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Copying and renaming files on Linux
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======
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Linux users have for many decades been using simple cp and mv commands to copy and rename files. These commands are some of the first that most of us learned and are used every day by possibly millions of people. But there are other techniques, handy variations, and another command for renaming files that offers some unique options.
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First, let’s think about why might you want to copy a file. You might need the same file in another location or you might want a copy because you’re going to edit the file and want to be sure you have a handy backup just in case you need to revert to the original file. The obvious way to do that is to use a command like “cp myfile myfile-orig”.
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If you want to copy a large number of files, however, that strategy might get old real fast. Better alternatives are to:
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* Use tar to create an archive of all of the files you want to back up before you start editing them.
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* Use a for loop to make the backup copies easier.
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The tar option is very straightforward. For all files in the current directory, you’d use a command like:
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```
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$ tar cf myfiles.tar *
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```
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For a group of files that you can identify with a pattern, you’d use a command like this:
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```
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$ tar cf myfiles.tar *.txt
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```
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In each case, you end up with a myfiles.tar file that contains all the files in the directory or all files with the .txt extension.
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An easy loop would allow you to make backup copies with modified names:
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```
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$ for file in *
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> do
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> cp $file $file-orig
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> done
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```
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When you’re backing up a single file and that file just happens to have a long name, you can rely on using the tab command to use filename completion (hit the tab key after entering enough letters to uniquely identify the file) and use syntax like this to append “-orig” to the copy.
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```
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$ cp file-with-a-very-long-name{,-orig}
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```
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You then have a file-with-a-very-long-name and a file-with-a-very-long-name file-with-a-very-long-name-orig.
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### Renaming files on Linux
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The traditional way to rename a file is to use the mv command. This command will move a file to a different directory, change its name and leave it in place, or do both.
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```
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$ mv myfile /tmp
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$ mv myfile notmyfile
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$ mv myfile /tmp/notmyfile
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```
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But we now also have the rename command to do some serious renaming for us. The trick to using the rename command is to get used to its syntax, but if you know some perl, you might not find it tricky at all.
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Here’s a very useful example. Say you wanted to rename the files in a directory to replace all of the uppercase letters with lowercase ones. In general, you don’t find a lot of file with capital letters on Unix or Linux systems, but you could. Here’s an easy way to rename them without having to use the mv command for each one of them. The /A-Z/a-z/ specification tells the rename command to change any letters in the range A-Z to the corresponding letters in a-z.
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```
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$ ls
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Agenda Group.JPG MyFile
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$ rename 'y/A-Z/a-z/' *
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$ ls
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agenda group.jpg myfile
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```
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You can also use rename to remove file extensions. Maybe you’re tired of seeing text files with .txt extensions. Simply remove them — and in one command.
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```
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$ ls
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agenda.txt notes.txt weekly.txt
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$ rename 's/.txt//' *
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$ ls
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agenda notes weekly
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```
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Now let’s imagine you have a change of heart and want to put those extensions back. No problem. Just change the command. The trick is understanding that the “s” before the first slash means “substitute”. What’s in between the first two slashes is what we want to change, and what’s in between the second and third slashes is what we want to change it to. So, $ represents the end of the filename, and we’re changing it to “.txt”.
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```
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$ ls
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agenda notes weekly
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$ rename 's/$/.txt/' *
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$ ls
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agenda.txt notes.txt weekly.txt
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```
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You can change other parts of filenames, as well. Keep the **s/old/new/** rule in mind.
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```
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$ ls
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draft-minutes-2018-03 draft-minutes-2018-04 draft-minutes-2018-05
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$ rename 's/draft/approved/' *minutes*
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$ ls
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approved-minutes-2018-03 approved-minutes-2018-04 approved-minutes-2018-05
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```
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Note in the examples above that when we use an **s** as in " **s** /old/new/", we are substituting one part of the name with another. When we use **y** , we are transliterating (substituting characters from one range to another).
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### Wrap-up
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There are a lot of options for copying and renaming files. I hope some of them will make your time on the command line more enjoyable.
