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Merge pull request #18452 from Acceleratorrrr/20200408
Translated 20200408
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (Acceleratorrrr)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (My Linux Story: From 8-bit enthusiast to Unix sysadmin)
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[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/4/linux-story)
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[#]: author: (James Farrell https://opensource.com/users/jamesf)
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My Linux Story: From 8-bit enthusiast to Unix sysadmin
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======
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How my early interest in computers got me hooked on a career as a
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sysadmin and Linux fan.
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![Person typing on a 1980's computer][1]
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It all started in the mid-1980s with an [Apple ][c][2] that my parents purchased for our family. Although I enjoyed playing games, I quickly became fascinated with BASIC programming and how useful it could be for work and fun. This was an era when computers were viewed as little more than typewriters, so people with "advanced computer skills" could easily use them to their advantage.
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One example was using BASIC and a dot matrix printer to auto-generate punishment assignments. When I was assigned to write out 200 times some apologetic statements, I asked my teacher if it could be typed out. On confirmation, I wrote a 5 line BASIC program to generate it for me. Another example of subtle trickery was using non-WYSIWYG word processors, such as AppleWorks for micro-manipulation of fonts, line spacing, and margins to "stretch" term papers out to the required length.
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My obsession with computers quickly lead to an Apple ][gs with a RAM drive card and an x86 PC co-processor card. Modems and BBSs were getting hot, and having a dual-hardware system like this gave me all sorts of options for software. However, modem speeds of 2400bps put a real damper on getting anything more than a few KBs of fun downloads per day. I stuck with Apple as a hobby for some time, but that was soon to change.
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### Venturing into Unix
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My undergraduate program was BS in Computer Information Systems (CIS) and my graduate degree was MS in Computer Science. My undergraduate education program put me mostly into PCs and a little into timeshare mainframes. The real fun began in my graduate programs, where dial-in access to Unix machines with internet connections opened a whole new world of exploration. Although I still used my dual-processor ][gs for modem work and writing and printing papers, Unix systems really grabbed my attention with their general-access Telnet-based games, FTP archives, online email, and C programming. Gopher was popular and growing with people like me who were bound to plain terminal interfaces.
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My graduate program took a fateful turn for the better when I was assigned to the academic computing department, which was charged with running computer services for the school. The students had access to [Ultrix][3]-based systems with X Window terminals. Most were grayscale, as color processing was then a CPU intensive task and really affected system performance. The few color systems were nice, but those machines just dragged.
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This was a really fun time for me, as I was given root access to systems and assigned to system and network maintenance. I had some excellent mentors, and this strongly influenced my decision to get into system administration rather than programming (although I still really love programming to this day).
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### From Unix to Linux
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Scarcity is the mother of invention, and we students often got creative when we had to share the scant resources of the school's computer systems. We had three to five times more students than we had Ultrix workstations, so finding resources (especially at project delivery time) was often a challenge. There was a bank of 56k [PPP][4] modems available for remote system access when graphical displays were not needed. However, finding a machine with spare resources and sharing the system for source compilation often resulted in slow progress. Like most, I found working at night often helped, but I needed something else to let me iterate more quickly.
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Then one of the school's sysadmins suggested I check out a Unix system that was freely available. This was Linux, made available as 3.5" floppy images. Given our school's blazing fast T1 line, it was easy for me to search newsgroups and other sources to learn how to download it. It was all 32-bit Intel PC-based, a class of equipment that I did not own.
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Luckily, my work at the school gave me access to junk piles of old computers, so the wheels started turning.
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I found enough discarded PCs to build a solid 80386 PC with some decent RAM (I am sure well under 1GB), a workable graphic display, a thin-net (coax) Ethernet card, and a hard disk. The images I had were Linux kernel 0.98, and I don't recall it being part of an official distribution (it might have been SLS). What I do remember is that it came on a series of floppy images—the first booted the kernel and a minimal installer, next it formatted the drive, and then it asked for each successive floppy image to install the core GNU utilities. After the core was installed and the system bootable, you would download and install other package images, like compilers and such.
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This was a serious boon to me in my academic career. With no X Window server display running, this PC seriously outperformed the Ultrix workstations I had access to at school. I was allowed to connect this machine to the academic network, mount the school's student Network File System (NFS) shares, and access the internet directly. Since my graduate program used [GCC][5] (and sometimes Perl 4) for most student work, I could do my development work locally. This gave me exclusive access to a key resource that enabled me to iterate more quickly on my projects.
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All was not perfect, however. The hardware was a tiny bit unstable (likely why it was discarded), but I could deal with that. What really got me was how much Linux and Ultrix differed at the OS and system library level. I began to appreciate what it meant to port software to other platforms; I was free to develop wherever I wanted, but I had to deliver my projects as Ultrix compiled binaries. The C code that ran perfectly on one platform would crash on the other. This was very frustrating, but probably my rudest awakening was early Linux's handling of null-pointer dereferencing. Linux seemed happy to pass over these as a virtual no-op, but Ultrix promptly dumped core on [SIGSEGV][6]. This was quite a thing to find out when my first port to the target platform happened days before my project was due! This also made my exploration of C++ quite challenging, as my careless use of malloc()/free() along with automatic [constructor and destructor][7] processing peppered my projects with null pointer bombs all over the place.
