||
|
||||
[Arch Linux](https://www.archlinux.org/) is a great distro for those who want to learn everything about Linux. Because you have to install everything manually, you learn all the bits and pieces of a Linux-based operating system.
|
||||
|
||||
- Arch is the most customizable distribution. There is no “Arch” flavor of any DE. All you get is a foundation and you can build whatever distro want, on top of it. For good or for worse, unlike openSUSE or Ubuntu there is no extra patching or integration. You get what upstream developers created. Period.
|
||||
|
||||
- Arch Linux is also one of the best rolling releases. It’s always updated. Users always run the latest packages, and they can also run pre-released software through unstable repositories.
|
||||
|
||||
- Arch is also known for having excellent documentation. Arch Wiki is my to-go resource for everything Linux related.
|
||||
|
||||
- What I like the most about Arch is that is offers almost every package and software that’s available for “any” Linux distribution, thanks to the Arch User Repository, aka AUR.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best-Looking Distro: elementary OS
|
||||
|
||||
Different Linux distributions have different focus areas -- in most cases, these are technical differences. In many Linux distributions. the look and feel is an afterthought -- a side project at the mercy of the specific desktop environment.
|
||||
|
||||
[elementary OS](https://elementary.io/) is trying to change all that. Here, design is at the forefront, and the reason is quite obvious. The distro is being developed by designers who have made their name in the Linux world by creating beautiful icons.
|
||||
|
||||
elementary OS is quite strict about the holistic look and feel. The developers have created their own components, including the desktop environment. Additionally, they choose only those applications that fit into the design paradigm. One can find heavy influence of Mac OS X on elementary OS.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Newcomer: Solus
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Solus](https://solus-project.com/) operating system has garnered quite a lot of attention lately. It’s a decent-looking operating system that has been created from scratch. It’s not a derivative of Debian or Ubuntu. It comes with the Budgie desktop environment, which was built from scratch but aims to integrate with Gnome. Solus has the same minimalistic approach as Google’s Chrome OS.
|
||||
|
||||
I have not played with Solus much, but it does look promising. Solus is actually not a “new” OS. It has been around for a while in different forms and names. But the entire project was revived back in 2015 under this new name.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Cloud OS: Chrome OS
|
||||
|
||||
[Chrome OS](https://www.chromium.org/chromium-os) may not be your typical Linux-based distribution because it’s a browser-based operating system for online activities. However, because it’s based on Linux and its source code is available for anyone to compile, it’s an attractive OS. I use Chrome OS on a daily basis. It’s an excellent, maintenance-free, always updated OS for anyone using a computer purely for web-related activities. Chrome OS, along with Android, deserves all the credit for making Linux popular in the PC and mobile space.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Laptop OS: Ubuntu MATE
|
||||
|
||||
Most laptops don’t have very high-end hardware, and if you are running a really resource-intensive desktop environment then you won’t have much system resources or battery life at your disposal -- they will be used by the OS itself. That’s where I found [Ubuntu MATE](http://www.cio.com/article/2848475/ubuntu-mate-enterprise-customers.html) to be an excellent operating system. It’s lightweight, yet has all the bells and whistles needed for a pleasant experience. Thanks to its lightweight design, the majority of system resources are free for applications so you can still do some heavy work on it. I also found it to be a great distro on really low-end systems.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Distro for Old Hardware: Lubuntu
|
||||
|
||||
If you have an old laptop or PC sitting around, breathe new life into it with [Lubuntu](http://lubuntu.net/). Lubuntu uses LXDE, but the project has merged with Razor Qt to create LXQt. Although the latest release 15.04 is still using LXDE, the future versions will be using LXQt. Lubuntu is a decent operating system for old hardware.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Distro for IoT: Snappy Ubuntu Core
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Snappy Ubuntu Core is the best Linux-based operating system out there for Internet of Things (IoT) and other such devices. The operating system holds great potential to turn almost everything around us into smart devices -- such as routers, coffeemakers, drones, etc. What makes it even more interesting is the way the software manages updates and offers containerization for added security.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Distro for Desktops: Linux Mint Cinnamon
|
||||
|
||||
[Linux Mint Cinnamon](http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/838569-review-linux-mint-172-release/) is the best operating system for desktops and powerful laptops. I will go as far as calling it the Mac OS X of the Linux world. Honestly, I had not been a huge fan of Linux Mint for a long time because of unstable Cinnamon. But, as soon as the developers chose to use LTS as the base, the distro has become incredibly stable. Because the developers don’t have to spend much time worrying about keeping up with Ubuntu, they are now investing all of their time in making Cinnamon better.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Distro for Games: Steam OS
|
||||
|
||||
Gaming has been a weakness of desktop Linux. Many users dual-boot with Windows just to be able to play games. Valve Software is trying to change that. Valve is a game distributor that offers a client to run games on different platforms. And, Valve has now created their open operating system -- [Steam OS](http://store.steampowered.com/steamos/) -- to create a Linux-based gaming platform. By the end of 2015, partners started shipping Steam machines to the market.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Distro for Privacy: Tails
|
||||
|
||||
In this age of mass surveillance and tracking by marketers (anonymous tracking for targeted content is acceptable), privacy has become a major issue. If you are someone who needs to keep the government and marketing agencies out of your business, you need an operating system that’s created -- from the ground up -- with privacy in mind.
