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qhwdw
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How to Create a Docker Image
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======
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In the previous [article][1], we learned about how to get started with Docker on Linux, macOS, and Windows. In this article, we will get a basic understanding of creating Docker images. There are prebuilt images available on DockerHub that you can use for your own project, and you can publish your own image there.
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We are going to use prebuilt images to get the base Linux subsystem, as it's a lot of work to build one from scratch. You can get Alpine (the official distro used by Docker Editions), Ubuntu, BusyBox, or scratch. In this example, I will use Ubuntu.
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Before we start building our images, let's "containerize" them! By this I just mean creating directories for all of your Docker images so that you can maintain different projects and stages isolated from each other.
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```
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$ mkdir dockerprojects
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cd dockerprojects
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```
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Now create a Dockerfile inside the dockerprojects directory using your favorite text editor; I prefer nano, which is also easy for new users.
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```
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$ nano Dockerfile
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```
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And add this line:
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```
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FROM Ubuntu
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```
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![m7_f7No0pmZr2iQmEOH5_ID6MDG2oEnODpQZkUL7][2]
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Save it with Ctrl+Exit then Y.
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Now create your new image and provide it with a name (run these commands within the same directory):
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```
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$ docker build -t dockp .
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```
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(Note the dot at the end of the command.) This should build successfully, so you'll see:
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```
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Sending build context to Docker daemon 2.048kB
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Step 1/1 : FROM ubuntu
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---> 2a4cca5ac898
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Successfully built 2a4cca5ac898
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Successfully tagged dockp:latest
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```
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It's time to run and test your image:
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```
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$ docker run -it Ubuntu
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```
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You should see root prompt:
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```
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root@c06fcd6af0e8:/#
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```
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This means you are literally running bare minimal Ubuntu inside Linux, Windows, or macOS. You can run all native Ubuntu commands and CLI utilities.
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![vpZ8ts9oq3uk--z4n6KP3DD3uD_P4EpG7fX06MC3][3]
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Let's check all the Docker images you have in your directory:
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```
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$docker images
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REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
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dockp latest 2a4cca5ac898 1 hour ago 111MB
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ubuntu latest 2a4cca5ac898 1 hour ago 111MB
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hello-world latest f2a91732366c 8 weeks ago 1.85kB
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```
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You can see all three images: dockp, Ubuntu, and hello-world, which I created a few weeks ago when working on the previous articles of this series. Building a whole LAMP stack can be challenging, so we are going create a simple Apache server image with Dockerfile.
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Dockerfile is basically a set of instructions to install all the needed packages, configure, and copy files. In this case, it's Apache and Nginx.
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You may also want to create an account on DockerHub and log into your account before building images, in case you are pulling something from DockerHub. To log into DockerHub from the command line, just run:
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```
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$ docker login
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```
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Enter your username and password and you are logged in.
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Next, create a directory for Apache inside the dockerproject:
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```
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$ mkdir apache
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```
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Create a Dockerfile inside Apache folder:
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```
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$ nano Dockerfile
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```
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And paste these lines:
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```
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FROM ubuntu
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MAINTAINER Kimbro Staken version: 0.1
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RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y apache2 && apt-get clean && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
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ENV APACHE_RUN_USER www-data
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ENV APACHE_RUN_GROUP www-data
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ENV APACHE_LOG_DIR /var/log/apache2
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EXPOSE 80
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CMD ["/usr/sbin/apache2", "-D", "FOREGROUND"]
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```
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Then, build the image:
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```
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docker build -t apache .
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```
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(Note the dot after a space at the end.)
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It will take some time, then you should see successful build like this:
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```
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Successfully built e7083fd898c7
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Successfully tagged ng:latest
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Swapnil:apache swapnil$
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```
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Now let's run the server:
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```
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$ docker run -d apache
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a189a4db0f7c245dd6c934ef7164f3ddde09e1f3018b5b90350df8be85c8dc98
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```
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Eureka. Your container image is running. Check all the running containers:
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```
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$ docker ps
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CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED
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a189a4db0f7 apache "/usr/sbin/apache2ctl" 10 seconds ago
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```
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You can kill the container with the docker kill command:
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```
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$docker kill a189a4db0f7
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```
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So, you see the "image" itself is persistent that stays in your directory, but the container runs and goes away. Now you can create as many images as you want and spin and nuke as many containers as you need from those images.