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Toward the end of my graduate program, I upgraded to a complete beast of a workstation—an Intel 486DX2 66MHz with SCSI hard drives, a CD-ROM drive, a 1024x768 RGB monitor, and a 16550 UART serial card perfectly matched to my new US Robotics V.Everything modem. It could dual-boot Windows and Linux, but more importantly, the graphics card and processor allowed a much more pleasant (and faster) development environment. The old 386 was still in service back at the school, but most of my heavy work and hacking now happened at home.
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Similar to [Mike Harris' story][8] about Linux in the '90s, I really got into those CD bundles that were popular at the time. There was a new Micro Center computer store close to where I lived, and it was a goldmine of hobby PC parts, phenomenal technical books, and every conceivable Linux (and free Unix) CD archive. I remember [Yggdrasil][9] and [Slackware][10] being some of my favorite distributions. What was really incredible was the enormous size of CD storage—650MB! This was an essential resource for getting access to software. Yes, you could download the bits at 56k, but that was quite limiting. Not to mention the fact that most people could not afford to archive that much idle data for later perusal.
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### And on to today
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This is what kicked off my more than 25 years of system administration and open source software fun. Linux has been an important part of both my career and personal development. Nowadays, I am still heavily into Linux (mostly CentOS, RedHat, and Ubuntu), but often have fun with the likes of [FreeBSD][11] and other cool open source offerings.
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My forays into Linux led me to Opensource.com, where I hope to give back a little and help bootstrap new generations of hands-on computer fun.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/20/4/linux-story
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作者：[James Farrell][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jamesf
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/1980s-computer-yearbook.png?itok=eGOYEKK- (Person typing on a 1980's computer)
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[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_IIc
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[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrix
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[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol
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[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection
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[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmentation_fault
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[7]: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_constructor_destructor.htm
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[8]: https://opensource.com/article/19/11/learning-linux-90s
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[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil_Linux/GNU/X
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[10]: http://slackware.com
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[11]: https://www.freebsd.org/
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (Acceleratorrrr)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (My Linux Story: From 8-bit enthusiast to Unix sysadmin)
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[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/4/linux-story)
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[#]: author: (James Farrell https://opensource.com/users/jamesf)
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我的 Linux 故事：从8比特爱好者到 Unix 系统管理员
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======
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我是如何从一个电脑爱好者成为职业系统管理员和 Linux 粉丝的
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![Person typing on a 1980's computer][1]
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故事得从1980年中期爸妈给家里购买[苹果 \]\[c][2] 开始。尽管很喜欢打游戏，但我还是很快被实用又好玩的 BASIC 编程迷住了。那个年代的人们还是把电脑当作打字机对待，所以懂电脑的人可以轻松使用他们的魔法。
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用 BASIC 和点阵打印机自动生成惩罚作业来举个例子。被罚写两百遍道歉时，我问老师我可不可以打字代替手写。经过同意后，我写了5行 BASIC 语句来自动生成作业。另外一个小技巧是用非可视化文本编辑器，比如用 AppleWorks 微调字体，行距和边距，把学期报告扩充到要求的长度。
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对电脑对喜爱很快让我接触到有 RAM 驱动和 x86 协处理器的苹果 ][gs。调制解调器和网络论坛刚开始火起来，它的双核处理器系统让我可以游刃有余的选择软件。但是由于调制解调器2400比特每秒的速度限制，下载任何超过几 KB 的东西都需要一天。我玩了不久之后就腻了。
