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Merge remote-tracking branch 'LCTT/master'
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Xingyu.Wang
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1781c57c07
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||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
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[#]: translator: (qhwdw)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
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||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
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||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10653-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (5 ways to teach kids to program with Raspberry Pi)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/teach-kids-program-raspberry-pi)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Anderson Silva https://opensource.com/users/ansilva)
|
||||
|
||||
教孩子们使用树莓派学编程的 5 种方法。
|
||||
树莓派使用入门：教孩子们用树莓派学编程的 5 种方法
|
||||
======
|
||||
这是我们的《树莓派入门指南》系列的第五篇文章，它探索了帮助孩子们学习编程的一些资源。
|
||||
|
||||
> 这是我们的《树莓派入门指南》系列的第五篇文章，它探索了帮助孩子们学习编程的一些资源。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
无数的学校、图书馆和家庭已经证明，树莓派是让孩子们接触编程的最好方式。在本系列的前四篇文章中，你已经学习了如何去[购买][1]、[安装][2]、和[配置][3]一个树莓派。在第五篇文章中，我们将分享一些帮助孩子们使用树莓派编程的入门级资源。
|
||||
|
||||
### Scratch
|
||||
|
||||
[Scratch][4] 是让孩子们了解编程基本概念（比如变量、布尔逻辑、循环等等）的一个很好的方式。你在 Raspbian 中就可以找到它，并且在互联网上你可以找到非常多的有关 Scratch 的文章和教程，包括在 `Opensource.com` 上的 [今天的 Scratch 是不是像“上世纪八十年代教孩子学LOGO编程”?][5]。
|
||||
[Scratch][4] 是让孩子们了解编程基本概念（比如变量、布尔逻辑、循环等等）的一个很好的方式。你在 Raspbian 中就可以找到它，并且在互联网上你可以找到非常多的有关 Scratch 的文章和教程，包括在 Opensource.com 上的 [今天的 Scratch 是不是像“上世纪八十年代教孩子学 LOGO 编程”?][5]。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Code.org
|
||||
|
||||
[Code.org][6] 是另一个非常好的教孩子学编程的在线资源。这个组织的使命是让更多的人通过课程、教程和流行的一小时学编程来接触编程。许多学校 — 包括我五年级的儿子就读的学校 — 都使用它，让更多的孩子学习编程和计算机科学的概念。
|
||||
[Code.org][6] 是另一个非常好的教孩子学编程的在线资源。这个组织的使命是让更多的人通过课程、教程和流行的一小时学编程来接触编程。许多学校（包括我五年级的儿子就读的学校）都使用它，让更多的孩子学习编程和计算机科学的概念。
|
||||
|
||||
### 阅读
|
||||
|
||||
读书是学习编程的另一个很好的方式。学习如何编程并不需要你会说英语，当然，如果你会英语的话，学习起来将更容易，因为大多数的编程语言都是使用英文关键字去描述命令的。如果你的英语很好，能够轻松地阅读接下来的这个树莓派系列文章，那么你就完全有能力去阅读有关编程的书籍、论坛和其它的出版物。我推荐一本由 `Jason Biggs` 写的书： [儿童学 Python：非常有趣的 Python 编程入门][7]。
|
||||
读书是学习编程的另一个很好的方式。学习如何编程并不需要你会说英语，当然，如果你会英语的话，学习起来将更容易，因为大多数的编程语言都是使用英文关键字去描述命令的。如果你的英语很好，能够轻松地阅读接下来的这个树莓派系列文章，那么你就完全有能力去阅读有关编程的书籍、论坛和其它的出版物。我推荐一本由 Jason Biggs 写的书： [儿童学 Python：非常有趣的 Python 编程入门][7]。
|
||||
|
||||
### Raspberry Jam
|
||||
|
||||
另一个让你的孩子进入编程世界的好方法是在聚会中让他与其他人互动。树莓派基金会赞助了一个称为 [Raspberry Jams][8] 的活动，让世界各地的孩子和成人共同参与在树莓派上学习。如果你所在的地区没有 `Raspberry Jam`，基金会有一个[指南][9]和其它资源帮你启动一个 `Raspberry Jam`。
|
||||
另一个让你的孩子进入编程世界的好方法是在聚会中让他与其他人互动。树莓派基金会赞助了一个称为 [Raspberry Jams][8] 的活动，让世界各地的孩子和成人共同参与在树莓派上学习。如果你所在的地区没有 Raspberry Jam，基金会有一个[指南][9]和其它资源帮你启动一个 Raspberry Jam。
|
||||
|
||||
### 游戏
|
||||
|
||||
最后一个（是本文的最后一个，当然还有其它的方式），[Minecraft][10] 有一个树莓派版本。<ruby>我的世界<rt>Minecraft</rt></ruby>已经从一个多玩家的、类似于”数字乐高“这样的游戏，成长为一个任何人都能使用 Pythonb 和其它编程语言去构建我自己的虚拟世界。更多内容查看 [Minecraft Pi 入门][11] 和 [Minecraft 一小时入门教程][12]。
|
||||
最后一个（是本文的最后一个，当然还有其它的方式），[Minecraft][10] 有一个树莓派版本。<ruby>我的世界<rt>Minecraft</rt></ruby>已经从一个多玩家的、类似于”数字乐高“这样的游戏，成长为一个任何人都能使用 Python 和其它编程语言去构建我自己的虚拟世界。更多内容查看 [Minecraft Pi 入门][11] 和 [Minecraft 一小时入门教程][12]。
|
||||
|
||||
你还有教孩子用树莓派学编程的珍藏资源吗？请在下面的评论区共享出来吧。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -45,15 +47,15 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/teach-kids-program-raspberry-pi
|
||||
作者：[Anderson Silva][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[qhwdw](https://github.com/qhwdw)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ansilva
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/how-buy-raspberry-pi
|
||||
[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/how-boot-new-raspberry-pi
|
||||
[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/learn-linux-raspberry-pi
|
||||
[1]: https://linux.cn/article-10615-1.html
|