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That's how to create an image and run containers.
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To learn more, you can open your web browser and check out the documentation about how to build more complicated Docker images like the whole LAMP stack. Here is a[ Dockerfile][4] file for you to play with. In the next article, I'll show how to push images to DockerHub.
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Learn more about Linux through the free ["Introduction to Linux" ][5]course from The Linux Foundation and edX.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/intro-to-linux/2018/1/how-create-docker-image
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作者：[SWAPNIL BHARTIYA][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://www.linux.com/users/arnieswap
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[1]:https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/intro-to-linux/how-install-docker-ce-your-desktop
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[2]:https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/m7_f7No0pmZr2iQmEOH5_ID6MDG2oEnODpQZkUL7q3GYRB9f1-lvMYLE5f3GBpzIk-ev5VlcB0FHYSxn6NNQjxY4jJGqcgdFWaeQ-027qX_g-SVtbCCMybJeD6QIXjzM2ga8M4l4
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[3]:https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/vpZ8ts9oq3uk--z4n6KP3DD3uD_P4EpG7fX06MC3uFvj2-WaI1DfOfec9ZXuN7XUNObQ2SCc4Nbiqp-CM7ozUcQmtuzmOdtUHTF4Jq8YxkC49o2k7y5snZqTXsueITZyaLiHq8bT
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[4]:https://github.com/fauria/docker-lamp/blob/master/Dockerfile
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[5]:https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux
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197
translated/tech/20180122 How to Create a Docker Image.md
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197
translated/tech/20180122 How to Create a Docker Image.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
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如何创建一个 Docker 镜像
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======
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在 [前面的文章][1] 中，我们学习了在 Linux、macOS、以及 Windows 上如何使用 Docker 的基础知识。在这篇文章中，我们将去学习创建 Docker 镜像的基本知识。我们可以在 DockerHub 上得到你可以用于你自己的项目的预构建镜像，并且也可以将你自己的镜像发布到这里。
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我们使用预构建镜像得到一个基本的 Linux 子系统，因为，从头开始构建需要大量的工作。你可以得到 Alpine（ Docker 版使用的官方版本）、Ubuntu、BusyBox、或者 scratch。在我们的示例中，我将使用 Ubuntu。
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在我们开始构建镜像之前，让我们先“容器化”它们！我的意思是，为你的所有 Docker 镜像创建目录，这样你就可以维护不同的项目和阶段，并保持它们彼此隔离。
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```
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$ mkdir dockerprojects
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cd dockerprojects
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```
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现在，在 `dockerprojects` 目录中，你可以使用自己喜欢的文本编辑器去创建一个 `Dockerfile` 文件；我喜欢使用 nano，它对新手来说很容易上手。
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```
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$ nano Dockerfile
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```
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然后添加这样的一行内容：
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```
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FROM Ubuntu
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```
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![m7_f7No0pmZr2iQmEOH5_ID6MDG2oEnODpQZkUL7][2]
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使用 Ctrl+Exit 然后选择 Y 去保存它。
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现在开始创建你的新镜像，然后给它起一个名字（在刚才的目录中运行如下的命令）：
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```
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$ docker build -t dockp .