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### 探索 Unix
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我的本科专业是计算机信息系统，硕士专业是计算机科学。本科教育主要是学习硬件和一些分时系统。研究生的时候才开始真正有意思起来，拨号上网简直打开了新世界的大门。尽管我依然用着我的双核 ][gs 来进行调制解调还有写写作业，不过Unix 系统让我真的热爱上方便的远程登录类游戏，文件传输协议，在线邮箱和 C 语言。当时 Gopher 非常受欢迎，特别是在我们这群终端用户中。
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被分到学院计算机部门是我本科命运般的转折点，这个部门主管学校的计算机服务。学生们必须要用 X 视窗终端来登陆 [Ultrix][3] 系统。大部分都是黑白界面，彩色处理在当时非常占 CPU 也很影响系统性能。也有一些做的不错的彩色系统，但是这些机器都很慢。
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我很喜欢那个时候，我有系统管理员权限而且工作是维护系统和网络。有一些出色的同事教我，他们对我选择从事系统管理员而不是程序员起了关键作用（尽管我至今热爱编程）。
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### 从 Unix 到 Linux
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稀缺是创造之母，当需要分享匮乏的学校电脑系统资源的时候，我们经常突发奇想。需要用电脑的学生是 Ultrix 工作站承受量的四到五倍，所以很难找到资源（特别是要交项目的时候）。虽然有一堆56k点对点协议的调制解调器处理远程系统访问，而且那时还不需要图像显示。但是发现一个有空余资源的机器然后分享出来的过程依然十分缓慢。和大部分人一样，我发现晚上加班很有效率，但我需要另外一些东西让我的项目迭代快一点。
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后来学校但一个系统管理员建议我了解一个免费的 Unix 系统。那就是 Linux，被装在一个 3.5 英寸的软盘里。多亏我们学校超快的 T1 载波，让我很方便的查询到这个新群体和一些下载教程。这是一个我之前不曾接触过的32位网络计算机工具。
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幸运的是，我的工作让我有机会使用一些淘汰的旧电脑，所以命运的齿轮又开始旋转起来。
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我用一些报废的主机组装了一个可靠的，有足够 RAM 的80386台机（我确定不到 1GB），它有一个能用的显卡，一个细缆（同轴）以太网卡和一个硬盘。镜像用的是 Linux 内核0.98，不记得它是不是正式发行版的一部分了（可能是 SLS）。可我还能记得安装的一系列过程 - 首先启动内核和安装程序，然后格式化硬盘，接着要求每一个软盘安装 GNU 工具核心。核心装好之后，系统就可以启动了，你可以下载和安装其他的镜像包，比如编译器之类的。
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这是我学术道路上巨大的福利。没有了 X 视窗显示，这台电脑性能比学校的 Ultrix 工作站强很多。学校允许我把这台机器连到校园网络，连接到学生网络文件系统，并且能直接接入内网。因为我研究生时主要用 [GNU 编译器套装][5] (还有 Perl 4)写作业，所以我可以进行本地开发。我可以使用这台主机作为独占资源来让我的项目更快迭代。
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但是，这个方案不是完美的。硬件有时会有点不稳定（这可能就是放弃使用它的原因），但我都能搞定。操作系统和系统自带库层面才真正让我感受到 Linux 和 Ultrix 的不同。我开始领会到移植软件到其他操作系统的意义，我可以开发任何我想要的软件，但是我必须要把项目转换成 Ultrix 编译的二进制文件来传输。在一个平台上能运行的 C 语言可能在另一个平台出错。这让我非常沮丧，但是我可能本能的察觉到了早期 Linux 废弃空指针的方法。Linux 倾向于把它作为无操作处理，但是 Ultrix 会立即触发核心转储和段错误 [SIGSEGV][6]。这是正好在要交作业的几天之前，我第一次程序移植时的重大发现。这同时对我研究 C++ 造成了一些麻烦，因为我不小心使用同时使用 malloc()/free() 和自动[构造函数和析构函数]处理项目，结果空指针被炸得到处都是。
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研究生快结束的时候，我用一颗英特尔 486DX2 66赫兹芯片和一块小型计算机系统接口硬盘，一块光驱和 一个1024x768 RGB 显示器将主机升级成了性能野兽。还把一个 16550 通用异步收发器完美组合到新的 US Robotics V.Everything 牌的调制解调器上。它可以跑 Windows 和 Linux 双系统，但最重要的是显卡和 CPU 的速度让开发环境幸福感倍增。那台旧的386依然在学校服役，不过我主要的工作都转移到了家里。
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和 [麦克.哈里斯的故事][8] 里关于90年代的 Linux 类似，我真的对当时流行的光驱很着迷。我住的地方附近有小型电脑器材店，这个宝库充满了电脑配件，高级专业书籍和你能想到的任何 Linux （还有免费的 Unix）CD。我还记得[Yggdrasil][9]和[Slackware][10]是我最喜欢的发行版之一。更惊人的是 CD 650MB 巨大的存储量！使它成为软件必不可少载体。是的，你可以用56k 的速度下载，但是真的很慢。更别提大部分人负担不起将这么多闲置的数据存档供以后使用。
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### 直到今天
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就是这些开启了我长达25年的系统管理员和开源软件粉丝生涯。Linux 是我事业和个人开发中重要的一部分。最近我依旧醉心于 Linux （主要是 CentOS, RedHat, and Ubuntu)，但也经常从[FreeBSD][11]和其他炫酷开源系统中体验乐趣。
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Linux 领导了我涉足 Opensource.com，我希望能回馈社区同时为下一代电脑出一份力。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/20/4/linux-story
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作者：[James Farrell][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[Accelerator](https://github.com/Acceleratorrrr)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jamesf
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/1980s-computer-yearbook.png?itok=eGOYEKK- (Person typing on a 1980's computer)
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[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_IIc
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[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrix
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[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol
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[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection
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[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmentation_fault
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[7]: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_constructor_destructor.htm
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[8]: https://opensource.com/article/19/11/learning-linux-90s
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[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil_Linux/GNU/X
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[10]: http://slackware.com
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[11]: https://www.freebsd.org/
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