From 194a3ceb602ae108a761cbda953c8a90001efa24 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 14 Jul 2020 08:46:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH] translated --- ...0708 How to decipher Linux release info.md | 142 ------------------ ...0708 How to decipher Linux release info.md | 142 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 142 insertions(+), 142 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20200708 How to decipher Linux release info.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20200708 How to decipher Linux release info.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200708 How to decipher Linux release info.md b/sources/tech/20200708 How to decipher Linux release info.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3988d82a2b..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20200708 How to decipher Linux release info.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,142 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (How to decipher Linux release info) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3565432/how-to-decipher-linux-release-info.html) -[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) - -How to decipher Linux release info -====== -Displaying and interpreting information about Linux releases is a bit more complicated than it might seem. -[christin hume / Linux / Modified by IDG Comm.][1] [(CC0)][2] - -There’s a lot more to identifying a Linux release than citing a simple version number. Even a quick look at the output from the **uname** command can tell you that. What is all of that information, and what does it tell you? - -In this post, we’ll take a closer look at the output from the **uname** command along with release descriptions provided by some other commands and files. - -### Using uname - -A lot of information is displayed whenever you issue the command **uname -a** in a Linux system terminal window. That's because that little “a” tells the **man** command that you want to see _all_ of the output that the command is able to provide. The resultant display will tell you a lot of different things about the system. In fact, each chunk of information displayed tells you something different about the system. - -As an example, the **uname -a** output might look like this: - -``` -$ uname -a -Linux dragonfly 5.4.0-37-generic #41-Ubuntu SMP Wed Jun 3 18:57:02 UTC 2020 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux -``` - -While it's probably not much of a temptation, you could retrieve this very same information by using a command that includes all of the **uname** options in the proper order: - -``` -$ uname -snmrvpio -Linux dragonfly 5.4.0-37-generic #41-Ubuntu SMP Wed Jun 3 18:57:02 UTC 2020 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux -``` - -To break this long string of information into separate chunks, you can use a **for** loop like this that runs through each of the options: - -``` -$ for option in s n m r v p i o; do echo -n "$option: "; uname -$option; done -s: Linux -n: dragonfly -m: x86_64 -r: 5.4.0-37-generic -v: #41-Ubuntu SMP Wed Jun 3 18:57:02 UTC 2020 -p: x86_64 -i: x86_64 -o: GNU/Linux -``` - -That loops shows what information is provided by which option. The **uname** man page provides descriptions for each option. Here's a list: - -``` -Linux –- kernel name (option “s”) -dragonfly –- nodename (option “n”) -x86_64 –- machine hardware name (option “m”) -5.4.0-37-generic –- kernel release (option “r”) -#41-Ubuntu SMP Wed Jun 3 18:57:02 UTC 2020 -- kernel version (option “v”) -x86_64 –- processor (option “p”) -x86_64 –- hardware platform (option “i”) -GNU/Linux –- operating system (option “o”) -``` - -To delve a little more deeply into the information being displayed, take a closer look at the kernel release data shown. That **5.4.0-37** in the 4th line is not just a string of arbitrary numbers. Each numeric value is significant. - - * **5** is the kernel version - * **4** signifies the major revision - * **0** indicates the minor revision - * **37** represents the most recent patch - - - -In addition, that **#41** in the 5th line of the loop output (kernel version) indicates that this release has been compiled 41 times. - -Individual options can be useful when and if you want to display only one piece of all the available information. For example, the command **uname -n** can tell you just the name of the system and **uname -r** will show you just the kernel release. These and other options can be useful when you're taking inventory of your servers or building scripts. - -The same variety of information will be provided by the **uname -a** command when working on Red Hat systems. Here’s an example: - -``` -$ uname -a -Linux fruitfly 4.18.0-107.el8.x86_64 #1 SMP Fri Jun 14 13:46:34 UTC 2019 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux -``` - -### Distribution release information - -If you need to know what version of a distribution you’re running, the **uname** output isn’t going to help you much. The kernel version is, after all, not the same as the distribution version. For that information, you can use the **lsb_release -r** command on Ubuntu and other Debian-based systems and display the contents of the **/etc/redhat-release** file for