||||
[2]: https://linux.cn/article-10644-1.html
|
||||
[3]: https://linux.cn/article-10645-1.html
|
||||
[4]: https://scratch.mit.edu/
|
||||
[5]: https://opensource.com/article/17/3/logo-scratch-teach-programming-kids
|
||||
[6]: https://code.org/
|
||||
@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (IRC vs IRL: How to run a good IRC meeting)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/2/irc-vs-irl-meetings)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Ben Cotton https://opensource.com/users/bcotton)
|
||||
|
||||
IRC vs IRL: How to run a good IRC meeting
|
||||
======
|
||||
Internet Relay Chat meetings can be a great way to move a project forward if you follow these best practices.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
There's an art to running a meeting in any format. Many people have learned to run in-person or telephone meetings, but [Internet Relay Chat][1] (IRC) meetings have unique characteristics that differ from "in real life" (IRL) meetings. This article will share the advantages and disadvantages of the IRC format as well as tips that will help you lead IRC meetings more effectively.
|
||||
|
||||
Why IRC? Despite the wealth of real-time chat options available today, [IRC remains a cornerstone of open source projects][2]. If your project uses another communication method, don't worry. Most of this advice works for any synchronous text chat mechanism, perhaps with a few tweaks here and there.
|
||||
|
||||
### Challenges of IRC meetings
|
||||
|
||||
IRC meetings pose certain challenges compared to in-person meetings. You know that lag between when one person finishes talking and the next one begins? It's worse in IRC because people have to type what they're thinking. This is slower than talking and—unlike with talking—you can't tell when someone else is trying to compose a message. Moderators must remember to insert long pauses when asking for responses or moving to the next topic. And someone who wants to speak up should insert a brief message (e.g., a period) to let the moderator know.
|
||||
|
||||
IRC meetings also lack the metadata you get from other methods. You can't read facial expressions or tone of voice in text. This means you have to be careful with your word choice and phrasing.
|
||||
|
||||
And IRC meetings make it really easy to get distracted. At least when someone is looking at funny cat GIFs during an in-person meeting, you'll see them smile and hear them laugh at inopportune times. In IRC, unless they accidentally paste the wrong text, there's no peer pressure even to pretend to pay attention. With IRC, you can even be in multiple meetings at once. I've done this, but it's dangerous if you need to be an active participant.
|
||||
|
||||
### Benefits of IRC meetings
|
||||
|
||||
IRC meetings have some unique advantages, too. IRC is a very resource-light medium. It doesn't tax bandwidth or CPU. This lowers the barrier for participation, which is advantageous for both the underprivileged and people who are on the road. For volunteer contributors, it means they may be able to participate during their workday. And it means participants don't need to find a quiet space where they can talk without bothering those around them.
|
||||
|
||||
With a meeting bot, IRC can produce meeting minutes instantly. In Fedora, we use Zodbot, an instance of Debian's [Meetbot][3], to log meetings and provide interaction. When a meeting ends, the minutes and full logs are immediately available to the community. This can reduce the administrative overhead of running the meeting.
|
||||
|
||||
### It's like a normal meeting, but different
|
||||
|
||||
Conducting a meeting via IRC or other text-based medium means thinking about the meeting in a slightly different way. Although it lacks some of the benefits of higher-bandwidth modes of communication, it has advantages, too. Running an IRC meeting provides the opportunity to develop discipline that can help you run any type of meeting.