|
||||
|
||||
And, nothing beats [Tails](https://tails.boum.org/) for this purpose. It’s a Debian-based distribution that offers privacy and anonymity by design. Tails is so good that, according to reports, the NSA considers it a major threat to their mission.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Distro for Multimedia Production: Ubuntu Studio
|
||||
|
||||
Multimedia production is one of the major weaknesses of Linux-based operating systems. All the professional-grade applications are available for either Windows or Mac OS X. There is no dearth of decent audio/video production software for Linux, but a multimedia production system needs more than just decent applications. It should use a lightweight desktop environment so that precious system resources -- such as CPU and RAM -- are used sparingly by the system itself, leaving them for the multimedia applications. And, the best Linux distribution for multimedia production is [Ubuntu Studio](https://ubuntustudio.org/tour/). It uses Xfce and comes with a broad range of audio, video, and image editing applications.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Enterprise Distro: SLE/RHEL
|
||||
|
||||
Enterprise customers don’t look for articles like these to choose a distribution to run on their servers. They already know where to go: It’s either [Red Hat Enterprise Linux](https://www.redhat.com/en/technologies/linux-platforms/enterprise-linux) or [SUSE Linux Enterprise](https://www.suse.com/). These two names have become synonymous with enterprise servers. These companies are also pushing boundaries by innovating in this changing landscape where everything is containerized and becoming software defined.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Server OS: Debian/CentOS
|
||||
|
||||
If you are looking at running a server, but you can’t afford or don’t want to pay a subscription fee for RHEL or SLE, then there is nothing better than [Debian](https://www.debian.org/) or [CentOS](https://www.centos.org/). These distributions are the gold standard when it comes to community-based servers. And, they are supported for a very long time, so you won’t have to worry about upgrading your system so often.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Mobile OS: Plasma Mobile
|
||||
|
||||
Although the Linux-based distribution Android is ruling the roost, many in the open source community, including me, still desire a distribution that offers traditional Linux desktop apps on mobile devices. At the same time, it’s better if the distro is run by a community instead of a company so that a user remains in the focus and not the company’s financial goals. And that’s where KDE’s [Plasma Mobile](https://community.kde.org/Plasma/Mobile) brings some hope.
|
||||
|
||||
This Kubuntu-based distribution was launched in 2015. Because the KDE community is known for their adherence to standards and developing stuff in public, I am quite excited about the future of Plasma Mobile.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Distro for ARM Devices: Arch Linux ARM
|
||||
|
||||
With the success of Android, we are now surrounded by ARM-powered devices -- from Raspberry Pi to Chromebook and Nvidia Shield. The traditional distros written for Intel/AMD processors won’t run on these systems. Some distributions are aimed at ARM, but they are mostly for specific hardware only, such as Raspbian for Raspberry Pi. That’s where [Arch Linux ARM](http://archlinuxarm.org/) (ALARM) shines. It’s a purely community-based distribution that’s based on Arch Linux. You can run it on Raspberry Pi, Chromebooks, Android devices, Nvidia Shield, and what not. What makes this distribution even more interesting is that, thanks to the Arch User Repository (AUR), you can install many applications than you may not get on other distributions.
|
||||
|
||||
## Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
I was astonished and amazed when I worked on this story. It’s very exciting to see that there is something for everyone in the Linux world. It doesn’t matter if the year of the desktop Linux never arrives. We are happy with our Linux moments!
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/878620-the-best-linux-distros-of-2016
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Swapnil Bhartiya][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/61003
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
|
||||
Tizen 3.0 Joins Growing List of Raspberry Pi 2 Distributions
|
||||
==============================================================
|
||||
Last week’s news that Tizen 3.0 has been ported to the Raspberry Pi 2 Model B is the latest example of how the year-old ARMv7 version of the Pi is attracting ports from more powerful Linux distributions, most notably Fedora, Ubuntu MATE, and Snappy. The [Samsung Open Source Group’s Tizen for Pi](http://blogs.s-osg.org/bringing-tizen-to-a-raspberry-pi-2-near-you/) project has been underway for several years, achieving several beta releases, and now the effort has shifted to the new Tizen 3.0. It’s still in beta, but now you can create builds for the Pi 2 using tools from the [Yocto](https://www.yoctoproject.org/) Project and [OpenEmbedded project](http://www.openembedded.org/wiki/Main_Page).
|
||||
|
||||
Tizen 3.0 offers performance and security improvements, multiple-user and 64-bit support, and an Internet of Things (IoT) framework. Samsung, the principal backer of the [Linux Foundation hosted Tizen project](https://www.tizen.org/), is using the Pi port to expand the base of developers using Tizen for IoT projects, according to an [IDG News Service post](http://www.cio.com/article/3031812/samsung-hopes-raspberry-pi-can-spread-tizen-os-adoption.html) that reported on the port.
|
||||
|
||||
Although Samsung finally [shipped a Tizen-based](http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/837843-samsung-sells-a-million-tizen-phones-as-mozilla-rethinks-firefox-os) phone in India last summer, and Gear smartwatches continue to use Tizen, the main focus now appears to be on IoT. At CES last month, Samsung [announced](http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/877879-linux-based-drones-upstage-other-mobile-gadgets-at-ces) that all of its Tizen-based, 2016 Smart TVs will be able to act as SmartThings home automation hubs, letting users monitor the household while watching TV.
|
||||
|
||||
## The Growing List of Pi Distros
|
||||
|
||||
[Elinux.org](http://elinux.org/RPi_Distributions) lists some 46 ARMv6-ready distributions that run on all the Raspberry Pi boards. A separate listing notes two ARMv7-only distros that require the ARMv7 Raspberry Pi 2: Ubuntu MATE, which replaces the resource-intensive Unity desktop with the Gnome 2.0 flavored MATE, and Windows 10 IoT Core. The prominent placement of a Microsoft distribution is not as controversial as one might have thought. To many younger Linux developers and casual Pi hackers, Microsoft is just another tech company, not so much the evil empire loathed by old-time Linux hackers.
|
||||
|
||||
Windows 10 IoT Core isn’t the only non-Linux distro running on the Pi. There’s also the Unix-like FreeBSD and NetBSD, as well as the revived RISC OS Pi version of the old Acorn Computers OS. Some of the 48 operating systems on the Elinux.org list are incomplete, out-of-date, or dedicated to limited niches. [DistroWatch](https://distrowatch.com/search.php?category=Raspberry+Pi) offers a more manageable list of 20.
