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3 Simple, Excellent Linux Network Monitors
============================================================
![network](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/banner_3.png?itok=iuPcSN4k "network")
Learn more about your network connections with the iftop, Nethogs, and vnstat tools.[Used with permission][3]
You can learn an amazing amount of information about your network connections with these three glorious Linux networking commands. iftop tracks network connections by process number, Nethogs quickly reveals what is hogging your bandwidth, and vnstat runs as a nice lightweight daemon to record your usage over time.
### iftop
The excellent [iftop][7] listens to the network interface that you specify, and displays connections in a top-style interface.
This is a great little tool for quickly identifying hogs, measuring speed, and also to maintain a running total of your network traffic. It is rather surprising to see how much bandwidth we use, especially for us old people who remember the days of telephone land lines, modems, screaming kilobits of speed, and real live bauds. We abandoned bauds a long time ago in favor of bit rates. Baud measures signal changes, which sometimes were the same as bit rates, but mostly not.
If you have just one network interface, run iftop with no options. iftop requires root permissions:
```
$ sudo iftop
```
When you have more than one, specify the interface you want to monitor:
```
$ sudo iftop -i wlan0
```
Just like top, you can change the display options while it is running.
* **h** toggles the help screen.
* **n** toggles name resolution.
* **s** toggles source host display, and **d** toggles the destination hosts.
* **s** toggles port numbers.
* **N** toggles port resolution; to see all port numbers toggle resolution off.
* **t** toggles the text interface. The default display requires ncurses. I think the text display is more readable and better-organized (Figure 1).
* **p** pauses the display.
* **q** quits the program.
### [fig-1.png][4]
![text display](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/fig-1_8.png?itok=luKHS5ve "text display")
Figure 1: The text display is readable and organized.[Used with permission][1]
When you toggle the display options, iftop continues to measure all traffic. You can also select a single host to monitor. You need the host's IP address and netmask. I was curious how much of a load Pandora put on my sad little meager bandwidth cap, so first I used dig to find their IP address:
```
$ dig A pandora.com
[...]
;; ANSWER SECTION:
pandora.com. 267 IN A 208.85.40.20
pandora.com. 267 IN A 208.85.40.50
```
What's the netmask? [ipcalc][8] tells us:
```
$ ipcalc -b 208.85.40.20
Address: 208.85.40.20
Netmask: 255.255.255.0 = 24
Wildcard: 0.0.0.255
=>
Network: 208.85.40.0/24
```
Now feed the address and netmask to iftop:
```
$ sudo iftop -F 208.85.40.20/24 -i wlan0
```
Is that not seriously groovy? I was surprised to learn that Pandora is easy on my precious bits, using around 500Kb per hour. And, like most streaming services, Pandora's traffic comes in spurts and relies on caching to smooth out the lumps and bumps.
You can do the same with IPv6 addresses, using the **-G** option. Consult the fine man page to learn the rest of iftop's features, including customizing your default options with a personal configuration file, and applying custom filters (see [PCAP-FILTER][9] for a filter reference).
### Nethogs
When you want to quickly learn who is sucking up your bandwidth, Nethogs is fast and easy. Run it as root and specify the interface to listen on. It displays the hoggy application and the process number, so that you may kill it if you so desire:
```
$ sudo nethogs wlan0
NetHogs version 0.8.1
PID USER PROGRAM DEV SENT RECEIVED
7690 carla /usr/lib/firefox wlan0 12.494 556.580 KB/sec
5648 carla .../chromium-browser wlan0 0.052 0.038 KB/sec
TOTAL 12.546 556.618 KB/sec
```
Nethogs has few options: cycling between kb/s, kb, b, and mb, sorting by received or sent packets, and adjusting the delay between refreshes. See `man nethogs`, or run `nethogs -h`.
### vnstat
[vnstat][10] is the easiest network data collector to use. It is lightweight and does not need root permissions. It runs as a daemon and records your network statistics over time. The `vnstat` command displays the accumulated data:
```
$ vnstat -i wlan0
Database updated: Tue Oct 17 08:36:38 2017
wlan0 since 10/17/2017
rx: 45.27 MiB tx: 3.77 MiB total: 49.04 MiB
monthly
rx | tx | total | avg. rate
------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
Oct '17 45.27 MiB | 3.77 MiB | 49.04 MiB | 0.28 kbit/s
------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
estimated 85 MiB | 5 MiB | 90 MiB |
daily
rx | tx | total | avg. rate
------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
today 45.27 MiB | 3.77 MiB | 49.04 MiB | 12.96 kbit/s
------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
estimated 125 MiB | 8 MiB | 133 MiB |
```
By default it displays all network interfaces. Use the `-i` option to select a single interface. Merge the data of multiple interfaces this way:
```
$ vnstat -i wlan0+eth0+eth1
```
You can filter the display in several ways:
* **-h** displays statistics by hours.