|
||||
|
||||
Like any meeting, IRC meetings are best when there's a defined agenda and purpose. A good meeting moderator knows when to let the conversation follow twists and turns and when it's time to reel it back in. There's no hard and fast rule here—it's very much an art. But IRC offers an advantage in this regard. By setting the channel topic to the meeting's current topic, people have a visible reminder of what they should be talking about.
|
||||
|
||||
If your project doesn't already conduct synchronous meetings, you should give it some thought. For projects with a diverse set of time zones, finding a mutually agreeable time to hold a meeting is hard. You can't rely on meetings as your only source of coordination. But they can be a valuable part of how your project works.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/irc-vs-irl-meetings
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ben Cotton][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/bcotton
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat
|
||||
[2]: https://opensource.com/article/16/6/getting-started-irc
|
||||
[3]: https://wiki.debian.org/MeetBot
|
||||
@ -1,94 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Manage Your Mirrors with ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/archlinux-mirrorlist-manager)
|
||||
[#]: author: (John Paul https://itsfoss.com/author/john/)
|
||||
|
||||
Manage Your Mirrors with ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
**ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager is a simple GUI program that allows you to easily manage mirrors in your Arch Linux system.**
|
||||
|
||||
For Linux users, it is important to make sure that you keep your mirror list in good shape. Today we will take a quick look at an application designed to help manage your Arch mirror list.
|
||||
|
||||
![ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager][1]ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager
|
||||
|
||||
### What is a Mirror?
|
||||
|
||||
For those new to the world of Linux, Linux operating systems depend on a series of servers placed around the world. These servers contain identical copies of all of the packages and software available for a particular distro. This is why they are called “mirrors”.
|
||||
|
||||
The ultimate goal is to have multiple mirrors in each country. This allows local users to quickly update their systems. However, this is not always true. Sometimes mirrors from another country can be faster.
|
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|
||||
### ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager makes managing mirrors simpler in Arch Linux
|
||||
|
||||
![ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager][2]Main Screen
|
||||
|
||||
[Managing and sorting][3] the available mirrors in Arch is not easy. It involves fairly lengthy commands. Thankfully, someone came up with a solution.
|
||||
|
||||
Last year, [Rizwan Hasan][4] created a little Python and Qt application entitled [ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager][5]. You might recognize Rizwan’s name because it is not the first time that we featured something he created on this site. Over a year ago, I wrote about a new Arch-based distro that Rizwan created named [MagpieOS][6]. I imagine that Rizwan’s experience with MagpieOS inspired him to create this application.
|
||||
|
||||
There really isn’t much to ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager. It allows you to rank mirrors by response speed and limit the results by number and country of origin.
|
||||
|
||||
In other words, if you are located in Germany, you can restrict your mirrors to the 3 fastest in Germany.
|
||||
|
||||
### Install ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
It is only for Arch Linux users
|
||||
|
||||
Pay attention! ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager is for Arch Linux distribution only. Don’t try to use it on other Arch-based distributions unless you make sure that the distro uses Arch mirrors. Otherwise, you might face issues that I encountered with Manjaro (explained in the section below).
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Mirrorlist Manager alternative for Manjaro
|
||||
|
||||
When it comes to using something Archy, my go-to system is Manjaro. In preparation for this article, I decided to install ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager on my Manjaro machine. It quickly sorted the available mirror and saved them to my mirror list.
|
||||
|
||||
I then proceeded to try to update my system and immediately ran into problems. When ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager sorted the mirrors my system was using, it replaced all of my Manjaro mirrors with vanilla Arch mirrors. (Manjaro is based on Arch, but has its own mirrors because the dev team tests all package updates before pushing them to the users to ensure there are no system-breaking bugs.) Thankfully, the Manjaro forum helped me fix my mistake.
|
||||
|
||||
If you are a Manjaro user, please do not make the same mistake that I did. ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager is only for Arch and Arch-based distros that use Arch’s mirrors.
|
||||
|
||||
Luckily, there is an easy to use terminal application that Manjaro users can use to manage their mirror lists. It is called [Pacman-mirrors][7]. Just like ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager, you can sort by response speed. Just type `sudo pacman-mirrors --fasttrack`. If you want to limit the results to the five fastest mirrors, you can type `sudo pacman-mirrors --fasttrack 5`. To restrict the results to one or more countries, type `sudo pacman-mirrors --country Germany,Spain,Austria`. You can limit the results to your country by typing `sudo pacman-mirrors --geoip`. You can visit the [Manjaro wiki][7] for more information about Pacman-mirrors.
|
||||
|
||||
After you run Pacman-mirrors, you have to synchronize your package database and update your system by typing `sudo pacman -Syyu`.
|
||||
|
||||
Note: Pacman-mirrors is for **Manjaro only**.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager is available in the [Arch User Repository][8]. More advanced Arch users can download the PKGBUILD directly from [the GitHub page][9].
|
||||
|
||||
### Final Thoughts on ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager
|
||||
|
||||
Even though [ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager][5] isn’t very useful for me, I’m glad it exists. It shows that Linux users are actively trying to make Linux easier to use. As I said earlier, managing a mirror list on Arch is not easy. Rizwan’s little tool will help make Arch more usable by the beginning user.
|
||||
|
||||
Have you ever used ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager? What is your method to manage your Arch mirrors? Please let us know in the comments below.
|
||||
|
||||
If you found this article interesting, please take a minute to share it on social media, Hacker News or [Reddit][10].