Red Hat. - -For Debian systems: - -``` -$ lsb_release -r -Release: 20.04 -``` - -For Red Hat and related systems: - -``` -$ cat /etc/redhat-release -Red Hat Enterprise Linux release 8.1 Beta (Ootpa) -``` - -### Using /proc/version - -The **/proc/version** file can also provide information on your Linux release. The information provided in this file has a lot in common with the **uname -a** output. Here are some examples. - -On Ubuntu**:** - -``` -$ cat /proc/version -Linux version 5.4.0-37-generic (buildd@lcy01-amd64-001) (gcc version 9.3.0 (Ubuntu 9.3.0-10ubuntu2)) #41-Ubuntu SMP Wed Jun 3 18:57:02 UTC 2020 -``` - -On RedHat: - -``` -$ cat /proc/version -Linux version 4.18.0-107.el8.x86_64 (mockbuild@x86-vm-09.build.eng.bos.redhat.com) (gcc version 8.3.1 20190507 (Red Hat 8.3.1-4) (GCC)) #1 SMP Fri Jun 14 13:46:34 UTC 2019 -``` - -### Wrap-Up - -Linux systems provide a lot of information on the kernel and distributions installed. You just have to know where or how to look and make sense of what it means. - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][3] and [LinkedIn][4] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3565432/how-to-decipher-linux-release-info.html - -作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://unsplash.com/photos/mfB1B1s4sMc -[2]: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ -[3]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[4]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/translated/tech/20200708 How to decipher Linux release info.md b/translated/tech/20200708 How to decipher Linux release info.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..da947966c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20200708 How to decipher Linux release info.md @@ -0,0 +1,142 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to decipher Linux release info) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3565432/how-to-decipher-linux-release-info.html) +[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) + +如何解密 Linux 发行信息 +====== +显示和解释有关 Linux 版本的信息比看起来要复杂一些。 +[christin hume / Linux / Modified by IDG Comm.][1] [(CC0)][2] + +与引用一个简单的版本号不同，识别 Linux 版本还有很多要做的。即使快速查看 **uname** 命令的输出，也可以告诉你一些信息。这些信息是什么，它告诉你什么？ + +在本文中，我们将认真研究 **uname** 命令的输出以及其他一些命令和文件提供的发行说明。 + +### 使用 uname + +每当在 Linux 系统终端窗口中执行命令 **uname -a** 时，都会显示很多信息。那是因为那个 “a” 告诉 **uname** 命令你想查看_全部_该命令能提供的输出。结果将告诉你有关系统的许多不同信息。实际上，信息的每个部分都告诉你有关系统的不同信息。 + +例如，**uname -a** 输出看起来像这样： + +``` +$ uname -a +Linux dragonfly 5.4.0-37-generic #41-Ubuntu SMP Wed Jun 3 18:57:02 UTC 2020 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux +``` + +尽管这可能不太吸引人，但你可以用适当的顺序包含 **uname** 所有选项来显示相同的信息： + +``` +$ uname -snmrvpio +Linux dragonfly 5.4.0-37-generic #41-Ubuntu SMP Wed Jun 3 18:57:02 UTC 2020 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux +``` + +要将一长串信息分解为单独的块，可以使用贯穿每个选项的 **for** 循环： + +``` +$ for option in s n m r v p i o; do echo -n "$option: "; uname -$option; done +s: Linux +n: dragonfly +m: x86_64 +r: 5.4.0-37-generic +v: #41-Ubuntu SMP Wed Jun 3 18:57:02 UTC 2020 +p: x86_64 +i: x86_64 +o: GNU/Linux +``` + +该循环显示了该选项提供了哪些信息。**uname** 手册页提供了每个选项的描述。以下是清单： + +``` +Linux –- 内核名称（选项 “s”） +dragonfly –- 节点名（选项 “n”） +x86_64 –- 机器硬件名（选项 “m”） +5.4.0-37-generic –- 内核版本（选项 r”） +#41-Ubuntu SMP Wed Jun 3 18:57:02 UTC 2020 -- 内核版本（选项 “v”） +x86_64 –- 处理器（选项 “p”） +x86_64 –- 硬件平台（选项 “i”） +GNU/Linux –- 操作系统（选项 “o”） +``` + +要更深入地研究显示的信息，请认真查看显示的内核发行数据。第四行中的 **5.4.0-37** 不仅仅是一串任意数字。每个数字都是有效的。 + + * **5** 表示内核版本 + * **4** 表示主要版本 + * **0** 表示次要版本 + * **37** 表示最新补丁 + + + +此外，循环输出（内核版本）的第 5 行中的 **#41** 表示此发行版已编译 41 次。 + +如果你只想显示所有信息中的一项，那么各个选项可能很有用。例如，命令 **uname -n** 可以仅告诉你系统名称，而 **uname -r** 仅可以告诉你内核版本。在盘点服务器或构建脚本时，这些和其他选项可能很有用。 + +在 Red Hat 系统时，**uname -a** 命令将提供相同种类的信息。这是一个例子： + +``` +$ uname -a +Linux fruitfly 4.18.0-107.el8.x86_64 #1 SMP Fri Jun 14 13:46:34 UTC 2019 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux +``` + +### 发行版本信息 + +如果你需要了解运行的发行版是什么，那么 **uname** 的输出不会对你有太大帮助。毕竟，内核版本与发行版不同。关于这个信息，你可以在 Ubuntu 和其他基于 Debian 的系统上使用 **lsb_release -r** 命令，并在 Red Hat 上显示 **/etc/redhat-release** 文件的内容。 + +对于 Debian 系统： + +``` +$ lsb_release -r +Release: 20.04 +``` + +对于 Red Hat 及相关系统： + +``` +$ cat /etc/redhat-release +Red Hat Enterprise Linux release 8.1 Beta (Ootpa) +``` + +### 使用 /proc/version + +**/proc/version** 文件还可以提供有关 Linux 版本的信息。该文件中提供的信息与 **uname -a** 输出有很多共同点。以下是例子。 + +在 Ubuntu 上： + +``` +$ cat /proc/version +Linux version 5.4.0-37-generic (buildd@lcy01-amd64-001) (gcc version 9.3.0 (Ubuntu 9.3.0-10ubuntu2)) #41-Ubuntu SMP Wed Jun 3 18:57:02 UTC 2020 +``` + +在 RedHat 上： + +``` +$ cat /proc/version +Linux version 4.18.0-107.el8.x86_64 (mockbuild@x86-vm-09.build.eng.bos.redhat.com) (gcc version 8.3.1 20190507 (Red Hat 8.3.1-4) (GCC)) #1 SMP Fri Jun 14 13:46:34 UTC 2019 +``` + +### 总结 + +Linux 系统提供了大量有关内核和已安装发行版的信息。你只需要在哪里和如何查看，并理解其含义即可。 + +加入 [Facebook][3 ]和 [LinkedIn][4] 上的 Network World 社区，评论热门主题。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3565432/how-to-decipher-linux-release-info.html + +作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://unsplash.com/photos/mfB1B1s4sMc +[2]: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ +[3]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[4]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world