* **-d** displays statistics by days.
* **-w** and **-m** displays statistics by weeks and months.
* Watch live updates with the **-l** option.
This command deletes the database for wlan1 and stops watching it:
```
$ vnstat -i wlan1 --delete
```
This command creates an alias for a network interface. This example uses one of the weird interface names from Ubuntu 16.04:
```
$ vnstat -u -i enp0s25 --nick eth0
```
By default vnstat monitors eth0\. You can change this in `/etc/vnstat.conf`, or create your own personal configuration file in your home directory. See `man vnstat` for a complete reference.
You can also install vnstati to create simple, colored graphs (Figure 2):
```
$ vnstati -s -i wlx7cdd90a0a1c2 -o vnstat.png
```
![vnstati](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/fig-2_5.png?itok=HsWJMcW0 "vnstati")
Figure 2: You can create simple colored graphs with vnstati.[Used with permission][2]
See `man vnstati` for complete options.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.linux.com/learn/intro-to-linux/2017/10/3-simple-excellent-linux-network-monitors
作者：[CARLA SCHRODER][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:https://www.linux.com/users/cschroder
[1]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/used-permission
[2]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/used-permission
[3]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/used-permission
[4]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/fig-1png-8
[5]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/fig-2png-5
[6]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/bannerpng-3
[7]:http://www.ex-parrot.com/pdw/iftop/
[8]:https://www.linux.com/learn/intro-to-linux/2017/8/how-calculate-network-addresses-ipcalc
[9]:http://www.tcpdump.org/manpages/pcap-filter.7.html
[10]:http://humdi.net/vnstat/

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3 个简单、优秀的 Linux 网络监视器
============================================================
![network](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/banner_3.png?itok=iuPcSN4k "network")
用 iftop、Nethogs 和 vnstat 了解更多关于你的网络连接。[经许可使用][3]
你可以通过这三个 Linux 网络命令，了解有关你网络连接的大量信息。iftop 通过进程编号跟踪网络连接，Nethogs 可以快速显示哪个在占用你的带宽，而 vnstat 作为一个很好的轻量级守护进程运行，可以随时随地记录你的使用情况。
### iftop
[iftop][7] 监听你指定的网络接口，并以 top 的形式展示连接。
这是一个很好的小工具，用于快速识别占用、测量速度，并保持网络流量的总体运行。看到我们使用了多少带宽是非常令人惊讶的，特别是对于我们这些记得使用电话线、调制解调器、让人尖叫的 Kbit 速度和真实的实时波特率的老年人来说。我们很久以前就放弃了波特, 转而使用比特率。波特测量信号变化，有时与比特率相同，但大多数情况下不是。
如果你只有一个网络接口，不带选项运行 iftop。iftop 需要 root 权限：
```
$ sudo iftop
```
当你有多个接口时，指定要监控的接口：
```
$ sudo iftop -i wlan0
```
就像 top 一样，你可以在运行时更改显示选项。
* **h** 切换帮助屏幕。
* **n** 切换名称解析。
* **s** 切换源主机显示，**d** 切换目标主机。
* **s** 切换端口号。
* **N** 切换端口分辨率。要查看所有端口号，请关闭分辨率。
* **t** 切换文本界面。默认显示需要 ncurses。我认为文本显示更易于阅读和更好的组织（图1）。
* **p** 暂停显示。
* **q** 退出程序。
### [fig-1.png][4]
![text display](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/fig-1_8.png?itok=luKHS5ve "text display")
图 1：文本显示是可读的和可组织的。[经许可使用][1]
当你切换显示选项时，iftop 继续测量所有流量。你还可以选择要监控的单个主机。你需要主机的 IP 地址和网络掩码。我很好奇，Pandora 在我那可怜的带宽中占用了多少，所以我先用 dig 找到它们的 IP 地址：
```
$ dig A pandora.com
[...]