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/archlinux-mirrorlist-manager
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[John Paul][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/john/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/mirrorlist-manager2.png?ssl=1
|
||||
[2]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/mirrorlist-manager4.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[3]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Mirrors
|
||||
[4]: https://github.com/Rizwan-Hasan
|
||||
[5]: https://github.com/Rizwan-Hasan/ArchLinux-Mirrorlist-Manager
|
||||
[6]: https://itsfoss.com/magpieos/
|
||||
[7]: https://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php?title=Pacman-mirrors
|
||||
[8]: https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/mirrorlist-manager
|
||||
[9]: https://github.com/Rizwan-Hasan/MagpieOS-Packages/tree/master/ArchLinux-Mirrorlist-Manager
|
||||
[10]: http://reddit.com/r/linuxusersgroup
|
||||
@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (zhs852)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (How to host your own webfonts)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/webfonts)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon (Red Hat, Community Moderator) https://opensource.com/users/seth)
|
||||
|
||||
How to host your own webfonts
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
### Customize your website by self-hosting openly licensed fonts.
|
||||
|
||||
![Open source fonts][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Fonts are often a mystery to many computer users. For example, have you designed a cool flyer and, when you take the file somewhere for printing, find all the titles rendered in Arial because the printer doesn't have the fancy font you used in your design? There are ways to prevent this, of course: you can convert words in special fonts into paths, bundle fonts into a PDF, bundle open source fonts with your design files, or—at least—list the fonts required. And yet it's still a problem because we're human and we're forgetful.
|
||||
|
||||
The web has the same sort of problem. If you have even a basic understanding of CSS, you've probably seen this kind of declaration:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
h1 { font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, serif; }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This is a designer's attempt to define a specific font, provide a fallback if a user doesn't have Times New Roman installed, and offer yet another fallback if the user doesn't have Times either. It's better than using a graphic instead of text, but it's still an awkward, inelegant method of font non-management, However, in the early-ish days of the web, it's all we had to work with.
|
||||
|
||||
### Webfonts
|
||||
|
||||
Then webfonts happened, moving font management from the client to the server. Fonts on websites were rendered for the client by the server, rather than requiring the web browser to find a font on the user's system. Google and other providers even host openly licensed fonts, which designers can include on their sites with a simple CSS rule.
|
||||
|
||||
The problem with this free convenience, of course, is that it doesn't come without cost. It's $0 to use, but major sites like Google love to keep track of who references their data, fonts included. If you don't see a need to assist Google in building a record of everyone's activity on the web, the good news is you can host your own webfonts, and it's as simple as uploading fonts to your host and using one easy CSS rule. As a side benefit, your site may load faster, as you'll be making one fewer external call upon loading each page.
|
||||
|
||||
### Self-hosted webfonts
|
||||
|
||||
The first thing you need is an openly licensed font. This can be confusing if you're not used to thinking or caring about obscure software licenses, especially since it seems like all fonts are free. Very few of us have consciously paid for a font, and yet most people have high-priced fonts on their computers. Thanks to licensing deals, your computer may have shipped with fonts that [you aren't legally allowed to copy and redistribute][2]. Fonts like Arial, Verdana, Calibri, Georgia, Impact, Lucida and Lucida Grande, Times and Times New Roman, Trebuchet, Geneva, and many others are owned by Microsoft, Apple, and Adobe. If you purchased a computer preloaded with Windows or MacOS, you paid for the right to use the bundled fonts, but you don't own those fonts and are not permitted to upload them to a web server (unless otherwise stated).
|
||||
|
||||
Fortunately, the open source craze hit the font world long ago, and there are excellent collections of openly licensed fonts from collectives and projects like [The League of Moveable Type][3], [Font Library][4], [Omnibus Type][5], and even [Google][6] and [Adobe][7].
|
||||
|
||||
You can use most common font file formats, including TTF, OTF, WOFF, EOT, and so on. Since Sorts Mill Goudy includes a WOFF (Web Open Font Format, developed in part by Mozilla) version, I'll use it in this example. However, other formats work the same way.