|
||||
|
||||
The [Raspberry Pi Foundation](https://www.raspberrypi.org/) still prominently posts a download page for its homegrown, Debian-based Raspbian, in both standard and NOOBS packages. This lightweight distro is still the most popular and typically the highest rated Linux build for the Pi. The Scratch-ready distro is especially equally suited for desktop use and embedded hacking with home automation gear, robots, and other IoT gizmos. Raspbian recently [received an update](http://news.softpedia.com/news/raspbian-gets-experimental-opengl-driver-gpu-now-used-for-acceleration-500152.shtml) with an experimental OpenGL driver for doing hardware acceleration on the VideoCore IV GPU used with the Pi 2’s Broadcom BCM2836 SoC.
|
||||
|
||||
The Pi Foundation also lists several [third-party downloads](https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/). In addition to Windows 10 IoT Core and and Ubuntu MATE, the list includes the lightweight, transactionally focused [Snappy Ubuntu Core](http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/804659-ubuntu-snappy-leads-mobile-linux-migration-to-iot) for the Pi 2. Canonical is aiming Snappy at those who want an app platform and cloud integration in embedded devices like drones and IoT devices. Snappy also came out last week in a version designed for [Intel NUC mini-PCs](https://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/02/10/ubuntu-core-is-available-for-the-intel-nuc/). The Pi Foundation also posts images for RISC OS and the education-focused PINET. There are also two media center distros related to KODI/XBMC: OSMC and OpenElec.
|
||||
|
||||
In addition to its list of 48 released distros, Elinux.org lists several “announced” distros including Firefox OS, [openSUSE](https://www.reddit.com/r/openSUSE/comments/3hxrz4/opensuse_on_a_raspberry_pi_2_armv7/), Meego MER & XBMC, Puppy, RPi-Buildroot, and Aros. Missing, however, is Tizen, as well as newly announced ports such as [Manjaro-ARM](http://www.linux-arm.info/index.php/1103-hands-on-more-adventures-with-manjaro-arm-for-the-raspberry-pi-2) and the CentOS 7-based [CentOS AltArch 7](http://www.linux-arm.info/index.php/1054-centos-altarch-7-now-available-for-aarch64-powerpc64-powerpc8-le-and-armhfp) for the Pi 2, Banana Pi, and CubieTruck SBCs.
|
||||
|
||||
## Android Still Pi in the Sky
|
||||
|
||||
Elinux.org’s “announced” list also includes Android and a Miracast-like program called Android Transporter. People have been trying to port Android to the Pi for years; yet, even with the more suitable [Pi 2](http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/807087-faster-raspberry-pi-2-says-yes-to-ubuntu-and-windows-but-wheres-android) shipping for a year now, Android is still pretty much a no-show. Android can run on lower-powered SoCs than the Pi 2’s quad-core, Cortex-A7, but the limited 1GB of RAM and the lack of GPU acceleration are big challenges. Perhaps Raspbian’s OpenGL driver could be ported to Android as well, although the Pi Foundation does not seem very interested in Android.
|
||||
|
||||
There are several Android-for-Pi projects in the works, but without the foundation’s backing, there is still nothing close to a complete port. Projects include an [AOSP Marshmallow](http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/886126-tizen-30-joins-growing-list-of-raspberry-pi-2-distros#!topic/android-rpi/YW_gGr8wZkk) patch-set from Peter Yoon, as well as a [RaspAnd](https://extonlinux.wordpress.com/2015/04/05/run-android-5-1-lollipop-exton-build-on-your-raspberry-pi-2/) release based on the Ubuntu-based RaspEx, which makes use of the Aptoide package manager to load some Android 5.1 apps on a Pi 2. The [Razdroid project](https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=73&t=19106), which aims to tap into the secrets of Broadcom hardware acceleration, seems to have stalled.
|
||||
|
||||
Most Rasp Pi users, however, appear more interested in [Ubuntu MATE](https://ubuntu-mate.org/raspberry-pi/), which was never optimized for ARMv6, and Fedora. For years, Pi users have run the lightweight spin-down of Fedora called Pidora, but with the Pi 2, they can now try the real thing. The Raspberry Pi Foundation has yet to post Fedora, but the recent [betas of the Pi 2 port](https://chisight.wordpress.com/2015/10/19/fedora-22-or-23-on-raspberry-pi-2/) have received high marks.
|
||||
|
||||
Other Linux distributions that regularly make Top Pi distro lists include Arch Linux, which unlike most ports from mature Linux distros, works just fine on ARMv6. A recent [TechRadar Top 5 list](http://www.techradar.com/us/news/software/5-of-the-most-popular-raspberry-pi-distros-1292537) includes several more niche distros in addition to Raspbian. These include the OSMC media player environment, RetroPie for playing classic games, OpenMediaVault for turning your Pi into a NAS, and Pi MusicBox, based on the Mopidy music streaming server.
|
||||
|
||||
Beyond Ubuntu, Fedora, and Tizen, other distros, both arcane and general, are heading for the Pi 2, as well. The platform is rapidly expanding the boundaries of, as well as redefining the meaning of, desktop Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/886126-tizen-30-joins-growing-list-of-raspberry-pi-2-distros
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Eric Brown][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a](http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/42808)
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
|
||||
Top 4 open source issue tracking tools
|
||||
========================================
|
||||
|
||||
Life is full of bugs.
|
||||
|
||||
No matter how carefully planned, no matter how much time went into design, any project is going to have unforseen issues when the rubber hits the road in the implementation stage. And that's okay. Perhaps the best measure of resiliency for any organization is not how well they handle things when everything is functioning as planned, but rather, how they handle the speed bumps when they come along.