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Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][1] and [LinkedIn][2] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276349/linux/copying-and-renaming-files-on-linux.html
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作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
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选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
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[1]:https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
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[2]:https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
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在 Linux 上复制和重命名文件
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======
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Linux 用户数十年来一直在使用简单的 cp 和 mv 命令来复制和重命名文件。这些命令是我们大多数人第一次了解并且每天可能由数百万人使用的一些命令。但是还有其他技术、方便的方法和另外的命令，这些提供了一些独特的选项。
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首先，我们来思考为什么你想要复制一个文件。你可能需要在另一个位置使用同一个文件，或者因为你要编辑该文件而需要一个副本，并且希望确保备有便利的备份以防万一需要恢复原始文件。这样做的显而易见的方式是使用像 “cp myfile myfile-orig” 这样的命令。
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但是，如果你想复制大量的文件，那么这个策略可能就会变得很老。更好的选择是：
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* 在开始编辑之前，使用 tar 创建所有要备份的文件的存档。
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* 使用 for 循环来使备份副本更容易。
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使用 tar 的方式很简单。对于当前目录中的所有文件，你可以使用如下命令：
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```
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$ tar cf myfiles.tar *
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```
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对于一组可以用模式标识的文件，可以使用如下命令：
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```
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$ tar cf myfiles.tar *.txt
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```
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在每种情况下，最终都会生成一个 myfiles.tar 文件，其中包含目录中的所有文件或扩展名为 .txt 的所有文件。
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一个简单的循环将允许你使用修改后的名称制作备份副本：
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```
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$ for file in *
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> do
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> cp $file $file-orig
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> done
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```
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当你备份单个文件并且该文件恰好有一个长名称时，可以依靠使用 tab来补全文件名（在输入足够的字母以便唯一标识该文件后点击 Tab 键）并使用像这样的语法将 “-orig” 附加到副本。
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```
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$ cp file-with-a-very-long-name{,-orig}
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```
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然后你有一个 file-with-a-very-long-name 和一个 file-with-a-very-long-name file-with-a-very-long-name-orig。
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### 在Linux上重命名文件
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重命名文件的传统方法是使用 mv 命令。该命令将文件移动到不同的目录，更改其名称并保留在原位置，或者同时执行这两个操作。
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```
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$ mv myfile /tmp
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$ mv myfile notmyfile
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$ mv myfile /tmp/notmyfile
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```
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但我们也有 rename 命令来做重命名。使用 rename 命令的窍门是习惯它的语法，但是如果你了解一些 perl，你可能发现它并不棘手。
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有个非常有用的例子。假设你想重新命名一个目录中的文件，将所有的大写字母替换为小写字母。一般来说，你在 Unix 或 Linux 系统上找不到大量大写字母的文件，但你可以。这里有一个简单的方法来重命名它们，而不必为它们中的每一个使用 mv 命令。 /A-Z/a-z/ 告诉 rename 命令将范围 A-Z 中的任何字母更改为 a-z 中的相应字母。
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```
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$ ls
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Agenda Group.JPG MyFile
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$ rename 'y/A-Z/a-z/' *
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$ ls
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agenda group.jpg myfile
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```
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你也可以使用 rename 来删除文件扩展名。也许你厌倦了看到带有 .txt 扩展名的文本文件。简单删除它们 - 并用一个命令。
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```
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$ ls
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agenda.txt notes.txt weekly.txt
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$ rename 's/.txt//' *
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$ ls
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agenda notes weekly
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```
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现在让我们想象一下，你改变了心意，并希望把这些扩展名改回来。没问题。只需修改命令。窍门是理解第一个斜杠前的 “s” 意味着“替代”。前两个斜线之间的内容是我们想要改变的东西，第二个斜线和第三个斜线之间是改变后的东西。所以，$ 表示文件名的结尾，我们将它改为 “.txt”。
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```
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$ ls
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agenda notes weekly
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$ rename 's/$/.txt/' *
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$ ls
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agenda.txt notes.txt weekly.txt
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```
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你也可以更改文件名的其他部分。牢记 **s/旧内容/新内容/** 规则。
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```
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$ ls
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draft-minutes-2018-03 draft-minutes-2018-04 draft-minutes-2018-05
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$ rename 's/draft/approved/' *minutes*
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$ ls
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approved-minutes-2018-03 approved-minutes-2018-04 approved-minutes-2018-05
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```
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在上面的例子中注意到，当我们在 “ **s** /old/new/” 中使用 **s** 时，我们用另一个名称替换名称的一部分。当我们使用 **y** 时，我们就是直译（将字符从一个范围替换为另一个范围）。
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### 总结
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现在有很多复制和重命名文件的方法。我希望其中的一些会让你在使用命令行时更愉快。
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在 [Facebook][1] 和 [LinkedIn][2] 上加入 Network World 社区来对热门主题评论。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3276349/linux/copying-and-renaming-files-on-linux.html
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作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
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选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
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译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
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[1]:https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
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[2]:https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
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