|
||||
|
||||
Assuming you want to use [Sorts Mill Goudy][8] on your web page:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Upload the **GoudyStM-webfont.woff** file to your web server:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
scp GoudyStM-webfont.woff seth@example.com:~/www/fonts/
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Your host may also provide a graphical upload tool through cPanel or a similar web control panel.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2. In your site's CSS file, add an **@font-face** rule, similar to this:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
@font-face {
|
||||
font-family: "titlefont";
|
||||
src: url("../fonts/GoudyStM-webfont.woff");
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The **font-family** value is something you make up. It's a human-friendly name for whatever the font face represents. I am using "titlefont" in this example because I imagine this font will be used for the main titles on an imaginary site. You could just as easily use "officialfont" or "myfont."
|
||||
|
||||
The **src** value is the path to the font file. The path to the font must be appropriate for your server's file structure; in this example, I have the **fonts** directory alongside a **css** directory. You may not have your site structured that way, so adjust the paths as needed, remembering that a single dot means _this folder_ and two dots mean _a folder back_.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3. Now that you've defined the font face name and the location, you can call it for any given CSS class or ID you desire. For example, if you want **< h1>** to render in the Sorts Mill Goudy font, then make its CSS rule use your custom font name:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
h1 { font-family: "titlefont", serif; }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You're now hosting and using your own fonts.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
![Web fonts on a website][10]
|
||||
|
||||
_Thanks to Alexandra Kanik for teaching me about @font-face and most everything else I know about good web design._
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/webfonts
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Seth Kenlon (Red Hat, Community Moderator)][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/life_typography_fonts.png?itok=Q1jMys5G (Open source fonts)
|
||||
[2]: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/fonts/font-faq
|
||||
[3]: https://www.theleagueofmoveabletype.com/
|
||||
[4]: https://fontlibrary.org/
|
||||
[5]: https://www.omnibus-type.com
|
||||
[6]: https://github.com/googlefonts
|
||||
[7]: https://github.com/adobe-fonts
|
||||
[8]: https://www.theleagueofmoveabletype.com/sorts-mill-goudy
|
||||
[9]: /file/426056
|
||||
[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/webfont.jpg (Web fonts on a website)
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
|
||||
[#]:collector:(lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]:translator:(lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]:reviewer:()
|
||||
[#]:publisher:()
|
||||
[#]:url:()
|
||||
[#]:subject:(IRCvsIRL:HowtorunagoodIRCmeeting)
|
||||
[#]:via:(https://opensource。com/article/19/2/irc-vs-irl-meetings)
|
||||
[#]:author:(Ben Cotton https://opensource。com/users/bcotton)
|
||||
|
||||
IRC vs IRL: 如何召开一个良好的 IRC 会议
|
||||
======
|
||||
若你遵守这些最佳实践，InternetRelayChat 会议可以很好滴推进项目进展。
|
||||
！[](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/BUSINESS_community_1.png?itok=rT7EdN2m)
|
||||
|
||||
开展任何形式的会议都是门艺术。很多人已经学会了开展面对面会议和电话会议，但是 [InternetRelayChat][1](IRC) 会议因其特殊的性质有别于"现实 (inreallife)"(IRL) 会议。本文将会分享 IRC 这种会议形式的优势和劣势以及帮你更有效地领导 IRC 会议的小技巧。
|
||||
|
||||