|
||||
|
||||
A critical tool for any project management workflow, especially in the software development world, is an issue tracker. The basics are simple; allowing bugs to be opened, tracked, and resolved in a collaborative manner, while making it easy to follow the progress. Beyond the basic functionality, there are a lot of options focused on meeting specific needs, features, and use cases, including software development and beyond. You may be familiar with hosted versions of these tools, like [GitHub Issues](https://guides.github.com/features/issues/) or [Launchpad](https://launchpad.net/), some of which are themselves open source.
|
||||
|
||||
So let's take a look at four excellent choices for managing bugs and issues, all open source and all easy to download and host yourself. To be clear, there's no way we could possibly list every issue tracking tool here; instead, these are four of our favorites, based on feature richness and the size of the community behind the project. There are others, to be sure, and if you've got a good case for your favorite not listed here, be sure to let us know which is your favorite tool and what makes it stand out to you, in the comments below.
|
||||
|
||||
## Redmine
|
||||
|
||||
[Redmine](http://www.redmine.org/) is a popular issue tracking tool built on Ruby on Rails and dating back to 2006. Similar in many regards to Trac, another one of our favorites, Redmine is capable of managing multiple projects and integrates with a number of version control systems. In addition to basic issue tracking, Redmine also offers forums, wikis, time tracking tools, and the ability to generate Gantt charts and calendars to track progress.
|
||||
|
||||
Redmine is fairly flexible in its setup, supporting numerous database backends and dozens of languages, and is customizable as well, featuring the ability to add custom fields to issues, users, projects and more. It can be further customized with a number of community-created plugins and themes.
|
||||
|
||||
An [online demo](http://demo.redmine.org/) is available if you’d like to try it out. Redmine is licensed as open source under the [GPL version 2](http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.en.html); the source code can be found in the project’s [subversion repository](https://svn.redmine.org/redmine) or mirrored on [GitHub](https://github.com/redmine/redmine).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Bugzilla
|
||||
|
||||
[Bugzilla](https://www.bugzilla.org/) is another popular development tool with issue tracking capabilities. As you might have guessed from the name, Bugzilla was originally created by the [Mozilla Foundation](https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/) to track bugs in the development of the then-called Netscape Communicator suite. Ported to Perl from its original Tcl routes for greater accessibility, Bugzilla is one of the older and more widely adopted issue tracking systems, as it is used by a number of well-known open source projects like GNOME, KDE, and the Linux kernel itself.
|
||||
|
||||
Sporting a number of advanced tools, from notifications to duplicate bug detection to shared searches, Bugzilla is certainly a more feature-rich option. Bugzilla has an advanced search system along with a comprehensive reporting tool, capable of generating charts and automated scheduled reports. Like Redmine, Bugzilla is extensible and customizable, both in the fields themselves as well as featuring the ability to create custom workflows for bugs. It also works with many database backends, and many different languages are supported out of the box.
|
||||
|
||||
Bugzilla is licensed under the [Mozilla Public License](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License), and you can read their [future roadmap](https://www.bugzilla.org/status/roadmap.html) and try out a [demo server](https://landfill.bugzilla.org/) on the official website.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Trac
|
||||
|
||||
[Trac](http://trac.edgewall.org/browser) describes itself as taking a minimalistic approach to web-based software project management, but don’t confusing minimalism with a lack of features.
|
||||
|
||||
Written in Python, Trac tightly integrates its bug tracking capabilities with its wiki system and a revision control system of your choosing. It features project management capabilities like generating milestones and roadmaps, a customizable reporting system, timelines, support for multiple repositories, built-in spam filtering, and is available in many common languages. Like the other bug trackers we have looked at, has a number of plugins available for it extending its base feature set even further.
|
||||
|
||||
Trac is made available as open source under a modified [BSD license](http://trac.edgewall.org/wiki/TracLicense), though older versions were released under the GPL. You can view Trac’s source in a [self-hosted repository](http://trac.edgewall.org/browser) or check out their [roadmap](http://trac.edgewall.org/wiki/TracRoadmap) for future plans.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Mantis
|
||||
|
||||
[Mantis](https://www.mantisbt.org/) is the final tool we’ll look at in this collection, a PHP-based bug tracker with a sixteen year history. Another bug tracker with support for many different revision control systems and an event-driven notification system, Mantis has a similar feature set to other tools here. While it does not itself contain a wiki, it integrates with many popular wiki platforms and is localized into many languages.
|
||||
|
||||
Mantis is licensed as open source under the [GPL version 2](http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.en.html); you can browse its source code on [GitHub](https://github.com/mantisbt/mantisbt) or check out the self-hosted [roadmap](https://www.mantisbt.org/bugs/roadmap_page.php?project=mantisbt&version=1.3.x) for future plans. For a demo, you can check out their own internal [bug tracker](https://www.mantisbt.org/bugs/my_view_page.php).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
As we notes, these four are not the only options. Looking to explore some others? [Apache Bloodhound](https://issues.apache.org/bloodhound/), [Fossil](http://fossil-scm.org/index.html/doc/trunk/www/index.wiki), [The Bug Genie](http://www.thebuggenie.com/), and many alternatives all have dedicated followings, each with different strengths and weaknesses. In addtion, some of the tools in our [project management](https://opensource.com/business/15/1/top-project-management-tools-2015) roundup have issue tracking capabilities. So, which is your preferred tool for tracking and squashing bugs?