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```
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（注意命令后面的圆点）这样就创建成功了，因此，你将看到如下内容：
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```
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Sending build context to Docker daemon 2.048kB
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Step 1/1 : FROM ubuntu
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---> 2a4cca5ac898
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Successfully built 2a4cca5ac898
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Successfully tagged dockp:latest
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```
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现在去运行和测试一下你的镜像：
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```
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$ docker run -it Ubuntu
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```
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你将看到 root 提示符：
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```
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root@c06fcd6af0e8:/#
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```
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这意味着在 Linux、Windows、或者 macOS 中你可以运行一个最小的 Ubuntu 了。你可以运行所有的 Ubuntu 原生命令或者 CLI 实用程序。
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![vpZ8ts9oq3uk--z4n6KP3DD3uD_P4EpG7fX06MC3][3]
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我们来查看一下在你的目录下你拥有的所有 Docker 镜像：
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```
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$docker images
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REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
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dockp latest 2a4cca5ac898 1 hour ago 111MB
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ubuntu latest 2a4cca5ac898 1 hour ago 111MB
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hello-world latest f2a91732366c 8 weeks ago 1.85kB
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```
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你可以看到共有三个镜像：dockp、Ubuntu、和 hello-world， hello-world 是我在几周前创建的，这一系列的前面的文章就是在它下面工作的。构建一个完整的 LAMP 栈可能是一个挑战，因此，我们使用 Dockerfile 去创建一个简单的 Apache 服务器镜像。
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从本质上说，Dockerfile 是安装所有需要的包、配置、以及拷贝文件的一套指令。在这个案例中，它是安装配置 Apache 和 Nginx。
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你也可以在 DockerHub 上去创建一个帐户，然后在构建镜像之前登入到你的帐户，在这个案例中，你需要从 DockerHub 上拉取一些东西。从命令行中登入 DockerHub，运行如下所求的命令：
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```
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$ docker login
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```
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在登入时输入你的用户名和密码。
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接下来，为这个 Docker 项目，在目录中创建一个 Apache 目录：
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```
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$ mkdir apache
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```
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在 Apache 目录中创建 Dockerfile 文件：
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```
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$ nano Dockerfile
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```
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然后，粘贴下列内容：
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```
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FROM ubuntu
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MAINTAINER Kimbro Staken version: 0.1
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RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y apache2 && apt-get clean && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
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ENV APACHE_RUN_USER www-data
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ENV APACHE_RUN_GROUP www-data
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ENV APACHE_LOG_DIR /var/log/apache2
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EXPOSE 80
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CMD ["/usr/sbin/apache2", "-D", "FOREGROUND"]
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```
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然后，构建镜像：
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```
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docker build -t apache .
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```
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（注意命令尾部的空格和圆点）
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这将花费一些时间，然后你将看到如下的构建成功的消息：
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```
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Successfully built e7083fd898c7
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Successfully tagged ng:latest
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Swapnil:apache swapnil$
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```
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现在，我们来运行一下这个服务器：
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```
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$ docker run -d apache
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a189a4db0f7c245dd6c934ef7164f3ddde09e1f3018b5b90350df8be85c8dc98
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```
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发现了吗，你的容器镜像已经运行了。可以运行如下的命令来检查所有运行的容器：
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```
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$ docker ps
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CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED
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a189a4db0f7 apache "/usr/sbin/apache2ctl" 10 seconds ago
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```
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你可以使用 docker kill 命令来杀死容器：
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```
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$docker kill a189a4db0f7
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```
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正如你所见，这个 "镜像" 它已经永久存在于你的目录中了，而不论运行与否。现在你可以根据你的需要创建很多的镜像，并且可以从这些镜像中繁衍出来更多的镜像。
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这就是如何去创建镜像和运行容器。
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想学习更多内容，你可以打开你的浏览器，然后找到更多的关于如何构建像 LAMP 栈这样的完整的 Docker 镜像的文档。这里有一个帮你实现它的 [ Dockerfile][4] 文件。在下一篇文章中，我将演示如何推送一个镜像到 DockerHub。
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你可以通过来自 Linux 基金会和 edX 的 ["介绍 Linux" ][5] 免费课程来学习更多的知识。
|
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/intro-to-linux/2018/1/how-create-docker-image
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作者：[SWAPNIL BHARTIYA][a]
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译者：[qhwdw](https://github.com/qhwdw)
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||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.linux.com/users/arnieswap
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[1]:https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/intro-to-linux/how-install-docker-ce-your-desktop
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[2]:https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/m7_f7No0pmZr2iQmEOH5_ID6MDG2oEnODpQZkUL7q3GYRB9f1-lvMYLE5f3GBpzIk-ev5VlcB0FHYSxn6NNQjxY4jJGqcgdFWaeQ-027qX_g-SVtbCCMybJeD6QIXjzM2ga8M4l4
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[3]:https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/vpZ8ts9oq3uk--z4n6KP3DD3uD_P4EpG7fX06MC3uFvj2-WaI1DfOfec9ZXuN7XUNObQ2SCc4Nbiqp-CM7ozUcQmtuzmOdtUHTF4Jq8YxkC49o2k7y5snZqTXsueITZyaLiHq8bT
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[4]:https://github.com/fauria/docker-lamp/blob/master/Dockerfile
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[5]:https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux
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