为什么是 IRC? 虽说现在有大量的实时聊天工具可供选择，[IRC 依然是开源项目的基石 ][2]。若你的项目使用其他沟通工具，也不要紧。这里大多数的建议都适用于同步的文本聊天机制，只需要进行一些微调。
|
||||
|
||||
### IRC 会议的挑战
|
||||
|
||||
与面对面会议相比，IRC 会议会遇到一些挑战。你应该直到一个人结束谈话到下一个人开始谈话之间的间隙吧？在 IRC 中这更糟糕，因为人们需要输入他们的所想。这比说话要更慢，—而且不像谈话一样—你不知道别人什么时候在组织消息。主持人在要求回复或转到下一主题前必须等待很长一段时间。而想要发言的人需要先插入一个简短的信息(例如，一个句号)来让主持人知道(他需要发言)。
|
||||
|
||||
IRC 会议还缺少其他方法中能够获得的那些元数据。你无法通过文本了解面部表情和语调。这意味着你必须小心你的措辞。
|
||||
|
||||
而且 IRC 会议很容易让人分心。至少在面对面会议中，当某人正在看搞笑的猫咪图片时，你可以看到他面带笑容而且在不合时宜的时候发出笑声。在 IRC 中，除非他们不小心粘贴了错误的短信，否者甚至都没有同伴的压力来让他们假装专注。你甚至可以同时参加多个 IRC 会议。我就这么做过，但如果你需要积极参与这些会议，那就很危险了。
|
||||
|
||||
### IRC 会议的优势
|
||||
|
||||
IRC 会议也有某些独一无二的优势。IRC 是一个非常轻资源的媒介。它并不怎么消耗带宽和 CPU。这降低了参与的门槛，这对贫困这和正在路上的人都是有利的。对于志愿者来说，这意味着他们可以在工作日参加会议。同时它也意味着参与者无需寻找一个安静的地方来让他们沟通而不打扰到周围的人。
|
||||
|
||||
借助会议机器人，IRC 可以立即生成会议记录。在 Fedora 中，我们使用 Zodbot，Debian 的 [Meetbot][3] 的一个实例，来记录会议并提供交互。会议结束后，会议记录和完整的日志立即可供社区使用。这减少了开展会议的管理开销。
|
||||
|
||||
### 这跟普通会议类似，但有所不同
|
||||
|
||||
通过 IRC 或其他基于文本的媒介进行会议意味着以稍微不同寻常的方式来看待会议。虽然它缺少一些更高带宽沟通模式的有点，但它也有自己的有点。开展 IRC 会议可以让你有机会开发出各种规则，而这些规则有助于你开展各种类型的会议。
|
||||
|
||||
与任何会议一样，IRC 会议最好有明确的日程和目的。一个好的会议主持者知道什么时候让谈话继续下去以及什么时候将话题拉回来。并没有什么硬性规定—这是一门艺术。但 IRC 在这方面有一个优势。通过这是频道主题为会议的当前主题，人们可以看到他们应该谈论的内容。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你的项目尚未实施过同步会议，你应该考虑一下。对于项目成员分布在不同时区的项目，找到一个大家都认可的时间来组织会议很难。你不能把会议作为你唯一的协调方式。但他们可以是项目工作的重要组成部分。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/irc-vs-irl-meetings
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ben Cotton][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/bcotton
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat
|
||||
[2]: https://opensource.com/article/16/6/getting-started-irc
|
||||
[3]: https://wiki.debian.org/MeetBot
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
|
||||
[#]:collector:(lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]:translator:(lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]:reviewer:()
|
||||
[#]:publisher:()
|
||||
[#]:url:()
|
||||
[#]:subject:(ManageYourMirrorswithArchLinuxMirrorlistManager)
|
||||
[#]:via:(https://itsfoss。com/archlinux-mirrorlist-manager)
|
||||
[#]:author:(JohnPaulhttps://itsfoss.com/author/john/)
|
||||
|
||||
使用 Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager 管理你的镜像
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
**Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager 时一个简单的图形化程序，它让你可以方便地管理 ArchLinux 中的镜像。**
|
||||
|
||||
对于 Linux 用户来说，保持好的镜像列表非常重要。今天我们来介绍一个用来管理 Arch 镜像列表的应用程序。
|
||||
|
||||
！[Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager][1]
|
||||
Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager
|
||||
|
||||
### 什么是镜像？
|
||||
|
||||
至新手，Linux 操作系统有赖于分布全球的的一系列服务器。这些服务器包含了特定发行版的所有可用的软件包的相同副本。这就是为什么它们被称为“镜像”。
|
||||
|
||||
这些服务器的最终目标时让每个国家都有多个镜像。这样就能让当地的用户可以快速升级系统。然而，这并不绝对。有时别国的镜像反而更快。
|
||||
|
||||
### Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager 让在 ArchLinux 中管理镜像更简单
|
||||
|
||||
！[Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager][2]
|
||||
主界面
|
||||
|
||||
在 Arch 中[管理并对有效镜像进行排序 ][3] 不是个简单的事情。它需要用到很长的命令。还好，有人想出了一个解决方案。
|
||||
|
||||
去年，[RizwanHasan][4] 用 Python 编写了一个名为 [Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager][5] 的 Qt 应用程序。你可能对 Rizwan 这个名字感到眼熟，因为这不是第一次我们在本站介绍他做的玩意了。一年多前，我介绍过一个名为 [MagpieOS][6] 的基于 Arch 的新 Linux 发行版就是 Rizwan 创造的。我想 Rizwan 创造 MagpieOS 的经历激励了他创建了这个程序。
|
||||
|
||||
Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager 的功能并不多。它让你根据回应速度对镜像进行排序，并可以根据数量和国家进行过滤。
|
||||
|
||||
也就是说，若你在德国，你可以限制只保留在位于德国的最快的 3 个镜像。
|
||||
|
||||
### 安装 Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
它仅适用于 Arch Linux 用户
|
||||
|
||||
注意! ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager 只能应用于Arch linux发行版. 不要在其他基于Arch的发行版中使用它,除非你能确定该发行版使用的是Arch镜像. 否则, 你将会遇到我在Manjaro中遇到的问题(在下面章节解释).