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/business/16/2/top-issue-support-and-bug-tracking-tools
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jason Baker][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://opensource.com/users/jason-baker
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
|
||||
What do Linux developers think of Git and GitHub?
|
||||
=====================================================
|
||||
|
||||
**Also in today’s open source roundup: DistroWatch reviews XStream Desktop 153, and Street Fighter V is coming to Linux and SteamOS in the spring**
|
||||
|
||||
## What do Linux developers think of Git and GitHub?
|
||||
|
||||
The popularity of Git and GitHub among Linux developers is well established. But what do developers think of them? And should GitHub really be synonymous with Git itself? A Linux redditor recently asked about this and got some very interesting answers.
|
||||
|
||||
Dontwakemeup46 asked his question:
|
||||
|
||||
>I am learning Git and Github. What I am interested in is how these two are viewed by the community. That git and github are used extensively, is something I know. But are there serious issues with either Git or Github? Something that the community would love to change?
|
||||
|
||||
[More at Reddit](http://api.viglink.com/api/click?format=go&jsonp=vglnk_145580413015211&key=0a7039c08493c7c51b759e3d13019dbe&libId=iksc5hc8010113at000DL3yrsuvp7&loc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3033059%2Flinux%2Fwhat-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github.html&v=1&out=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reddit.com%2Fr%2Flinux%2Fcomments%2F45jy59%2Fthe_popularity_of_git_and_github%2F&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.com%2Fnews%2Fsoftware%2Fapplications%2F886008-what-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github&title=What%20do%20Linux%20developers%20think%20of%20Git%20and%20GitHub%3F%20%7C%20InfoWorld&txt=More%20at%20Reddit)
|
||||
|
||||
His fellow Linux redditors responded with their thoughts about Git and GitHub:
|
||||
|
||||
>Derenir: ”Github is not affliated with Git.
|
||||
|
||||
>Git is made by Linus Torvalds.
|
||||
|
||||
>Github hardly supports Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
>Github is a corporate bordelo that tries to make money from Git.
|
||||
|
||||
>[https://desktop.github.com/](http://api.viglink.com/api/click?format=go&jsonp=vglnk_145580415025712&key=0a7039c08493c7c51b759e3d13019dbe&libId=iksc5hc8010113at000DL3yrsuvp7&loc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3033059%2Flinux%2Fwhat-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github.html&v=1&type=U&out=https%3A%2F%2Fdesktop.github.com%2F&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.com%2Fnews%2Fsoftware%2Fapplications%2F886008-what-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github&title=What%20do%20Linux%20developers%20think%20of%20Git%20and%20GitHub%3F%20%7C%20InfoWorld&txt=https%3A%2F%2Fdesktop.github.com%2F) see here no Linux Support.”
|
||||
|
||||
>**Bilog78**: ”A minor update: git hasn't been “made by Linus Torvalds” for a while. The maintainer is Junio C Hamano and the main contributors after him are Jeff King and Shawn O. Pearce.”
|
||||
|
||||
>**Fearthefuture**: ”I like git but can't understand why people even use github anymore. From my point of view the only thing it does better than bitbucket are user statistics and the larger userbase. Bitbucket has unlimited free private repos, much better UI and very good integration with other services such as Jenkins.”
|
||||
|
||||
>**Thunger**: ”Gitlab.com is also nice, especially since you can host your own instance on your own servers.”
|
||||
|
||||
>**Takluyver**: ”Lots of people are familiar with the UI of Github and associated services like Travis, and lots of people already have Github accounts, so it's a good place for projects to be. People also use their Github profile as a kind of portfolio, so they're motivated to put more projects on there. Github is a de facto standard for hosting open source projects.”
|
||||
|
||||
>**Tdammers**: ”Serious issue with git would be the UI, which is kind of counterintuitive, to the point that many users just stick with a handful of memorized incantations.
|
||||
|
||||
Github: most serious issue here is that it's a proprietary hosted solution; you buy convenience, and the price is that your code is on someone else's server and not under your control anymore. Another common criticism of github is that its workflow isn't in line with the spirit of git itself, particularly the way pull requests work. And finally, github is monopolizing the code hosting landscape, and that's bad for diversity, which in turn is crucial for a thriving free software community.”
|
||||
|
||||
>**Dies**: ”How is that the case? More importantly, if that is the case, then what's done is done and I guess we're stuck with Github since they control so many projects.”
|
||||
|
||||
>**Tdammers**: ”The code is hosted on someone else's server, "someone else" in this case being github. Which, for an open-source project, is not typically a huge problem, but still, you don't control it. If you have a private project on github, then the only assurance you have that it will remain private is github's word for it. If you decide to delete things, then you can never be sure whether it's been deleted, or just hidden.
|
||||
|
||||
Github doesn't control the projects themselves (you can always take your code and host it elsewhere, declaring the new location the "official" one), it just has deeper access to the code than the developers themselves.”
|
||||
|
||||
>**Drelos**: ”I have read a lot of praises and bad stuff about Github ([here's an example](http://api.viglink.com/api/click?format=go&jsonp=vglnk_145580428524613&key=0a7039c08493c7c51b759e3d13019dbe&libId=iksc5hc8010113at000DL3yrsuvp7&loc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3033059%2Flinux%2Fwhat-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github.html&v=1&out=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2015%2F06%2Fproblem-putting-worlds-code-github%2F&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.com%2Fnews%2Fsoftware%2Fapplications%2F886008-what-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github&title=What%20do%20Linux%20developers%20think%20of%20Git%20and%20GitHub%3F%20%7C%20InfoWorld&txt=here%27s%20an%20example)) but my simple noob question is why aren't efforts towards a free and open "version" ?”
|
||||
|
||||
>**Twizmwazin**: ”GitLab is sorta pushing there.”