;; ANSWER SECTION:
pandora.com. 267 IN A 208.85.40.20
pandora.com. 267 IN A 208.85.40.50
```
网络掩码是什么？ [ipcalc][8] 告诉我们：
```
$ ipcalc -b 208.85.40.20
Address: 208.85.40.20
Netmask: 255.255.255.0 = 24
Wildcard: 0.0.0.255
=>
Network: 208.85.40.0/24
```
现在将地址和网络掩码提供给 iftop：
```
$ sudo iftop -F 208.85.40.20/24 -i wlan0
```
这不是真的吗？我很惊讶地发现，Pandora 在我珍贵的带宽中很轻松，每小时使用大约使用 500Kb。而且，像大多数流媒体服务一样，Pandora 的流量也是出乎意料的，而且依赖于缓存来缓解阻塞。
你可以使用 **-G** 选项对 IPv6 地址执行相同操作。请参阅手册页了解 iftop 的其他功能，包括使用自定义配置文件定制默认选项，并应用自定义过滤器（请参阅 [PCAP-FILTER][9] 作为过滤器参考）。
### Nethogs
当你想要快速了解谁占用了你的带宽时，Nethogs 是快速和容易的。以 root 身份运行，并指定要监听的接口。它显示了空闲的应用程序和进程号，以便如果你愿意的话，你可以杀死它：
```
$ sudo nethogs wlan0
NetHogs version 0.8.1
PID USER PROGRAM DEV SENT RECEIVED
7690 carla /usr/lib/firefox wlan0 12.494 556.580 KB/sec
5648 carla .../chromium-browser wlan0 0.052 0.038 KB/sec
TOTAL 12.546 556.618 KB/sec
```
Nethogs 有很少的选项：在 kb/s、kb、b 和 mb 之间循环，通过接收或发送的数据包进行排序，并调整刷新之间的延迟。请参阅 `man nethogs`，或者运行 `nethogs -h`。
### vnstat
[vnstat][10] 是使用最简单的网络数据收集器。它是轻量级的，不需要 root 权限。它作为守护进程运行，并记录你网络统计信息。`vnstat` 命令显示累计的数据：
```
$ vnstat -i wlan0
Database updated: Tue Oct 17 08:36:38 2017
wlan0 since 10/17/2017
rx: 45.27 MiB tx: 3.77 MiB total: 49.04 MiB
monthly
rx | tx | total | avg. rate
------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
Oct '17 45.27 MiB | 3.77 MiB | 49.04 MiB | 0.28 kbit/s
------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
estimated 85 MiB | 5 MiB | 90 MiB |
daily
rx | tx | total | avg. rate
------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
today 45.27 MiB | 3.77 MiB | 49.04 MiB | 12.96 kbit/s
------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
estimated 125 MiB | 8 MiB | 133 MiB |
```
它默认显示所有的网络接口。使用 `-i` 选项选择单个接口。以这种方式合并多个接口的数据：
```
$ vnstat -i wlan0+eth0+eth1
```
你可以通过以下几种方式过滤显示：
* **-h** 以小时显示统计数据。
* **-d** 以天数显示统计数据。
* **-w** 和 **-m** 按周和月显示统计数据。
* 使用 **-l** 选项查看实时更新。
此命令删除 wlan1 的数据库，并停止监控它：
```
$ vnstat -i wlan1 --delete
```
此命令为网络接口创建别名。此例使用 Ubuntu 16.04 中的一个奇怪的接口名称：
```
$ vnstat -u -i enp0s25 --nick eth0
```
默认情况下，vnstat 监视 eth0。你可以在 `/etc/vnstat.conf` 中更改此内容，或在主目录中创建自己的个人配置文件。请参见 `man vnstat` 以获得完整的参考。
你还可以安装 vnstati 创建简单的彩色图（图2）：
```
$ vnstati -s -i wlx7cdd90a0a1c2 -o vnstat.png
```
![vnstati](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/fig-2_5.png?itok=HsWJMcW0 "vnstati")
图 2：你可以使用 vnstati 创建简单的彩色图表。[经许可使用][2]
有关完整选项，请参见 `man vnstati`。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.linux.com/learn/intro-to-linux/2017/10/3-simple-excellent-linux-network-monitors
作者：[CARLA SCHRODER][a]
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:https://www.linux.com/users/cschroder
[1]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/used-permission
[2]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/used-permission
[3]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/used-permission
[4]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/fig-1png-8
[5]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/fig-2png-5
[6]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/bannerpng-3
[7]:http://www.ex-parrot.com/pdw/iftop/
[8]:https://www.linux.com/learn/intro-to-linux/2017/8/how-calculate-network-addresses-ipcalc
[9]:http://www.tcpdump.org/manpages/pcap-filter.7.html
[10]:http://humdi.net/vnstat/