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Manjaro的镜像管理器替代者
|
||||
|
||||
当使用类Arch的系统时, 我选择了Manjaro. 在开始本文之前, 我在Manjaro及其上安装了 ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager. 它很快就对有效镜像进行了排序并保存到我的镜像列表中.
|
||||
|
||||
然后我尝试进行系统更新却立即遇到了问题. 当 ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager 对我系统使用的镜像进行排序时, 它使用普通的Arch镜像替换了我的 Manjaro 镜像. (Manjaro 基于Arch, 但却有着自己的镜像,这是因为开发团队会在推送软件包之前对所有这些软件包进行测试以保证不会出现系统崩溃的BUG.) 还好, Manjaro 论坛帮我修复了这个错误.
|
||||
|
||||
若你是 Manjaro 用户, 请不要重蹈我的覆辙. ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager 仅适用于Arch以及使用Arch镜像的衍生版本.
|
||||
|
||||
幸运的是, manjaro有一个简单易用的终端程序来管理镜像列表. 那就是 [Pacman-mirrors][7]. 跟 ArchLinux Mirrorlist Manager 一样, 你可以根据回应速度进行排序. 只需要运行 `sudo pacman-mirrors --fasttrack` 即可. 若你像将结果局限在最快的5个镜像, 可以运行 `sudo pacman-mirrors --fasttrack 5`. 要像将结果局限在某个或某几个国家, 运行 `sudo pacman-mirrors --country Germany,Spain,Austria`. 你可以通过运行 `sudo pacman-mirrors --geoip` 来将结果局限在自己国家. 更多关于Pacman-mirrors的信息请参见 [Manjaro wiki][7].
|
||||
|
||||
运行Pacman-mirrors后, 你还需要运行 `sudo pacman -Syyu` 来同步软件包数据库并升级系统.
|
||||
|
||||
注意: Pacman-mirrors 仅仅适用于 **Manjaro**.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager 包含在 [ArchUserRepository][8] 中。高级 Arch 用户可以直接从 [theGitHubpage][9] 下载 PKGBUILD。
|
||||
|
||||
### 对 Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager 的最后思考
|
||||
|
||||
虽然 [Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager][5] 对我不太有用，我很高兴有它的存在。这说明 Linux 用户正在努力让 Linux 更 n 加易于使用。正如我之前说过的，在 Arch 中管理镜像并不容易。Rizwan 的小工具可以让 Arch 对新手更加友好。
|
||||
|
||||
你有用过 Arch Linux Mirrorlist Manager 吗？你是怎么管理 Arch 镜像的？请在下面的评论告诉我。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你觉的本文有趣的话，请花点时间将它分享到社交媒体，HackerNews 或 [Reddit][10] 中去。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/archlinux-mirrorlist-manager
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[John Paul][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/john/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/mirrorlist-manager2.png?ssl=1
|
||||
[2]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/mirrorlist-manager4.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[3]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Mirrors
|
||||
[4]: https://github.com/Rizwan-Hasan
|
||||
[5]: https://github.com/Rizwan-Hasan/ArchLinux-Mirrorlist-Manager
|
||||
[6]: https://itsfoss.com/magpieos/
|
||||
[7]: https://wiki.manjaro.org/index.php?title=Pacman-mirrors
|
||||
[8]: https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/mirrorlist-manager
|
||||
[9]: https://github.com/Rizwan-Hasan/MagpieOS-Packages/tree/master/ArchLinux-Mirrorlist-Manager
|
||||
[10]: http://reddit.com/r/linuxusersgroup
|
||||
97
translated/tech/20190318 How to host your own webfonts.md
Normal file
97
translated/tech/20190318 How to host your own webfonts.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (zhs852)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (How to host your own webfonts)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/webfonts)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon (Red Hat, Community Moderator) https://opensource.com/users/seth)
|
||||
|
||||
托管你自己的在线字体
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> 使用自托管的开源字体来定制你的网页。
|
||||
|
||||
![开源字体][1]
|
||||
|
||||
字体对许多计算机用户来说可能都是很神秘的东西。举个例子，你在制作好一张很酷的传单之后，你需要将它送到某个地方去打印，结果发现，你设计的所有字体都变成了 Arial，这多半是因为打印店没用安装你设计用到的那些字体。不过，我们仍有很多方法来避免这种情况：你可以将它封装为 PDF，或是列出所需字体。不过，我们总会忘记一些事情，所以这仍是一个问题。
|
||||
|
||||
Web 上也有类似的问题。如果你对 CSS 有所了解，你可能会见过这种声明：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