|
||||
|
||||
[More at Reddit](http://api.viglink.com/api/click?format=go&jsonp=vglnk_145580429720714&key=0a7039c08493c7c51b759e3d13019dbe&libId=iksc5hc8010113at000DL3yrsuvp7&loc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3033059%2Flinux%2Fwhat-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github.html&v=1&out=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reddit.com%2Fr%2Flinux%2Fcomments%2F45jy59%2Fthe_popularity_of_git_and_github%2F&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.com%2Fnews%2Fsoftware%2Fapplications%2F886008-what-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github&title=What%20do%20Linux%20developers%20think%20of%20Git%20and%20GitHub%3F%20%7C%20InfoWorld&txt=More%20at%20Reddit)
|
||||
|
||||
## DistroWatch reviews XStream Desktop 153
|
||||
|
||||
XStreamOS is a version of Solaris created by Sonicle. XStream Desktop brings the power of Solaris to desktop users, and distrohoppers might be interested in checking it out. DistroWatch did a full review of XStream Desktop 153 and found that it performed fairly well.
|
||||
|
||||
Jesse Smith reports for DistroWatch:
|
||||
|
||||
>I think XStream Desktop does a lot of things well. Admittedly, my trial got off to a rocky start when the operating system would not boot on my hardware and I could not get the desktop to use my display's full screen resolution when running in VirtualBox. However, after that, XStream performed fairly well. The installer works well, the operating system automatically sets up and uses boot environments, insuring we can recover the system if something goes wrong. The package management tools work well and XStream ships with a useful collection of software.
|
||||
|
||||
>I did run into a few problems playing media, specifically getting audio to work. I am not sure if that is another hardware compatibility issue or a problem with the media software that ships with the operating system. On the other hand, tools such as the web browser, e-mail, productivity suite and configuration tools all worked well.
|
||||
|
||||
>What I appreciate about XStream the most is that the operating system is a branch of the OpenSolaris family that is being kept up to date. Other derivatives of OpenSolaris tend to lag behind, at least with desktop software, but XStream is still shipping recent versions of Firefox and LibreOffice.
|
||||
|
||||
>For me personally, XStream is missing a few components, like a printer manager, multimedia support and drivers for my specific hardware. Other aspects of the operating system are quite attractive. I like the way the developers have set up LXDE, I like the default collection of software and I especially like the way file system snapshots and boot environments are enabled out of the box. Most Linux distributions, openSUSE aside, have not caught on to the usefulness of boot environments yet and I hope it is a technology that is picked up by more projects.
|
||||
|
||||
[More at DistroWatch](http://api.viglink.com/api/click?format=go&jsonp=vglnk_145580434172315&key=0a7039c08493c7c51b759e3d13019dbe&libId=iksc5hc8010113at000DL3yrsuvp7&loc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3033059%2Flinux%2Fwhat-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github.html&v=1&out=http%3A%2F%2Fdistrowatch.com%2Fweekly.php%3Fissue%3D20160215%23xstreamos&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.com%2Fnews%2Fsoftware%2Fapplications%2F886008-what-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github&title=What%20do%20Linux%20developers%20think%20of%20Git%20and%20GitHub%3F%20%7C%20InfoWorld&txt=More%20at%20DistroWatch)
|
||||
|
||||
## Street Fighter V and SteamOS
|
||||
|
||||
Street Fighter is one of the most well known game franchises of all time, and now [Capcom has announced](http://api.viglink.com/api/click?format=go&jsonp=vglnk_145580435418216&key=0a7039c08493c7c51b759e3d13019dbe&libId=iksc5hc8010113at000DL3yrsuvp7&loc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3033059%2Flinux%2Fwhat-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github.html&v=1&out=http%3A%2F%2Fsteamcommunity.com%2Fgames%2F310950%2Fannouncements%2Fdetail%2F857177755595160250&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.com%2Fnews%2Fsoftware%2Fapplications%2F886008-what-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github&title=What%20do%20Linux%20developers%20think%20of%20Git%20and%20GitHub%3F%20%7C%20InfoWorld&txt=Capcom%20has%20announced) that Street Fighter V will be coming to Linux and SteamOS in the spring. This is great news for Linux gamers.
|
||||
|
||||
Joe Parlock reports for Destructoid:
|
||||
|
||||
>Are you one of the less than one percent of Steam users who play on a Linux-based system? Are you part of the even smaller percentage of people who play on Linux and are excited for Street Fighter V? Well, I’ve got some good news for you.
|
||||
|
||||
>Capcom has announced via Steam that Street Fighter V will be coming to SteamOS and other Linux operating systems sometime this spring. It’ll come at no extra cost, so those who already own the PC build of the game will just be able to install it on Linux and be good to go.