h1 { font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, serif; }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这是设计师正在尝试定义网站使用要用到的特定字体，如果用户没有安装 Times New Roman 这个字体，便会回落到另一个字体；如果用户也没有安装 Times 这个字体，便再次回落。这种方法比使用图片更好，但是在没有字体托管的情况下，这仍是一种棘手且不雅观的方法。不过，在早期的互联网时代，我们不得不这样做。
|
||||
|
||||
### 在线字体
|
||||
|
||||
在线字体的登场，把字体管理从客户端搬上了服务端。如今网页上的字体通常由服务器为客户端渲染，而不是请求浏览器从用户的系统中查找字体。谷歌和其它供应商托管了许多开源字体，网站设计师们可以很轻松的用 CSS 来引用它们。
|
||||
|
||||
不过，问题是，引用这些字体并不是不花费任何代价的。虽然引用它们免费，但是像谷歌这样的大头喜欢跟踪那些引用它们资源的网站，其中就包括了字体资源。如果你不想你的网站帮谷歌记录每个人的活动，你可以自己托管在线字体。别觉得这很难，它其实是很简单的，大概流程就是上传字体到你的主机，再使用一个简单的 CSS 便可完成。这样做还有个好处，你的网站能更快地加载，因为它会在加载每个页面的时候进行更少的外部调用。
|
||||
|
||||
### 自托管在线字体
|
||||
|
||||
首先，你需要一个开源字体。如果你没有了解过那些令人费解的软件协议，你可能会感到很疑惑，特别是很多字体看起来都是免费的。我们中应该很少有人有字体付费意识，但是他们却在电脑上安装了一些高价的字体。不过，多亏了授权协议，它使得你的电脑可以和 [复制和再分发行为未经过法律允许][2] 一起运送往任何地方。像 Arial、Verdana、Calibri、Georgia、Impact、Lucida 和 Lucida Grande、Times 和 Times New Roman、Trebuchet、Geneva 以及其它的很多字体都是被微软、苹果和 Adobe 这种大公司所拥有的。如果你购买了一台预装了 Windows 或 macOS 的电脑，你就获得了使用这些字体的权利，但是你并没有获得那些禁止上传至服务器字体的所有权（除非额外说明）。
|
||||
|
||||
幸运的事，开源热潮在很久以前席卷了字体界。然后就有了许多优秀的开源字体合集，比如 [The League of Moveable Type][3]、[Font Library][4] 以及 [Omnibus Type][5]，甚至还有一些来自 [Google][6] 和 [Adobe][7] 的字体。
|
||||
|
||||
常见的字体格式有 TTF、OTF、WOFF、EOT 等。因为 Sorts Mill Goudy 发行过 <ruby>WOFF<rt>Web Open Font Format</rt></ruby>（互联网开放字体格式，Mozilla 参与了部分开发）版本，所以下文中我会用它来做例子。当然，其它字体的方法也是一样的。
|
||||
|
||||
假设你想在你的网站上使用 [Sorts Mill Goudy][8] 这个字体：
|
||||
|
||||
1. 将字体文件 **GoudyStM-webfont.woff** 上传至你的服务器：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
scp GoudyStM-webfont.woff seth@example.com:~/www/fonts/
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你的主机可能带有像 cPanel 这样的图形化工具，通过它们上传也是一样的。
|
||||
|
||||
2. 在你网站的 CSS 文件中，添加 **@font-face** 语句，添加后应该和这个差不多：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
@font-face {
|
||||
font-family: "titlefont";
|
||||
src: url("../fonts/GoudyStM-webfont.woff");
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**font-family** 的值是你来决定的。这是一个易于理解的名字，它决定了要使用的字体。我在这里使用“titlefont”作为例子，因为我希望它被用来显示标题字体。你也可以使用“officialfont”和“myfont”这样的名字。
|
||||
|
||||
**src** 值是你字体文件的路径。这是你服务器上字体的路径。在这里，我用 **fonts** 目录来作为示例，它和 **css** 在一个文件夹里。你服务器的文件结构可能和我的不一样，所以你需要调整一下这个路径。记住一点，一个点意味着*工作目录*，两个点则代表*父目录*。
|
||||
|
||||
3. 现在，你已经定义了字体的名字和目录，你可以用指定的 CSS 类或 ID 来调用它了。举个例子，如果你希望以 Sorts Mill Goudy 字体来渲染 **<h1>**，只需要在 CSS 规则中加入你自己的字体名称：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
h1 { font-family: "titlefont", serif; }
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
现在，你已经成功地托管并使用你自己的字体了。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
![在线字体的实际效果][10]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/webfonts
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Seth Kenlon (Red Hat, Community Moderator)][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[zhs852](https://github.com/zhs852)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/life_typography_fonts.png?itok=Q1jMys5G (Open source fonts)
|
||||
[2]: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/fonts/font-faq
|
||||
[3]: https://www.theleagueofmoveabletype.com/
|
||||
[4]: https://fontlibrary.org/
|
||||
[5]: https://www.omnibus-type.com
|
||||
[6]: https://github.com/googlefonts
|
||||
[7]: https://github.com/adobe-fonts
|
||||
[8]: https://www.theleagueofmoveabletype.com/sorts-mill-goudy
|
||||
[9]: /file/426056
|
||||
[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/webfont.jpg (Web fonts on a website)
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user