|
||||
|
||||
[More at Destructoid](http://api.viglink.com/api/click?format=go&jsonp=vglnk_145580435418216&key=0a7039c08493c7c51b759e3d13019dbe&libId=iksc5hc8010113at000DL3yrsuvp7&loc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3033059%2Flinux%2Fwhat-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github.html&v=1&out=http%3A%2F%2Fsteamcommunity.com%2Fgames%2F310950%2Fannouncements%2Fdetail%2F857177755595160250&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.com%2Fnews%2Fsoftware%2Fapplications%2F886008-what-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github&title=What%20do%20Linux%20developers%20think%20of%20Git%20and%20GitHub%3F%20%7C%20InfoWorld&txt=Capcom%20has%20announced)
|
||||
|
||||
Did you miss a roundup? Check the [Eye On Open home page](http://www.infoworld.com/blog/eye-on-open/) to get caught up with the latest news about open source and Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.infoworld.com/article/3033059/linux/what-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jim Lynch][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.infoworld.com/author/Jim-Lynch/
|
||||
|
||||
35
translated/news/20160218 Russia Announces Switch to Linux.md
Normal file
35
translated/news/20160218 Russia Announces Switch to Linux.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
|
||||
本周 Linux 新闻: 俄罗斯宣布政府电脑系统迁移到 Linux
|
||||
=========================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
本周 Linux 新闻， 俄罗斯宣布可能会将系统迁移到 Linux 上， Jack Wallen 思考2016 年对 Linux 桌面系统的重要性， 等等。下面就让我们看看本周 Linux 界都有那些重要新闻。
|
||||
|
||||
1. 俄罗斯宣布有可能切换到 Linux , 以此来反击自克里米亚以来西方实施的商业禁运。
|
||||
|
||||
[俄罗斯可能讲成千上万台政府的电脑系统从 Windows 切换成 Linux](http://www.techradar.com/news/world-of-tech/russia-might-switch-thousands-of-government-computers-to-linux-to-spite-microsoft-1314762) - TechRadar
|
||||
|
||||
2. Jack Wallen 写到：“对于 Linux 来说占有桌面系统市场 1% 或者 99% 并不重要”
|
||||
|
||||
[为了 Linux 桌面系统奋斗是否真的很重要?](http://www.techrepublic.com/article/should-the-fight-for-the-linux-desktop-really-matter/) - TechRepublic
|
||||
|
||||
3. 自从去年12月以来，参与 Linux 基金会的 HYPERLEDGER 计划的合作伙伴有了显著的增加
|
||||
|
||||
[Linux 基金会的 HYPERLEDGER 计划已经有了30 个合作伙伴](http://www.coindesk.com/linux-foundation-led-hyperledger-project-swells-to-30-members/) - CoinDesk
|
||||
|
||||
4. Docker 的创始人和 CTO , Solomon Hykes 暗示 Alpine Linux 将会成为公司新的默认操作系统
|
||||
|
||||
[Docker 将会抛弃 Ubuntu 吗？](http://www.infoworld.com/article/3031847/open-source-tools/is-docker-ditching-ubuntu-linux-confusion-reigns.html) - InfoWorld
|
||||
|
||||
5.Node.js 基金会， 作为Linux 基金会的合作项目， 计划将 Express 引入基金会
|
||||
|
||||
[Node.js 基金会计划将社区里最流行的框架软件 Expres 引入基金会进行孵化](http://thenextweb.com/dd/2016/02/10/the-node-js-foundation-plans-to-incubate-one-of-the-communitys-most-popular-packages/)- The Next Web
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/885174-this-week-in-linux-news-russia-announces-switch-to-linux-outdated-fight-for-the-linux-desktop-a-more
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[linux.com][linux.com]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/oska874)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
|
||||
没有 Linux 和开源软件的世界会变得怎么样 —— 听听来自 Linux 基金会的解释
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Linux 基金会针最近对人们关于 “没有 Linux 的世界” 系列短片提出的问题做了回应：包括没有 Linux 和其他的开源软件的因特网会变得怎么样等问题。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
假如 Linux —— 一个开源的操作系统内核 —— 不曾出现过，我们现在的世界是否会是另一番景象。会不会没有了因特网，或者没有了电影？这些都是 [Linux 基金会][1] 正在连续播出的 “[没有 Linux 的世界][2]” 系列短片的观众提出来的问题。
|
||||
|
||||
假如你错过了观看这些短片也不要紧，“没有 Linux 的世界” 系列短片是一个古怪的短片集合，里边描述了没有了 Linux （或者说没有开源软件）的世界发生的事情。这些短片强调了 Linux 在 [电影制作][3] 以及 [服务于因特网][4] 中充当的角色。
|
||||
|
||||
为了提供该系列短片的一些主张、方向和隐藏元素，Linux 基金会副主席 Jennifer Cloer 最近在 The VAR Guy 上回应了关于该短片的一些问题。以下是她的原话解答。
|
||||
|
||||
### 最新一集短片 —— Sam 和 Annie 一起看电影。假如没有 Linux，我们现在的荧屏是不是也和短片中的一样？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
在 #4 剧情中，我们恶搞了一下电影 “Avatar”。不管你喜欢还是讨厌，现实中的 “Avatar” 在荧屏上的效果还是让人产生记忆深刻的。在没有 Linux 的世界中，电影的效果就变得非常恐怖，但是我们并不介意它，因为那已经是最好的了。但实际上，“Avatar” 是使用了 Linux 来进行效果制作的。Weta 数码使用了当时世界上最大的 Linux 集群来给电影做效果渲染和 3D 建模。据报道，指环王（Lord of the Rings）、神奇四侠（Fantastic Four）和金刚（King Kong）等电影都用到了 Linux。我希望该短片能引起电影制作工作者的关注，还有很多我们不知道的用到 Linux 来制作的电影。（译者注：这句应该是强度 Linux 在电影制作中的重要应用，可能翻译的不是很好。that work应该指的电影制作，只是直译感觉有点怪，这暂时没想到怎么译的最好。原话为：We hope this episode can bring attention to that work, which hasn't been widely reported.）
|
||||
|
||||
### 很多人对短片的原始剧情进行了批判，其中包括没有 Linux 将没有因特网。你对此持什么样的看法？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
我们很喜欢人们从短片刚上映就进行激烈的辩论。该短片上映当天就超过了 100,000 的观众，这引起了人们对 Linux 在社会中扮演的角色以及全球的社区贡献者和维护者的关注。当然了，没有 Linux 的话，因特网也是会出现的，只是不会像当前我们所熟知的互联网那么成熟而已。每一个短片都对 Linux 在我们每天生活中扮演的角色进行了大胆且有趣的描述。我们希望，这些短片能够把关于 Linux 的故事推广到全世界的人的心里去。
|
||||
|
||||
### 为什么 Sam 和 Annie 的那只猫叫做 String？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
该短片系列中没有一处剧情是偶然的。仔细的观看话，你就会发现其中关于 Linux 和极客们的各种玩笑。小猫 String 是我们的 Linux.com 主编 Libby Clark 以弦理论（string theory）亲自来命名的。在物理学里，弦理论（string theory）是一个理论框架，它用一个叫做弦（String）的一维对象替换了粒子物理学中粒子状粒子。弦理论（string theory）描述了这些弦（String）如何在空间传播以及相互影响。就像 Sam、Annie 和 String 在那个没有 Linux 的世界里的关系那样。
|
||||
|
||||
### 我们期待已久的下两集是什么样的，特别是，最后那集什么时候上映？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
在 #5 短片中，我们将到太空并体验一下没有 Linux 的世界对太空探索的影响。这就像是一场疯狂的骑行。在短片的最后，我们最终还是会见到没有 Linux 的世界里的 Linus。贯穿整个短片系列，里边已经给出关于结局的线索，我在这就不能给太多提示了，因为还有好多人在找线索比赛中继续寻找着。并且我也不能给你们说出关于结局短片的上映日期。你们要自己跟进 #WorldWithoutLinux 主题帖来获取跟多信息。
|
||||
|
||||
### 你可给一些关于 #4 短片相关线索的提示吗？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
在该短片中有另外一个关于免费汉堡餐厅（Free Burger Restaurant）的线索。在那个没有 Linux 的世界里，Linux 最后还是以一种很隐秘的方式出现了，可以说，就像是以另一种语言来解读 Linux。当然，这只是为了好玩，String 也是另外一个模样。
|
||||
|
||||
### 那么，该系列短片达到你所想要的效果了吗？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
是的，达到了。我们很高兴看到人们分享并参与到这些故事中去。
|
||||
我们希望向那些可能不知道 Linux 的人传达更多关于 Linux 的故事并了解 Linux 在当今世界中是无处不在的。全部的短片就是为了把这些关于 Linux 的真相推广给大家，并感谢那些全球性社区的开发者和公司对 Linux 的支持，Linux 使得一切成为可能。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/linux-foundation-explains-world-without-linux-and-open-so
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Christopher Tozzi][a]
|
||||
译者：[GHLandy](https://github.com/GHLandy)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://thevarguy.com/author/christopher-tozzi
|
||||
[1]:http://linuxfoundation.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/world-without-linux
|
||||
[3]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/new-linux-foundation-video-highlights-role-open-source-3d
|
||||
[4]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/100715/would-internet-exist-without-linux-yes-without-open-sourc
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
||||
Canonical的ZFS计划将会进入Ubuntu 16.04
|
||||
=======================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu开发者正在为[Ubuntu 16.04 加上支持ZFS](http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=ZFS-For-Ubuntu-16.04) ，并且所遇的文件系统支持都已经准备就绪。
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu 16.04的默认安装将会继续是ext4，但是ZFS支持将会自动构建进Ubuntu发布中，模块将在需要时自动加载，zfsutils-linux是Ubuntu的一部分，并且通过Canonical对商业客户提供支持
|
||||
|
||||
对于那些对Ubuntu中的ZFS感兴趣的人，Canonical的Dustin Kirkland已经写了[一篇新的博客](http://blog.dustinkirkland.com/2016/02/zfs-is-fs-for-containers-in-ubuntu-1604.html)覆盖了一些细节及为何“ZFS是Ubuntu 16.04中为容器使用的文件系统！”
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Ubuntu-ZFS-Continues-16.04&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Phoronix+%28Phoronix%29
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Michael Larabel][a]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.michaellarabel.com/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
|
||||
translatin by Ezio
|
||||
|
||||
Meizu PRO 5 Ubuntu Edition Announced and It's a Beast
|
||||
魅族 Pr 5 Ubuntu 版即将发布
|
||||
========================================================
|
||||
|
||||
**Canonical 和魅族刚刚透露魅族 Pro 5 Ubuntu 版将在2016 世界移动大会召开期间开始预售**
|
||||
|
||||
自从上次听到魅族的消息到现在已经很久了，但是看起来 Canonical 和这个中国的硬件厂商之间的合作关系仍然存在。从表面来看，之前的魅族 MX4 Ubuntu 版只是进行了有限的发布，所以只有很少的设备被出售出去了。
|
||||
|
||||
我们可以仅仅希望 魅族 Pro 5 Ubuntu 版可以增加更多的供货量，特别因为他还是一个魅族仍然提供支持的非常新的手机。
|
||||
|
||||
最新的魅族 Pro 5 是第5个支持 Ubuntu Touch 的官方设备，而且在2016 年我们将会看到更多的手机，以及平板会预装这个操作系统。
|
||||
|
||||
## 魅族 Pro 5 Ubuntu 版将会非常震撼
|
||||
|
||||
Canonical 宣称 Pro 5 是目前已发布了的 Ubuntu 智能手机中最强大的， 他们说的是对的， 除了这一点，它还是平板意外最大的。 魅族 Pro 5 拥有一颗 Exynos 7420 8核处理器，5.7 英寸分辨率未1920x1080 的 AMOLED 屏，覆盖第三代大猩猩屏，以及 LPDDR4 内存技术。
|
||||
|
||||
很多人也许会问这个新手机是否可以汇聚桌面版系统， 而且看起来用户是运气不错。
|
||||
|
||||
公司解释说，“Canonical 一直致力于重塑个人计算的视觉表现，希望为所有的的个人设备提供自适应的平台。因此尽管 Pro 5 缺少 MHL 输出，运行在魅族 Pro 5 上的是最新的代码，同时也是最新发布的支持平板和其它设备系统，它可以提供一种传统桌面的体验。”
|
||||
|
||||
魅族 Pro 5 最初实在2015 年9 月发布的。用户同时会拥有一个2100 万像素的后置摄像头，可以拍摄2160p 和30 fps 的视频。同时它还带有一个指纹传感器和支持快速充电的3050 mAh 的锂电池。
|
||||
|
||||
目前这款手机只在中国和欧洲有售，预定讲从2016 年世界移动大会期间开始，即2 月22 日至25 日。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/886322-meizu-pro-5-ubuntu-edition-announced-and-its-a-beast
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/osk874)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user